Marmara Denizi'nin Müsilaj Sorunu

EnglishTürkçe

CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/LS32.2023.002.04   IUP :10.26650/B/LS32.2023.002.04    Full Text (PDF)

Müsilajın Balık Sağlığına Etkisi

Tülay Akaylı, Çiğdem Ürkü Atasanov

Akdeniz’de son yıllarda yaygın olarak görülen deniz müsilajı; deniz sümüğü, deniz salyası ve kirli deniz fenomeni olarak da adlandırılan bir doğa olaydır. Günümüzde; denizlerdeki müsilaj miktarındaki önemli artış, dünya çapında bir halk sağlığı, ekonomik ve çevresel sorun haline gelmiştir. Müsilajın yapısında çeşitli fitoplanktonlar, koloidal özellikteki bileşenler ve çeşitli mikroorganizmalar (bakteriler, virüsler gibi çeşitli prokaryotlar) bulunmaktadır. Su yüzeyini örten müsilaj tabakası; deniz ekosistemlerine ulaşan güneş ışığını önemli ölçüde engellediği için bu tabakanın altında yaşayan deniz canlılarının solungaçlarını kaplayarak oksijeni keser ve onların ölümüne sebep olabilir. Ayrıca müsilaj tabakası deniz suyunda bulunan fırsatçı insan patojenleri yanı sıra diğer çevresel bakteriler içinde uygun bir büyüme ortamıdır. Bu çalışma, Haziran 2021 tarihinde İstanbul'da yoğun olarak görülen müsilaj kitlesinin olta balıkçılığı ile avlanan pelajik deniz balıkları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada kullanılan canlı balık örnekleri 4 farklı bölgeden temin edilmiştir. Kefal (Mugil cephalus), lüfer (Pomatomus saltatrix), istavrit (Trachurus trachurus) ve hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus) gibi çeşitli balık türlerine fakültemizdeki laboratuvarlarda parazitolojik, bakteriyolojik ve histopatolojik inceleme yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca deniz suyundan alınan müsilaj örneklerinden de bakteriyolojik ekimler yapılmıştır. İncelenen tüm balık örneklerinde dış bakıda herhangi bir klinik bulguya rastlanmazken bu balıkların solungaç ve derisinden hazırlanan yaş preparatlarda ince müsilaj tabaklarının varlığı dikkati çekmiştir. Bununla birlikte otopsisi yapılan balık örneklerinde iç bakıda bazı farklılıklar dikkati çekmiştir. Karaciğerden yapılan bakteriyolojik ekimler sonucu farklı Vibrio ve Pseudomonas türlerine ait izolatlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda; müsilaj nedeni ile deniz balıklarının strese girdiği, bu balıkların daha çok solungaç ve karaciğer dokularının etkilendiği, izole edilen bakteri türlerinin insanlar için patojen olmadığı, deniz suyunun normal florasında ve balıklarda bulunabilen bakteri türlerinden oluştuğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışma ile ilk kez müsilaj içeren su örneklerinde deniz ekosisteminde bulunan ve azot bağlama yeteneği tespit edilmiş olan Vibrio diazotrophicus türü izole ve identifiye edilmiştir.


Keywords: Müsilaj, Balık, Solungaç, Karaciğer, Bakteri

References

  • Allen, S. A., Bertilsson, S., & Goedkoop, W. (2005). Factors Determining Distribution and Abundance of Pathogenic Bacteria, with a Focus on Vibrio spp. Available online: https://www.ibg.uu.se/digitalAssets/90/ a_90474-f_ Allen-Anna-Sophie-arbete.pdf. google scholar
  • Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Çiftci, P. S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News, 36, 1-3. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/284430858. google scholar
  • Austin, B., & Austin, D. A. (2016). Bacterial fish pathogens: disease of farmed and wild fish. London, United Kingdom: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Baker-Austin, C., Oliver, J. D., Alam, M., Ali, A., Waldor, M. K., Qadri, F., Martinez-Urtaza, J. (2018). Vibrio spp. infections. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0005-8. google scholar
  • Balkıs-Ozdelıce, N., Durmuş, T., & Balcı, M. A. (2021). Preliminary Study on the Intense Pelagic and Benthic Mucilage Phenomenon Observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.954787 google scholar
  • Berthe, F. C., Michel, C., & Bernardet, J. F. (1995). Identification of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica isolated from several fish species in France. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 21(2), 151-155. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao021151 google scholar
  • Buller N. B. (2004). Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: a practical identification manual. Western Australia, Australia: CABI. google scholar
  • Bullock, G. L. (1990). Bacterial gill disease of freshwater fishes (Vol. 84). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Fisheries and Wetlands Research. Erişim adresi: https://digitalcommons. unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=usfwspubs google scholar
  • Cerdag-Cuéllar, M., Rossello-Mora, R. A., Lalucat, J., Jofre, J., & Blanch, A. (1997). Vibrio scophthalmi sp. nov., a new species from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 47(1), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-1-58 google scholar
  • Colwell, R. R., & Grimes, D. J. (1984). Vibrio diseases of marine fish populations. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 37(1), 265-287. Erişim adresi: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01989311.pdf. google scholar
  • Criminger, J. D., Hazen, T. H., Sobecky, P. A., & Lovell, C. R. (2007). Nitrogen Fixation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Its Implications for a New Ecological Niche. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 3(1), 5959-5961. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00981-07 google scholar
  • Culling, C. F. A. (1963). Handbook of histopathological techniques (including museum technique). London, Butterworths: Butterword & Co.(Publihers) Ltd. google scholar
  • Danovaro, R., Umani, S. F., & Pusceddu, S. A. (2009). Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE, 4(9). Erişim adresi: https://journals. plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007006. google scholar
  • Del Negro, P., Crevatin, E., Larato, C., Ferrari, C., Totti, C., Pompei, M., ... & Umani, S. F. (2005). Mucilage microcosms. Science of the Total Environment, 353(1-3), 258-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2005.09.018. google scholar
  • Deng, H., He, Ch., Zhou, Z, Liu, Ch., Tan, K., Wang, N., Jiang, B., Gao, X.... Liu, W., (2009). Isolation and pathogenicity of pathogens from skin ulceration disease and viscera ejection syndrome of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture, 287, 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.015 google scholar
  • Derome, N., Gauthier, J., Boutin, S., & Llewellyn, M. (2016). Bacterial opportunistic pathogens of fish. In Christon J. Hurst (Eds.), The Rasputin Effect: When Commensals and Symbionts Become ParasiticAdvances in Environmental Microbiology (pp. 81-108). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28170-4_4. google scholar
  • Dutta H. M. (1996). A composite approach for evaluation of the effects of pesticides on fish. In J.S.D. Munshi and H.M. Dutta (Eds), Fish Morphology (pp. 145-180). Science Publishers Inc. google scholar
  • Dutta H. M., Adhikari, N. K., Singh, P. K., & Munshi, J. S. (1993). Histopathological changes induced by malathion in the liver of a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 51, 895-900. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198287 google scholar
  • Ergul, A. H., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Merve Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, T., Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., Oltan Canli, O. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring. Jornal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 232-257. Erişim adresi: https://blackmeditjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/8-2021-2_232-257.pdf google scholar
  • Guerinot, M. L., West, P. A., Lee, J. V., & Colwell, R. R. (1982). Vibrio diazotrophicus sp. nov., a Marine Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 32(3), 350-357. https://doi. org/10.1099/00207713-32-3-350 google scholar
  • Guisande, J. A., Montes, M., Farto, R., Armada, S. P., Pérez, M. J., & Nieto, T. P. (2004). A set of tests for the phenotypic identification of culturable bacteria associated with Galician bivalve mollusc production. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23, 599-609. Erişim adresi: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA123080691&-sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=07308000&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=a-non%7E5a9a5bbb google scholar
  • Harper, C., & Wolf, J. C. (2009). Morphologic effects of the stress response in fish. ILAR Journal, 50(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.50.4.387 google scholar
  • Holguin, G., Guzman, M. A., & Bashan, Y (1992). Two new nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees: Their isolation, identification and in vitro interaction with rhizosphere Staphylococcus sp. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 101, 207-216. https://doi.Org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1992.tb01657.x google scholar
  • Jansson, E., Haenen, O. L. M., Nonnemann, B., Madsen, L, Gelderen, E. A., Sâker, E... Colquhoun, D. J. (2020). MALDI-TOF MS: A diagnostic tool for identification of bacterial fish pathogens. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 40(6), 241. Erişim adresi: https://eafp.org/download/2020-volume40/ issue_6/40-6-240-jansson.pdf google scholar
  • Karges, R. G., & Woodward, B. (1984). Development of lamellar epithelial hyperplasia in gills of pantothenic acid-deficient rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology, 25(1), 57-62. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04850.x google scholar
  • Khan, R. A., & Hooper, R. G. (2000). Decontamination of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) following chronic exposure to effluent from a pulp and paper mill. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 38(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910026. google scholar
  • Lancelot, C. (1995). The mucilage phenomenon in the continental coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the total environment, 165(1-3), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04545-C. google scholar
  • Le Roux, F., Goubet, A., Thompson, F. L., Faury, N., Gay, M., Swings, J., & Saulnier, D. (2005). Vibrio gigantis sp. nov., isolated from the haemolymph of cultured oysters (Crassostrea gigas). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55(6), 2251-2255. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63666-0 google scholar
  • Lee, N. S., Kim, D. J., Lee, B. I., Kim, S. K., Kim, M. S., & Kim, Y. C. (2012). Vibrio scophthalmi infection in Japanese eel Anguilla japonica during seawater adaption. Journal of Fish Pathology, 25(3), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.7847/jfp.2012.25.3.173 google scholar
  • Nikalje, S. B, Muley, D. V., & Angadi, S. M. (2012). Histopathological changes in liver of freshwater major carp. Labeo rohita. The Bioscan, 7, 215-220. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266414197. google scholar
  • Overstreet, R. M., & Hawkins, W. E. (2017). Diseases and mortalities of fishes and other animals in the Gulf of Mexico. In Habitats and biota of the Gulf of Mexico: before the deepwater horizon oil spill (pp. 1589-1738). New York, NY: Springer. google scholar
  • Ozbayram, E. O., Akcaalan, R., Isinibilir, M., & Albay, M. (2022). Insights into the bacterial community structure of marine mucilage by metabarcoding. Environmental Science and Pollution Research https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-022-19626-9. google scholar
  • Passow, U., Ziervogel, K., Asper, V., & Diercks, A. (2012). Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Research Letters, 7(3), 035301. Erişim adresi: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035301/meta. google scholar
  • Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C. R., Pecar, O.....Paschini, E. (2005). Mucilaginous google scholar
  • aggregates in the northern Adriatic in the period 1999-2002: typology and distribution. Science of the Total Environment, 353(1-3), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.066. google scholar
  • Pujalte, M. J., Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Âlvarez-Pellitero, P., & Garay, E. (2003). Carriage of potentially fish-pathogenic bacteria in Sparus aurata cultured in Mediterranean fish farms. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 54, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao054119. google scholar
  • Qiao, G., Lee, D. C., Woo, S. H., Li, H., Xu, D. H., & Park, S. I. (2012). Microbiological characteristics of Vibrio scophthalmi isolates from diseased olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fisheries Science, 78(4), 853-863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-012-0502-8. google scholar
  • Raman, R. P., Prakash, C., Makesh, M., & Pawar, N. A. (2013). Environmental stress mediated diseases of fish: an overview. Advances in Fish Research, 5, 141-158. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/327239516 google scholar
  • Rankin, J. C., Atagg, R. M., & Bolis, L. (1982). Effects of pollutants on gills. In-Gills, eds. D. F. Houlihan, J. C. Rankin, T. J., Shuttleworth. Cambridge University Press, New York, 207-220. google scholar
  • Roberts, R. J. (2012). Fish pathology. UK: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  • Savun - Hekimoğlu, B., & Cem Gazioğlu, C. (2021). Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4): 402-413. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.955739 google scholar
  • Sohn, H., Kim, J., Jin, C., & Lee, J. (2019). Identification of Vibrio species isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Jeju Island, South Korea. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(1), 1-8. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s41240-019-0129-0 google scholar
  • Takemura, A. F., Chien, D. M., & Polz, M. F. (2014). Associations and dynamics of Vibrionaceae in the environment, from the genus to the population level. Frontiers in Microbiolgy/Aquatic Microbiology, 5(38). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00038 google scholar
  • Tas, S., Kus, D., & Yilmaz, I. N. (2020). Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science, 21(3), 668683. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.22562 google scholar
  • Taş, S., Ergül, H. A., & Balkıs, N. (2016). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara. The Sea of, 768-786. google scholar
  • Tüfekçi, V., Balkis, N., Beken, C. P., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of the mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34(2), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0812-1 google scholar
  • Urdaci, M. C., Stal, L. J., & Marchand, M. (1988). Occurrence of nitrogen fixation among Vibrio spp. Archives of Microbiolog,150, 224-229. Erişim adresi: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00407784.pdf google scholar
  • Verdonck, L., Grisez, Sweetman, E., Minkoff, I. G., P. Sorgeloos, P. F., Ollevier, F., & Swings J. (1997):Vibrios associated with routine productions of Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture, 149, 203-214. https://doi. org/10.1186/BF03547024 google scholar
  • Vezzulli, L., Brettar, I., Pezzati, E., Reid, P. C., Colwell, R. R. Höfle, M. G., & Carla Pruzzo, C. (2012). Longterm effects of ocean warming on the prokaryotic community: evidence from the vibrios. International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal, 6, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.89 google scholar
  • Volterra, L., Aulicino, F. A., Bonadonna, L., Mattia, M., Girolamo, I., Liberti, R., & Mancini, L. (1990,1992). Microbial analyses of Adriatic Sea mucilages. Marine Coastal Eutrophication Proceedings of an International Conference, Italy: Bologna. google scholar
  • Yentur, R. E., Büyükateş, Y., Özen, Ö., & Altın, A. (2013). The environmental and socio-economical effects of a biologic. Marine Sciences and Technology Bulletin, 2(2), 13-15. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/ tr/download/article-file/207934 google scholar
  • West, P. A., Brayton, P. R, Twilley, R. R., Bryant, T. N., & Colwell, R. R. (1985). Numerical Taxonomy of Nitrogen-Fixing ‘‘Decarboxylase-Negative’’ Vibrio Species Isolated From Aquatic Environments. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Apr., 35(2), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-35-2-198 google scholar
  • Yıldız, T., & Onur Gönülalp, O. (2021). Sea snot and its impacts on the fisheries in the Sea of Marmara and its adjacent waters. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 167-183. Erişim adresi: https:// blackmeditjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/4-2021_2_167-183.pdf. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.