İşgücü Piyasası
Ziya ErdemBu çalışma COVID-19 salgınının işgücü piyasası üzerindeki etkilerini inceleme amacı güder. Bu etkiler ölümler ve iş göremezlik gibi doğrudan virüs kaynaklı olabileceği gibi karantina tedbirleri, seyahat kısıtlamaları ve sosyal mesafe gibi salgının dolaylı sonuçlarından da kaynaklanabilir. Sonuçlar sayısal olduğu kadar, dönemsel nitelikli olup işgücü piyasası üzerinde derin ekonomik etkilere haizdir. Süreç söz konusu etkilerini değerlendirebilmek için yeterli veri setini henüz bize sunmuş olmasa da salgının şimdiki ve gelecekteki muhtemel etkileri konusunda birtakım değerlendirmeler yapmak mümkündür. Çalışmada COVID-19’un nüfusun büyüklüğü, çalışma çağı ve çalışma çağında olmayan nüfus, bağımlılık oranı, işgücüne katılma oranı, işgücünün kompozisyonu, işgücü mobilitesi gibi makro göstergeler üzerindeki etkileri yanında çalışma ortamı, çalışma saatleri, çalışma biçimleri, iş bölümü, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, izin süreleri, işe devamsızlık gibi mikro göstergeler üzerindeki etkileri de ele alınmıştır. Her ne kadar insani boyutu olsa da COVID-19 kaynaklı ölümler ile ilgili değerlendirmeler ve mukayeseler yapılırken konunun iktisadi boyutu esas alınarak değerlendirme yapıldığı unutulmamalıdır.
References
- Aaronson, S. (2020, 4 3). Labor market in March deteriorated much more quickly than the unemployment rate suggests. Brookings, Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/04/03/labor-marketin-march-deteriorated-much-more-quickly-than-the-unemployment-rate-suggests/#cancel google scholar
- Alastair, R. (1994). Teleworking: A Guide to Good Practice. Oxford: NCC Blackwell. google scholar
- Bayham, J., & Fenichel, E. P. (2020). Impact of school closures for covid-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health, 5(5) 271-278 Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2468-2667%2820%2930082-7 google scholar
- Bilefskyi, D. (2020, 4 16). 31 Deaths: toll at Quebec nursing home in pandemic reflects global phenomenon. The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/world/canada/montrealnursing-homes-coronavirus.html google scholar
- CEIC. (2020, 4 24). Labour force participation rate. ceicdata.com, Retrieved from https://www.ceicdata.com/ en/indicator/labour-force-participation-rate google scholar
- Chapman, B. (2020, 5 15). Coronavirus: employees can carry over unused holiday for two years, government announces. Independent, Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/coronavirusholiday-uk-days-off-work-annual-leave-carry-over-unused-a9430101.html google scholar
- Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020, 4). Labor markets during the covid-19 crisis: a preliminary view. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. 27017 (April 2020), 1-13 Retrieved from https://www. nber.org/papers/w27017.pdf google scholar
- Demir, İ. (2020). Kovid-19 (koronavirüs) salgınının ekonomik etkileri. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Stratejik Araştırmalar (ULISA) Enstitüsü, Sayı 1, 1-30. Retrieved from https://aybu.edu.tr/yulisa/contents/files/ ULI%CC%87SA12_Kovid_19_Ekonomik_Etkiler.pdf google scholar
- Durant, I., & Pamela, C.-H. (2020, 4 1). COVID-19 requires gender-equal responses to save economies. unctad: Retrieved from https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2319 google scholar
- Economics.help. (2020, 4 6). Dependency ratio. Economics.help, Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp. org/blog/glossary/dependency-ratio/ google scholar
- Erdem, Z. (2004). Tele çalışma. İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi. google scholar
- FAO. (2020, 4 7). Impact of COVID-19 on informal workers. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca8560en/CA8560EN.pdf google scholar
- ILO. (2020, 4 7). ILO: COVID-19 causes devastating losses in working hours and employment. International Labour Organization, Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang-- en/index.htm google scholar
- International Diabetes Federation. (2020, 4 16). COVID-19 outbreak: guidance for people with diabetes. International Diabetes Federation: Retrieved from https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/ europe/europe-news/196-information-on-corona-virus-disease-2019-covid-19-outbreak-and-guidance-forpeople-with-diabetes.html google scholar
- i4cp. (2020). Survey results: global employer response to the coronavirus 3.0. Institute for Corporate Productivity, Retrieved from https://www.i4cp.com/file/coronaviri/survey-results-global-employerresponse-to-the-coronavirus-3-0/download google scholar
- Maidenberg, M., Cutter, C., & Feintzeig, R. (2020, 3 18). Call it a layoff, a furlough or a cut shift: Americans are losing work. The Wall Street Journal, Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/call-it-a-layoff-afurlough-or-a-cut-shift-americans-are-losing-work-11584550057 google scholar
- McDowell, E. (2020, March 16). 9 ways to protect yourself from the novel coronavirus if you’re still working in an open office. Business Insider, Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/ways-to-protectyourself-from-illness-office google scholar
- McKeever, V. (2020, March 31). Coronavirus lockdowns are making the working day longer for many. CNBC Make It, Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/30/coronavirus-lockdowns-are-making-theworking-day-longer-for-many.html google scholar
- Meister, J. (2020, March 31). The impact of the coronavirus on HR and the new normal of work. Forbes, Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeannemeister/2020/03/31/the-impact-of-the-coronaviruson-hr-and-the-new-normal-of-work/#1fcf40e22b60 google scholar
- Morikawa, M. (2020, April 10). COVID-19, teleworking, and productivity. VOX CEPR Policy Portal, Retrieved from https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-teleworking-and-productivity google scholar
- Oddone, E. (2020, March 18). Thousands of medical staff infected with coronavirus in Italy. Aljazeera, Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/rising-number-medical-staff-infected-coronavirusitaly-200318183939314.html google scholar
- OH&S. (2020, March 30). Fighting occupational burnout in three ways. Occupational Health & Safety, Retrieved from https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2020/03/30/Fighting-Occupational-Burnout-in-Three-Ways.aspx google scholar
- Petersen, T. (2020, April 3). Five potential effects of the corona pandemic on the international division of labor. Global Economic Dynamics, Retrieved from https://ged-project.de/blogpostsen/coronavirus-economicimpact-labor/ google scholar
- Productivity Commission. (2014). Geographic labour mobility: research report, April 2014. Canberra: Media and Publications. 1-32. Retrieved from https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/labour-mobility/report/ labour-mobility-overview.pdf google scholar
- Ritchie, H., & Max, R. (2020, May 6). Causes of death. Our World in Data, Erişim adresi: https://ourworldindata. org/causes-of-death#all-charts-preview google scholar
- Robert Koch Institute. (2020, April 6). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) daily situation report of the Robert Koch Institute. Robert Koch Institute, Retrieved from https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/ Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/2020-04-06-en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile google scholar
- Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ospina, E. O., & Hasell, J. (2020, May 18). Mortality risk of COVID-19. Our World in Data, Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/mortality-risk-covid google scholar
- Singh, A. (2017, May 12). You’re working in the wrong place. Medium, Retrieved from https://medium.com/s/ please-advise/youre-working-in-the-wrong-place-e289036ee01c google scholar
- Singh, A. (2020, April 3). The workers ‘conned’ and forced to take holiday during the coronavirus lockdown. Huffpost, Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/coronavirus-holiday-annual-leaveworkers_uk_5e84b4a5c5b6871702a845f6?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ 2 x l L m N v b S 8 & g u c e _ r e f e r r e r _ s i g = A Q A A A G z o 3 H g Y f 5 K m Z W Q O T 2 b r W 0 H w e R 7 q qHYd9DMSwXDHVBG THfBnpXnLhbDe20QehjasXZ google scholar
- Stop The Traffik. (2020, March 24). Coronavirus and the labour market: what this means for business. stopthetraffik. org, Retrieved from https://www.stopthetraffik.org/coronavirus-labour-market-means-business/ google scholar
- Torry, H. (2020, April 3). Coronavirus pandemic deepens labor divide between online, offline workers. The Wall Street Journal: Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-pandemic-deepens-labor-dividebetween-online-offline-workers-11585924306 google scholar
- UN Women. (2020, April 26). COVID-19: Emerging gender data and why it matters. UN Women, Retrieved from https://data.unwomen.org/resources/covid-19-emerging-gender-data-and-why-it-matters google scholar
- Unite the Union. (2020, April 24). Coronavirus work rights: UK advice for coronavirus from Unite. Unite the Union, Retrieved from https://unitetheunion.org/campaigns/coronavirus-covid-19-advice/ google scholar
- Viner, R. M., Russel, S. J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., Stansfield, C., . . . Booy, R. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020, (4), 397-404 Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/action/ showPdf?pii=S2352-4642(20)30095-X google scholar
- Vyas, M., & Aiyar, Y. (2020, April 20). Podcast featuring Dr Mahesh Vyas and Yamini Aiyar. Centre for Policy Research, Retrieved from https://www.cprindia.org/news/coronavirus-pandemic-impact-unemploymentand-labour-force-participation google scholar
- Weber, L. (2020, March 22). During coronavirus crisis, big companies display largess—but for how long? The Wall Street Journal: Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/during-coronavirus-crisis-bigcompanies-display-largessbut-for-how-long-11584893891 google scholar
- WHO. (2020a, March 19). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: rights, roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health. World Health Organization, Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1272583/retrieve google scholar
- WHO. (2020b, March 19). Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19. World Health Organization, Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/331496/WHO-2019-nCov-HCW_risk_assessment-2020.2-eng.pdf google scholar
- World Economic Forum. (2020a, March 20). Over 14 million employees in the U.S. face COVID-19 exposure every week at work. World Economic Forum, Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/ americans-face-covid-19-exposure-work-coronavirus-health google scholar
- World Economic Forum. (2020b, April 11). COVID-19’s workforce impact. World Economic Forum, Retrieved from https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/a1G0X000006O6EHUA0?tab=publications google scholar
- Worldometers. (2020, May 18). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Worldometers, Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries google scholar