About the 23rd Issue

Temadan..

Nesibe

Stuart Hall, the distinguished Jamaican-British theorist and progenitor of the British school of cultural studies, delineated representation as the intricate process of constructing meaning that is birthed and exchanged among members of a given culture. According to Hall, representation serves as the conduit through which one engages with the tangible elements of one’s world, ranging from objects and individuals to real-world events. Equally, it grants one the faculty to envision the existence of fictitious realms and to articulate discourse around them. Individuals who partake in shaping the meanings attached to these entities collaboratively contribute to the development of shared representations, which over time coalesce into the very fabric of culture. Central to this cultural tapestry are myths, narratives entrenched in the collective consciousness of a culture that offer individuals within that culture the means to decipher existence, navigate life trajectories, and formulate value systems. Consequently, representations within these cultural myths play a pivotal role in upholding the vitality of individuals’ lives. The traditional avenue for the diffusion of myths, hitherto limited to oral traditions, has expanded in contemporary times, with media platforms having become vehicles for disseminating and reimagining these cultural narratives.The cinematic work Black Panther (Coogler, 2018), nestled within the Marvel universe as a realm interwoven with comic book stories that meld fantastical elements and science fiction, swiftly captured the attention of the black community in the United States, attaining the status of a cultural phenomenon. This film is an exploration of dichotomies encompassing modernity with tradition, technological advancements with the natural world, and universal themes with local identities while concurrently embarking on crafting a novel narrative around the black identity. Simultaneously, it orchestrates an intricate depiction of the dynamics underlying the evolution of civilizations, all within the imaginary realm of Wakanda. Notably, this film distinguishes itself by presenting a cast of entirely black main characters, a pioneering occurrence within Marvel adaptations. While black American characters such as Falcon and Rhodie (James Rhodes) have made appearances as secondary heroes in the Avengers film series, the character of Black Panther occupies a unique position, possessing skills tantamount to primary protagonists such as Iron Man and Captain America, with an entire cinematic narrative dedicated to his persona. In light of this context, scrutinizing the cultural andstructural facets of the fictional nation of Wakanda becomes imperative as a setting intrinsic to the cinematic domain of Black Panther.Consequently, this study undertakes an exploration into how the film Black Panther forges a representation pertinent to black communities. To accomplish this, the study has applied content analysis to the film, establishing a framework of categories intended to unveil the cultural attributes characterizing the inhabitants of the hypothetical nation of Wakanda. These categories encompass masculinity, homeland, community, race, and representation and serve as conduits for probing the existence of black identity within the interplay of traditional and contemporary myths. The category of hyper-masculinity was constructed by drawing from the codes embedded within traditional black representation and superhero myths. This category gains prominence due to its prevalence in traditional myths and its symbiotic resonance with the overarching superhero motif threaded throughout the film. The homeland category, characterized by the parameters of political systems and economic resources, embarks on the dissection of Wakanda as a creation born from the aspirations of African nations to establish a prosperous advanced civilization juxtaposed against the lived experiences of African populations ensnared within colonial oppression and enslavement. Defined by the codes of Orientalism and African heritage, the society category also emerged as a vehicle for dissecting the cultural architecture and identity of Wakandans, a developed non-Western society molded by its seclusion from the global arena and adherence to unique traditions. As an exploration into biological determinism and cultural discourse, the category of race is designed to excavate the foundations underlying the film’s central theme: the dichotomy between whiteness and blackness. Lastly, the representation category, the bedrock of the theoretical framework and guided by the philosophical underpinning of representation theory, incorporates the codes of identification and myth creation, thus affording a platform for assessing the traditional and modern narratives around black representation. These narratives traverse the boundaries between authentic historical narratives and those embraced by the masses as fictitious by engaging with the concepts of heroism and villainy. Subsequent to a comprehensive analysis, the film’s content yields insights. It manifests as an embodiment of a resolute, masculine superhero, one with whom black youth can fervently identify. In parallel, it conjures an image of a cherished homeland that incites longing for connection. A depiction of a black society emerges to which one aspires to belong, in a nation where cultural and citizenship affiliations eclipse mere skin color distinctions. Beyond this, the portrayal embodies black representation as dynamic and proactive, engaged in the pursuit of justice, laden with a robust cultural heritage, and resolute in confronting challenges. In contrast, the film diverges from the passivity, rootlessness, and victimhood that are often assigned to such representations. An additional observation materializes, illuminating the film’s theme of confrontation through the black lens. This theme appears to signify a shift from victimhood to empowerment, an endeavor to transcend the limitations imposed by historical narratives. In summary, the analysis has unearthed an overarching theme of empowerment, cultivating a narrative that navigates the landscapes of identity, heritage, and resilience, all encapsulated within the tapestry of Black Panther.

The Cultural Identity of Wakandans: An Analysis of Representation in the Film Black Panther

Fatma

Havva

The 2023 Turkish Presidential Election was awaited with curiosity and excitement due to the developments in the country's recent history. This election, in which two strong candidates took part, was seen as contentious. This situation led the candidates to political marketing and advertising practices. Political advertisements have an important place in convincing the electorate. Voting in democratic countries is a civic duty of such great importance that it can be described as the "heart of democracy". Political actors, who act with the desire to be the winner of the election by getting the support of the majority of the people, apply to election campaigns in order to manage the election process effectively. Political advertisements are also an important part of this campaign process. Political advertising is the focal point of political marketing. Political marketing, which is an area where political actors are applied, differs from the usual types of marketing because it is for political purposes.Just like in businesses, political parties and leaders are in competition with each other and actively engage in marketing activities in order to gain a competitive advantage. A political party that knows the target audience, who is the target audience in political marketing, and understands its characteristics, culture, value judgments, wishes, and expectations well, will be able to convince the voters and achieve success in the direction of marketing studies accordingly. More importantly, it is necessary to keep these marketing efforts alive, not only during election periods but continuously.As a political marketing tool at the point of persuading the voters, political advertisements provide effective communication with the voters and are very effective in convincing them. While it strengthens the bond on the determined voters, a successful political advertisement can be effective, especially for the undecided voters. On the other hand, with the developing technology, marketing, and advertising activities were carried to an advanced level and enriched with all kinds of audio-visual elements. Many elements such as computer effects, animation, pictures, photographs, songs and, music are used together.In this direction, the semiotic analysis of the commercials published for two strong candidates, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, was made. The analyzes madehas tried to explain which themes are used and which messages are given to persuade the voters through commercials. In the literature part of the study, firstly, the concepts of political marketing and political advertising are explained. Then, a semiotic analysis of 2 commercial films was made. In this context, by taking the relevant frames in the advertisements; Analyzes were made over the concepts of sign type, sign, signifier, signified, denotation, connotation, metaphor, and metonymy. The study is limited to one commercial film of 2 presidential candidates. The reason why the candidates Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu are limited to commercials is that they are the two strongest candidates and that the election commercials of the other candidates cannot be reached. In addition, the fact that the semiotic analysis is based on both visuals and discourses may cause the page limit of the study to be exceeded. For this reason, it is limited to 2 commercials.The aim of this study; As a political marketing application, for the 2023 Turkish Presidential Election, the candidate of the People's Alliance, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and the Nation's Alliance candidate, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, are used to convince the voters in commercials by making a semiotic analysis of political commercials broadcast. Television channels and YouTube reveal which themes are used and which messages are given. Today, a political advertisement can be broadcast both on television and in digital media. Thus, it is possible to reach different voters. In addition to being able to reach large masses, it is one of the opportunities offered by digital media to see how much of the target audience watches, likes, or dislikes political advertisements published on social media. In addition, the ability of the target audience to comment provides interactive and democratic communication. This situation creates a great opportunity for political parties and actors to take the pulse of the electorate.As a result of the study it was revealed that both candidates used themes in line with their political propaganda, for Erdoğan, a strong leader positioning was made by giving more emotional messages accompanied by emotional linguistic indicators, and for Kılıçdaroğlu, messages consisting of promises were included with enthusiastic and entertaining linguistic indicators.

Political Advertising As A Political Marketing Tool: A Semiotic Analysis In The Case Of The 2023 Turkish Presidentıal Election

Onur

Currently, the labor power of professionals in the business world, where information is used as the main source of production, paves the way for an important debate in communication studies. As a matter of fact, this possible discussion and brainstorming activity are also important in terms of enriching the field by considering the different theoretical frameworks to which it can contribute.In light of these elements that constitute the motivation for the research, the main purpose of the current study is worth emphasizing for how it opens up a discussion of the labor power of communication professionals, as they have a significant presence among the occupational groups of the business world that use information as the main source of production. Do communication professionals who develop information-based products, services, and strategies and who build this production process for the account of a capital owner on a fulltime and paid basis produce surplus value, and is their labor productive in the context of then Marxist labor theory of value?While this question opens up communication professionals’ labor power to discussion, it also claims to bring a new theoretical perspective to the phenomenon of digital labor. This phenomenon, the conceptual framework for which Christian Fuchs has drawn up, points to two aspects. According to Fuchs (2015), the labor of workers who provide the raw materials used in the production of information technology devices and the labor of social media users as they spend time online can be defined as alienated digital work (i.e., digital labor). In Fuch’s (2015) work Digital Labor and Karl Marx, he also considers the labor and working styles of content planners as digital labor. However, Fuchs also considers the labor power and working styles of content planners largely within the limits created by social media. This provides a great opportunity for deepening the concept.The digital labor power of communication professionals who work full-time with social security on behalf of the owner of capital for a certain wage shares a common denominator with the labor power of social media users in terms of not having ownership of information; however, they also differ in many aspects. To summarize the differences, communication professionals’ labor is wage labor that is performed in exchange for the act of working fulltime. Social media users and the freelancers to whom Fuchs points earn money by producing and scheduling content through social media and do not work directly for a capital owner. They are not full-time, and while the labor of social media users is unpaid labor, the labor of freelancers is charged on a per-content basis. Considering all these conditions, the labor power communication professionals have while producing products, services, and strategies through information sets can be better understood by evaluating it within the digital labor phenomenon, and such an evaluation will contribute to the field of communication sciences.Furthermore, the most important point where communication professionals’ digital labor and labor power differs from that of social media users is the sphere of their influence. Namely, social media users’ labor power that emerges through alienated digital work is embedded in and shapes the field of consumption, while communication professionals’ digital labor and labor power directly gives life to the field of production. What this statement means is that the products, services, and strategies communication professionals develop using pieces of information initiate the production leg of an infinite number of prosumption cycles. Communication professionals feed the flow of information in the liquid modern age where production and consumption are intertwined and make an important contribution to 	both ends of the cycle.This study also claims that one of the basic life practices of the liquid modern age is prosumption, and the study’s theoretical framework underlines how both liquid modernity and prosumption have an important place in this framework, starting from the role communication professionals play in the construction of prosumption processes. Moreover, the first point of this study can be described as an attempt to drill into digital labor and will involve liquid modernity and the information highways that play an important role in the social life of liquid modernity. The second point will involve production and manufacture, which are considered the main cyclical acts of the age.The last point will discuss the probe into digital labor in detail, and the conclusion will explain why the labor of communication professionals in the field of production should be considered as digital labor. For all these reasons, this study is thought to deepen the phenomenon of digital labor and thereby contribute to the field of communication sciences.

Communication Professionals’ Digital Labor in the Context of Liquid Modernity and Prosumption

Aykut

By the second half of the 19th century, the demands for a constitution had begun in the Ottoman Empire. These demands began being heard with the 1848 Revolutions that started in Europe, followed by the expressions submitted for a constitution and parliamentary system. As a result of modernization and the prominent people of society being abroad, the demands for changing the administrative style, making a constitution, and establishing a parliament increased. The way to disentangle the economic and political crisis was thought to be by restricting the sultan’s powers through a constitution and a parliament. By strengthening the demands for a constitutional monarchy and the accession of Abdul Hamid II to the throne as a sultan who would accept this form of government, an attempt was made to pass a constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire. The First Constitution of the Ottoman Empire was issued in 1876 and was valid until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Parliament and elections were needed to shape and approve the Constitution. No elections had been held previously in the Ottoman Empire because of the administration. With the prepared Constitution, elections were able to be held twice in 1877. Although the Constitution had been formed, the sultan’s powers cannot be said to have been restricted. Due to the Ottoman Empire’s defeat against the Russian Empire in 1878 and the formation of an opposition in Parliament, the sultan’s parliament was suspended indefinitely and the Constitution was shelved. For 30 years, Parliament remained closed and the Constitution repealed. As a result of the reoccurrence of constitutionalist activities in 1908, the sultan favored reopening the assembly and holding elections. The Ottoman Empire was governed by the same Constitution from 1908 until its dissolution, and the Constitution was amended six times. With the reintroduction of the constitutional monarchy in 1908, an atmosphere of freedom was established, and parties and societies took place in the political scene in the Ottoman Empire. The first of these was the Committee of Union and Progress, which was the society that ensured the redeclaration of the constitutional monarchy and had been gaining its voice in the country daily. With the redeclaration of the constitutional monarchy, elections were held, and the sultan’s powers were restricted. With the 1908 elections, the Committee of Union and Progress’ presence began being felt in Parliament, and this effect also showed itself again in the 1912 and 1914 elections. World War I started in 1914, and the Ottoman Empire also joined. The Ottoman Empire suffered heavy damage from the war and succumbed, facing occupation and sanctions as a result. The leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress had caused the Ottomans to enter the war. Therefore, hostility and opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress started. With the end of the war, the Committee of Union and Progress dissolved and disappeared from the stage of history, but the fear that its influence and thoughts would resurface surrounded the environment. During World War I, Parliament had remained open, and its mandate was extended until the end of 1918. The assembly, which had opened with the 1914 elections, worked without interruption until closed by the sultan for holding elections. With the ceasefire after the war, the National Struggle had started in the OttomanEmpire while the Allies occupied the country and government and the sultan tried to get along with the Allies.Upon entering the Armistice Period, solutions were sought for the country’s independence, and many parties and societies were established. As the ceasefire continued, peace talks were held on the one hand while occupation activities continued on the other. As the country searched for a way out, the demands to hold elections and open Parliament increased. With the Armistice, leftist politics started to operate, and they too fought for elections. The 1919 Elections differed from others in that they were held during a time of many developments. This study examines the electoral developments that emerged after the closure of Parliament alongside the surrounding events. The first section of the study provides information about the election and the parliamentary experience from the adoption of the Constitution up to the 1919 election. The next section discusses the political environment and electoral developments that had occurred with the closure of the post-war Parliament and explains the attitudes of the various parties and societies. The last section of the study involves the election experiences of the leftist parties, the results of the elections, and also the reactions to a worker being elected as a deputy.

The 1919 Ottoman General Elections, the Stance of Leftist Parties in the Elections, and a Worker Being Elected Deputy

Anıl

Andrew Feenberg, an eminent philosopher of technology, defines technology as a pharmacon. This characterisation suggests that technology is both beneficial and harmful to social life. As a philosophical concept that questions the construction of social reality through ideologies, propaganda, and media, the importance of critical theory to communication studies cannot be overlooked.As individuals interact with their society, they develop an intellectual identity through education and participation in artistic and cultural events. However, several studies suggest that as technology develops, the media are able to transcend intellectual identity through persuasion and the manufacture of consent. This issue is examined through two important concepts in critical theory: the culture industry and the notion of a one-dimensional society. The culture industry is a project of enlightenment that facilitates oppressive and totalitarian systems. According to this perspective, society undergoes a transformation and its critical and intellectual capacities become limited over time, and individuals, followed by society, are reduced to one-dimensionality.The concept of the ‘culture industry’, which explores how culture influences political life and human behaviour, shows how social thought is influenced by cultural spaces such as the media. In his work, Herbert Marcuse discusses the new mass society observed in modern society, which shares similar patterns of thought and follows the development of the culture industry and technology. Although the work brands the conformist and uncritical members of modern society as irrational, it also explores how advancing technology shapes society and how ideologies come together to create a system that demands the continued stability of existing authoritarian rule. Various techniques and practices can be used by the technology and culture industries to manufacture consent. Changes in everyday life and norms driven by technology spill over into the social, cultural, and political spheres. The conceptualisationof algorithmic governmentality was put forward by Antoinette Rouvroy and Thomas Berns in 2013, using a different approach to Foucault’s concept of governmentality. According to them, algorithms have come to dominate human behaviour. Algorithms have automated the process of predicting, guiding, and controlling behaviour - processes that were previously necessary to produce consent. As the guidance data is derived from personal data filtered through algorithms, the likelihood of success increases every day.Byung Chul Han defines the Quantified Self as the quantification of qualitative human data in this new era. Sherry Turkle defines the Second Self as the use of technological tools to prepare oneself for the process of persuasion, and to transmit oneself in a way that corresponds to the numbers 0 and 1. The concept of the second self, first introduced in 1984 in the text of the same name, has become more relevant with the increasing presence and importance of social media and smart devices in people’s lives. However, it has become an even more important topic of discussion, particularly in relation to Han’s notion of the quantified self. Turkle claims that technology is no longer limited to human action, but has become a tool associated with human cognition and thought. At a time when human informatisation had not yet become a reality, Turkle made valuable predictions and conclusions in computational psychology. In the twentieth anniversary edition of the book, Turkle explains that the technology in question is currently at a threshold where it cannot be classified as either animate or inanimate. In today’s world, where the capacity for human reflexivity is beginning to be implanted in systems that turn humans into data and automation, Turkle and Rouvroy’s insights into these technologies have become even more relevant.Qualitative content analysis is a method that aims to interpret predetermined concepts and categories by organising and interpreting the harmony and differences that exist within them in a way that is meaningful to the target audience. It can also be defined as filtering and categorising the mass of data on a topic. Descriptive analysis, which is recognised as a type of qualitative content analysis, is a research method that provides descriptions based on the limitations of the research topic. This method can transform data on social understanding and grouping into scientific knowledge that cannot be evaluated by other qualitative or quantitative methods. This study will first examine the impact of the media on individuals and society based on the discipline of political psychology. From this perspective, the research will conclude by analysing the impact of algorithms on human life and decision-making behaviour, while addressing changes in the media and cultural industries.

A Review of Algorithmic Governmentality’s Impact on Political Communication from a Critical Theory Perspective

Begüm

Mehmet

In societies built upon the principles of democracy, it is of critical importance to ensure the perpetuation of this concept. This involves protecting the freedoms and independent lives of individuals, maintaining the continuity of political processes, the system, and thestate, determining powers fairly, and running the system fairly. One of the crucial elements in ensuring democracy is the political life within the society we inhabit. Elections serve as the foundation for maintaining a balanced, fair, and representative political landscape that mirrors the will of the people. The fact that the governed people determine their administrators is a guarantee of representation and participation in democratic environments. In democracies, it is impossible for any individual or group to seize and maintain power through force, as elections are conducted, and authority is determined based on the preferences of the people.In environments where elections are held, the significance of political parties, their structures, and their ideologies becomes prominent. The choices made by the public during the electoral process are often linked to a political party’s promises, beliefs, and the societal changes it seeks to enact. Political parties are organizations formed to address societal issues by uniting individuals with similar ideas and responses to challenges. Every political party aims to gain power by gaining the support of the people in the environment in which they exist, and to create a better society in accordance with their own ideologies and ideas by realizing the plans and programs they want to make.Within the scope of the study, the elections and political parties held in Turkey in the 100-year period from 1923, the year the Republic of Turkey was founded, to the present day (2023) were examined. The past century of Turkish political life can be clearly delineated into several distinct periods marked by significant social and political events. These periods as; 1923-1945 Single Party Period and the Establishment of Parties, 1945-1960 First Multi- Party Period, 1960-1980 Second Multi-Party Period after the coup on 27 May 1960, 1980- 2000 Third Multi-Party Period after the 12 September 1980 coup and the recent period. It is possible to talk about five different periods as the New Period after 2000.Examining Turkey’s political landscape from 1923 to 1945, it becomes evident that the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and the shift to a new administrative framework required a considerable adjustment period for the populace to embrace these changes and align their behaviors with the innovations. Although various parties tried to be established during this period, only the CHP continued its existence and a single-party period was experienced. In the pursuit of fostering a democratic environment, Turkey underwent a transition to a multi-party system after 1945. The Democratic Party assumed power in 1950 and remained in government until the coup of 1960.The 1960-1980 period, which is the third period in Turkish political life, appears as a democratically complex process in which the system is not fully established. Due to limitations on the activities of existing political parties, many of them opted to change their names and contested elections under new identities until the elections in 1961. The period from 1960 to 1980, constituting the third phase in Turkish political history, stands out as a period of democratic complexity where the system had not yet fully solidified. A critical social juncture within this era occurred between 1970 and 1980, marked by the growth of workers’ rights and unionization. In this period of social violence, the people were divided into right and left and armed actions took place. During this period of five elections, social and political chaos and troubles were experienced, which damaged the democratization process.During the fourth phase of Turkish political history, spanning from 1980 to 2000, the country experienced its second military coup on September 12, 1980, in response to escalating social violence and chaos. As a result, all parties were closed and political party leaders were removed from politics. Five elections were held between 1980 and 2000, and permanent coalition governments were formed after the 1983 and 1987 elections won by ANAP. The fifth and current period in Turkish political history, which began in 2000, saw the establishment of 212 out of the 410 political parties in Turkey’s political history. In this period, when the most political parties were established, the Justice and Development Party (AK Parti) stands out. The political party, which managed to come to power alone in all elections held since 2002, shaped the period. In light of these examinations and research, it is evident that significant strides have been taken towards establishing and fostering a democratic environment since the inception of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The establishment and efforts of political parties to attain representation have played a crucial role in this process.

The Culture of Forming Political Parties in Turkey from the Perspective of Democratic Development

Veli

Election Culture, Voters’ Decision and Political Change Dynamics in Türkiye

Alev

Thinking about Democracy: Interview with Fatmagül Berktay

Gülden

Bu sayı, Cultural Studies dergisi için bir geçiş ve devamlılık anını temsil etmektedir. 1990’dan beri ilk kez dergi künyesinin ilk sırasında Lawrence Grossberg’in ismi yok. Larry, Onursal Editör olarak yeni rolüne geçiş yaparken, arkasında doldurulması imkânsız büyük boşluklar bırakmaktadır. 28 yıl, bunca emekten ve bunca özenden sonra ‘teşekkür etmek’ yetersiz kalıyor. Belki de kültürel mirasını onurlandırmanın en iyi yolu, onun Cultural Studies’e bakış açısının– hem alan hem de dergi için – kalıcı olmasını sağlamaktır. Bu nedenle, bu özel bölümün sayfalarında Larry’nin temel kavramlarını ve katkılarını (hikayeler üzerine Wood, orantılılık üzerine Spielman, bağlamsalcılık üzerine Davis, deney üzerine Spiegel ve şimdiki zaman üzerine Behrenshausen) ve bu derginin gelişen teorik gerekliliklerini yansıtan denemeler bulacaksınız (Guattari ve Deleuze üzerine Wiley ve Wise). Bu nedenle yayın kurulu sayfasında artık hem Stuart Hall hem de Lawrence Grossberg’in ‘vizyonuna bağlı’ bir dergi göreceksiniz. Akıl hocam ve arkadaşım Larry’nin neredeyse yirmi beş yıldır Asistan ve Sorumlu Editör, özel sayı editörü ve yardımcı editör, editör kurulu üyesi, Kitap İnceleme Editörü, yardımcı editör ve katkıda bulunan yazar olarak bir parçası olduğum bir dergi olan Cultural Studies’i bana emanet edeceği için hem çok mutluyum hem de onur duyuyorum. Kariyerim boyunca çok sayıda bilimseI yayıncılıkla çalıştım, ancak Cultural Studies banadiğer tüm mecralardan daha fazla evim gibi hissettirdi.Chapel Hill Kuzey Karolina Üniversitesi’ndeki1 yüksek lisans eğitimimin ilk dönemi olan 1995 sonbaharında Cultural Studies için çalışmaya başladığımda dergi dokuzuncu yılındaydı ve yılda üç sayı yayımlıyordu. Başvurular kağıt üzerinde üç nüsha olarak yapılıyordu; dergi ile ilgili neredeyse tüm kayıtlar Larry’nin kampüs ofisindeki devasa bir dosya dolabında dosya klasörlerinde bulunuyordu; derginin günlük çalışmasında bol miktarda fotokopi işi vardı; yazar ve editoryal yazışmalarımızın çoğu posta aracılığıyla gerçekleşiyordu; web sitelerinden alıntılar neredeyse hiç yoktu ve olanlar da şüpheliydi; elle yazılmış metin incelemeleri alışılmadık bir durum değildi. Tamamlanmış sayıları, herhangi bir görüntünün baskıları ve slaytları ile birlikte 3 adet ½ inç disketlerde yayıncıya gönderirdik ve Microsoft Word veya WordPerfect (ikincisi birincisi için hala geçerli bir rakiptir) biçimindeki baskı öncesi el yazması dosyaları da kabul ederdik. Cultural Studies’in başarısı ve kronikleşen birikmiş yayınları birleşerek yayın sıklığımızı 1998’de yılda dört sayıya ve tekrar ardından 2002’de yılda altı sayıya çıkardı. Derginin gönderim, inceleme ve üretim araçları çevrimiçi ortama taşındıkça kâğıt kullanımı seyrekleşti. Bu arada, el yazması trafiğimizin kaynakları Avustralya, Birleşik Krallık ve ABD’nin çok ötesine doğru genişledikçe, dergi, mütevazi bir ara bölgeden hareketli bir küresel kavşağa dönüştü.Tüm bunlardan Lawrence Grossberg, eski yardımcı editörler Janice Radway (1991-1995) ve Della Pollock (1995-2013) ve derginin üretilmesine ve bir nebze de olsa yönetilmesine yardımcı olma fırsatı bulan benim gibi çok sayıda lisansüstü öğrencisinin idaresi altında Cultural Studies’in nasıl büyüdüğünü ve değiştiğini değerlendirmenin bir yolu olarak bahsediyorum. Bugün, Cultural Studies, geçmiş başarısının ve devam eden refahının bir göstergesi ve bir şekilde dergiyle temas etmiş herkes için bir kanıt olarak yayıncımızın beşerî bilimler ve sosyal bilimler alanındaki en önemli yayınlarından biridir.Cultural Studies’in daha geniş entelektüel oluşumu için de aynı şey söylenebilir mi? Bir taraftan, alana hizmet veren yayınların yelpazesi son 25 yılda önemli ölçüde genişledi. Artık düzenli olarak Kültürel Çalışmalar temalı konferans ve etkinliklere ev sahipliği yapan çok sayıda profesyonel topluluk bulunmaktadır. Hatta Kültürel Çalışmalarda ödüller bile kazanabilirsiniz; bu dergi, adını Stuart Hall’dan alan bir derginin sponsorluğuna destek olmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki hiç kuşkusuz sınırlı olan konumumdan şunu da gözlemliyorum:• Bir zamanlar Kültürel Çalışmalara atfedilen tartışma, karizma ve otoritenin bir kısmını özümsemiş görünen bir dizi entelektüel yol arkadaşı- aktör ağ teorisi, yeni materyalizm, nesne yönelimli ontoloji, dijital beşerî bilimler ve medya arkeolojisi,bunlardan sadece birkaçı.• Kültürel Çalışmalara zayıflayan bir bilimsel oluşum veya bugün ilgisi esas olarak entelektüel-tarihsel bir sahada yatan bir alan olarak yaklaşan öğrenciler ve öğretim üyeleri. Kay’in (2017, s.770) yakın zaman önce ifade ettiği gibi ‘Kültürel Çalışmalarda “acemi” gibi hisseden biri olarak, elimde değil ancak bazen sıcağı ve ışığı, teri ve gözyaşlarını ve erken oluşumun katıksız duygusal yoğunluğunu “kaçırmış biri” gibi hissediyorum.’ (Karşılaştırın: Littler 2016).• Özellikle Kültürel Çalışmalara adanmış aktif listeler ve diziler tutan kitap yayıncılarında belirgin bir düşüş.• 2002’de Birmingham Üniversitesi Kültürel Çalışmalar ve Sosyoloji Bölümü’nün (eski adıyla Çağdaş Kültürel Çalışmalar Merkezi) kapatılmasıyla ve belki de daha az sembolik olarak, bir zamanlar bu dergiye ev sahipliği yapan Chapel Hill Kuzey Karolina Üniversitesi’ndeki Kültürel Çalışmalar programının 2009’da kaldırılmasıyla örneklenen küçülen kurumsal ayak izi. O halde, bir fırsat olması bakımından hevesli ve aynı zamanda ne kadar dağınık olursa olsun Kültürel Çalışmaların zamanının geçmiş olabileceği duygusundan rahatsız olarak bu editörlüğe başlıyorum. Gerçekten de bugün, tıpkı 20 yıl önce Frank’ın (1999, s.y.) söylediği gibi, Kültürel Çalışmaların ‘Soğuk Savaş döneminden beri hiçbir pedagojinin sahip olmadığı kadar liberal sanatlara hâkim olduğu’ iddia edilebilir mi?

Caring for Cultural Studies

Meriç

Restricted Democratic Vision in Turkey, a Review on the Book “Protecting the Ballot Boxes for Election Security”

Emine

Prof.

CALL FOR PAPERS FOR OUR 2024 ISSUE

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From the theme…

Gülistan

Critical discourse analysis is a set of approaches and methods that focus on the relationships among text, meaning, and social reality. Meanings vary across such units as social classes, minority groups, governments, and interest groups. Messages, dialogues, and discourses systematically woven with speeches that construct social reality negotiate and transform series of texts (e.g., newspaper articles, news, photographs, novels, interviews, poems, field notes, social media posts) in which the ongoing asymmetric struggles between them continue.The discourse-historical approach (DHA) is included in critical discourse analyses. The first study to use this approach was based on the analysis of antisemitic stereotypical linguistic expressions of former UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim during the Austrian Presidential campaign in 1986, where his national-socialist ideas were revealed in public discourse. Ruth Wodak has talked about the four features of DHA, the foundations of which were laid with this research project, and according to her, linguistic analyses are combined through historical, political, sociological, theoretical, and methodological approaches thanks to these features. These features describe DHA as interdisciplinary, focused on social problems, based on research practice. and involving ethnography methodologically. Wodak et al. (2009) analyzed the European Union’s (EU) anti-immigrant discourses, the decision-making processes based on identity politics in EU institutions, Austria’s post-war discursive construction of the antiRomanian national identity, and its right-wing political discourses.By using DHA to analyze the relevance and relationship of texts and discourses with the historical and sociopolitical contexts, Ruth Wodak has shown the anti-democratic nature of language, the ideological pattern of equal and unjust discourse, and how it turns into a racist, discriminatory, and exclusionary oppression device to be used against certain social groups. According to Ruth Wodak (2001), the practice of racism, discrimination, and exclusion reveals itself discursively. Racist ideas and beliefs are constantly reproduced through discursive genres. In this way, discriminatory and exclusionary practices are prepared and published through discourse, and these discourses are legitimized. Political discourses in which the other is negated are established through the strategic use of certain linguistic stigmas. The implications, implicit causalities, assumptions, allusions, and syntactic linguistic distortions revealed in the rhetoric of right-wing populist politicians contain hidden meanings.The questions DHA aims to answer in written, visual, or speech-based texts as parts and components of discourse involve how social actors; social problems, events, facts, and issues; processes; and stigmatized groups presented as negative others are named, as well as what positive or negative qualities are attributed to these groups; how the claims, assumptions, or propositions established when approaching these groups, subjects, actors, and events are legitimized; and what ways of intensifying or mitigating the implicit or explicit expressions in linguistic or extra-linguistic indicators occur. Considering these questions, DHA has determined five strategies for analyzing the nominative, predicative, argumentative, framing, and intensifying or mitigating expressions of discursive practices in linguistic structure. Language tools (e.g., metaphorical expressions, stereotyped judgments, analogies, clichés) are used in discourse to develop these methods. Language tools are what make up the practice of inclusion and exclusion and how a discourse represents a positive us and negative other. Both Wodak’s anti-immigrant writings and sample studies from the national literature have been used to describe and assess how discursive techniques and linguistic tools are used in historical and political analyses regarding a given problem. This evaluation is significant because it highlights language’s anti-democratic nature, the ideological underpinnings of unfair and unequal discourse, and how it evolves into a racist, discriminatory, and exclusionary tool of oppression against particular social groups. DHA and its analytical method should be widely used to arrange the fair and equitable use of language. One of the limitations of this study is its focus on articles from the Turkish national literature that explain the DHA methodology or employ its analytical method. Consequently, examining the use of DHA in these theses will add to the Turkish national literature.

Ruth Wodak and the Discourse-Historical Approach: An Assessment Based on Application Examples

Esra

Throughout human history, technology has always been at the center of life, with the ability to make tools as one of the defining characteristics of being human. These tools give direction to the technology of each period. The techniques used and the technologies created also shape the culture of the current era. All these areas, such as the economy, social life, and politics, have been transformed by digital technology. At this point, how much digital technologies surround human life has become clear. Using digital technologies means being involved in life. With the inclusion of information-communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet in social life, to call the current period the digital age would not be wrong. As digital technologies have developed, the importance of these technologies in human life has progressed to the same extent. The technical developments in the current age, in which people and objects continue their lives in a networked manner, have led to radical changes in lifestyles. The concepts of the digital age and network society refer to a structure in which individuals are constantly interacting through digital technologies and networks. In addition to those who approach this besieged technological society from a positive perspective, critical perspectives also manifest themselves in daily life practices.Integrating digital technologies without questioning their impact has becoming increasingly common. The prevalent perception among society can be asserted to be that individuals who limit the usage of smartphones and social media operate outside conventional norms. The majority of society has rapidly adapted to the digital world and incorporated these technologies and social media into every aspect of their lives. This overuse brings with it various physical and psychological disorders. In contemporary times where digital technology has become ubiquitous and all-pervasive, certain individuals voluntarily opt to limit their exposure to it in a bid to exercise greater discretion regarding the use of technology. The concept of digital minimalism is used precisely for this situation. Digital minimalism is a philosophy of technology use that guides individuals to make their use of digital technologies and social media more conscious in their own way (Newport, 2022) and is aimed at people who are in a state of constant stimulation from notifications to reduce the stimuli by adopting this lifestyle and to optimize their attention and time by limiting the viewing of unnecessary content on social media.Based on what has been said, this study focuses on digital minimalism as an alternative way of using digital technology. The study aims to explain why and how individuals voluntarily limit their use of digital technology. In line with this, the qualitative research has been designed based on the two following research questions:1. How do digital minimalists belonging to Generation Z use digital technologies? 2. Why have these people turned to digital minimalism?The research uses the in-depth interview method as its data collection method. Within the scope of the research, the study has conducted semi-structured interviews with participants consisting of 10 women and 10 men between the ages of 18-28, with the study’s sample comprised of individuals belonging to Generation Z. Exploring the inclination toward digital minimalism among individuals in Türkiye who were born into the Internet era and have grown up solely in the digital age is considered significant as part of the study. The study seeks answers to these questions through the interviews and, in line with the research questions, has created various codes and categories from the given answers for the qualitative content analysis, which is used to evaluate the data obtained as a result of the in-depth interviews. As a result of the research, the study has learned that some participants do not use social media at all, while others limit their use in their own ways. The results also reveal the reasons that have pushed Generation Z individuals to become digital minimalists to be the artificiality of social media, uninteresting content, and the desire to improve their time management, privacy, and confidentiality.

Technology Culture and Digital Minimalism: An Analysis of Generation Z

Instrumental Use of Corporate Social Responsibility and Capitalist Activism

Serap

Nazan

The Turkish Language Association (TDK, 2023) has defined misinformation as “the distortion of information.” Disinformation posts are purposely spread to deceive other users and generate a desired perception. Users distribute misinformation without questioning it, believing it to be true (Bahar, 2020).The loss of truth is experienced in the economy as well as in every area of society. İşleyen (2021, p. 71) clarified the issue at what rate the companies traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange, which he examined within the scope of his research, are found more and more on the media agenda. Açıkalın and Canbey’s (2022, p. 8) research discussed the concepts of network society and post-truth and obtained the following findings: (1) The proliferation of social media platforms that accelerate the post-truth process has also enabled this concept to gain meaning, and (2) the biggest reason for this situation is that, thanks to social media platforms, content owners with unknown origins are able to deliver unproven information to large communities over a short time.When looking at the 21st century, fake content has mostly been experienced under the headings of natural events, disasters, tensions between states, states of war, election periods, civil unrest, statements made (or not made) by official and non-governmental organizations, public opinion polls, cyber-attacks, diplomacy, immigrants, and the economy (Posetti &amp; Matthews, 2018). Fake content can be said to be increasing, especially when tensions between states turn into conflicts or end in war. Immediately following the start of the Russia-Ukraine war that broke out at the beginning of 2022, hundreds of videos, images, and articles with fake content were observed being shared on social media and traditional media channels in Türkiye alone (Babacan &amp; Tam, 2022, p. 82).According to the Reuters Institute digital news report (Newman, 2022), news consumption has also increased with the increase in social media use in Türkiye. Topics shared on social media often include women’s rights and socioeconomic issues. The same report also determined the news disinformation rate in Türkiye to be 62%, of which 53% related to politics and 46% to the pandemic.The fictional transformation of information into disinformation directly affects reality, and this disinformation content can be conveyed to people in different areas. Presenting lies directly to the public, shaping the truth with other fake content, revealing a new reality by destroying part of the truth, and producing more striking content than necessary directly contribute to the formation of disinformation (Ertem, 2019).Many reasons exist for producing fake news. While these may be ideological and political, commercial reasons also play a role here. In addition to producing propaganda, users also resort to disinformation to gain followers and commercial profit, and in general terms, this factor stands out (Öztürk, 2022). Apart from all these, deficiencies and gaps in control and legal legislation also encourage fake news content producers, causing this situation to have become increasingly widespread.Disinformation in economics and in the absence of shared market knowledge alters reality and provides false information to the masses. This condition leads readers of economic journalism to believe in an economic model created by perceptions rather than the true economic reality (Aydınbaş, 2022). In contrast to traditional media, censorship is easier to avoid on social media with regard to economic news. In this context, experts and employees have remarked that social media supports the dissemination of reliable information and that journalists and economists have a space to share their knowledge and facilitate acquiring information. On the other hand, the disinformation problem circulating on social media has also negatively affected economic journalism and caused problems in this field (Uzunoğlu &amp; Karaca, 2022, p. 11). Within the scope of research conducted in 2022, Küçükvardar (2023, p. 158–160) found 158 of the 485 pieces of economic news shared within 10 days to have been “click-oriented news” and the remaining 327 pieces to be “non-click-oriented news”.This study seeks to uncover what bogus economic information occurs on X and under what misleading labels it emerges. In this context, data have been collected from X using the program MAXQDA between January 1-31, 2023. During January 2023, 197,106 tweets were found to be in line with this. Tweets not connected to the economy were eliminated from the coding, with content analysis being performed on the remaining data.The day of the week on which the most tweets are shared about the economy on X was found to be Monday, followed by weekends. When evaluating all 197,106 of the tweets in question, the tags and economy-related words were seen to be frequently shared, especially between 3-6 p.m. Two prominent issues were found regarding the tags used in the economyrelated tweets. The first of these is the use of concepts and terms directly related to the economy, such as the stock market, the dollar, and gold. The second involved economyrelated events or situations on the agenda.When looking at the misleading aspects of the economy-related content that was shared, seven headings came to the fore. Here, the analysis determined users to have shared fake content in the context of parody (174), fabrication (44), manipulation (44), incorrect attribution&nbsp;(14), distortion (12), incomplete presentation of the truth (9), and decontextualization (8). Regarding parody content, the study observed that users prepare the topic of the economy for entertainment and purposes of mockery.The research has focused on misleading (misinformative, dis-informative) posts about the economy on X. Conducting academic studies on other social media channels apart from X, especially YouTube and TikTok are believed will bring a more comprehensive perspective to the subject.

Research on Fake Content Shared on Twitter About the Economy

Ayten

Comprehending the intricate interplay of knowledge, power, and subjectivity holds paramount importance in understanding societal dynamics and intellectual development. This nuanced relationship has found diverse expressions across various historical and cultural contexts and been extensively explored in literary works, cinema, and other forms of artistic expression. This study seeks to delve into the knowledge-power-subject relationship by examining it from a Foucauldian perspective with a specific focus on Umberto Eco’s seminal work The Name of the Rose. Michel Foucault’s extensive body of work is dedicated to a profound analysis of the complex dynamics among knowledge, power, and subjectivity. He has underscored subject as being a product of constructed, unnatural conditions within power relations shaped by specific historical epochs, knowledge domains, and discourses. Foucault has investigated the formation of subjectivity through subjective experiences mediated by various techniques and technologies emerging within power relationships in distinct historical periods and specific knowledge domains. The Name of the Rose intricately weaves a narrative around a murder case set in 14th-century medieval Europe yet subtly conveys profound themes related to church power, sectarian conflicts, the Church as the custodian of knowledge, access to knowledge, the role of libraries, and the influence of a theocentric worldview on knowledge. In alignment with the novel’s narrative, this study seeks to conduct an in-depth analysis of these pivotal themes. Within the novel’s plot, three key elements are earmarked for analysis: (1) the power dynamics and relationships among characters, dissecting how power operates through specific societal institutions or figures, (2) the production and dissemination of knowledge within the context of the novel, unraveling how knowledge is utilized and exploring its impact on power and authority, and (3) a discussion on how characters in the novel shape their subjectivities through subjective experiences. Employing critical discourse&nbsp;analysis as the chosen methodology, this study aims to reveal the profound intellectual layers and meanings embedded in symbols within an ecological framework of thought. The study is divided into three main sections apart from the introduction and conclusion. The first section forms the conceptual framework and employs theoretical insights from Michel Foucault’s works to interpret the knowledge-power-subject relationships underlying Umberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose, which is centered around a murder mystery in the context of a crime story. The second section provides systematic and detailed information about the methodology employed in the study. The third section critically analyzes The Name of the Rose using the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings are then discussed within the framework of the Foucauldian power-knowledge-subject relationship. According to the study’s findings, the church’s authority strategically seeks to control the generation and circulation of knowledge to maintain its legitimacy. Contrary to the contemporary understanding of libraries, the novel portrays them as institutions preserving and safeguarding books. In narrating the shift from a theocentric worldview to an anthropocentric one, Eco allegorically reconfigures the relationship among knowledge, power, and subject, marking the initial stages of the Enlightenment period. In conclusion, this study examines The Name of the Rose from a Foucauldian perspective to unveil the intricate relationship among knowledge, power, and subject. By revealing the complexity of this relationship, this study is anticipated to be able to inspire future research. While this study has focused on The Name of the Rose, future studies could offer a comparative exploration of how different literary works or artistic expressions address this intricate relationship.

A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Novel The Name of the Rose from the Perspective of Foucauldian Relationship between Knowledge, Power, and Subjectivity

Esma

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact that the healthism discourse being transmitted through new media has on creating social reality with regard to the construction of the health consumer. Health is one of the most important elements of humanity and has been turned into a marketable object as a result of consumption culture. Capitalism’s interest in consumption began with the understanding that the continuity of the economic system could not be achieved through production alone. As a result of capitalism’s control and regulation of areas of consumption, the phenomenon of health has been objectified and begun being marketed. Perceiving some changes specific to the natural biological stages of human life as diseases or having interest groups introduce some natural functions of the human body to society as diseases and doing this within the framework of a culture of fear have further exacerbated this problem. In addition, capitalism is seen to have internalized the problems brought by the crowded, urbanizing, and industrializing world, as well as the diseases resulting from depriving large masses of such opportunities as natural food and clean air, and to have transformed these into new marketable objects to serve its own interests. In this respect, the construction of the health consumer became important in the 20th century and has continued with the expansion of the healthcare market in the 21st century, largely thanks to new media. The new media uses the phenomenon of health to attract attention, create a sensation, sell products, fill the agenda, gain commercial profit, and nourish and adopt consumerism and consumption culture. In this respect, health consumers are persuaded by the discourses being spread from new media. These discourses serve to create a new social reality and societies obsessed with health.Consumption culture is the reason why health attracts people’s attention. This has fostered a culture of being healthy (i.e., healthism), which has especially developed in the middle classes throughout the 20th century. This culture brings people who are in need of information about their own health to seek direct contact with the health industry and the media, and this environment has been fueled by structured beliefs in the power of capitalism. In this context, consumerism has functional meanings, and the new media achieves this through various discourses, presenting consumerism as a means of power, happiness, and health. The media has also been the disseminator and reinforcer of the consumption ideology, with its discourses emphasizing healthism by reinforcing this ideology.The transmission of discourses has gained speed with new media, and through its magnifying effect, the healthism discourse has become popularized and adopted by large masses. New media plays a significant role in constructing reality by appearing as channels through which discourse is constructed. The circulation of ideologies and discourses constantly repeats itself in new media. These discourses circulate rapidly through news, influencers, shares, and likes, which serve to form social reality by reinforcing these discourses while repeating themselves nonstop.As a result, capitalism uses information technologies and information itself in particular as a fundamental tool in this transformation. Accordingly, new media plays an active role in social transformation, whether knowingly or unknowingly. In the process of creating discourses for health consumers and delivering them to the masses, new media transforms consumption culture and the field of health with its multi-modal structure, contributing to the formation of a health-obsessed social reality.In this context, the new opportunities the new media and multi- modes of communication offer are important in terms of reaching and influencing large audiences. In the context of healthism, this interaction takes place over a wide range of areas, such as diet, beauty, sports, treatment prescriptions, and nutrition, and the masses are becoming more and more interested in their health. In the context of being health consumers, the masses are persuaded by fear culture discourses through new media and use the recommended products or spend accordingly to stay healthy.

The Construction of the Health Consumer: Discourse, Reality and the New Media

Each Discipline in the Communication Academy Acts as if It has Dclared Its Own Autonomy – Interview with Süleyman Irvan

Elif

Cultural Studies as a Hidden Discipline

Hakan

Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge

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4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies is a peer-reviewed, open access, academic journal operating within the Faculty of Communication of Istanbul University. Between 1990 and 1998, the journal published 19 issues with the content of "Society, Communication, Culture and Art" in academic quality, became a refereed journal as of the 20th issue, and framed its field of study as media and cultural studies. The contents of the first 19 issues, which include highly valuable academic articles, are in our archive. We consider it a liability to express our sincere thanks to the academicians and other authors of our Faculty, who provided us with the academic content in the first 19 issues. 

As of the 20th issue, the 4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, which is planned to be published electronically twice a year (April and October), started to include scientific studies in the fields of media and culture. The journal includes articles in Turkish and English, and  include all kinds of original Research Articles, Review Articles, Evaluation, Translation, Interview, Opinion and Book Criticism in the field of cultural studies. No processing fee or publication fee is charged for the articles sent to the journal.

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4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies aims to publish on the field of cultural studies and to include new perspectives. To realize this aim, the journal is open to interdisciplinary studies within the scope of cultural studies developed within media and communication studies, and it is open to anthropology, literature, art, sociology, history, political science, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, etc., and accepts academic studies in almost all fields of social sciences. Our journal sees culture as both the experience of the world and the practices lived in it, and in this context, it covers all the processes that cover the cultural integrity of the society. In this context, it is a peer-reviewed journal published free of charge and open access, aiming to make original, qualified, and scientific contributions at the national and international level, over a separate theme for each issue in the field of cultural studies. Social, political, economic, technological etc. are in our scope since cultural factors underlie all important problems. 4. BOYUT aims to ensure that media and culture can be considered together with other fields.

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The content of the articles sent to the journal for publication should be compatible with the purpose and scope of the journal. The journal gives priority to publishing original research articles. Articles that have not been published before or that are not yet under evaluation in another journal for publication and that are approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Manuscripts that pass the preliminary evaluation are passed through the iThenticate plagiarism scanning program. After plagiarism review, eligible articles are evaluated by the Editor for their originality, methodologies, importance of the topic covered in the article, and relevance to the scope of the journal.If the submitted article complies with the formal principles, the editor submits the incoming article to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad, and if the referees deem necessary, the final decision for publication is made after the requested changes are made by the authors.After the article is sent to the journal for publication, the names of any of the authors cannot be deleted from the list of authors without the written consent of all authors, a new name cannot be added as an author, and the order of authors cannot be changed.

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Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design, and conducting the research.</li></ul><ul><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li></ul><ul><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li></ul><ul><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li></ul><ul><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li></ul><ul><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li></ul><ul><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li></ul><ul><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li></ul><ul><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted study is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g., tables, figures, or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any study or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6DBF496D164A4C839B5BA9ED09410AC3" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to identity of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief, or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and conclusions justified by the results?- Are adequate references made to other studies in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

Manuscript is to be submitted to journal’s e-mail: <a href="mailto:4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist), <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/96884E1BA9924F12AF7F79821E4CC052" target="_blank">title page</a>, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">author form</a>, and <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FB3EEFF5631F4A318D47EE4693B16731" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 11 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 200 and 250 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory only for manuscripts in Turkish.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs, and figures should be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>The 6th version of the <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/6th-edition-resources" target="_blank">APA 6 (American Psychological Association)</a> reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list.</li><li>Authors are responsible for all statements made in their study submitted to the Journal for publication.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Booka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOIAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/" target="_blank">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a>e) Journal Article with DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineSemercioğlu, C. (2015, June). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Thesis in TurkishSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (PhD Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.b) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Abstract]. Paper presented at the Academic Informatics Conference, Anadolu University, Eskişehir. Retrieved from http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</a>i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Eds.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice (pp. 134–140). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0</a>j) Paper PresentationÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. Paper presented at the X. National Educational Sciences Congress, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, BoluOther Sourcesa) Newspaper Article<a target="_blank">Erdoğan, D. (2022, 03 April). Tarihi Yarımada’nın ‘vizyon’u. Milliyet Ev, pp. 2.</a>b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorSavaştan kaçan öğrencilere üniversite kapıları açılıyor. (1993, July 15). Milliyet, pp. 10.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/69876F87DC834855973F7EBE7F8C4C57" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/607743031BC44C17A5581AA799FF961A" target="_blank">Title Page</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li></ul>

Ensure that the following items are present:Cover letter to the editor<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/52D5F1B139054BD88CDAC0A5C0A36E37" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><ul><li>Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/21F52089289742228C16CC2603801C03" target="_blank">Title Page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone, and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors</li><li>Acknowledgment, conflict of interest, financial support information</li></ul>Article (main text)<ul><li>Important: The author(s) identity information should not be included in the main text.</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>Abstract (200-250 words)</li><li>Keywords: 5 in Turkish and 5 in English</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li><li>Attachments (if exists)</li></ul>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Emine Yavaşgel
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