Edible Films and Coatings
Seda Oğur, Yusuf PilavcıSince a significant portion of global petroleum production is used in plastic production, non-renewable energy resources are decreasing, and plastic packaging materials cause intense environmental pollution. Apart from the disposal of plastic waste, public health problems (such as microplastics contaminating food products, migration of the monomers that make up plastic into food, or mixing of water-soluble plastic residues into drinking water etc.) caused by pollution also result in significant economic losses. Plastic pollution in water also threatens the health and safety of aquatic creatures. As an alternative to petroleum-based plastic packaging materials, edible films & coatings obtained from natural biopolymers are intensively studied because they do not create waste problems. Although it is not new, it is an ever-developing sustainable packaging technology. The unique features that make edible films & coatings are their environmentally friendly structure, biocompatibility, non-toxic effect, low cost, renewable and biodegradable. In addition to these characteristics, some biopolymers have superior properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, etc. It is also possible to add natural or artificial ingredients with the mentioned properties into edible films & coatings. However, since biopolymers forming edible films & coatings have disadvantages such as low thermal stability, low mechanical properties, and gas and vapour permeability, causing brittleness, they must be combined with other related materials or modified before application. This book chapter mentions the emergence and development of edible films & coatings, their chemical structure, how they are obtained and applied, their ingredients, production methods, their properties as packaging materials and their applications in aquatic-sourced foods.
Yeni̇lebi̇li̇r Fi̇lmler ve Kaplamalar
Seda Oğur, Yusuf PilavcıKüresel petrol üretiminin önemli bir kısmının plastik üretiminde kullanılması sebebiyle hem yenilenemeyen enerji kaynakları azalmakta hem de plastik ambalaj malzemeleri yoğun bir çevresel kirliliğe sebep olmaktadır. Plastik atıkların bertarafının dışında kirliliğin sebep olduğu halk sağlığı sorunları (gıda ürünlerine bulaşan mikroplastikler, plastiği oluşturan monomerlerin migrasyonla gıdaya geçişi veya suda çözünen plastik kalıntılarının içme sularına karışması vb. sebeplerle) dikkate değer ekonomik kayıpları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Sulardaki plastik kirliliği aynı zamanda akuatik canlıların sağlığını ve güvenliğini de tehdit etmektedir. Petrol bazlı plastik ambalaj malzemelerinin alternatifi olarak doğal biyopolimerlerden elde edilen yenilebilir filmler ve kaplamalar atık sorunu oluşturmamaları sebebiyle üzerinde yoğun şekilde çalışılan, yeni olmasa da sürekli gelişen sürdürülebilir bir paketleme teknolojisidir. Yenilebilir filmleri & kaplamaları eşsiz yapan özellikleri çevre dostu yapıları, biyouyumlulukları, toksik etki göstermemeleri, düşük maliyetli, yenilenebilir ve biyobozunur olmalarıdır. Bu karakteristiklere ek olarak antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral, antioksidan vb. üstün niteliklere sahip bazı biyopolimerler de bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bahsedilen özelliklere sahip doğal veya yapay bileşenlerin yenilebilir filmlere ve kaplamalara ilave edilmesi de söz konusudur. Ancak, yenilebilir filmleri ve kaplamaları oluşturan biyopolimerlerin düşük termal kararlılık, düşük mekanik özellikler, gaz ve buhar geçirgenliği, kırılganlığa sebep olma gibi dezavantajları olduğundan, genellikle diğer ilgili malzemelerle birleştirilmek veya uygulamadan önce değişikliğe tabi tutulmak zorundadırlar. Bu kitap bölümünde yenilebilir filmlerin ve kaplamaların ortaya çıkışı ve gelişiminden, kimyasal yapısından, nasıl elde edildikleri ve ne şekilde uygulandıklarından, içeriğindeki bileşenlerden, üretim metotlarından, ambalaj materyali olarak özelliklerinden ve akuatik kaynaklı gıdalardaki uygulamalarından bahsedilmektedir.
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