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DOI :10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068   IUP :10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068    Full Text (PDF)

THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

Hikmet Öksüzİsmail Köse

Turkish national struggle after World War I represented a major resistance movement against the colonial imperialism of the victors. The Turkish “Great Offensive” marked the closing chapter of this national struggle, and its activities were characterized by special attention and secrecy. Thus, the Turkish Great Offensive is known as a significant event in the post-WWI era. The Greek Army, which had British military, intelligence, and political support, could have occupied a line between the Turkish cities of Afyonkarahisar, Eskişehir, Bilecik, and Mudanya at the end of 1921. The Greek front at this line was powerful enough to block a strong army. The Turkish Army had lost almost of its all power during the wars of the previous decade, and it had only one opportunity to drive the enemy out of the heartland. That opportunity was called the Great Offensive, which was intended to expel from Anatolia all invaders in a period of less than three weeks. In addition to Turkish General Staff who had published battle reports, numerous Turkish sources have documented the events of the Great Offensive. Nevertheless, such an important historical event should be methodically analyzed by using various sources. United States archival documents provide information on the invaders’ plans, expectations, and conditions during the offensive staged by the Turkish Army. Although the US archival documents evaluate the events by focusing on the Greek perspective, the reports bear first-hand information on the Turkish Great Offensive. Therefore, the American archival documents are used in this study.

DOI :10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068   IUP :10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068    Full Text (PDF)

AMERİKAN ARŞİV VESİKALARINDA BÜYÜK TAARRUZ

Hikmet Öksüzİsmail Köse

I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında galipler tarafından oluşturulan sömürü düzenine dayalı emperyalizmin kendi içindeki tutarsızlıklar nedeniyle uzun süre ayakta kalamayacağı belliydi. Yeni düzene ilk başkaldırı Milli Mücadele’dir. Milli Mücadele’nin başarısı Büyük Taarruz, ismiyle müsemma bir dikkat ve özenle hazırlanmıştır. İngiltere’nin askerî, istihbarat ve siyasi desteğine sahip Yunan Ordusu, 1921 yılı sonunda Afyonkarahisar-Eskişehir-Bilecik-Mudanya cephe hattında durdurulabildi. Yunan Ordusu, işgal ettiği cephe hattında güçlü savunma sistemleri kurarak durumunu sağlamlaştırmaya çalıştı. Hemen bütün gücünü son yıllardaki savaşlarda tüketmiş olan Türk Ordusu’nun işgalcileri Türk topraklarından atmak için tek hamlelik şansı vardı. Büyük Taarruz adı verilen bu hamle işgalcileri üç haftadan daha kısa sürede Anadolu’dan söküp atmıştır. Büyük Taarruz ile ilgili çok sayıda Türkçe kaynak ve Genelkurmay Başkanlığı tarafından yayımlanan Harp Cerideleri mevcuttur. Buna karşın bu kadar önemli bir askerî harekatın farklı kaynaklardan değerlendirilmesi ilmî metodoloji açısından esaslı bir gerekliliktir. İşgalcilerin planlarını, beklentilerini, taarruz esnasındaki durumu ve Türk Ordusu’nun ilerleyişini detaylı bir şekilde nakleden Amerikan Askerî Arşiv Vesikaları bu çalışmanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Amerikan vesikaları her ne kadar olayları Yunan bakış açısına göre ele almış olsa da tarihe ışık tutacak, birinci elden bilgilere ulaşmasını sağladığı için incelenmeye değer görülmüştür. 


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APA

Öksüz, H., & Köse, İ. (0001). THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology, 27(2), 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


AMA

Öksüz H, Köse İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology. 0001;27(2):207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


ABNT

Öksüz, H.; Köse, İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology, [Publisher Location], v. 27, n. 2, p. 207-238, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Öksüz, Hikmet, and İsmail Köse. 0001. “THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS.” Journal of Turkology 27, no. 2: 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


Chicago: Humanities Style

Öksüz, Hikmet, and İsmail Köse. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS.” Journal of Turkology 27, no. 2 (Dec. 2024): 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


Harvard: Australian Style

Öksüz, H & Köse, İ 0001, 'THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS', Journal of Turkology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 207-238, viewed 25 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Öksüz, H. and Köse, İ. (0001) ‘THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS’, Journal of Turkology, 27(2), pp. 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068 (25 Dec. 2024).


MLA

Öksüz, Hikmet, and İsmail Köse. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS.” Journal of Turkology, vol. 27, no. 2, 0001, pp. 207-238. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


Vancouver

Öksüz H, Köse İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology [Internet]. 25 Dec. 2024 [cited 25 Dec. 2024];27(2):207-238. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068 doi: 10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068


ISNAD

Öksüz, Hikmet - Köse, İsmail. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS”. Journal of Turkology 27/2 (Dec. 2024): 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068



TIMELINE


Submitted17.10.2017
Accepted21.11.2017

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