CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/LSB23LSB24.2024.026.005   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB23LSB24.2024.026.005    Full Text (PDF)

Microbial Safety

Şehnaz Yasemin TosunHande Doğruyol

Aquatic foods have high and quality nutritional content and are important in world trade. The increase in the world population and the need for quality animal protein sources have led people to consume more aquatic foods. This situation also triggers food safety and public health problems. The microflora of seafood primarily consists of the water environment in which they live. The fish’s skin, gills and intestines can harbour many microorganisms. Seafood can be contaminated by the environment in which they live and, during processing, transportation and storage by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Consumption of contaminated seafood poses serious public health problems. It also causes economic losses. Therefore, it is important to understand the microbial hazards in seafood. On the other hand, toxins that cause poisoning due to the consumption of aquatic products have been known since ancient times. Shellfish and some fish species act as vectors for transferring toxins through the food chain to humans and cause food intoxications when consumed in amounts greater than humans can tolerate. Since toxins are colourless and odourless, they cannot be detected. They are identified according to their symptoms and sources. Diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), azaspiracid poisoning (AZP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), and tetrodotoxin poisoning are the intoxications caused by biotoxins. This section mentions bacteria, viruses, parasites and biotoxins that can be transmitted to humans due to consuming aquatic foods.


DOI :10.26650/B/LSB23LSB24.2024.026.005   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB23LSB24.2024.026.005    Full Text (PDF)

Mi̇krobi̇yal Güvenli̇k

Şehnaz Yasemin TosunHande Doğruyol

Yüksek ve kaliteli besinsel içeriğe sahip olan akuatik kaynaklı gıdalar, dünya ticaretinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dünya nüfusunun artışı, kaliteli hayvansal protein kaynaklarına olan ihtiyaç, insanları akuatik kaynaklı gıdaları daha fazla tüketmeye yöneltmiştir. Bu durum gıda güvenliği ve halk sağlığı sorunlarını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Su ürünlerinin mikroflorasını öncelikli olarak yaşadığı su ortamı oluşturmaktadır. Balığın derisi, solungaçları ve iç organlarında birçok mikroorganizma bulunmaktadır. Su ürünleri yaşadıkları su ortamından, işlenmesi, taşınması ve depolanması esnasında bakteriler, virüsler ve parazitler gibi pek çok patojenik mikroorganizma tarafından kontamine olabilmektedir. Kontamine su ürünlerinin tüketimi ise ciddi halk sağlığı problemleri teşkil etmektedir. Aynı zamanda ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle su ürünlerindeki mikrobiyal tehlikeleri anlamak oldukça önemlidir. Öte yandan akuatik kaynakların tüketimine bağlı olarak zehirlenmelere neden olan toksinlerin varlığı eski çağlardan beri bilinmektedir. Kabuklu su ürünleri ile bazı balık türleri, toksinlerin besin zinciri boyunca insanlara aktarılmasında vektör görevi görmekte ve insanlar tarafından tolere edilebilecek miktardan daha fazla tüketildiğinde gıda intoksikasyonlarına neden olmaktadır. Toksinler renksiz ve kokusuz olduklarından fark edilememekte, semptomlarına ve kaynaklarına göre tanımlanmaktadır. Diyaretik kabuklu zehirlenmesi (DSP), paralitik kabuklu zehirlenmesi (PSP), amnezik kabuklu zehirlenmesi (ASP), nörotoksik kabuklu zehirlenmesi (NSP) ve azaspirasit zehirlenmesi (AZP), ciguatera balık zehirlenmesi (CFP) ve tetrodotoksin zehirlenmesi, biyotoksinlerin neden olduğu intoksikasyonlardır. Bu bölümde akuatik kaynaklı gıdaların tüketilmesi sonucunda insanlara bulaşabilecek bakteri, virüs, parazit ve biyoktoksinlere genel hatları ile değinilmiştir.



References

  • Ababouch, L. (2014). Application of HACCP principles in the fish and aquaculture Industry. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality: Current practices and emerging issues. (Edt: Ryder, J., Kaunasagar I., Ababouch, L.). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No: 574 Rome, Italy ISBN 978-92-5-107511-1. google scholar
  • Abd-Elghany, S.M. & Sallam, K.I. (2013). Occurrence and molecular identification of Vibrio parahaemoly-ticus in retail shellfish in Mansoura, Egypt. Food Control, 33(2): 399-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food-cont.2013.03.024 google scholar
  • Abdel-Latif, H.M.R. & Khafaga, A.F. (2020). Natural co-infection of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with Aeromonas hydrophila and Gyrodactylus cichlidarum experiencing high mortality during summer. Aquaculture Research, 51: 1880-1892. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14538 google scholar
  • Adesiyan, I. M., Bisi-Johnson, M. A., Ogunfowokan, A. O. & Okoh, A. I. (2019). Incidence and antimicrobi-al susceptibility fingerprints of Plesiomonas shigelliodes isolates in water samples collected from some freshwater resources in Southwest Nigeria. Science of the Total Environment, 665: 632-640. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.062 google scholar
  • Adesiyan, I.M., Bisi-Johnson, M.A., Ogunfowokan, A.O. & Okoh, A.I. (2021). Occurrence and antibiogram signatures of some Vibrio species recovered from selected rivers in South West Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 42458-42476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13603-4 google scholar
  • Ahmed, L., El-Dib, N.A., El-Boraey, Y. & Ibrahim, M. (1999). Capillaria philippinensis: an emerging parasite causing severe diarrhoea in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 29(2): 483-493 google scholar
  • Akyol, O., Ünal, V., Ceyhan, T. & Bilecenoglu, M. (2005). First confirmed record of Lagocephalus scele-ratus (Gmelin, 1789) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Fish Biology, 66(4): 1183-1186. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00667.x google scholar
  • Alonso-Gomez, A., Moreno-Ancillo, A., Lopez-Serrano, M.C., Suarez-de-Parga, J.M., Daschner, A., Caballero, M.T. & Cabanas, R. (2004). Anisakis simplex only provokes allergic symptoms when the worm parasitises the gastrointestinal tract. Parasitology Research, 93: 378-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-004-1085-9 google scholar
  • Alfano-Sobsey, E., Sweat, D., Hall, A., Breedlove, F., Rodriguez, R., Greene, S., Pierce, A., Sobsey, M., Davies, M. & Ledford, S.L. (2012). Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and se-condary household transmission. Epidemiology and Infection, 140: 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0950268811000665 google scholar
  • Alkan-Çeviker, S., Günal, Ö. & Kılıç, S. S. (2019). Aeromonas hydrophila’nın etken olduğu selülit ve apse: Bir olgu sunumu. Klimik Dergisi 32(1), 99-101. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2019.22 google scholar
  • Alzainy, Z. A. A. (2011). The Occurrence, hemolytic, cytotoxic activity and antibiotic susceptibility of Aero-monas hydrophila isolated from fish samples in Baghdad. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 5(2), 123-135 https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v35i2.585 google scholar
  • Amroabadi, A. M., Rahimi, E., Shakerian, A. & Momtaz, H. (2021). Incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses and norovirus and rotavirus in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinâria e Zootecnia, 73(1),169-178. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11742 google scholar
  • Ando, Y., Tsuzuki, T., Sunagawa, H. & Oka, S. (1985). Heat resistance, spore germination, and enterotoxi-genicity of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiology and Immunology, 29(4), 317-326. https://doi.or-g/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00830.x google scholar
  • Andrade, J. C., Joâo, A. L., De Sousa Alonso, C., Barreto, A. S. & Henriques, A. R. (2020). Genetic subtyping, biofilm-forming ability and biocide susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from a read-y-to-eat food industry. Antibiotics, 9, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070416 google scholar
  • Ansdell, V. E. (2020). Food poisoning from marine toxins. CDC yellow book 2020: Health information for international travel. CDC, ABD: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L. & Ashkenazi, S. (2023). Plesiomonas shigelloides In: Principles and Practice of Pe-diatric Infectious Diseases. (Edt: Log, S.S., Prober, C.G., Fischer, M., Kimberlin, D.W.). Sixth Edition, Philadelphia: Elsevier ISBN: 978-0-323-75608-2 google scholar
  • Attia, R.A.H., Tolba, M.E.M., Yones, D.A., Bakir, H.Y., Eldeek, H.E.M. & Kamel, S. (2012). Capillaria philip-pinensis in Upper Egypt: has it become endemic? The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86(1): 126-133. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0321 google scholar
  • Audicana, M.T., Ansotegui, I., de Corres, L.F. & Kennedy, M.W. (2002). Anisakis simplex: dangerous - dead and alive? Trends in Parazitology, 18(1): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02152-3 google scholar
  • Aune, T. & Yndestad, M. (1993). Diarrhetic shellfish poisonin. Ed. Falconer, I.R. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water (pp. 87-104). London, UK: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-091811-2.50010-1 google scholar
  • Aune, T. (2008). Risk assessment of marine toxins. Ed. Botana, L.M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: phar-macology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 1-20). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi. org/10.1201/9781420007541.pt1 google scholar
  • Baden D.G. & Trainer, V.L. (1993). Mode of action of toxins of seafood poisoning. Ed. Falconer, I.R. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water (pp. 49-76). London, UK: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-08-091811-2.50008-3 google scholar
  • Barker Jr, W.H. & Gangarosa, E.J. (1974). Food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Annual Review of Medicine, 25(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.25.020174.000451 google scholar
  • Batt, C.A. (2014). Introduction. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.). Second Edition, Volume 2, USA: Academic Press ISBN 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • Batt, C.A. (2014a). Bacillus cereus. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.). Second Edition, Volume 1, USA: Academic Press ISBN 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • Battistini, R., Listorti, V., Squadrone, S., Pederiva, S., Abete, M. C., Mua, R., Ciccotelli, V., Suffredini, E., Maurella, C., Baioni, E., Orlandi, M., Ercolini, C. & Serracca, L. (2021). Occurrence and persistence of enteric viruses, arsenic and biotoxins in Pacific oysters farmed in an Italian production site. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162: 111843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111843 google scholar
  • BC CDC. (2023). Clostridium perfringens. British Columbia Hastalık Kontrol Merkezi. http://www.bccdc.ca/ health-info/diseases-conditions/clostridium-perfringens [Erişim Tarihi 28.02.2023]. google scholar
  • BC CDC. (2023a). Bacillus cereus. British Columbia Hastalık Kontrol Merkezi. http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/ diseases-conditions/bacillus-cereus [Erişim Tarihi 25.04.2023]. google scholar
  • Bentur, Y., Ashkar, J., Lurie, Y., Levy, Y., Azzam, Z.S., Litmanovich, M., Golik, M., Gurevych, B., Golani, D. & Eisenman, A. (2008). Lessepsian migration and tetrodotoxin poisoning due to Lagocephalus sceleratus in the eastern Mediterranean. Toxicon, 52(8), 964-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.10.001 google scholar
  • Berthold-Pluta, A., Pluta, A., Garbowska, M. & Stefanska, I. (2019). Prevalence and toxicity characterization of Bacillus cereus in food products from Poland. Foods, 8(7): 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070269 google scholar
  • Betts, G.D. & Gaze, J.E. (1995). Growth and heat resistance of psychrotrophic Clostridium botulinum in relation to ‘sous vide’ products. Food Control, 6(1): 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(95)91455-T google scholar
  • Beshiru, A., Igbinosa, I.H. & Igbinosa, E.O. (2021). Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus from ready-to-eat seafood (RTES). LWT, 135: 110042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110042 google scholar
  • Bott, T.L., Deffner, J.S., McCoy, E. & Foster, E.M. (1966). Clostridium botulinum type E in fish from the Great Lakes. Journal of Bacteriology, 91(3): 919-924 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.91.3.919-924.1966 google scholar
  • Broberg, C.A., Calder, T.J. & Orth, K. (2011). Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determi-nants. Microbes and Infection, 13: 992-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2011.06.013 google scholar
  • Brynestad, S. & Granum, P. E. (2002). Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 74(3): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00680-8 google scholar
  • Byrne, B., Scannell, A.G.M., Lyng, J. & Bolton, D.J. (2008). An evaluation of Clostridium perfringens media. Food Control, 19(11): 1091-1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.11.001 google scholar
  • Campas, M., Prieto-Simon, B. & Marty, J.L. (2007). Biosensors to detect marine toxins: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta, 72(3): 884-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.12.036 google scholar
  • Castonguay, M., Levasseur, M., Beaulieu, J.L., Gregoire, F., Michaud, S., Bonneau, E. & Bates, S.S. (1997). Accumulation of PSP toxins in Atlantic mackerel: seasonal and ontogenetic variations. Journal of Fish Biology, 50(6): 1203-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01648.x google scholar
  • Catterall, W.A. & Gainer, M. (1985). Interaction of brevetoxin A with a new receptor site on the sodium channel. Toxicon, 23(3): 497-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(85)90034-0 google scholar
  • Can, H.Y., Elmalı, M., Karagöz, A. & Dişli, H.B. (2022). Psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and PFGE profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from different foods and spices. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 52(4): e20210166. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210166 google scholar
  • CDCP. (2017). E. coli (Escherichia coli). Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/ecoli-prevention.html [Erişim Tarihi 27.04.2023]. google scholar
  • CDCP. (2018). Staphylococcal (Staph) Food Poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/staphylococcal. html [Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2023]. google scholar
  • CDCP. (2018a). DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Opisthorchiasis. https:// www.cdc.gov/dpdx/opisthorchiasis/index.html [Erişim tarihi: 14/04/2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2018b). Case definition: brevetoxin. https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/brevetoxin/casedef.asp [Son erişim 22.03.2023]. google scholar
  • CDCP. (2019). CDC Food Safety Alert: Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Frozen, Raw Tuna. https://www.cdc. gov/media/releases/2019/s0416-salmonella-outbreak-tuna.html [Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2019a). Preventing Norovirus Outbreaks. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/norovirus/index.html [Erişim Tarihi:29.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2019b). Parasites - Liver Flukes. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/liver_flukes/index.html. [Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2019c). DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Clonorchiasis. https:// www.cdc.gov/dpdx/clonorchiasis/index.html [Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2020) Viral Hepatitis, Hepatitis A. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/index.html [Erişim Tari-hi:06.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2020a). Parasites Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma Infection). Gnathostoma FAQs https://www.cdc.gov/ parasites/gnathostoma/faqs.html [Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2020b). Parasites - Capillariasis (also known as Capillaria Infection). Capillariasis FAQs https://www. cdc.gov/parasites/capillaria/faqs.html [Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP (2020c). Parasites. Paragonimus FAQs. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/gen_info/faqs.html [Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2021). Botulism. ABD Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri, https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index. html [Erişim Tarihi 27.02.2023]. google scholar
  • CDCP. (2021a). Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Frozen Cooked Shrimp. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/wel-tevreden-06-21/details.html [Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2021b). Norovirus. How Norovirus Spreads. https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/transmission.html [Erişim Tarihi:29.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2022). Listeria (Listeriosis), Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/symptoms.html [Erişim Tarihi 26.04.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2022a). Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Fish. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/litchfield-10-22/index. html [Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2022b). E. coli (Escherichia coli). Reports of Selected E. coli Outbreak Investigations. https://www.cdc. gov/ecoli/outbreaks.html [Erişim Tarihi 27.04.2023]. google scholar
  • CDCP. (2022c). Norovirus. Multistate Norovirus Outbreak Linked to Raw Oysters from Texas. https://www.cdc. gov/norovirus/outbreaks/index.html#print [Erişim Tarihi:29.03.2023] google scholar
  • CDCP. (2022d). Illness and symptoms: marine (saltwater) algal blooms. https://www.cdc.gov/habs/illness-sy-mptoms-marine.html#azp [Son erişim 06.04.2023]. google scholar
  • Chai, J.Y. & Jung, B.K. (2017). Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 8-9: 33-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.001 google scholar
  • Chai, J.Y. & Jung, B.K. (2022). General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis. Pa-rasitology, 149(10): 1262-1285 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182022000725 google scholar
  • Chattopadhyay, P. (1999). FISH Catching and Handling, Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Ed. Robinson, R.K., Elsevier, 806-813. https://doi.org/10.1006/rwfm.1999.0655 google scholar
  • Chen, X., Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Kong, H., Yu, F., Han, D., Zheng, S., Cui, D. & Li, L. (2013). Plesiomonas shigel-loides infection in Southeast China. PloS One, 8(11): e77877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077877 google scholar
  • Chen, J-S., Hsu, G-J., Hsu, B-M., Yang, P-Y., Kuo, Y-J., Wang, J-L., Hussain, B. & Huang, S-W., (2021). Prevalence, virulence-gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of human pathogenic Aeromonas spp. from shellfish and aquatic environments. Environmental Pollution, 287: 117361. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117361 google scholar
  • Cherington, M. (2004). Botulism: update and review. Seminars in Neurology Vol. 24, No. 02 pp. 155-163. New York, USA: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830901 google scholar
  • Choudhury, S., Medina-Lara, A., Daniel, N. & Smith, R. (2022). Seafood safety: A need for greater awareness. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(3): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036221124058 google scholar
  • Corsalini, M., Inchingolo, F., Dipalma, G., Wegierska, A.E., Charitos, I. A., Potenza, M.A., Scarano, A., Lorusso, F., Inchingolo, A.D., Montagnani, M. & Santacroce, L. (2021). Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and their biological, pharmacological, and toxicological issues: a scoping review. Applied Sciences, 11(19): 8849. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198849 google scholar
  • Corwin, A. L., Khiem, H. B., Clayson, E. T., Pham, K. S., Vo, T. T., Vu, T. Y., Cao, T. T. Vaughn, D., Merven, J., Richie, T. L., Putri, M. P., He, J., Graham, R., Wignall, F. S. & Hyams, K. C. (1996). A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 54(6): 559-562. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.559 google scholar
  • Cole, J.B., Heegaard, W.G., Deeds, J.R., McGrath, S.C. & Handy, S.M. (2015). Tetrodotoxin poisoning outbreak from imported dried puffer fish-Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(51&52): 1222-1225. google scholar
  • Colwell, R.R. (1996). Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science, 274(5295): 20252031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2025 google scholar
  • Cortes-Sanchez, A.D.J., Espinosa-Chaurand, L.D., D^az-Ramirez, M. & Torres-Ochoa, E. (2021). Plesiomonas: A review on food safety, fish-borne diseases, and tilapia. The Scientific World Journal, 2021: 3119958. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3119958 google scholar
  • Cox, J.M. & Pavic, A. (2014). Introduction. In: Encyclopedia of food microbiology Second Edition, Volume 3 (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.) USA: Academic Press ISBN: 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • Conaty, S., Bird, P., Bell, G., Kraa, E., Grohmann, G. & Mcanulty, J.M. (2000). Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia, from consumption of oysters: the fist reported outbreak. Epidemioloy and Infection, 124: 121-130 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899003386 google scholar
  • Cong, W. & Elsheikha, H.M. (2021). Biology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of sele-cted fish-borne parasitic zoonoses. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 94: 297-309 google scholar
  • Cordey, S., Vu, D.L., Schibler, M., L’Huillier, A.G., Brito, F., Docquier, M., Posfay-Barbe, K.M., Petty, T.J., Turin, L., Zdobnov, E.M. & Kaiser, L. (2016). Astrovirus MLB2, a new gastroenteric virus associated with meningitis and disseminated infection. Emerging infectious diseases, 22(5): 846. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid2205.151807 google scholar
  • Crossan, C., Baker, P.J., Craft, J., Takeuchi, Y., Dalton, H.R. & Scobie, L. (2012). Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Shellfish, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(12): 2085-2087. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid1812.120924 google scholar
  • Çakıcı, N., Demirel-Zorba, N. N. & Akçalı, A. (2015). Gıda endüstrisi çalışanları ve stafilokokal gıda zehirlenmeleri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 72(4): 337-50 google scholar
  • Çelik, M.M., Özdemir, L., Ateş, N.D., Akyol, R., Karabay, H., Çiftçi, A. & Çelik, Ö.F. (2021). Kirpi balığı yedikten sonra gelişen parestezi olgusu. Turkish Journal of Intensive Care, 19: 144-147. https://doi.org/10.4274/ tybd.galenos.2021.07279 google scholar
  • Danielsson-Tham, M-L. (2014). Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. In: Food Associated Pathogens (Edt: Tham, W., Danielsson-Tham, M-L.) Baco Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group ISBN: 978-1-4665-8499-0 google scholar
  • Das, O., Lekshmi, M., Kumar, S. & Nayak, B.B. (2020). Incidence of norovirus in tropical seafood harbou-ring fecal indicator bacteria. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150: 110777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol-bul.2019.110777 google scholar
  • Daskalov, H. (2006). The importance of Aeromonas hydrophila in food safety. Food Control, 17: 474-483 https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.02.009 google scholar
  • Davis, B.R., Fanning, G.R., Madden, J.M., Steigerwalt, A.G., Bradford Jr, H.B., Smith Jr, H.L. & Brenner, D.J. (1981). Characterization of biochemically atypical Vibrio cholerae strains and designation of a new pat-hogenic species, Vibrio mimicus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 14(6): 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1128/ jcm.14.6.631-639.1981 google scholar
  • David, O. M., Wandili, S., Kakai, R. & Waind, N. E. (2009). Isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested from the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. The Journal of Infection Developing Countries, 1;3(2), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.56 google scholar
  • Deardorff, T. L., Fukumura, T. & Raybourne, R. B. (1986). Invasive anisakiasis: A case report from Hawaii. Gastroenterology, 90(4): 1047-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(86)90886-3 google scholar
  • Deeds, J. R., Landsberg, J. H., Etheridge, S. M., Pitcher, G. C. & Longan, S. W. (2008). Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning. Marine Drugs, 6(2): 308-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/md6020308 google scholar
  • Dewey-Mattia, D., Kisselburgh, H., Manikonda, K., Silver, R., Subramhanya, S., Sundararaman, P., Whitham, H. & Crowe, S. (2019). Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, 2017: Annual Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). https://www.cdc.gov/fdoss/annual-reports/2017-re-port-highlights.html [Erişim Tarihi 06.02.2023] google scholar
  • Dickey, R.W. (2008). Ciguatera toxins: chemistry, toxicology, and detection. Ed. Botana, L.M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 479-500). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007541.ch22 google scholar
  • Di Pinto, A., Ciccarese, G., De Corato, R., Novello, L. & Terio, V. (2008). Detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in southern Italian shellfish. Food Control, 19(11): 1037-1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodcont.2007.10.013 google scholar
  • Di Pinto, A., Novello, L., Montemurro, F., Bonerba, E. & Tantillo, G., (2010). Occurrence of Listeria mono-cytogenes in ready-to-eat foods from supermarkets in Southern Italy. New Microbiologica, 33: 249-252. google scholar
  • Diez-Valcarce, M., Kokkinos, P., Söderberg, K., Bouwknegt, M., Willems, K., de Roda-Husman, A.M., von Bonsdorff, C-H., Bellou, M., Hernandez, M., Maunula, L., Vantarakis, A. & Rodriguez-Lazaro, D. (2012). Occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three European countries. Food Environental Virology, 4: 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-012-9078-9 google scholar
  • dos Santos, C.A.M.L. & Howgate, P. (2011). Fishborne zoonotic parasites and aquaculture: A review. Aquacul-ture, 318(3-4): 253-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.05.046 google scholar
  • Dover, N., Barash, J.R., Hill, K.K., Xie, G. & Arnon, S.S. (2014). Molecular characterization of a novel botuli-num neurotoxin type H gene. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 209(2): 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/ infdis/jit450 google scholar
  • DSouza, C., Prithvisagar, K.S., Deekshit, V.K., Karunasagar, I., Karunasagar, I. & Kumar, B.K. (2020). Exploring the pathogenic potential of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from seafood harvested along the Mangaluru coast, India. Microorganisms, 8(7): 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8070999 google scholar
  • ECDC/EFSA (2019). Multi-country outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes clonal complex 8 infections linked to consumption of cold-smoked fish products. EFSA supporting publication 2019: EN 1665. s:20. google scholar
  • Eden, R. (2014). Classical and Modern Methods for Detection and Enumeration. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.). Secon Edition, Volume 1, USA: Academic Press ISBN 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • EFSA. (2005). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on the request from the Commission related to Clostridium spp in foodstuffs. The EFSA Journal, 199: 1-65. google scholar
  • EFSA & ECDC. (2018). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017. The EFSA Journal, 16(12),5500, s:262. https://doi.org/10.2903Zj. efsa.2018.5500 google scholar
  • Ekundayo, T. & Okoh, A. (2020). Molecular characterization, intra-species diversity and abundance of fres-hwater Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates. Microorganisms, 8(7): 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorga-nisms8071081 google scholar
  • Ekundayo, T.C. & Okoh, A.I. (2020a). Antimicrobial resistance in freshwater Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates: Implications for environmental pollution and risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 257: 113493. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113493 google scholar
  • Elkhishin, M.T., Gooneratne, R. & Hussain, M.A. (2017). Microbial safety of foods in the supply chain and food security. Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, 3(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.17140/ AFTNSOJ-3-141 google scholar
  • El-gharee, H.M., Zahran, E. & Abd-Elghany, S.M. (2019). Occurrence, molecular characterization and antimic-robial resistance of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila from retail fish. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 62(1): 172-181. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.49297 google scholar
  • Elamri, D.E., Aouni, M., Parnaudeau, S. & Le Guyader, F.S. (2006). Detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected in Tunisia. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43: 399-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01978.x google scholar
  • Erem, F., Certel, M. & Karakaş Budak, B. (2020). Sünme (Rope) Problemi Olan Ekmeklerden İzole Edilen Ba-cillus Türlerinin Enterotoksin Üretme Potansiyeli. Akademik Gıda, 18(1): 64-72. https://doi.org/10.24323/ akademik-gida.730168 google scholar
  • Ertaş Onmaz, N., Abay, S., Karadal, F., Hızlısoy, H., Telli, N. & Al, S. (2015) Occurence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. in retail fish samples in Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 90: 242-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.046 google scholar
  • Ertaş Onmaz, N., Yildirim, Y., Karadal, F., Hizlisoy, H., Al, S., Gungor, C., Dişli, H.B., Barel, M., Dishan, A., Akai Tegin, R.A. & Simsek, E. (2020). Escherichia coli O-157 in fish: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation capacity, and molecular characterization. LWT, 133: 109940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. lwt.2020.109940 google scholar
  • Esteban, J.G., Munöz-Antoli, C., Borras, M., Colomina, J. & Toledo, R. (2014). Human infection by a ‘’fish tapeworm’’, Diphyllobothrium latum, in a non-endemic country. Infection, 42: 191-194. https://doi. org/10.1007/s15010-013-0491-2 google scholar
  • Etheridge, S.M. (2010). Paralytic shellfish poisoning: seafood safety and human health perspectives. Toxicon, 56(2): 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.013 google scholar
  • FAO. (2004). Marine biotoxins. FAO Food and Nutritrion. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. google scholar
  • FAO. (2014). Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality, Current practices and emerging issu-es. (Ed. Ryder, J., Iddya, K., Ababouch, L.) Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 574: Rome. google scholar
  • FAO. (2021). Parasites in food: An invisible threat. Food safety technical toolkit for Asia and the Pacific No. 7. Bangkok. google scholar
  • FAO. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461en/online/so-fia/2022/world-fisheries-aquaculture.html#note-1_3 [Erişim Tarihi 03.02.2023] google scholar
  • Farabegoli, F., Blanco, L., Rodriguez, L.P., Vieites, J.M. & Cabado, A.G. (2018). Phycotoxins in marine shellfish: Origin, occurrence and effects on humans. Marine Drugs, 16(6): 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16060188 google scholar
  • Faruque, S.M., Albert, M.J. & Mekalanos, J.J. (1998). Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vib-rio cholerae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(4): 1301-1314. https://doi.org/10.1128/ MMBR.62.4.1301-1314.1998 google scholar
  • Faruque, S.M. & Nair, G.B. (2002). Molecular ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiology and Immu-nology, 46(2): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02659.x google scholar
  • Farstad, D.J. & Chow, T. (2001). A brief case report and review of ciguatera poisoning. Wilderness & Environ-mental Medicine, 12(4): 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0263:ABCRAR]2.0.CO;2 google scholar
  • FDA. (2019). Salmonella (Salmonellosis). https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborne-pathogens/salmonella-salmo-nellosis [Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2023] google scholar
  • FDA. (2001). Factors that influence microbial growth: Evaluation and Definition of Potentially Hazardous Foods. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition: ABD. google scholar
  • FDA. (2022). Guidance for the Industry: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Center For Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Food Safety, ABD. google scholar
  • FDA. (2022a). Listeria (Listeriosis). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/foodbor-ne-pathogens/listeria-listeriosis [Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2023] google scholar
  • FDA. (2022b). Appendix 5: FDA and EPA safety levels in regulations and guidance. Fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance. June 2022 Edition. google scholar
  • Figueras, M.J. & Beaz-Hidalgo, R. (2014). Aeromonas- Introduction In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.). Second Edition, Volume 1, USA: Academic Press ISBN 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • Fleck-Derderian, S., Shankar, M., Rao, A.K., Chatham-Stephens, K., Adjei, S., Sobel, J., Meltzer, M.I., Mea-ney-Delman, D. & Pillai, S.K. (2018). The epidemiology of foodborne botulism outbreaks: a systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66(suppl_1): 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix846 google scholar
  • Formiga-Cruz, M., Tofino-Quesada, G., Bofill-Mas, S., Lees, D. N., Henshilwood, K., Allard, A.K., Con-den-Hansson, A.C., Hernroth, B., Vantarakis, A., Tsibouxi, A., Papapetropoulou, M., Furones, M.D. & Girones, R. (2002). Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing Areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(12): 59905998 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.5990-5998.2002 google scholar
  • Foster, M., Hofmeister, M.G., Yin, S., Montgomery, M.P., Weng, M.K., Eckert, M.E., Nelson, N.P., Mermin, J., Wester, C., Teshale, E.H., Gupta, N. & Cooley, L.A. (2022). Widespread Hepatitis A outbreaks associated with person-to-person transmission - United States, 2016-2020. CDCP Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(39). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7139a1 google scholar
  • Friedman, M.A., Fleming, L.E., Fernandez, M., Bienfang, P., Schrank, K., Dickey, R., Bottein, M-Y., Backer, L., Ayyar, R., Weisman, R., Watkins, S., Granade, R. & Reich, A. (2008). Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Marine Drugs, 6(3): 456-479. https://doi.org/10.3390/md6030456 google scholar
  • FSAI (2006). Risk Assessment of azaspiracids (AZAs) in shellfish: A report of the Scientific Committee of the FSAI. Dublin, IR: Food Safety Authority of Ireland. google scholar
  • FSAI (2021). Fish parasites. Food Safety Authority of Ireland https://www.fsai.ie/business-advice/running-a-fo-od-business/food-safety-and-hygiene/microbiological-hazards/fish-parasites [Erişim tarihi: 07.05.2023]. google scholar
  • Fusco, G., Bartolo, I.D, Cioffi, B, Ianiro, G., Palermo, P., Monini, M. & Amoroso, M.G. (2017). Prevalence of foodborne viruses in mussels in southern Italy. Food and Environmental Virology, 9(2): 187-194. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12560-016-9277-x google scholar
  • Fusco, G., Anastasio, A., Kingsley, D.H., Amoroso, M.G., Pepe, T., Fratamico, P.M., Cioffi, B., Rossi, R., La Rosa, G. & Boccia, F. (2019). Detection of Hepatitis A virus and other entericviruses in shellfish collected in the Gulf of Naples, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14): 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142588 google scholar
  • Furey, A., O’Doherty, S., O’Callaghan, K., Lehane, M. & James, K.J. (2010). Azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish: Toxicological and health considerations. Toxicon, 56(2): 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. toxicon.2009.09.009 google scholar
  • Gawley, R.E., Rein, K.S., Jeglitsch, G., Adams, D.J., Theodorakis, E.A., Tiebes, J., Nicolaou, K.C. & Baden, D.G. (1995). The relationship of brevetoxin ‘length’ and A-ring functionality to binding and activity in neuro-nal sodium channels. Chemistry & Biology, 2(8), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/1074-5521(95)90187-6 google scholar
  • Gdoura-Ben Amor, M., Siala, M., Zayani, M., Grosset, N., Smaoui, S., Messadi-Akrout, F., Baron, F., Jan, S., Gautier, M. & Gdoura, R. (2018). Isolation, identification, prevalence, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus group bacteria from different foodstuffs in Tunisia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 447. https://doi. org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00447 google scholar
  • Gessner, B.D. & McLaughlin, J.B. (2008). Epidemiologic impact of toxic episodes: neurotoxic toxins. Ed. Bota-na, L.M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 77-103). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007541.ch4 google scholar
  • Ghalyoun, F. & Ünver Alçay, A. (2018). Investigation of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in mussels and shrimps using multiplex real-time PCR. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(5):761-767. google scholar
  • Golden, O., Rodrigues Caldeira, A.J., Rangel, L.F. & Santos, M.J. (2022). Seafood safety and food-borne zoonoses from fish. Examining the risk of Anisakis in the Portuguese population and consumer risk perceptions of fish consumption. EFSA Journal, 20(S1): e200409. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022. e200409 google scholar
  • Golden, O., Araujo, A.C., Caldeira, A.J.R. & Santos, M.J. (2023). Raw fish consumption in Portugal: Commonly consumed fish species and associated risk factors for anisakiosis. Food Control, 145: 109457. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109457 google scholar
  • Golas, I., Szmyt, M., Potorski, J., Lopata, M., Gotkowska-Plachta, A. & Glinska-Lewczuk, K. (2019). Dist-ribution of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in a recirculating aquaculture system during farming of european grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) broodstock. Water, 11, 376. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w11020376 google scholar
  • Gomez, D., Iguacel L.P., Rota, M.C., Carraminana, J.J., Arino, A. & Yangüela, J. (2015). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products and meat processing plants in Spain. Foods, 4, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030271 google scholar
  • Gomes, T.A.T., Elias, W. P., Scaletsky, I.C.A., Guth, B.E.C, Rodrigues, J.F., Piazza, R.M.F., Ferreira, L.C.S. & Martinez, M. B. (2016). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 47: 3-30. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015 google scholar
  • Gonzalez-Rey, C., Svenson, S. B., Eriksson, L.M., Ciznar, I. & Krovacek, K. (2003). Unexpected finding of the ‘’tropical’’ bacterial pathogen Plesiomonas shigelloides from lake water north of the Polar Circle. Polar Biology, 26: 495-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0521-0 google scholar
  • Gopalakrishna Iyer, T.S. & Shrivastava, K.P. (1989). Incidence and low temperature survival of Salmonella in fishery products. Fishery Technology, 26: 39-42 google scholar
  • Government of Canada. (2022). Public Health Notice: Outbreak of norovirus and gastrointestinal illnesses linked to raw oysters from British Columbia. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/public-health-no-tices/2022/outbreak-norovirus-gastrointestinal-illness-linked-raw-oysters-british-columbia.html [Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2023] google scholar
  • Gram, L. (2004). Viruses. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality. (Edt: Huss, H.H., Aba-bouch, L., Gram, L.). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. Rome No: 444 ISBN 92-5-104954-8 google scholar
  • Granum, P.E. (2014). Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning. In: Food Associated Pathogens (Edt: Tham, W., Daniels-son -Tham, M-L.) Baco Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group ISBN: 978-1-4665-8499-0 google scholar
  • Grass, J.E., Gould, L.H. & Mahon, B.E. (2013). Epidemiology of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Clostridium perfringens, United States, 1998-2010. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(2): 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1316 google scholar
  • Greiner, M., Anagnostopoulos, A., Pohl, D., Zbinden, R. & Zbinden, A. (2021) A rare case of severe gastroen-teritis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila after colectomy in a patient with anti-Hu syndrome: a case report. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21: 1097. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06784-3 google scholar
  • Guardiola-Avila, I., Acedo-Felix, E., SifuentesRomero, I., Yepiz-Plascencia, G., Gomez-Gil, B. & Noriega-O-rozco, L. (2016). Molecular and genomic characterization of Vibrio mimicus isolated from a frozen shrimp processing facility in Mexico. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0144885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144885 google scholar
  • Gupta, B., Ghatak, S. & Gill, J.P.S. (2013). Incidence and virulence properties of E. coli isolated from fresh fish and ready-to-eat fish products, Vet World, 6(1): 5-9. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.5-9 google scholar
  • Gustinelli, A., Menconi, V., Prearo, M., Caffara, M., Righetti, M., Scanzio, T., Raglio, A. & Fioravanti, M.L. (2016). Prevalence of Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) plerocercoids in fish species from four Italian lakes and risk for the consumers. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 235: 109112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.033 google scholar
  • Hadjicharalambous, C., Grispoldi, C. & Goga, B. C. (2019). Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in a traditional RTE product. EFSA Journal, 17(S2): e170906. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170906 google scholar
  • Hambleton, P. (1992). Clostridium botulinum toxins: a general review of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. Journal of Neurology, 239: 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00839205 google scholar
  • Hara-Kudo, Y. & Kumagai, S. (2014). Impact of seafood regulations for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection and verification by analyses of seafood contamination and infection. Epidemiology & Infection, 142(11): 22372247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001897 google scholar
  • Hasöksüz, M. (2008). Su ve Gıda Kaynaklı Virüsler. Gıda Güvenliği, 4: 48-51 google scholar
  • Hatha, A.A.M. & Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (1997). Prevalence of Salmonella in fish and crustaceans from mar-kets in Coimbatore, South India. Food Microbiology, 14(2):111-116. https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.1996.0070 google scholar
  • Hazen, T.C., Fliermans, C.B., Hirsch, R.P. & Esch, W. (1978). Prevalence and distribution of Aeromonas hydrop-hila in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36(5): 731-738 https://doi.org/10.1128/ aem.36.5.731-738.1978 google scholar
  • Hernandez-Robles, M.F., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Alvarez-Contreras, A.K., Tercero-Alburo, J.J., Quino-ııes-Ramı'rez, E.I. & Vazquez-Salinas, C. (2021). Characterization of potential virulence factors of Vibrio mimicus isolated from fishery products and water. International Journal of Microbiology, 2021: 8397930 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8397930 google scholar
  • Hedges, C.E. (2022). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: An Australian perspective. Microbiology Australia, 43(2): 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1071/MA22021 google scholar
  • Heng, S.P., Letchumanan, V., Deng, C.Y., Ab Mutalib, N.S., Khan, T.M., Chuah, L.H., Chan, K-G., Goh, B-H., Pusparajah, P. & Lee, L.H. (2017). Vibrio vulnificus: an environmental and clinical burden. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 997. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00997 google scholar
  • Hill, V.R., Cohen, N., Kahler, A.M., Jones, J.L., Bopp, C.A., Marano, N., Tarr, C.L., Garrett, N.M., Boncy, J., Henry, A., Gomez, G.A, Wellman, M., Curtis, M., Freeman, M.M., Turnsek, M., Benner, Jr, R.A., Dahourou, G., Espey, D., De paola, A., Tappero, J.W., Handzel, T. & Tauxe, R.V. (2011). Toxigenic Vibrio chole-rae O1 in water and seafood, Haiti. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(11): 2147. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid1711.110748 google scholar
  • Hoagland, P., & Scatasta, S. (2006). The economic effects of harmful algal blooms. Ed. Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. Ecology of Harmful Algae, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,189, 391-402, ISBN: 978-3-540-32209-2 https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32210-8_30 google scholar
  • Hoel, S., Vadsein, O. & Jakobsen, A.N. (2019). The significance of mesophilic Aeromonas spp. in minimally processed ready-to-eat seafood. Microorganisms, 7: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030091 google scholar
  • Holland, P.T. (2008). Analysis of marine toxins-techniques, method validation, calibration standards, and scree-ning methods. Ed. Botana, L. M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 21-49). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007541.ch2 google scholar
  • Hu, J., Berthold, D.E., Wang, Y., Xiao, X. & Laughinghouse, H.D. (2022). Treatment of the red tide dinofla-gellate Karenia brevis and brevetoxins using USEPA-registered algaecides. Harmful Algae, 120: 102347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102347 google scholar
  • Huang, Y., Vinayak, G., Phua, L. & Yuk, H-G. (2012). Prevalence of Salmonella and Vibrio spp. in seafood pro-ducts sold in Singapore. Journal of Food Protection, 75(7), 1320-1323. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X. JFP-12-007 google scholar
  • Hungerford, J. & Wekell, M. (1993). Control measures in shellfish and finfish industries in the USA. Ed. Fal-coner, I.R. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water (pp. 117-128). London, UK: Academic Press. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-091811-2.50012-5 google scholar
  • Huss, H.H. (1980). Distribution of Clostridium botulinum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 39(4): 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.39.4.764-769.1980 google scholar
  • Huss, H.H. & Gram, L. (2003). Pathogenic bacateria. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality. (Edt. Huss, H. H., Ababouch, L., Gram, L.) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No: 444 Rome, Italy ISBN 92-5-104954-8. google scholar
  • Huss, H.H. & Ben Embarek, P.K. (2003). Parasites. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality. (Edt. Huss, H. H., Ababouch, L., Gram, L.) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No: 444 Rome, Italy ISBN 92-5-104954-8. google scholar
  • Hwang, D.F., Tsai, Y.H., Chai, T.J. & Jeng, S.S. (1996). Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poison in Taiwan crab Zosimus aeneus. Fisheries Science, 62(3): 500-501. https://doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.62.500 google scholar
  • Ito, E., Satake, M., Ofuji, K., Higashi, M., Harigaya, K., McMahon, T. & Yasumoto, T. (2002). Chronic effects in mice caused by oral administration of sublethal doses of azaspiracid, a new marine toxin isolated from mussels. Toxicon, 40(2): 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00226-4 google scholar
  • Ito, E., Satake, M., Ofuji, K., Kurita, N., McMahon, T., James, K. & Yasumoto, T. (2000). Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland. Toxicon, 38(7): 917-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00203-2 google scholar
  • Janda, J.M., Powers, C., Bryant, R.G. & Abbott, S.L. (1988). Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of clinically significant Vibrio spp.. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1(3): 245-267. https:// doi.org/10.1128/CMR.1.3.245 google scholar
  • Jay, M.J. (2000). Modern food microbiology. Six edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland: An Aspen publication ISBN 0-8342-1671-X google scholar
  • Jensen, K. (2009). Cestoda (Plathyheminthes) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity (Edt: Tunnell, J.W., Felder, D.L., Earle, S.A.). Volume 1. USA: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3 google scholar
  • Jeremiah, C.J., Harangoza, C.S. & Fuller, A.J. (2011). Gnathostomiasis in remote northern Western Australia: the first confirmed cases acquired in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 195(1): 42-44. https://doi. org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03188.x google scholar
  • Johnson, E. A., Summanen, P. & Finegold, S. M. (2007). Clostridium: Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Ed. Murray, P. R. 9. Baskı, 889-910. Washington, DC: ASM Press. google scholar
  • Jones, M.K. & Oliver, J.D. (2009). Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infection and immunity, 77(5): 1723-1733 https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01046-08 google scholar
  • Joseph S.W, Colwell, R.R. & Kaper, J.B. (1982). Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related halophilic vibrios. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 10(1): 77-124. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408418209113506 google scholar
  • Juneja, V.K., Novak, J.S., Eblen, B.S. & McClane, B.A. (2001). Heat resistance of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells as affected by prior heat shock. Journal of Food Safety, 21(2): 127-139. https://doi.or-g/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00312.x google scholar
  • Juneja, V.K., Novak, J.S., Huang, L. & Eblen, B.S. (2003). Increased thermotolerance of Clostridium perfrin-gens spores following sublethal heat shock. Food Control, 14(3): 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(02)00060-9 google scholar
  • Kageyama, T., Shinohara, M., Uchida, K., Fukushi, S., Hoshino, F.B., Kojima, S., Takai, R., Oka, T., Takeda, N. & Katayama, K. (2004). Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to norovirus in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(7): 2988-2995. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.7.2988-2995.2004 google scholar
  • Kahraman, B.B., Dumen, E., Issa, G., Kahraman, T. & Ikiz, S. (2017). Incidence of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides in Seafoods. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17: 1309-1312. google scholar
  • Karapınar, M. & Aktuğ, G. (1998). Gıda kaynaklı mikrobiyal hastalıklar. In: Gıda mikrobiyolojisi. (Edt: Ünlü-türk, A., Turantaş, F.) Mengi Tan Basımevei: İzmir. ISBN: 975-483-383-4 google scholar
  • Karunasagar, I. & Ross, T. (2014). Pathogenic bacteria. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality: current practices and emerging issues. (Edt: Ryder, J., Kaunasagar I., Ababouch, L.). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No: 574 Rome, Italy ISBN 978-92-5-107511-1. google scholar
  • Karunasagar, I. & Lees, D. (2014). Viruses. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality: Current practices and emerging issues. (Edt: Ryder, J., Kaunasagar I., Ababouch, L.) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No: 574 Rome, Italy ISBN 978-92-5-107511-1. google scholar
  • Kayode, A.J., Semerjian, L., Osaili, T., Olapade, O. & Okoh, A.I. (2021). Occurrence of multidrug-resistant Listeria monocytogenes in environmental waters: A menace of environmental and public health concern. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9: 737435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.737435 google scholar
  • Khor, W.C., Puah, S. M., Tan, J.A.M.A., Puthucheary, S. & Chua, K.H. (2015). Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Aeromonas species isolated from fresh water lakes in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 10(12): e0145933. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145933 google scholar
  • Kılınç, B. (2019). Su ürünlerinde Aeromonas ve Plesiomonas cinsi mikroorganizmalar ve etkileri. Ege Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 36(2): 191-199 https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2019.36.2.12 google scholar
  • Kim, H.W., Hong, Y.J., Jo, J.I., Ha, S.D., Kim, S.H., Lee, H.J. & Rhee, M.S. (2017). Raw ready-to-eat seafood safety: microbiological quality of the various seafood species available in fishery, hyper and online markets. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 64(1): 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12688 google scholar
  • King, R.K., Flick, G.J., Pierson, M.D., Smith, S.A., Boardman, G.D. & Coale, C.W. (2004). Identification of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Te-chnology, 13(1): 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J030v13n01_11 google scholar
  • Kireççi, E. & Özer, A. (2011). Noravirüsler, salgınları ve Mücadele. Van Tıp Dergisi,18(1): 49-56 google scholar
  • Kotodziejczyk, L., Szostakowska, B., Sobecka, E. & Szczucki, K. (2020). First case of human anisakiasis in Poland. Parasitology International, 76: 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2020.102073 google scholar
  • Koppenhöfer, A.M. (2007). Nematodes. In: Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology- Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and other Invertebrate Pests (Edt: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K.) Dordrecht: Springer ISBN 978-1-4020-5932-2 google scholar
  • Kotaki, Y. (2008). Ecobiology of amnesic shellfish toxin producing diatoms. Ed. Botana, L.M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 383-396). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007541.ch19 google scholar
  • Krock, B., Tillmann, U., Tebben, J., Trefault, N. & Gu, H. (2019). Two novel azaspiracids from Azadinium poporum, and a comprehensive compilation of azaspiracids produced by Amphidomataceae,(Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae, 82: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.12.005 google scholar
  • Krovacek, K., Dumontet, S., Erikson, E. & Baloda, S.B. (1995). Isolation and virulence profiles of Aeromonas hydrophila implicated in an outbreak of food poisoning in Sweden. Microbiology and Immunology, 39(9): 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03253.x google scholar
  • Krovacek, K., Eriksson, L. M., Gonzalez-Rey, C., Rosinsky, J. & Ciznar, I. (2000) Isolation, biochemical and serological characterization of Plesiomonas shigelloides from freshwater in Northern Europe. Comparative Im-munology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 23: 45-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00058-2 google scholar
  • Kumar, S.H., Otta, S. K., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2001). Detection of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in fresh seafood and meat marketed in Mangalore, India by PCR. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 33(5): 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2001.01007.x google scholar
  • Kumar, H.S., Sunil, R., Venugopal, M.N., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2003). Detection of Salmonella spp. in tropical seafood by polymerase chain reaction. Internatinal Journal of Food Microbiology, 88(1): 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00144-2 google scholar
  • La Rosa, G., Proroga, Y. T. R., De Medici, D., Capuano, F., Iaconelli, M., Della Libera, S. & Suffredini, E. (2018). First detection of Hepatitis E virus in shellfish and in seawater from production areas in Southern Italy. Food Environental Virology, 10, 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-017-9319-z google scholar
  • Lago, J., Rodriguez, L.P., Blanco, L., Vieites, J.M., & Cabado, A.G. (2015). Tetrodotoxin, an extremely potent marine neurotoxin: Distribution, toxicity, origin and therapeutical uses. Marine Drugs, 13(10): 6384-6406 https://doi.org/10.3390/md13106384 google scholar
  • Landsberg, J.H., Flewelling, L.J. & Naar, J. (2009). Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and im-pacts on natural resources: Decadal advancements. Harmful Algae, 8(4): 598-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hal.2008.11.010 google scholar
  • Lee, A.C., Yuen, K.Y., Ha, S.Y., Chiu, D.C. & Lau, Y.L. (1996). Plesiomonas shigelloides septicemia: case report and literature review. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 13(3): 265-269. https://doi. org/10.3109/08880019609030826 google scholar
  • Lee, B.C., Choi, S.H. & Kim, T.S. (2008). Vibrio vulnificus RTX toxin plays an important role in the apoptotic death of human intestinal epithelial cells exposed to Vibrio vulnificus. Microbes and Infection, 10(14-15): 1504-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2008.09.006 google scholar
  • Lefebvre, K.A. & Robertson, A. (2010). Domoic acid and human exposure risks: a review. Toxicon, 56(2): 218230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.034 google scholar
  • Lefebvre, K.A., Fachon, E., Bowers, E.K., Kimmel, D.G., Snyder, J.A., Stimmelmayr, R., Grebmeier, J.M., Kibler, S., Hardison, D.R., Anderson, D.M., Kulis, D., Murphy, J., Gann, J.C., Cooper, D., Eisner, L.B., Duf-fy-Anderson, J.T., Sheffield, G., Pickart, R.S., Mounsey, A., Willis, M.L., Stabeno, P. & Siddon, E. (2022). Paralytic shellfish toxins in Alaskan Arctic food webs during the anomalously warm ocean conditions of 2019 and estimated toxin doses to Pacific walruses and bowhead whales. Harmful Algae, 114: 102205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102205 google scholar
  • Lehane, L. & Lewis, R.J. (2000). Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 61(2-3): 91-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00382-2 google scholar
  • Letchumanan, V., Chan, K.G. & Lee, L.H. (2014). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenesis, pre-valence, and advance molecular identification techniques. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 705, 1-13. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00705 google scholar
  • Le Guyader F.S., Haugarreau, L., Miossec, L., Dubois, E., Pommepuy, M. (2000). Three-Year Study to Assess Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(8): 3241-3248. https:// doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.8.3241-3248.2000 google scholar
  • Le Guyader F.S., Bon, F., De Medici, D., Parnaudeau, S., Bertone, A., Crudeli, S., Doyle, A., Zidane, M., Suffre-dini, E., Kohli, E., Maddalo, F., Monini, M., Gallay, A., Pommepuy, M., Pothier, P. & Ruggeri, F.M. (2006). Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(11): 3878-3882. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01327-06 google scholar
  • Le Guyader, F.S., Loisy, F., Atmar, R.L., Hutson, A.M., Estes, M.K., Ruvoen-Clouet, N., Pommepuy, M. & Le Pendu, J. (2006a). Norwalk virus specific binding to oyster digestive tissues. Emerging and Infectious Diseases, 12(6): 931-936. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1206.051519 google scholar
  • Le Guyader, F.S., Le Saux, J.C., Ambert-Balay, K., Krol, J., Serais, O., Parnaudeau, S., Giraudon, H., Delmas, G., Pommepuy, M., Pothier, P. & Atmar, R.L. (2008). Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(12): 4011-4017. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01044-08 google scholar
  • Li, T-C., Miyamura, T. & Takeda, N. (2007). Detection of Hepatitis E virus RNA from the bivalve Yamato-Shiji-mi (Corbicula japonica) in Japan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76(1): 170-172. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.170 google scholar
  • Li, S-W., Shiao, S-H., Weng, S-C., Liu, T-H., Su, K-E. & Chen, C-C. (2015). A case of human infection with Anisakis simplex in Taiwan. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 782(4): 757-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gie.2015.03.1983 google scholar
  • Linkous, D. A. & Oliver, J. D. (1999). Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 174(2): 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13570.x google scholar
  • Linke, K., Rückerl, I., Brugger, K., Karpiskova, R., Walland, J., Muri-Klinger, S., Tichy, A., Wagner, M. & Stessl, B. (2014). Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(18), 5583-5592. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01018-14 google scholar
  • Liu, M., Tillmann, U., Ding, G., Wang, A. & Gu, H. (2023). Metabarcoding revealed a high diversity of Amp-hidomataceae (Dinophyceae) and the seasonal distribution of their toxigenic species in the Taiwan Strait. Harmful Algae, 124: 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2023.102404 google scholar
  • Loeffler, C.R., Tartaglione, L., Friedemann, M., Spielmeyer, A., Kappenstein, O. & Bodi, D. (2021). Ciguate-ra mini review: 21st century environmental challenges and the interdisciplinary research efforts rising to meet them. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6): 3027. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph18063027 google scholar
  • Mackiw, E., Stasiak, M., Kowalska, J., Kucharek, K., Korsak, D. & Postupolski, J. (2020). Occurrence and cha-racteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products in Poland. Journal of Food Protection, 83(6): 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-19-525 google scholar
  • Manso, C.F. & Romalde, J.L. (2013). Detection and characterization of Hepatitis A virus and Norovirus in mussels from Galicia (NW Spain). Food and Environmental Virolog, 5: 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12560-013-9108-2 google scholar
  • Mahanta, J. (2022). Heterophyiasis. In: Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses. (Edt: Parija, S.C., Chaudry, A.) Springer: Singapore ISBN 978-981-16-7203-3 google scholar
  • Mashak, Z., Banisharif, F., Banisharif, G., Pourian, M.R., Eskandari, E., Seif, A., Dehkordi, F.S. & Alavi, I. (2021). Prevalence of Listeria species and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria isolated from seafood samples. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 52(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21608/ ejvs.2020.17893.1105 google scholar
  • Martin, E., Lina G. & Dumitrescu, O. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M.L.). Secon Edition, Volume 3, USA: Academic Press ISBN 978-0-12-384730-0 google scholar
  • Martino, S., Gianella, F. & Davidson, K. (2020). An approach for evaluating the economic impacts of harmful algal blooms: The effects of blooms of toxic Dinophysis spp. on the productivity of Scottish shellfish farms. Harmful Algae, 99: 101912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101912 google scholar
  • McClane, B. A., Wnek, A.P., Hulkower, K.I. & Hanna, P.C. (1988). Divalent cation involvement in the action of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. Early events in enterotoxin action are divalent cation-indepen-dent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263(5): 2423-2435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69224-5 google scholar
  • McClane, B.A. (1991). Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin: structure, action and detection. Journal of Food Safety, 12(3): 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1991.tb00081.x google scholar
  • McDowell, R.H., Sands, E.M. & Friedman, H. (2023). Bacillus cereus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK459121/ [Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023] google scholar
  • Merkel, S.M., Alexander, S., Zufall, E., Oliver, J.D. & Huet-Hudson, Y.M. (2001). Essential role for estrogen in protection against Vibrio vulnificus - induced endotoxic shock. Infection and Immunity, 69(10): 6119-6122. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.10.6119-6122.2001 google scholar
  • Mena, C., Almeida, G., Carneiroa, L., Teixeira, P., Hogga, T. & Gibbs, P.A. (2004). Incidence of Listeria mono-cytogenes in different food products commercialized in Portugal. Food Microbiology, 21: 213-216. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0740-0020(03)00057-1 google scholar
  • Miyagi, K., Hirai, I. & Sano, K. (2016). Distribution of Aeromonas species in environmental water used in daily life in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 21: 287-294. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12199-016-0528-0 google scholar
  • Miles, C.O., Wilkins, A.L., Stirling, D.J. & MacKenzie, A.L. (2003). Gymnodimine C, an isomer of gymnodi-mine B, from Karenia selliformis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(16): 4838-4840. https:// doi.org/10.1021/jf030101r google scholar
  • Miyazawa, K. & Noguchi, T. (2001). Distribution and origin of tetrodotoxin. Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews, 20(1): 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1081/TXR-100103081 google scholar
  • Mol, S. & Coşansu, S. (2022). Seafood Safety, Potential Hazards and Future Perspective. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(6): TRJFAS20533. https://doi.org/10.4194/TRJFAS20533 google scholar
  • Momtaz, H. & Yadollhi, S. (2013). Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from fresh seafood samples in Iran. Diagnostic Pathology, 8: 149. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-8-149 google scholar
  • Morshdy, A.E.M.A., Abdelhameed, N.S.A., Bayomi, R.M.E. & Abdallah, K. (2022). Prevalence of antibiotic resistant Aeromonas and molecular identification of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from some marketed fish in Egypt. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 12(6): 717-721. google scholar
  • Motes M.L.Jr. (1991). Incidence of Listeria in Shrimp, Oysters, and Estuarine Waters. Journal Food Protection, 54(3): 170-173. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-54.3.170 google scholar
  • Motes, M.L., DePaola, A., Cook, D.W., Veazey, J.E., Hunsucker, J.C., Garthright, W.E., Blodgett, R.J. & Chirtel, S. (1998). Influence of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio vulnificus in Northern Gulf and Atlantic Coast oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(4): 1459-1465. https:// doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.4.1459-1465.1998 google scholar
  • Montero, D., Bodero, M., Riveros, G., Lapierre, L., Gaggero, A., Vidal, R.M. & Vidal, M. (2015). Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods and their relationship to clinical strains from listeriosis outbreaks in Chile. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6: 384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00384 google scholar
  • Munday, R. (2013). Is protein phosphatase inhibition responsible for the toxic effects of okadaic acid in animals?. Toxins, 5(2): 267-285. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5020267 google scholar
  • Murata, M., Iwashita, T., Yokoyama, A., Sasaki, M. & Yasumoto, T. (1992). Partial structures of maitotoxin, the most potent marine toxin from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 114(16): 6594-6596. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00042a070 google scholar
  • Murrell, D. & Dalsgaard, A. (2014). Parasites. In: Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality: current practices and emerging issues. (Edt: Ryder, J., Kaunasagar I., Ababouch, L.). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No: 574 Rome ISBN 978-92-5-107511-1. google scholar
  • Muş, T.E. & Çetinkaya, F. (2013). Perakende su ürünlerinde Aeromonas hydrophila varlığının araştırılması. Uludağ Üniveritesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1): 7-10. google scholar
  • Mushahwar, I.K. (2008) Hepatitis E virus: Molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epi-demiology, and prevention. Journal of Medical Virology, 80: 646-658 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21116 google scholar
  • Navarro, M.A., McClane, B.A. & Uzal, F.A. (2018). Mechanisms of action and cell death associated with Clost-ridium perfringens toxins. Toxins, 10(5), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050212 google scholar
  • Naik, S. R., Aggarwal, R., Salunke, P. N. & Mehrotra, N. N. (1992). A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 70(5): 597-604. google scholar
  • Namsanor, J., Kiatsopit, N., Laha, T., Andrews, R.H., Petney, T.N. & Sithithaworn, P. (2020). Infection dynamics of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinid fishes from two endemic areas in Thailand and Lao PDR. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(1): 110-118. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0432 google scholar
  • Ng, T.L., Chan, P.P., Phua, T.H., Loh, J.P., Yip, R., Wong, C., Liaw, C.W., Tan, B.H., Chiew, K.T., Chua, S.B., Lim, S., Ooi, P.L., Chew, S.K. & Goh, K.T. (2005). Oyster-associated outbreaks of Norovirus gastroenteritis in Singapore. Journal of Infection, 51(5): 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.11.003 google scholar
  • Novoslavskij, A., Terentjeva, M., Eizenberga, I., Valcina, O., Bartkevics, V. & Berzins, A. (2016). Major foodbor-ne pathogens in fish and fish products: A review. Annals of Microbiology, 66: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13213-015-1102-5 google scholar
  • Nguyen, T.H., Dorny, P., Ngyuen, T.T.G. & Dermauw, V. (2021). Helminth infections in fish in Vietnam: A systematic review. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 14: 13-32. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.12.001 google scholar
  • Oliver, J.D. (2015). The biology of Vibrio vulnificus. Microbiology Spectrum, 3(3): VE-0001-2014. https://doi. org/10.1128/microbiolspec.VE-0001-2014 google scholar
  • Omerovic, M., Müştak, H.K. & Kaya, İ.B. (2017). Escherichia coli patotiplerinin virülens faktörleri. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 28(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.530084 google scholar
  • O’Hara, Z., Crossan, C., Craft, J. & Scoble, L. (2018). First Report of the presence of Hepatitis E virus in Scottish harvested shellfish purchased at retail level. Food and Environmental Virology, 10: 217-221. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12560-018-9337-5 google scholar
  • Otero, J.J.G. (2008). The epidemiological impact of diarrheic toxins. Ed. Botana, L.M. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection (2. Basım., pp. 51-76). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. google scholar
  • Özlük Çilak, G. & Halkman, A.K. (2018). Çeşitli besiyerlerinin Bacillus cereus sporlanmasındaki etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Gıda, 42(2): 347-355. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD18016 google scholar
  • Papadopoulou, C., Economou, E., Zakas, G., Salamoura, C., Dontorou, C. & Apostolou, J. (2007). Microbio-logical and pathogenic contaminants of seafood in Greece. Journal of Food Quality, 30(1): 28-42. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00104.x google scholar
  • Park, S.M., Kim, H.W., Choi, C. & Rhee, M.S. (2021). Pathogenicity and seasonal variation of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from seafood and ready-to-eat sushi in South Korea. Food Research International, 147: 110484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110484 google scholar
  • Peck, M.W., Smith, T.J., Anniballi, F., Austin, J.W., Bano, L., Bradshaw, M., Cuervo, P., Cheng, L. W., Derman, Y., Dorner, B.G., Fisher, A., Hill, K.K., Kalb, S.R., Korkeala, H., Lindström, M., Lista, F., Luquez, C., Mazuet, C., Pirazzini, M., Popoff, M.R., Rossetto, O., Rummel, A., Sesardic, D., Singh, B.R. & Stringer, S.C. (2017). Historical perspectives and guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin subtype nomenclature. Toxins, 9(1): 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9010038 google scholar
  • Pearn, J. (2001). Neurology of ciguatera. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 70(1): 4-8. https:// doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.1.4 google scholar
  • Pitaksakulrat, O., Sithithaworn, P., Laoprom, N., Laha, T., Petney, T.N. & Andrews, R.H. (2013). A cross-sec-tional study on the potential transmission of the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini and other fishborne zoonotic trematodes by aquaculture fish. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(1): 35-41. https:// doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2012.1253 google scholar
  • Prabhakar, P., Lekshmi, M. Nayak, B.B. & Kumar, S. (2017). Incidence of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli in fresh seafood in Mumbai. Pollution Research, 36(3): 541-546. google scholar
  • Prabhakar, P., Lekshmi, M., Ammini, P., Nayak, B.B. & Kumar, S. (2020). Salmonella contamination of seafood in landing centers and retail markets of Mumbai, India. Journal of AOAC Internaiıonl, 103(5): 1361-1365. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa042 google scholar
  • Prakasan, S. Lekshmi, M., Ammini, P., Balange, A.K., Nayak, B.B. & Kumar, S.H. (2022). Occurrence, pat-hogroup distribution and virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli from fresh seafood. Food Control, 133: 108669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108669 google scholar
  • Pramodhini, S. & Ghosh, T. (2022). Opisthorchiasis. In: Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses. (Edt: Parija, S.C., Chaudry, A.) Singapore: Springer ISBN 978-981-16-7203-3 google scholar
  • Praveen, P.K., Ganguly, S., Para, P. A., Shekhar, S., Wakchaure, R., Sharma, S., Dalai, N., Pandey, A.K. Padhy, A., Mahajan, T. & Qadri, K. (2015). Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: A review. International Journal of Phar-macy and Biomedical Research, 2(5): 20-22. google scholar
  • Prearo, M., Pavoletti, E., Gustinelli, A., Caffara, M., Righetti, M., Bona, M.C., Scanzio, T., Ru, G. & Fioravanti, M. (2013). Diphyllobothrium latum in Italy: plerocercoids larvae distribution in perch (Perca fluviatilis) fillets. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 2(1): e2-e2. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2013.e2 google scholar
  • Pulido, O.M. (2008). Domoic acid toxicologic pathology: a review. Marine Drugs, 6(2): 180-219. https://doi. org/10.3390/md6020180 google scholar
  • Qian, M.B., Utzinger, J., Keiser, J. & Zhou, X.N. (2016). Clonorchiasis. Lancet, 387(10020): 800-810. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60313-0 google scholar
  • Rafei, R., Osman, M., Boutros, J., Kassaa, I.A., Dabboussi, F. & Hamze, M. (2018). Distribution and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Aeromonas spp. from different aquatic environments in north Lebanon. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 12(2S): 6S. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10055 google scholar
  • Rahimi, E., Shakerian, A. & Raissy, M. (2012). Prevalence of Listeria species in fresh and frozen fish and shrimp in Iran. Annals of Microbiology, 62(1): 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-011-0222-9 google scholar
  • Rahmati, T. & Labbe, R. (2008). Levels and Toxigenicity of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens from Retail Seafood. Journal of Food Protection,71(6): 1178-1185. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.6.1178 google scholar
  • Raszl, S.M., Froelich, B.A., Vieira, C.R.W., Blackwood, A.D. & Noble, R.T. (2016). Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in South America: Water, seafood and human infections. Journal of Applied Microbi-ology, 121(5): 1201-1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13246 google scholar
  • Raschle, S., Stephan, R., Stevens, M.J.A. Cernela, N., Zurfluh, K., Muchaamba, F. & Nüesch Inderbinen, M. (2021). Environmental dissemination of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in flowing surface waters in Switzerland. Scientific Reports, 11: 9066. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88514-y google scholar
  • Ragunathan, L., Kavitha, K., Raveendran, V., Dhandapani, S.P., Jaget, N. & Kannivelu, J. (2012). Aeromonas hydrophila urinary tract infection in pregnancy- case report and literature review. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2(1): 26-28. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2012.01.0037 google scholar
  • Ray, B. (2004). Fundamental Food Microbiology. 3. Baskı. Boca Raton FL, ABD: CRC Press. google scholar
  • Ray, B. & Bhunia, A. (2008). Fundamental Food Microbiology. Boca Raton, FL, ABD: CRC Press ISBN: 0-8493-7529-0 google scholar
  • Radacovska, A., Bazsalovicsova, E. & Kralova-Hromadova, I. (2019). Results on search for the broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) (syn. Diphyllobothrium latum) (Cestoda: Diphyllobo-thriidea), in the Danube River. Helminthologia, 56(3): 256-260. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0001 google scholar
  • Reidl, J. & Klose, K.E. (2002). Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host. FEMS Microbi-ology Reviews, 26(2): 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x google scholar
  • Rehab, R., Jihan, F.K. & Doaa, F. (2021). Identification of selected cestodes affecting some marine fish. Egyptian Journal of Animal Health, 1(3): 21-29. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejah.2021.184705 google scholar
  • Rhodehamel, E.J. & Harmon, S.M. (2001). BAM Chapter 16: Clostridium perfringens. ABD Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi, Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8. Basım, Revision A. https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-met-hods-food/bam-chapter-16-clostridium-perfringens [Erişim Tarihi 28.02.2023]. google scholar
  • Rodas-Suarez, O.R., Flores-Pedroche, J.F., Betancourt-Rule, J.M., Qumones-Ramn-ez, E.I. & Vazquez-Salinas, C. (2006). Occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from oysters, fish, and estuarine water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(11): 7410-7412. https://doi.org/10.1128/ AEM.00956-06 google scholar
  • Rood, J. I., Adams, V., Lacey, J., Lyras, D., McClane, B.A., Melville, S.B., Moore, R.J., Popoff, M.R., Sarker, M.R., Songer, J.G., Uzal, F.A. & Van Immerseel, F. (2018). Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme. Anaerobe, 53: 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011 google scholar
  • Sala, M.R., Arias, C., Dominguez, A., Bartolome, R., Muntada, J.M. (2009). Foodborne outbreak of gastroen-teritis due to Norovirus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Epidemiology & Infection, 137(5): 626-629. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0950268808001040 google scholar
  • Salihu, M.D., Junaidu, A.U., Manga, S.B., Gulumbe, M.L., Magaji, A.A., Ahmed, A., Adamu, A.Y., Shittu, A. & Balarabe, I. (2008). Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in smoked fish in Sokoto, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(17): 3082-3084 google scholar
  • Samanta, M. & Choudhary (2019). Safety of fish and seafood. In: Food safety and human health (Edt: Singh, R.L., Mondal, S.) India: Academic Press ISBN: 978-0-12-816333-7 google scholar
  • Santos, J.A., Rodriguez-Calleja, J.M., Otero, A. & Garaa-Lopez, M-L. (2014). Plesiomonas. In: Encyclope-dia of Food Microbiology, (Edt: Batt, C.A., Tortorello, M-L.) Volume 3, UK: Academic Press https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00392-X google scholar
  • Sanchez, G. (2013). Hepatitis A virüs in food: Detection and inactivation methods Springer; London ISBN: 978-1-4614-7104-2 google scholar
  • Sangchan, A., Wongsaensook, A., Kularbkaew, C., Sawanyawisuth, K., Sukeepaisarnjaroen, W. & Mairiang, P. (2007). The endoscopic-pathologic findings in intestinal capillariais: a case report. Journal-Medical Asso-ciation of Thiland, 90(1): 175-178 google scholar
  • Satake, M., Ofuji, K., Naoki, H., James, K. J., Furey, A., McMahon, T., Silke, J. & Yasumoto, T. (1998). Azaspi-racid, a new marine toxin having unique spiro ring assemblies, isolated from Irish mussels, Mytilus edulis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120: 9967-9968. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja981413r google scholar
  • Sauders, B.D. & Wiedmann, M. (2007). Ecology of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in the natural envi-ronment. In: Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety. Third Edition (Edt: Ryser, E.T., Marth, E.H.) Boca Raton: CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-1518-8 google scholar
  • Schneider, F., Lang, N., Reibke, R., Michaely, H.J., Hiddemann, W. & Ostermann, H. (2009). Plesiomonas shigelloides pneumonia. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 39(6): 397-400. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.med-mal.2008.11.010 google scholar
  • Scholz, T. & Kuchta, R. (2016). Fish-borne, zoonotic cestods (Diphyllobothrium and relatives) in cold climates: A never-ending story of neglected and (re)-emergent parasites. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 4: 23-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.07.002 google scholar
  • Scholz, T. & Kuchta, R. (2022). Fish tapeworms (Cestoda) in the molecular era: Achievements, gaps and pros-pects. Parasitology, 149: 1876-1893. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182022001202 google scholar
  • Schuetz, A.N. (2019). Emerging agents of gastroenteritis: Aeromonas, Plesimonas, and the diarrheagenic pat-hotypes of Escherichia coli. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, 36: 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sem-dp.2019.04.012 google scholar
  • Sengco, M.R. (2009). Prevention and control of Karenia brevis blooms. Harmful Algae, 8(4): 623-628. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.11.005 google scholar
  • Seo, D.J., Lee, M.H., Son, R.N., Seo, S., Lee, K.B., Wang, X. & Choi, C. (2014). Seasonal and regional preva-lence of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and rotavirus in shellfish harvested from South Korea. Food Control, 41: 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.020 google scholar
  • Sephton, D.H., Haya, K., Martin, J.L., LeGresley, M.M. & Page, F.H. (2007). Paralytic shellfish toxins in zo-oplankton, mussels, lobsters and caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during a bloom of Alexandrium fund-yense of Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy. Harmful Algae, 6(5), 745-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hal.2007.03.002 google scholar
  • Sergelidis, D., Abrahim, A., Papadopoulos, T., Soultos, N., Martziou, E., Koulourida, V., Govaris, A., Pexara, A., Zdrgas, A. & Papa, A. (2014). Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. from ready-to-eat fish products. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 59(5), 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12304 google scholar
  • Shamsi, S. (2019). Seafood-borne parasitic diseases: a “one-health” approach is needed. Fishes, 4(9). https:// doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010009 google scholar
  • Shandera, W.X., Johnston, J.M., Davıs, B.R. & Blake, P.A. (1983). Disease from infection with Vibrio mimicus, a newly recognized Vibrio species: Clinical characteristics and epidemiology. Annals of Internal Medicine, 99(2): 169-171. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-2-169 google scholar
  • Sheng, L. & Wang, L. (2021). The microbial safety of fish and fish products: Recent advances in understanding its significance, contamination sources, and control strategies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20,738-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12671 google scholar
  • Shimazu, T. & Kinoi H. (2015). Metagonimus yokogawai (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): From Discovery to Designation of a Neotype. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 53(5): 627-639. https://doi.org/10.3347/ kjp.2015.53.5.627 google scholar
  • Simidu, U., Noguchi, T., Hwang, D.F., Shida, Y. & Hashimoto, K. (1987). Marine bacteria which produce tetrodotoxin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(7): 1714-1715. https://doi.org/10.1128/ aem.53.7.1714-1715.1987 google scholar
  • Simonaviciene, I., Zakariene, G., Lozoraityte, A, Zaborskiene, G., Gerulis, G. & Stimbirys, A. (2021). Identifica-tion and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from various salmon products, sold in retail market in Lithuania. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 10: 9341. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9341 google scholar
  • Simonsson, M., Elfaitouri, S. A., Mohamed, N., Blomberg, J. & Öhrmalm, C. (2014). Foodborne Viruses. Chapter 18. In: Food Associated Pathogens (Edt: Tham, W., Danielsson-Tham, M-L) Boca Raton: CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4665-8499-0 google scholar
  • Simmons, G., Garbutt, C., Hewitt, J. & Greening, G. (2007). A New Zealand outbreak of norovirus gastroen-teritis linked to the consumption of imported raw Korean oysters. The New Zelan Medical Journal 26;120 (1264): U2773 google scholar
  • Sobel, J., Tucker, N., Sulka, A., McLaughlin, J. & Maslanka, S. (2004). Foodborne botulism in the United Sta-tes, 1990-2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(9): 1606-1611. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.030745 google scholar
  • Solino, L. & Costa, P. R. (2020). Global impact of ciguatoxins and ciguatera fish poisoning on fish, fisheries and consumers. Environmental Research, 182: 109111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109111 google scholar
  • Steidinger, K.A. (2009). Historical perspective on Karenia brevis red tide research in the Gulf of Mexico. Har-mful Algae, 8(4): 549-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.11.009 google scholar
  • Steidinger, K.A. (1993). Some taxonomic and biologic aspects of toxic dinoflagellates. Ed. Falconer, I.R. Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water (pp. 1-28). London, UK: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-08-091811-2.50006-X google scholar
  • Stratev, D. & Odeyemi, O.A. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: A mini-review. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 9: 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jiph.2015.10.006 google scholar
  • Stratev, D., Gurova, E., Vashin, I. & Daskalov, H. (2016). Multıplex PCR detectıon of haemolysin genes in p-haemolytic Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from fish and fish products. Bulgarian Journal of Agri-cultural Science, 22(2): 308-314. google scholar
  • Strom, M.S. & Paranjpye, R.N. (2000). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus. Microbes and Infection, 2(2): 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00270-7 google scholar
  • Su, Y.C. & Liu, C. (2007). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiology, 24(6): 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2007.01.005 google scholar
  • Sugiyama, H., Umehara, A., Morishima, Y., Yamasaki, H. & Kawanaka, M. (2009). Detection of Paragonis-mus metacercariae in the japanese freshwater crab, Geothelpcampashusa dehaani, bought at retail fish market in Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 62(4), 324-325. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken. JJID.2009.324 google scholar
  • Sule, A.A. (2009). Severe Plesiomonas shigelloides gastroenteritis in a young healthy patient. Crit Care Shock, 12, 120-122. google scholar
  • Tallent, S.M., Knolhoff, A., Rhodehamel, E.J., Harmon, S.M. & Bennett, R.W. (2021). FDA (Food and Drug Administrarion) BAM Chapter 14: Bacillus cereus. https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/ bam-chapter-14-bacillus-cereus [Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2023] google scholar
  • Tamele, I.J., Silva, M. & Vasconcelos, V. (2019). The incidence of marine toxins and the associated seafood poisoning episodes in the African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins, 11(1): 58. https:// doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010058 google scholar
  • Terentjeva, M., Steingolde, Z., Meistere, I., Elferts, D., Avsejenko, J., Streikisa, M., Gradovska, S., Alksne, L., Kibilds, J. & Berzins, A. (2021). Prevalence, genetic diversity and factors associated with distribution of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in cattle farms in Latvia. Pathogens, 10: 851. https://doi. org/10.3390/pathogens10070851 google scholar
  • Todd, E.C.D. (1993). Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning-a review. Journal of Food Protection, 56(1): 69-83. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-56.1.69 google scholar
  • Tominaga, A., Kanda, T., Akiike, Komoda, Ito, K., Abe, A., Aruga, A., Kaneda, S., Saito, M., Kiyohara, T., Wa-kita, T., Ishii, K., Yokosuka, O. & Sugiura, N. (2012). Hepatitis A outbreak associated with a revolving sushi bar in Chiba, Japan: Application of molecular epidemiology. Hepatology Research, 42: 828-834.https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1872-034X.2012.00988.x google scholar
  • Tham, W. & Danielsson-Tham, M-L. (2014). Listeria monocytogenes-Very Food-borne Bacteria. In: Food As-sociated Pathogens. (Edt: Tham, W., Danielsson-Tham, M-L). Baco Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group ISBN: 978-1-4665-8499-0 https://doi.org/10.1201/b15475 google scholar
  • Twiner, M. J., Rehmann, N., Hess, P. & Doucette, G. J. (2008). Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: a review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts. Marine Drugs, 6(2): 39-72. https://doi.org/10.3390/md6020039 google scholar
  • USDA. (2013). Clostridium botulinum & Botulism. Food Safety Information. ABD Tarım Bakanlığı, Gıda Güvenliği ve Denetim Servisi. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/foodborne-illness-and-disease/pathogens/ clostridium-botulinum [Son Erişim 27.02.2023]. google scholar
  • Upfold, N.S., Luke, G.A. & Knox, C. (2021). Occurrence of human enteric viruses in water sources and shellfsh: A focus on Africa. Food and Environmental Virology, 13: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8 google scholar
  • Valdiglesias, V., Prego-Faraldo, M.V., Pasaro, E., Mendez, J. & Laffon, B. (2013). Okadaic acid: More than a diarrheic toxin. Marine Drugs, 11(11): 4328-4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114328 google scholar
  • Van Dolah, F.M. (2000). Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environ-mental Health Perspectives, 108(suppl 1): 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s1133 google scholar
  • Vaz-Velho, M., Duarte, G. & Gibbs, P. (1998). Note. Occurrence of Listeria spp. in salmon-trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) and salmon (Salmo salar). Food Science and Technology International, 4(2): 121-125. https://doi. org/10.1177/108201329800400207 google scholar
  • Vazquez-Sanchez, D., Lopez-Cabo, M., Saa-Ibusquiza, P. & Rodriguez-Herrera, J.J. (2012). Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in fishery products marketed in Galicia (Northwest Spain). Inter-national Journal of Food Microbiology, 157(2): 286-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.021 google scholar
  • Venugopal, V. (2006). Seafood Processing: adding value through quick freezing, retortable packaging, cook-c-hilling other methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press. google scholar
  • Velazquez-Roman, J., Leon-Sicairos, N., Flores-Villasenor, H., Villafana-Rauda, S. & Canizalez-Roman, A. (2012). Association of pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6 present in the coastal environment of Northwest Mexico with cases of recurrent diarrhea between 2004 and 2010. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(6): 1794-1803 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06953-11 google scholar
  • Wang, D.Z. (2008). Neurotoxins from marine dinoflagellates: A brief review. Marine Drugs, 6(2), 349-371. https://doi.org/10.3390/md6020349 google scholar
  • Wang, C-L, Chen, B-Y., Hsu, C-T., Wu, R. & Chou, C-H. (2019). Salmonella contamination in ready-to-eat tilapia sas-himi processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 82(2): 256-261. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-324 google scholar
  • Weagant, S.D., Sado, P.N., Colburn, K.G., Torkelson, J.D., Stanley, F.A., Krane, M.H., Shields, A.C. & Thayer, C.F. (1988). The incidence of Listeria species in frozen seafood products. Journal of Food Protection, 51(8): 655-657. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-51.8.655 google scholar
  • Wells, C.L. & Wilkins, T. D. (1996). Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli: Medical Microbiology. Ed. Baron, S., 4. Baskı. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. google scholar
  • Wright, J.L.C., Boyd, R.K., de Freitas, A.S.W., Falk, M., Foxall, R.A., Jamieson, W.D., Laycock, M.V., McCul-loch, A.W., McInnes, A.G., Odense, P, Pathak, V.P., Quişşiam, M.A., Ragan, M.A., Sim, P.G., Thibault, P., Walter, J.A., Richard, D.J.A. & Dewar, D. (1989). Identification of domoic acid, a neuroexcitatory amino acid, in toxic mussels from eastern Prince Edward Island. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 67(3): 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1139/v89-075 google scholar
  • WHO. (2011). Risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: interpretative summary and technical report. World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome. google scholar
  • WHO. (2018). Botulism. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (World Health Organization). https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/botulism [Erişim Traihi 27.02.2023]. google scholar
  • WHO. (2018a). Listeriosis. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (World Health Organization). https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis [Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2023] google scholar
  • WHO. (2022). Disease Outbreak News Cholera - Global situation. World Health Organisation (16 Decem-ber 2022). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON426 [Son Erişim 19.03.2023]. google scholar
  • WHO/FDA. (2008). Viruses in Food: Scientific Advice to Support Risk Management Activities: Meeting Re-port. Micro-biological Risk Assessment Series (MRA) 13 Rome, Italy. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/44030/9789241563772_eng.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2023] google scholar
  • Xia, F.Q., Liu, P.N. & Zhou, Y.H. (2015). Meningoencephalitis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in a Chinese neonate: case report and literature review. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 41: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13052-014-0107-1 google scholar
  • Xie, Y., Kanankege, K. S. T., Jiang, Z., Liu, S., Yang, Y., Wan, X. & Perez, A. M. (2022). Epidemiological characterization of Clonorchis sinensis infection in humans and freshwater fish in Guangxi, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07244-2 google scholar
  • Yang, C-C., Sun, I-F., Liu, C-M. & Lai, C-S. (2004). Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia in acute hand injury: A case report. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(7): 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70170-6 google scholar
  • Yang, Y., Miao, P., Li, H., Tan, S., Yu, H. & Yu, H. (2018). Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characteriza-tion of Aeromonas hydrophila from grass carp. Journal of Food Safety, 38: e12393. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jfs.12393 google scholar
  • Yasumoto, T., Oshima, Y. & Yamaguchi, M. (1978). Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku district. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 44(11): 1249-1255. https://doi. org/10.2331/suisan.44.1249 google scholar
  • Yasumoto, T. & Murata, M. (1993). Marine toxins. Chemical Reviews, 93(5): 1897-1909. https://doi.org/10.1021/ cr00021a011 google scholar
  • Yasumoto, T. (2005). Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 81(2): 43-51. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.81.43 google scholar
  • Yoon, Y.H., Park, S., Kim, J.Y., Lee, Y.J., Jeon, D.Y., Choi, G.C., Park, J.S. & Kim, J.B. (2020). Prevalence of toxin genes and profiles of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio vulnificus isolates from fish, fish tanks, and patients. Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety, 35(1): 6-12. https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2020.35.1.6 google scholar
  • Yücel, N., Aslım, B. & Beyatlı, Y. (2005). Prevalence and resistance to antibiotics for Aeromonas species isolated from retail fish in Turkey. Journal of Food Quality, 28: 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2005.00037.x google scholar
  • Zarei, M., Borujeni, M.P., Jamnejad, A. & Khezrzadeh, M. (2012). Seasonal prevalence of Vibrio species in retail shrimps with an emphasis on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Control, 25(1): 107-109. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.024 google scholar
  • Zhang, X.H. & Austin, B. (2005). Haemolysins in Vibrio species. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98(5): 10111019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02583.x google scholar
  • Zhang, Y., Gong, Q-L., Lv, Q-B., Qiu, Y-Y., Wang, Y-C., Qiu, H-Y., Guo, X-R., Gao, J-F., Chang, Q-C. & Wang, C. R. (2020). Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection in fish in South-East Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Diseases, 43(11): 1409-1418. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13245 google scholar
  • Zingone, A., Escalera, L., Aligizaki, K., Fernândez-Tejedor, M., Ismael, A., Montresor, M., Mozetic, P., Taş, S. & Totti, C. (2021). Toxic marine microalgae and noxious blooms in the Mediterranean Sea: A contribution to the Global HAB Status Report. Harmful Algae, 102: 101843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101843 google scholar
  • Zuckerman, J.N., Rombo, L. & Fisch, A. (2007). The true burden and risk of cholera: Implications for prevention and control. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7(8): 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70138-X google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.