Developments and restoration of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation in Turkish agriculture

Agricultural life from time to time in Turkey has experienced very serious transformation with administrative developments. Products such as poppy, sugar beet and tobacco are a few examples of products that have heavily occupied the public opinion with the political developments from time to time. Hemp is an agricultural product that is not only in Turkey but all over the world is on the agenda and closely related to public order. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), also known by the names of cannabis and hemp among the people, was in fact one of the main fiber plants that were widely used in weaving in the past. In fact, archaeological findings suggest that the oldest weaving samples were obtained from hemp fibers. On contrast to this, it is a plant that is used in the production of drugs that have harmful effects on human life and public order in the process. Although there is also a deeply rooted agricultural history, sowing of it was banned in Turkey within the framework of international relations in 1949. This ban has had remarkable consequences in agricultural as well as industrial terms. In the following process, the positive aspects of hemp that emerged with good intentions in economic life were further understood but when it comes to 2016, hemp cultivation was permitted in some provinces with the condition of being controlled. In this study, the development of hemp in Turkish agricultural life from past to present and the point reached today are discussed in the focus of Agricultural Geography. In this context, the first practices in Sinop and Amasya, one of the 19 provinces where hemp cultivation is permitted, were examined on-site and interviews were made with the producers about the developments that may arise for the decision taken.

Keywords: Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., Fiber Plant, Agricultural Geography, Turkey

References

UNODC, (2018). “World Drug Report 2018 – Analysis of Drug Markets Opiates, Cocaine, Cannabis, Synthetic Drugs”, United Nations Publication,No. E.18.XI.9, Austria. google scholar
Vavilov, N.I., (1992). “Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants”, English Edition, pp. 539, Cambridge: Cambridge University. google scholar
Yetişir, Ü., (2017). “Gümüşhacıköy Kendir Fabrikası ‘S.S.Gümüşhacıköy İp Sicim Urgan Küçük Sanat Kooperatifi’”, Karadeniz’in Lif Bitkileri google scholar
Çalıştayı, Keten – Kenevir – Isırgan, 5 – 6 Mayıs 2017, s. 119 – 122, Samsun. google scholar
Zeytinoğlu, E., (1970). “Türkiye Ekonomisi Dersleri”, Kutulmuş Matbaası, s. 583, İstanbul. google scholar
Zhukovsky, P. M., (1951). “Türkiye’nin Zirai Bünyesi (Anadolu)”, Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Neşriyatı No: 20, (Tercüme: Celal Kıpçak, Haydar Nouruzhan, Sabir Türkistanlı), s. 887. google scholar
Yararlanılan Web Kaynakları: google scholar
http://hemp.ca.uky.edu/ google scholar
https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fiber/industrial-hemp google scholar
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_4_page003.html google scholar
http://ghkipsicim.com/ google scholar
https://formulaswiss.com/ google scholar
https://www.thehia.org/ google scholar
http://www.hemptrade.ca/ google scholar
http://lachanvriere.com/ google scholar
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221810-900-back-to-chernobyl/ google scholar
https://rediscoverhemp.com/hemp-eats-chernobyl-waste-offers-hope-for-hanford/ google scholar
https://dataunodc.un.org/drugs google scholar
(Son erişim: 11.05.2019). google scholar
Acar, M., Dönmez, A. (2016). “Kenevire Farklı Bir Bakış”, 2. Ulusal Biyoyakıtlar Sempozyumu, 27 – 30 Eylül 2016, s. 5, Samsun. google scholar
Allegret, S., (2013). “The History of Hemp”, Hemp Industrial Production and Uses, Chapter 2, (Ed. Pierre Bouloc, Serge Allegret, Laurent Arnaud),pp. 1 – 3, UK. google scholar
Anonim, (1938). “Türk Ziraat Tarihine Bir Bakış”, Birinci Köy ve Ziraat Kalkınma Kongresi Yayını, Devlet Basımevi, s. 304, İstanbul. google scholar
Anonim, (2008). “Bulletin on Narcotics”, Review of the World Cannabis Situation, Vol. LVIII, Nos. 1 – 2, pp. 155, Vienna. google scholar
Anonim, (2019). “Kenevir Yetiştiriciliği”, Orta Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı Yayını, s. 37. google scholar
Arslan, N., (2018). “Tartışmalar Işığında Kenevire Bakış”, TÜRKTOB Dergisi, Yıl: 7, Sayı: 28, s. 23 – 27. google scholar
Aytaç, S., Ayan, A.K., Arslanoğlu, Ş.F., (2017). “Endüstriyel Tip Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.) Yetiştiriciliği”, Karadeniz’in Lif Bitkileri Çalıştayı,Keten – Kenevir – Isırgan, 5 – 6 Mayıs 2017, s. 27 – 35, Samsun. google scholar
Bouloc, P., (2013). “Hemp: A Plant with a Worldwide Distribution”, Hemp Industrial Production and Uses, Chapter 1, (Ed. Pierre Bouloc, Serge Allegret, Laurent Arnaud), pp. 1 – 3, UK. google scholar
Cherney, J.H., Small, E., (2016). “Industrial Hemp in North America: Production, Politics and Potential”, Agronomy, Vol. 6, Issue: 4, pp. 1 – 24,Switzerland. google scholar
de Meijer, Etienne: (1995). “Fibre Hemp Cultivars: A survey of origin, ancestry, availability and brief agronomic characteristics”, Journal of the International Hemp Association, Vol. 2, No: 2, pp. 66 – 73, Netherlands. google scholar
Demirel, N., (2012). “Birleşmiş Milletler Çerçevesinde Uyuşturucu Maddelerle Mücadele”, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, Sayı: 28, s. 1 – 21, Celalabat– Kırgızistan. google scholar
Durmuş, İ., (2008). “İskitler: (Sakalar)”, Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, s. 89 + 16 Levha, Genelkurmay Basımevi,Ankara. google scholar
Er, C., Başalma, D.,Ekiz, H., Sancak, C., (2011). “Tarla Bitkileri – II.”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2254, (Ed. Prof. Dr. Celal Er), s. 235,Eskişehir. google scholar
Evliya Çelebi, (1986). “Seyahatname”, Üçdal Neşriyat, Cilt: 2, İstanbul. google scholar
Fortenbery, T.R., Mick., T.B., (2014). “Industrial Hemp: Opportunities and Challenges for Washington”, Washington State University, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, pp. 19, USA. google scholar
Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S., (2019). “Kenevir Tarımı”, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, s. 54, Samsun. google scholar
Gül, S., Kıvrak, B., (2018). “Kültür Coğrafyası Bağlamında Vezirköprü’de Kendircilik ve Urgancılık”, Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 6, s. 201 – 219. google scholar
Güran, T., (1997). “Osmanlı Dönemi Tarım İstatistikleri 1909, 1913 ve 1914”, Tarihi İstatistikler Dizisi, Cilt: 3, Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Yayın No: 2025, s. 230, Ankara. google scholar
Güran, T., (1998). “19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Tarımı”, Eren Yayıncılık, s. 240, İstanbul. google scholar
Hand, A., Blake, A., Kerrigan, P., Samuel, P., Friedberg, J., (2016). “History of Medical Cannabis”, Journal of Pain Management, Vol. 9, Issue: 4,pp. 387 – 394. google scholar
Hansen, R., (2009). “Industrial Hemp Profile”, http://www.agmrc.org/commodities_products/fiber/industrial _hemp_profile.cfm (Son erişim:02.05.2019). google scholar
Herer, J., Bröckers, M., (1993). “Die Wiederentdeckung der Nutzpflanze Hanf Cannabis Marihuana”, Nachtschatten Verlag, s. 526, Munich. google scholar
İmer, Z., (1999). “Sayısız Özellikleriyle Göze Çarpan Bir Doğal Elyaf Kendir’in, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de, Geçmişi ve Bugünü”, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon,Yıl: 9, Sayı: 6, s. 421 – 428. google scholar
Kandemir, G., (1972). “Esrar’ın Tarihsel Gelişimi”, Eurasian Journal of Medicine, Vol. 4. s. 397 – 402, Erzurum. google scholar
Mert, M., (2009). “Lif Bitkileri”, Nobel Yayın No: 1446, Fen Bilimleri: 96, I. Baskı, s. 277, Ankara. google scholar
Müssig, J., Cescutti, G., Fischer, H., (2013). “Integrated Quality Management for Bast Fibres in Technical Applications”, Hemp Industrial Production and Uses, Chapter 10, (Ed. Pierre Bouloc, Serge Allegret, Laurent Arnaud), pp. 162 – 186, UK. google scholar
Piluzza, G., Delogu, G., Cabras, A., Marceddu, S., Bullitta, S., (2013). “Differentiation between fiber and drug types of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)from a collection of wild and domesticated accessions”, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 60, Issue: 8, pp. 2331 – 2342, Netherlands. google scholar
Riboulet-Zemouli, K., Anderfuhren-Biget, S., Díaz Velásquez, M., Krawitz, M., (2019). “Cannabis & Sustainable Development / Paving the way for the next decadein Cannabis and hemp policies”, FAAAT think & do tank, 3rd edition, pp. 117, Vienna. google scholar
Russo, E. B., (2007). “History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet”, Chemistry & Biodiversity, Vol. 4, pp. 1614 – 1648. google scholar
Savaş, R., (1969). “Ticaret ve Endüstri Bitkileri (Özel Tarla Ziraati)”, Kardeş Matbaası, s. 187, Ankara. google scholar
Small, E., (2015). “Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization”, The Botanical Review,Vol. 81, Issue: 3, pp. 189 – 294, USA. google scholar
Thomas, M., (2012). “Cannabis Cultivation A Complete Grower’s Guide”, Published by Green Candy Press, 3rd Edition, p. 349, San Francisco. google scholar
TÜİK, (2019). “Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri”, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Son erişim: 11.05.2019). google scholar
TÜİK, (2019). “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri”, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/menu.zul (Son erişim: 11.05.2019). google scholar
Ulaş, E., (2018). “Mucize Bitki Kenevir Gerçek Köye Dönüş Projesi”, Hiperlink Yayıncılık, s. 212. google scholar
UNODC, (2011). “Afghanistan Cannabis Survey 2010”, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, pp. 56. google scholar
UNODC, (2018). “World Drug Report 2018 – Analysis of Drug Markets Opiates, Cocaine, Cannabis, Synthetic Drugs”, United Nations Publication,No. E.18.XI.9, Austria. google scholar
Vavilov, N.I., (1992). “Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants”, English Edition, pp. 539, Cambridge: Cambridge University. google scholar
Yetişir, Ü., (2017). “Gümüşhacıköy Kendir Fabrikası ‘S.S.Gümüşhacıköy İp Sicim Urgan Küçük Sanat Kooperatifi’”, Karadeniz’in Lif Bitkileri google scholar
Çalıştayı, Keten – Kenevir – Isırgan, 5 – 6 Mayıs 2017, s. 119 – 122, Samsun. google scholar
Zeytinoğlu, E., (1970). “Türkiye Ekonomisi Dersleri”, Kutulmuş Matbaası, s. 583, İstanbul. google scholar
Zhukovsky, P. M., (1951). “Türkiye’nin Zirai Bünyesi (Anadolu)”, Türkiye Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Neşriyatı No: 20, (Tercüme: Celal Kıpçak, Haydar Nouruzhan, Sabir Türkistanlı), s. 887. google scholar
Yararlanılan Web Kaynakları: google scholar
http://hemp.ca.uky.edu/ google scholar
https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fiber/industrial-hemp google scholar
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_4_page003.html google scholar
http://ghkipsicim.com/ google scholar
https://formulaswiss.com/ google scholar
https://www.thehia.org/ google scholar
http://www.hemptrade.ca/ google scholar
http://lachanvriere.com/ google scholar
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221810-900-back-to-chernobyl/ google scholar
https://rediscoverhemp.com/hemp-eats-chernobyl-waste-offers-hope-for-hanford/ google scholar
https://dataunodc.un.org/drugs google scholar
(Son erişim: 11.05.2019). google scholar

1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings Book

CHAPTER

Developments and restoration of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation in Turkish agriculture

References

SHARE