Canan

Sevim

Prof.

Despite democracy’s long history, no consensus yet exists in the literature on its meaning (Andersen et al., 2018). The most widely used scientific definitions of democracy focus on the processes and institutions of democratic government (e.g., Dahl, 1971). Meanwhile, other researchers have emphasized in their definitions the relations between the state and citizens (Tilly, 2011), alongside the equal and full participation of citizens in governmental processes rather than its procedural structures (Moghaddam, 2016). While scientific approaches to democracy occur in this way, studies investigating what democracy means for lay people have become quite common in recent years. Various definitions of democracy have emerged in studies conducted with people living in various parts of the world, with liberal definitions involving rights and freedoms having come to the fore in most of these studies (Baviskar &amp; Malone, 2004; Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001a, 2001b; Dalton et al., 2007; Kemahlıoğu &amp; Keyman, 2011; Ottomoeller, 1998; Schedler &amp; Sarsfield, 2007), while other definitions have involved institutional structures, governmental processes, and socio-economic characteristics beyond these liberal definitions (Canache, 2012; Dalton et al., 2007; Ottomoeller, 1998; Regt, 2013). Many researchers consider citizens’ knowledge about democracy and pro-democratic attitudes to be important and necessary for democratic consolidation in any country (e.g., Cho, 2012; Inglehart, 2000). Therefore, examining naturalistic conceptualizations of democracy is important in this respect. Therefore, this study aims to exploratively examine using a qualitative method how a participant group consisting of individuals with different demographic characteristics living in Türkiye conceptualize democracy, as well as the similarities and differences in their conceptualizations. For this purpose, the study has conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with participants living in Istanbul, the most crowded heterogeneous location in the country that receives massive numbers of immigrants from different geographical regions. The participants consist of a total of 30 people between the ages of 18-48 (M = 30.27, SD = 6.59; 20 males, 10 females). The participants were reached by purposive sampling method. The study asked the participants what comes to their&nbsp;mind when they say democracy and what democracy means to them as open-ended questions. The study at the same time asked the participants to fill out a demographic form involving questions about gender, age, education level, and ethnicity. The study then analyzed the obtained data using the thematic analyses method in the program MAXQDA. The study first obtained codes using the open coding method and then arrived at the themes by combining these common codes. According to the general findings, the participants were seen to have defined democracy in a variety of different ways, with the following themes having emerged: democracy defined by liberal values, democracy defined by government processes, democracy defined by institutional structures, democracy defined in terms of social-economic benefits, democracy defined as a Western system, and democracy as a criticized system. Accordingly, while the participants’ definitions of democracy resembled Western liberal meanings, they also included dimensions related to the results of democracy, such as social and economic benefits. This finding also overlaps with the general findings from studies in the literature that have examined how lay people conceptualize democracy (Baviskar &amp; Mallone, 2004; Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001a, 2001b; Canache, 2012; Tessler et al., 2012). Three dimensions have been seen to constitute the primary choice of the meaning of democracy for participants in different countries, namely institutions and procedures, freedom and rights, and economic and social benefits (Dalton et al., 2007). Another different theme this study obtained is the theme of democracy as a criticized system, which involves positive, negative, and neutral evaluations of democracy. Under this theme, the participants evaluated democracy as a system with some disadvantages, as a system that can only be good under certain conditions, or as the system with the most ideal form compared to other systems. Previous studies have revealed the political, social, and economic environment of individuals (Bratton &amp; Mattes, 2001a; Tessler et al., 2012) and their personal experiences (Akboğa &amp; Şahin, 2018) to have a decisive influence on their definitions of democracy. From this point of view, these definitions may be understandable for participants who have experienced problematic democratic systems or othter systems different from democracy. This study is thought to contribute to the literature in terms of its exploratory analyses of the meanings of democracy for individuals living in Türkiye, in addition to the emergent similarities and differences between these meanings. Another contribution is the study’s use of a qualitative method, which allowed participants to make individual assessments in their own words. Conducting focus group interviews as well as individual interviews allowed the participants to be able to create meanings for democracy together, and this is how the study attempted to examine the concept in depth. One of the limitations of this study is that the data were obtained using a limited number of questions. Conducting interviews with broader questions about democracy will be useful for future studies.&nbsp;

The Naturalistic Conceptualizations of Democracy: An  Exploratory Investigation

Sinan

One of the popular debates of this period is that the public sphere, which took place in the form of agora in the ancient Greek period and the forum in the Roman period, has recently developed in parallel with social media. The concept of the public sphere, which Jurgen Habermas (1989) defined as a space where the public can express information and different opinions, and the question of whether social media is a new public sphere, which has drawn academic attention to the similarities between the two due to the structure of technology and the respective development of social media, has transformed into a field of discussion within the frameworks of communication sociology and political communication. Social media at first glance was interpreted as an exciting technological development and was able to also be interpreted as a new libertarian space where ideas can be discussed, participatory democracy can develop, and individuals can communicate and share without the limitations of distance, which is one of the most fundamental doctrines of freedom of expression. Although the development of social media has created a new space where individuals can express themselves and reflect their identities, the extent to which this cyberspace carries the qualities of the public sphere is a matter of current debate. Over time, the development of the Internet, the spread of smartphones, and the lowering costs of communication technologies have enabled modern individuals to adapt more easily to the social media space, and the virtual world that developed in this way has created an important social paradigm regarding understanding and interpreting individual behavior. Although the architectural structure of the Internet and its technical and technological approaches has been stated to strengthen individuals’ democratic tendencies through participatory and interactive behavior, Facebook, Twitter, and other similar global social media apps that act within the framework of neoliberal rules and have the status of private companies for profit, are seen to position the individuals these companies describe as users within this virtual space and within the framework of the rules they determine, thus limiting the qualities of social media as a public space. The tendencies the status quo owners and the powers that be have toward controlling conventional media in the public sphere is clearly similar to the tendencies status quo owners and the powers that be developed have had for controlling conventional media in the public sphere in the past, and the control status quo owners and the powers that be exert over social media in terms of its structure, which has progressively replaced conventional media in recent times, has clearly created corruption in the context of individual freedoms. In general, the extent to which individuals can act outside of the status quo in this social media structure where users are commoditized along with their content as productive consumers has been a matter of debate. From this point onward, the strengthening of psychosocial behaviors such as censorship and self-censorship, especially in the context of freedom of expression, have been observed in individuals, individuals who are monitored, controlled, and examined and whose data are collected with hegemonic tendencies. Another detail that needs to be examined in depth involves how likely individuals are to encounter different ideas most of the time by making an effort, especially when individuals’ posts regarding likes and their following tendencies are shown to be analyzed by social media companies through data analysis and collection methods over and over again through advertisements or planned posts; those who do not attempt to encounter different ideas only hear their own voice in an echo chamber, thus spending their time in an area that does not comply with the principles of public space at all. At the same time, social media can also be seen to have turned into a source of information that possesses manipulative qualities and disinformation, a source where some circles share inaccurate information in order to create a mass sphere of effect. However, despite all these negative aspects, an electronic agora can also be seen to have emerged that discusses issues on the agenda and has art, ideas, and politics as part of its content-sharing dynamic. In this space where different identities are visible and organized, digital activism and alternative media searches are also seen to have become important fulcrums in the development of democratic consciousness. The global or individual impact of social media as a simulated and designed universe has formed one of the most significant social changes presently. Many thinkers argue that this new phenomenon has accelerated communication and organization and that Twitter in particular has played a leading role in organized movements against the status quo. Nevertheless, many other thinkers also argue social media to have characteristics that dampen or pacify anti-government movements on the streets and that create the sense in individuals that only reactions shown on social media can be sufficient, as well as social media to be a much more suitable sphere of influence for governments to use. This study has evaluated all these different ideas using comparative descriptive analysis in this framework and analyzed in detail the intersections where social media and the public sphere meet.&nbsp;

A Discussion on the Public Sphere’s Representation of Social  Media

Michel

Assoc. Prof.

Halime

The theoreticians of the Frankfurt School acknowledged the failures of revolutions, as well as the rise and establishment of fascism throughout Europe. Their critique of Marxism analyzed more globally the market logic that colonizes all the domains of life, with individuals having become impregnated by the power of the cultural industry not just in their language and gestures but also in their most intimate emotions. Their thesis involves how the media produces images and speech that become impregnated in the consciousness of weak individuals who are unable to reappropriate them in a critical manner. The conditioning that is produced then resembles a new totalitarianism that is understood as the ultimate stage of domination. These theses went on to constitute the theoretical reference from which would develop cultural studies starting in the 1960s. One of the first elements of their reflection involved recognizing the critical autonomy individuals have against the abstraction of productive forces. The working classes are subjected to messages while simultaneously resisting them, and the messages that are addressed to them only have long-term effects on their attitudes. This article proposes to analyze the complex history of this theoretical misunderstanding between critical theory and cultural studies and its consequences. The Frankfurt School considers mass culture to be a system and an expression of economic, social, and political formation. From this perspective, mass media becomes a symbol of an oppressive and alienating society. However, this alienation has a history. In this regard, the Frankfurt School theoreticians started reflecting on the reasons that can explain the masses’ disposition toward being fascinated with despotism and accepting its alienation. The question then became why does humanity sink into a new form of barbarism instead of engaging in human forms, and how can the masses accept despotism? Their observation was very pessimistic. Everywhere today, the enlightened world lives in a new type of servitude because of the technoscientific rationalization. In this process, individuals themself have become objects, commodities. One striking effect of this reification can be read in the mass culture as structured by the cultural industry. This cultural industry tends toward the standardization of lifestyles and the domination of economic logic and authoritarian power. The phenomenon concerns only totalitarian countries but also other countries, starting with liberal societies. Allegiance to power and social hierarchy is currently manifested in culture. All these hypotheses from the Frankfurt School presuppose a passive public and appear to underestimate the passive resistance of the exploited. Cultural studies will disprove these theories regarding the cultural homogenization of consumer society, as well as the conceptualizations of atomization and massification the Frankfurt School has attributed to the press, radio, and television. S. Hall (year) has pointed out that, despite the fact that messages are most often (but not always) coded in accordance with the dominant order, that these messages are received in accordance with the dominant order does not necessarily follow. Hall then differentiated three possible types of readings: dominating (the message is received in a natural and obvious way), oppositional (the message is understood but read according to another code), or negotiated (a reading that is both conformist and oppositional). Culture therefore resists and is able to oppose the formatting of media categorization and marketing! This positioning thus led the Frankfurt School theorists to denounce the myth stemming from critical theory regarding the conditioning of the masses and to replace it with the notions of eclipsed adhesion and “oblique attention, which they conceived as specific dispositions of the popular classes, ones that the logic of their social situation, as well as the values that are the product of their conditions of existence, incites to protect themselves, whether through cynicism or indifference. This theoretical and political credo led them to question the supposedly all-powerful influence of the media in order to better emphasize the capacity for resistance. The citizens that people are, especially those coming from the working classes, are thus not passive individuals who would come to be blissfully impregnated by messages spread diffusely by contemporary means of information. On the contrary, when coming face to face with the strategies of the authors or producers of the information, readers or users will implement singular tactics of appropriation. They reconstruct the meaning in a creative activity, one to which the author of information lacks exclusivity, and by this very fact, the masses can divert technical media devices.&nbsp;

Cultural Studies and Critical Theory

Mete

The value that a roof, a tile, an eave, a wall, a door, or even a staircase possesses becomes clear when observing the visual memory of a city within the various spaces reflected on photographic surfaces for the purpose of study. Primary photographic urban images, each of which is a landmark, are understood to conceal an ancient urban fabric from the early to mid20th century. The fountains and wells that have been focused on as the primary photographic space organizers with reference to time, spread water and sound to every living thing from the center of the city to the countryside; while doing so, they also spread the codes of culture and civilization that they had accumulated up to that day in the city. Meanwhile, mosques and minarets have been determined to give the city a clear identify as an ancient city, while houses and streets added the time that had been accumulated through the streets and shops to the sounds and textures of the city. Phenomenal dead-end streets unviewable in photographic reality, as well as wells, fountains with troughs, wooden mosques, courtyard arrangements with kitchens, neighborhood relations, bazaars and markets, artisan morality, and peddlers’ shouts can appear in one’s memory based on existing photographic landmarks and can also be imagined using the phenomenological approach. This is similar to dreaming of the respect shown to a tree for centuries, the mercy felt toward a human being in a porter’s stone, or the mercy of birds in an ornamental fountain. This is even similar to dreaming of the shopkeeper’s conversations around a well, the solidarity of the neighborhood around a flowing fountain, the equitable meeting of animals in a trough, the excitement of children accumulating around a halvah or boza seller. Such images are valid for many cities as well as here. However, with the uniformization and homogenization of cities, much effort is now required to find and write a sentence about a feature that distinguishes one city from another. Witnesses from the periods of photographic images have suggestive slices of visual memory. On one hand, they allow such phenomenal dreams, while on the other hand, they open the door to empirical inferences. Accompanied by complementary phenomenological fantasies, they provide the opportunity here to identify the remnants of a lost civilization, the&nbsp;remains of a civilization of water and sound. Fountains and minarets alongside a clock tower describe the sounds, culture, and identity of a city. The harmony they produce together builds the sound and unchanging melody of the city, determines the life training as a harmony of movement for the citizens, and nourishes the minds and hearts of generations like the water of life. The metaphysics of a city are interwoven through its sounds, and its physics are interwoven through its architecture. These join the city with the sounds of minarets and clock towers, as well as with its architecture, with their vertical heights strengthening the central imagination. The center is visible from all sides; it is the great mosque, the most massive of all with its vertical height. The symbol of the center corresponds to the great mosque, while also referring to the nature of being an administrative, commercial, and judicial center. In this case, the great mosque of the city embodies the image of a universal world that completely embraces the city and, in a way, determines the qibla as the mihrab of the city. Such a richness of imagery, symbols, and function as a dense gathering place makes no one feel the need for a separate secular square in the center of the city. Establishing a symbolic structure in an urban space means creating a new sustainable imagination and leaving it to the collective memory of generations. Just like a secular square, a new avenue, or new street to be opened, the quest to expand the center will mean dissolving the physical and spiritual ties of the people who’d originally built the center, removing the city from its central identity or giving it a brand-new central identity, and building a brandnew central culture of life. Whether with the intention of creating new spaces or opening up and renovating or relaxing the central structures, purifying central structures from their surroundings transforms them into objects of spectacle, evolves them into a mediocre memory from the past, has them lose their grand narrative, cuts them off from their past or ancestry, and abandons them with their own story, isolating them as lonely structures. These will become anachronistic landmarks that have lost their cultural value. Renovating streets or renaming street names; changing cemeteries to create parks and recreation areas; displacing a bakery, cereal shop, or halvah or pastry shop to facilitate the passage of buses; and sacrificing a promoter, a counter, or a saddlery shop can all cause urban memory trauma. While leading to change and renewal, a city’s renovation, rehabilitation, or even degeneration will directly affect the codes of urban memory and at the same time cover the original city identity with new codes of memory, leaving a brand-new urban identity to be defined free from the old city’s identity. The new culture of urban life will rehabilitate the perception of the city and build a new urban memory that has changed its shell, namely a new urban person. Upon building the new urban memory, the original city’s photographs become the death certificates of almost non-existent cities or the records of the destruction of a lost city. However, they also continue to remind one of the existential debt to lost cities as the memory custodians of an urban discourse that cannot be redundant.&nbsp;The earlier a city met with photography, the more fertile its primary photographic visual memory, and the richer its function as a reminder of the primeval times they had accumulated. Cities that are not embodied in photographic spaces are worthy of being referred to as cities with missing visual memories or as cities with lost and scarred visual memories. The lost cities that can preserve their ancient imagination, stories, and symbolic references even on photographic surfaces are worth remembering as cities to be mourned in proportion to their charms. This article attempts to read the visual memory of a city and to understand and interpret its spatial structure based on primary photographic surfaces. The final analysis has revealed in the simplest terms through the witness of photographic places that cities are changed very frequently and alienated from themselves thoroughly. Cities have been determined to live in photographic spaces that can be seen as invisible cities, to whisper the city to life in today’s urban people, and to pronounce the image of a pleasant city.

Visual Memory of a Lost City

Interview with Murat Önderman on Political Culture in Turkey

Esra

Instructor

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A New Ideology

İlayda

Res. Assist.

Closer Look at the Birth and Struggle of The Proletariat: “The  Making of the English Working Class”

Beyza

The Future of Human Nature in Moral and Species-Ethics: Could  Bio-genetic Advances Mean the Loss of ‘The Possibility of Being  Oneself?’

Emine

4. BOYUT JOURNAL OF MEDIA AND CULTURA STUDIES  CALL FOR ARTICLE FOR ISSUE 23

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4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies is a peer-reviewed, open access, academic journal operating within the Faculty of Communication of Istanbul University. Between 1990 and 1998, the journal published 19 issues with the content of "Society, Communication, Culture and Art" in academic quality, became a refereed journal as of the 20th issue, and framed its field of study as media and cultural studies. The contents of the first 19 issues, which include highly valuable academic articles, are in our archive. We consider it a liability to express our sincere thanks to the academicians and other authors of our Faculty, who provided us with the academic content in the first 19 issues. 

As of the 20th issue, the 4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, which is planned to be published electronically twice a year (April and October), started to include scientific studies in the fields of media and culture. The journal includes articles in Turkish and English, and  include all kinds of original Research Articles, Review Articles, Evaluation, Translation, Interview, Opinion and Book Criticism in the field of cultural studies. No processing fee or publication fee is charged for the articles sent to the journal.

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4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies aims to publish on the field of cultural studies and to include new perspectives. To realize this aim, the journal is open to interdisciplinary studies within the scope of cultural studies developed within media and communication studies, and it is open to anthropology, literature, art, sociology, history, political science, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, etc., and accepts academic studies in almost all fields of social sciences. Our journal sees culture as both the experience of the world and the practices lived in it, and in this context, it covers all the processes that cover the cultural integrity of the society. In this context, it is a peer-reviewed journal published free of charge and open access, aiming to make original, qualified, and scientific contributions at the national and international level, over a separate theme for each issue in the field of cultural studies. Social, political, economic, technological etc. are in our scope since cultural factors underlie all important problems. 4. BOYUT aims to ensure that media and culture can be considered together with other fields.

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The content of the articles sent to the journal for publication should be compatible with the purpose and scope of the journal. The journal gives priority to publishing original research articles. Articles that have not been published before or that are not yet under evaluation in another journal for publication and that are approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Manuscripts that pass the preliminary evaluation are passed through the iThenticate plagiarism scanning program. After plagiarism review, eligible articles are evaluated by the Editor for their originality, methodologies, importance of the topic covered in the article, and relevance to the scope of the journal.If the submitted article complies with the formal principles, the editor submits the incoming article to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad, and if the referees deem necessary, the final decision for publication is made after the requested changes are made by the authors.After the article is sent to the journal for publication, the names of any of the authors cannot be deleted from the list of authors without the written consent of all authors, a new name cannot be added as an author, and the order of authors cannot be changed.

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4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access.The articles 4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

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Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief, or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and conclusions justified by the results?- Are adequate references made to other studies in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

Manuscript is to be submitted to journal’s e-mail: <a href="mailto:4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist), <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/96884E1BA9924F12AF7F79821E4CC052" target="_blank">title page</a>, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EE8987A75B594AA7A4DE9947F0B5EF42" target="_blank">author form</a>, and <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FB3EEFF5631F4A318D47EE4693B16731" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 11 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 200 and 250 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory only for manuscripts in Turkish.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs, and figures should be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>The 6th version of the <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/6th-edition-resources" target="_blank">APA 6 (American Psychological Association)</a> reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list.</li><li>Authors are responsible for all statements made in their study submitted to the Journal for publication.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Booka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOIAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/" target="_blank">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a>e) Journal Article with DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineSemercioğlu, C. (2015, June). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Thesis in TurkishSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (PhD Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.b) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Abstract]. Paper presented at the Academic Informatics Conference, Anadolu University, Eskişehir. Retrieved from http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</a>i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Eds.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice (pp. 134–140). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0</a>j) Paper PresentationÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. Paper presented at the X. National Educational Sciences Congress, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, BoluOther Sourcesa) Newspaper Article<a target="_blank">Erdoğan, D. (2022, 03 April). Tarihi Yarımada’nın ‘vizyon’u. Milliyet Ev, pp. 2.</a>b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorSavaştan kaçan öğrencilere üniversite kapıları açılıyor. (1993, July 15). Milliyet, pp. 10.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/69876F87DC834855973F7EBE7F8C4C57" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/607743031BC44C17A5581AA799FF961A" target="_blank">Title Page</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/48767F4A7514412FA5F91A395EADD93C" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li></ul>

Ensure that the following items are present:Cover letter to the editor<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/52D5F1B139054BD88CDAC0A5C0A36E37" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><ul><li>Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3B03EAF136B646118C4877DDDC628FA6" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/21F52089289742228C16CC2603801C03" target="_blank">Title Page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone, and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors</li><li>Acknowledgment, conflict of interest, financial support information</li></ul>Article (main text)<ul><li>Important: The author(s) identity information should not be included in the main text.</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>Abstract (200-250 words)</li><li>Keywords: 5 in Turkish and 5 in English</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li><li>Attachments (if exists)</li></ul>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Emine Yavaşgel
Cover (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)

4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies

ISSUE 22, 2023

The Naturalistic Conceptualizations of Democracy: An Exploratory Investigation

A Discussion on the Public Sphere’s Representation of Social Media

Cultural Studies and Critical Theory

Visual Memory of a Lost City

Interview with Murat Önderman on Political Culture in Turkey

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A New Ideology

Closer Look at the Birth and Struggle of The Proletariat: “The Making of the English Working Class”

The Future of Human Nature in Moral and Species-Ethics: Could Bio-genetic Advances Mean the Loss of ‘The Possibility of Being Oneself?’

INFORMATION

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