İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559   IUP :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559    Full Text (PDF)

Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses

Fatıma Nur Yılmaz, Dilek Matur, Bekir Özer, Sibel Döşler

Background and Aims: Because the mouth and throat are the most important entrances of the body for several pathogens, using the nasal and oral antisepsis would be beneficial to fight with upper respiratory tract infections. In this study, a completely natural and vegan/herbal oral spray was developed and formulated, and its antimicrobial activities were tested against important mouth and upper respiratory tract pathogens.

Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), time-kill curves (TKC), antiviral activities, and cytotoxic activities (against A549 and VERO cell lines), of the formulated oral spray, the active ingredient mixture, and/or the active substances individually, were determined against group-A beta haemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Parainfluenza virus type-2.

Results: The MIC values of the studied active herbal substances individually ranged from 0.4%-25%, while those for the spray formulation were 0.4-3%. TKC analysis showed that the oral spray has strong microbiocidal activities (≥3-Log₁₀) against all studied bacteria and yeast. Against parainfluenza virus type-2, the oral spray and the active ingredient mixture had strong antiviral activity (78% and 68%, respectively), without any cytotoxic effect.

Conclusion: According to our findings, the formulated and developed oral spray has several advantages such as having antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, being completely natural and vegan, free of chemical antiseptics, creating a moisturising and soothing protective layer with its barrier effect, and the ease of use of the spray form.

Keywords: Oral spray, Development, Dormulation, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Activity

PDF View

References

  • Batiha, G.E., Alkazmi, L.M., Wasef, L.G., BeshbishY, A.M., Nadwa, E.H., & Rashwan, E.K. (2020). SYzYgium aromaticum L. (MYrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities. Bıomol-ecules 10, 202. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/biom10020202. google scholar
  • Branche, A.R., & Falsey, A.R. (2016). Parainfluenza virus infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 37, 538-554. http://dx.doi.org.10.1055/s-0036-1584798. google scholar
  • Camele, I., Grul'ovâ, D., & Elshafie, H.S. (2021). Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of mentha « piperita cv. 'Kristinka' Essential Oil. Plants (Basel) 10, 1567. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/plants10081567. google scholar
  • Carson, C.F., Hammer, K.A., & RileY, T.V. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: Areview of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 19, 50-62. http://dx.doi.org.10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2000). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptbility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standart M27-A, Wayne, PA. CLSI. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratoıy Standards Institute. (2006). MetHods for dilution antimicro-bial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved Standard M7-A5. WaYne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Clinical and Laboratoıy Standards Institute. (2022). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100-Ed32. WaYne, PA: CLSI. google scholar
  • Fukushima, K., Takahashi, T., Takaguchi, M., UeYama, H., Ito, S., KurebaYashi Y, Kawan-ishi, T., McKimm-Breschkin, J.L., Takimoto, T,, Minami, A., & Suzuki, T. (2011). Plaque formation assaY for human parainfluenza virus tYpe 1. Biol Pharm Bull, 34, 996-1000. http://dx.doi.org.10.1248/bpb.34.996. google scholar
  • Golac-Guzina, N., Novakovic, Z., Sarajlic, Z., Sukalo, A., Dzananovic, J., Glamoclija, U., Kapo, B., Cordalija, V., & Mehic, M. (2019). comparative studY of the efficacY of the lYsozYme, benzYdamine and chlorhexidine oral spraY in the treatment of acute tonsillopharYngitis - results of a pilot studY. Acta Medica Academica 8, 140-146. http://dx.doi.org.10.5644/ama2006-124.252. google scholar
  • Grief S.N. (2013). Upper Respiratoıy Infections, Prim Çare 40, 757-770. http://dx.doi.org.10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004. google scholar
  • Gudmundsdottir, A., Scheving, R., Lindberg, F., & Stefansson, B. (2021). Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E in vitro By ColdZYme® a medical device mouth spraY against the common cold. J Med Virol 93, 1792-1795. http://dx.doi.org.10. 1002/jmv.26554. google scholar
  • Halat, D.H., Krayem, M., Khaled, S., & Younes, S. (2022). A focused insight into thyme: biological, chemical, and therapeutic properties of an indigenous mediter-ranean herb. Nutrients 14, 2104. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/nu14102104. google scholar
  • Khorshiddoust, R.R., Khorshiddoust, S.R., Hosseinabadi, T., Mottaghitalab, F., Mokhtari, F., Azadinia, F., Mozdarani, H., Shabani, M., Emadi-Kouchak, H., Taheri, B., Khani-JuYabad, F., Kashani, M.A., Sadoughi, A., Zamanizadeh, S., Maddah, H., Aminzadeh, M., Khanaki, M., Saremi, S., Rad, A.P., & Fatehi, A., et al (2022). EfficacY of a multiple-indication antiviral herbal drug (Saliravira®) for COVID-19 outpatients: A pre-clinical and randomized clinical trial studY. Biomed PHar-macother 149, 112729. http://dx.doi.org.10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112729. google scholar
  • Kramer, A., Eggers, M., Hübner, N.O., Walger, P., Steinmann, E., & Exner, M. (2021) Viru-cidal gargling and virucidal nasal spraY. GMS Hyg Infect Çontrol 18, 16. http:// dx.doi.org.10.3205/dgkh000373. google scholar
  • Mukherjee, P.K., Esper, F., Buchheit, K., Arters, K., Adkins, I., Ghannoum, M.A., & Salata, R.A. (2017). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the safety and effectiveness of a novel dual-action oral topical formulation against upper respiratorY infections. BMÇ Infect Dis 17, 74. http:// dx.doi.org.10.1186/s12879-016-2177-8. google scholar
  • National Committee for Clinical Laboratoıy Standards. (1999). MetHods for Determin-ing Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents: Approved Guideline M26-A. WaYne, PA. NCCLS. google scholar
  • OlczYk, P., Komosinska-Vassev, K., Ramos, P., Mencner, L., Mencner, L., OlczYk, K., & Pilawa, B. (2017). Free radical scavenging activitY of drops and spraY containing propolis—An EPR examination. Molecules 22, 128. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/ molecules22010128. google scholar
  • OYardi, O., Savage, P.B., & Guzel, C.B. (2022). Effects of ceragenins and antimicrobial peptides on the A549Cell line and an in vitro co-culture model of a549 cells and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens 11, 1044. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/ pathogens11091044. google scholar
  • Pan, S.Y., Zhou, S.F., Gao, S.H., Yu, Z.L., Zhang, S.F., Tang, M.K., Sun, J.N., Ma, D.L., Han, Y.F., Fong, W.F., & Ko, K.M. (2013). New Perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines: CAM's outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013:627375. http:// dx.doi.org.10.1155/2013/627375. google scholar
  • Sadlon, A.E., & Lamson, D.W. (2010). Immune-modifying and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus oil and simple inhalation devices. Altern Med Rev 15, 33-47. google scholar
  • Schütz, D., Conzelmann, C., Fois, G, Grof, R., Weil, T., Wettstein, L.,Stenger, S., Zelikin, A., Hoffmann, T.K., Frick, M., Müller, J.A., & Münch, J. (2021). Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral spraYs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Çell Mol Physiol 320, 750-L756. http://dx. doi.org.10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020. google scholar
  • Seet, R.C.S., Quek, A.M.L., Ooi, D.S.Q., Sengupta, S., Lakshminarasappa, S.R., Koo, C.Y., So, J.B.Y., Goh, B.C., Loh, K.S., Fisher, D., Teoh, H.L., Sun, J., Cook, A.R., TambYah, P.A., & Hartman, M. (2021). Positive impact of oral hYdroxYchloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spraY for COVID-19 prophYlaxis: An open-label randomized trial. Int J Infect Dis 106:314-322. http://dx.doi.org.10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035. google scholar
  • Sharifi-Rad, J., Salehi, B., Varoni, E.M., Sharopov, F., Yousaf, Z., AYatollahi, S.A., Kobar-fard, F., Sharifi-Rad, M., Afdjei, M.H., Sharifi-Rad, M., & Iriti, M. (2017). Plants of the melaleuca genus as antimicrobial agents: from farm to pharmacY. Phytother Res 31, 1475-1494. http://dx.doi.org.10.1002/ptr.5880. google scholar
  • Silva, W.M.F., Bona, N.P., Pedra, N.S., Cunha, K.F.D., Fiorentini, A.M., Stefanello, F.M., Zavareze, E.R., & Dias, A.R.G. (2022). Risk assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Mentha piperita L. essential oil. J Toxicol Environ Health A 85, 230-242. http://dx.doi.org.10.1080/15287394.2021. 1999875. google scholar
  • Stathis, C., Victoria, N., Loomis, K., NguYen, S.A., Eggers, M., Septimus, M., & Safdar, N. (2021). Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pan-demic. Future Microbiol 16, 119-130. http://dx.doi.org.10.2217/fmb-2020-0286. google scholar
  • Wang, C.C., Prather, K.A., Sznitman, J., Jimenez, J.L., Lakdawala, S.S., Tufekci, Z., & Marr, L.C. (2021). Airborne transmission of respiratorY viruses. Science 373(6558):eabd9149. http://dx.doi.org.10.1126/science.abd9149. google scholar
  • Xiong, K., Chen, X., Hu, H., Hou, H., Gao, P., & Zou, L. (2020). Antimicrobial effect of a peptide containing novel oral spraY on streptococcus mutans. Biomed Res Int 2020:6853652. http://dx.doi.org.10;2020:6853652. google scholar
  • Xu, J.G., Liu, T., Hu, Q.P., & Cao, X.M. (2016). Chemical composition, antibacterial properties and mechanism of action of essential oil from clove buds against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 21, 1194. http://dx.doi.org.10.3390/molecules 21091194. google scholar
  • Yildız, M., BaYrak, N., Yıldırım, H., Çakmak, S.M., Yılmaz, F.N., Mataracı-Kara, E., Shilkar, D., Jayaprakash, V., & TuyuN, A.F. (2022). Discovery of quinolinequinones with N-phenYlpiperazine bY conversion of hydroxyquinoline as a new class of an-timicrobial agents targeting resistant pathogenic microorganisms, Bioorganic Çhemistry 128:106045. http://dx.doi.org.10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106045. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Yılmaz, F.N., Matur, D., Özer, B., & Döşler, S. (2025). Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 55(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


AMA

Yılmaz F N, Matur D, Özer B, Döşler S. Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy. 2025;55(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


ABNT

Yılmaz, F.N.; Matur, D.; Özer, B.; Döşler, S. Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, [Publisher Location], v. 55, n. 1, p. 77-84, 2025.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Yılmaz, Fatıma Nur, and Dilek Matur and Bekir Özer and Sibel Döşler. 2025. “Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 55, no. 1: 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


Chicago: Humanities Style

Yılmaz, Fatıma Nur, and Dilek Matur and Bekir Özer and Sibel Döşler. “Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 55, no. 1 (Aug. 2025): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


Harvard: Australian Style

Yılmaz, FN & Matur, D & Özer, B & Döşler, S 2025, 'Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses', İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 77-84, viewed 17 Aug. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Yılmaz, F.N. and Matur, D. and Özer, B. and Döşler, S. (2025) ‘Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses’, İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 55(1), pp. 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559 (17 Aug. 2025).


MLA

Yılmaz, Fatıma Nur, and Dilek Matur and Bekir Özer and Sibel Döşler. “Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 55, no. 1, 2025, pp. 77-84. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


Vancouver

Yılmaz FN, Matur D, Özer B, Döşler S. Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy [Internet]. 17 Aug. 2025 [cited 17 Aug. 2025];55(1):77-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559 doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559


ISNAD

Yılmaz, FatımaNur - Matur, Dilek - Özer, Bekir - Döşler, Sibel. “Development of herbal and vegan oral spray and its antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 55/1 (Aug. 2025): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2025.1434559



TIMELINE


Submitted26.02.2024
Accepted28.06.2024
Published Online07.05.2025

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE



Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.