An Attempt on a General Classification of the Musical Terms in Divan Poetry
Emrah BilginIn the history of classical Turkish literature, there are many poets who have knowledge in the field of music, who have been instrumental in the introduction of musical terms into poetry because they wrote poems with the elements of music. Musical tunes, tempos, instruments and parts of instruments are the most used musical terms in the language of poetry. Musical tunes and and instruments are also classified separately within each of them, as they add different meanings to the poem according to their genres and where they are used. In addition, terms other than these titles related to performing music were also evaluated. The persons and places mentioned in the musical performance have also been classified within themselves, as far as they can be determined in the studies so far. In this study, which is intended to contribute to the researches on music, a new classification has been made regarding the musical terms mentioned in the divan poetry. The main purpose here is to make a classification only for the aforementioned terms. There is no clear conclusion as to how these terms can be examined within the classical poetry tradition. Therefore, it is aimed to raise concerns that there is such a bet regarding musical terms.
Divan Şiirinde Geçen Musiki Istılahlarına Dair Genel Bir Tasnif Denemesi
Emrah BilginKlasik Türk edebiyatı tarihinde edebiyat ve şiirin yanında musiki sahasında da ilim sahibi olan şairlerin arasında ilm-i musikinin unsurları ile şiirler kaleme alan ve böylece musiki ıstılahlarının şiire girmesine vesile olmuş çok sayıda divan şairi vardır. Musiki makamları, usulleri, çalgıları ile çalgıların aksamı, şiir dilinde en çok kullanılmış olan musiki ıstılahlarıdır. Bu ıstılahlar içerisinde adı en çok geçenler ise makamlar ile çalgılardır. Bu çalışmada makam ve çalgıların her biri, esasında şiire farklı anlamlar kattığından türlerine ve kullanıldıkları yere göre de kendi içinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Musiki icrasında adı geçen şahıslar ve mekânlar da şu ana kadarki incelemelerde tespit edilebildiği kadarıyla yine kendi içinde tasnif edilmiştir. Tüm bu ıstılahların haricinde musiki ıstılahları ile kurulmuş deyimler de kendi içinde bölümlere ayrılmıştır. Musikiye dair yapılan araştırmalara katkı sağlaması amaçlanan bu çalışmada divan şiirinde adları geçen musiki ıstılahlarına dair yeni bir tasnif yapılmıştır. Buradaki temel gaye de sadece bahsi geçen ıstılahlara dair bir sınıflandırmanın yapılmasıdır. Bu ıstılahların klasik şiir geleneği içerisinde ne şekilde incelenebileceğine dair henüz netleşmiş bir kanaat yoktur. Bu nedenle bu çalışma ile musiki ıstılahları ile ilgili böyle bir bahsin olduğu konusunda endişe oluşturulması da amaçlanmıştır. Böylece klasik şiir geleneği içerisinde musiki ıstılahlarının ne kadar önemli bir yerde olduğuna dair pek çok husus ortaya konulabilecektir.
In classical poetry, the concepts of various sciences were used as a source in poetry by poets who have cultural knowledge of those sciences. In this context, the artistic elements of the language were mostly seen in literature and music, two important branches of fine arts.
Musical terms are one of the important elements of classical poetry. The fact that there are so many musical elements in classical poetry, and there are many works composed with classical poetry forms in music are also a proof of how much the two sciences are nourished from each other.
This study, which examines the musical elements in divan poetry, is about the classification of the elements in divan related to music. As far as it can be determined, the most important and known classification on the use of musical elements in divan poetry; music modes, musical instruments, other parts of musical instruments, other elements related to music and expressions related to music.
In this study, first of all, poems containing these elements rather than musical elements are classified. The items in the above classification are included as some items under the subtitle of a title in the new classification. In addition, methods were added to these elements; besides, instruments, persons, places and idioms are also divided into classes as they are used differently according to their genre in the poem. The musical terms have been reclassified with the data obtained so far. The first title of the classification includes musical modes. The music modes are divided into three categories: simple modes, delivered modes and compound modes. Secondly, musical methods are given. The third heading of the classification includes musical instruments. This title has been examined in five groups as wired instruments, string instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments and keyboard instruments. Later, the parts of the musical instruments were given as a separate title. The terms regarding the performance of music are the next title. After this title of the classification, the persons mentioned in the performance of music and then the places mentioned in the music performance were examined. The persons mentioned in musical performance; they were divided into four groups: people who played an instrument during music performance, people who sing while performing music, people who played music, and people who were in the assembly during music performance. The venues mentioned in the performance of music are places of entertainment and sufi assemblies. In the last heading of the classification, there are idioms established with musical terms. This part is divided into seven sections within itself: idioms formed by musical modes, idioms formed with musical methods, idioms formed from musical instruments, idioms formed with parts of musical instruments, idioms related to the performance of music, idioms related to the music islamic monasteries.
The seventh and eighth titles of the classification are related to the names of the persons and places mentioned in the musical performance. The ninth title is on the idioms related to the musical terms and performance given by M. Nejat Sefercioğlu. In the article, the classification was tried to be enriched with sub-headings in these three headings.
In the classification, the terms of music are classified primarily as the modes, methods, instruments, parts of the musical instruments, and the performance of music. In addition, since the terms of music can be included in the same couplet, they have been evaluated together in some examples in the study. However, as it is not possible to give many examples about each musical element within the limited framework of the article, it is contented to give a small number of examples. In addition, some couplets containing musical elements were used in the interpretation of couplets.
Apart from some studies on the musical terms in the classical Turkish literature texts, it has been observed that researches generally include determinations about which musical terms are included in the works. There is partial information in the studies about what kind of meaning they provide in a poem containing the aforementioned elements or it is seen that musical elements are generally examined in terms of literary arts. In this study, the musical terms mentioned in the divan poetry are classified. Thus, it is thought that the terms determined in verse or prose works will be evaluated under a title given in the classification, and thus a systematic literature containing a wide range of material on these terms will emerge over time.
This classification of the musical terms in divan poetry and the general features of each classification will contribute to the understanding of the classical literary texts. However, detailed information about these elements, which contain a wide range of materials, will be possible with a more comprehensive study.
