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Gülistan

Critical discourse analysis is a set of approaches and methods that focus on the relationships among text, meaning, and social reality. Meanings vary across such units as social classes, minority groups, governments, and interest groups. Messages, dialogues, and discourses systematically woven with speeches that construct social reality negotiate and transform series of texts (e.g., newspaper articles, news, photographs, novels, interviews, poems, field notes, social media posts) in which the ongoing asymmetric struggles between them continue.The discourse-historical approach (DHA) is included in critical discourse analyses. The first study to use this approach was based on the analysis of antisemitic stereotypical linguistic expressions of former UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim during the Austrian Presidential campaign in 1986, where his national-socialist ideas were revealed in public discourse. Ruth Wodak has talked about the four features of DHA, the foundations of which were laid with this research project, and according to her, linguistic analyses are combined through historical, political, sociological, theoretical, and methodological approaches thanks to these features. These features describe DHA as interdisciplinary, focused on social problems, based on research practice. and involving ethnography methodologically. Wodak et al. (2009) analyzed the European Union’s (EU) anti-immigrant discourses, the decision-making processes based on identity politics in EU institutions, Austria’s post-war discursive construction of the antiRomanian national identity, and its right-wing political discourses.By using DHA to analyze the relevance and relationship of texts and discourses with the historical and sociopolitical contexts, Ruth Wodak has shown the anti-democratic nature of language, the ideological pattern of equal and unjust discourse, and how it turns into a racist, discriminatory, and exclusionary oppression device to be used against certain social groups. According to Ruth Wodak (2001), the practice of racism, discrimination, and exclusion reveals itself discursively. Racist ideas and beliefs are constantly reproduced through discursive genres. In this way, discriminatory and exclusionary practices are prepared and published through discourse, and these discourses are legitimized. Political discourses in which the other is negated are established through the strategic use of certain linguistic stigmas. The implications, implicit causalities, assumptions, allusions, and syntactic linguistic distortions revealed in the rhetoric of right-wing populist politicians contain hidden meanings.The questions DHA aims to answer in written, visual, or speech-based texts as parts and components of discourse involve how social actors; social problems, events, facts, and issues; processes; and stigmatized groups presented as negative others are named, as well as what positive or negative qualities are attributed to these groups; how the claims, assumptions, or propositions established when approaching these groups, subjects, actors, and events are legitimized; and what ways of intensifying or mitigating the implicit or explicit expressions in linguistic or extra-linguistic indicators occur. Considering these questions, DHA has determined five strategies for analyzing the nominative, predicative, argumentative, framing, and intensifying or mitigating expressions of discursive practices in linguistic structure. Language tools (e.g., metaphorical expressions, stereotyped judgments, analogies, clichés) are used in discourse to develop these methods. Language tools are what make up the practice of inclusion and exclusion and how a discourse represents a positive us and negative other. Both Wodak’s anti-immigrant writings and sample studies from the national literature have been used to describe and assess how discursive techniques and linguistic tools are used in historical and political analyses regarding a given problem. This evaluation is significant because it highlights language’s anti-democratic nature, the ideological underpinnings of unfair and unequal discourse, and how it evolves into a racist, discriminatory, and exclusionary tool of oppression against particular social groups. DHA and its analytical method should be widely used to arrange the fair and equitable use of language. One of the limitations of this study is its focus on articles from the Turkish national literature that explain the DHA methodology or employ its analytical method. Consequently, examining the use of DHA in these theses will add to the Turkish national literature.

Ruth Wodak and the Discourse-Historical Approach: An Assessment Based on Application Examples

Esra

Throughout human history, technology has always been at the center of life, with the ability to make tools as one of the defining characteristics of being human. These tools give direction to the technology of each period. The techniques used and the technologies created also shape the culture of the current era. All these areas, such as the economy, social life, and politics, have been transformed by digital technology. At this point, how much digital technologies surround human life has become clear. Using digital technologies means being involved in life. With the inclusion of information-communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet in social life, to call the current period the digital age would not be wrong. As digital technologies have developed, the importance of these technologies in human life has progressed to the same extent. The technical developments in the current age, in which people and objects continue their lives in a networked manner, have led to radical changes in lifestyles. The concepts of the digital age and network society refer to a structure in which individuals are constantly interacting through digital technologies and networks. In addition to those who approach this besieged technological society from a positive perspective, critical perspectives also manifest themselves in daily life practices.Integrating digital technologies without questioning their impact has becoming increasingly common. The prevalent perception among society can be asserted to be that individuals who limit the usage of smartphones and social media operate outside conventional norms. The majority of society has rapidly adapted to the digital world and incorporated these technologies and social media into every aspect of their lives. This overuse brings with it various physical and psychological disorders. In contemporary times where digital technology has become ubiquitous and all-pervasive, certain individuals voluntarily opt to limit their exposure to it in a bid to exercise greater discretion regarding the use of technology. The concept of digital minimalism is used precisely for this situation. Digital minimalism is a philosophy of technology use that guides individuals to make their use of digital technologies and social media more conscious in their own way (Newport, 2022) and is aimed at people who are in a state of constant stimulation from notifications to reduce the stimuli by adopting this lifestyle and to optimize their attention and time by limiting the viewing of unnecessary content on social media.Based on what has been said, this study focuses on digital minimalism as an alternative way of using digital technology. The study aims to explain why and how individuals voluntarily limit their use of digital technology. In line with this, the qualitative research has been designed based on the two following research questions:1. How do digital minimalists belonging to Generation Z use digital technologies? 2. Why have these people turned to digital minimalism?The research uses the in-depth interview method as its data collection method. Within the scope of the research, the study has conducted semi-structured interviews with participants consisting of 10 women and 10 men between the ages of 18-28, with the study’s sample comprised of individuals belonging to Generation Z. Exploring the inclination toward digital minimalism among individuals in Türkiye who were born into the Internet era and have grown up solely in the digital age is considered significant as part of the study. The study seeks answers to these questions through the interviews and, in line with the research questions, has created various codes and categories from the given answers for the qualitative content analysis, which is used to evaluate the data obtained as a result of the in-depth interviews. As a result of the research, the study has learned that some participants do not use social media at all, while others limit their use in their own ways. The results also reveal the reasons that have pushed Generation Z individuals to become digital minimalists to be the artificiality of social media, uninteresting content, and the desire to improve their time management, privacy, and confidentiality.

Technology Culture and Digital Minimalism: An Analysis of Generation Z

Instrumental Use of Corporate Social Responsibility and Capitalist Activism

Mehmet

Serap

Nazan

The Turkish Language Association (TDK, 2023) has defined misinformation as “the distortion of information.” Disinformation posts are purposely spread to deceive other users and generate a desired perception. Users distribute misinformation without questioning it, believing it to be true (Bahar, 2020).The loss of truth is experienced in the economy as well as in every area of society. İşleyen (2021, p. 71) clarified the issue at what rate the companies traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange, which he examined within the scope of his research, are found more and more on the media agenda. Açıkalın and Canbey’s (2022, p. 8) research discussed the concepts of network society and post-truth and obtained the following findings: (1) The proliferation of social media platforms that accelerate the post-truth process has also enabled this concept to gain meaning, and (2) the biggest reason for this situation is that, thanks to social media platforms, content owners with unknown origins are able to deliver unproven information to large communities over a short time.When looking at the 21st century, fake content has mostly been experienced under the headings of natural events, disasters, tensions between states, states of war, election periods, civil unrest, statements made (or not made) by official and non-governmental organizations, public opinion polls, cyber-attacks, diplomacy, immigrants, and the economy (Posetti &amp; Matthews, 2018). Fake content can be said to be increasing, especially when tensions between states turn into conflicts or end in war. Immediately following the start of the Russia-Ukraine war that broke out at the beginning of 2022, hundreds of videos, images, and articles with fake content were observed being shared on social media and traditional media channels in Türkiye alone (Babacan &amp; Tam, 2022, p. 82).According to the Reuters Institute digital news report (Newman, 2022), news consumption has also increased with the increase in social media use in Türkiye. Topics shared on social media often include women’s rights and socioeconomic issues. The same report also determined the news disinformation rate in Türkiye to be 62%, of which 53% related to politics and 46% to the pandemic.The fictional transformation of information into disinformation directly affects reality, and this disinformation content can be conveyed to people in different areas. Presenting lies directly to the public, shaping the truth with other fake content, revealing a new reality by destroying part of the truth, and producing more striking content than necessary directly contribute to the formation of disinformation (Ertem, 2019).Many reasons exist for producing fake news. While these may be ideological and political, commercial reasons also play a role here. In addition to producing propaganda, users also resort to disinformation to gain followers and commercial profit, and in general terms, this factor stands out (Öztürk, 2022). Apart from all these, deficiencies and gaps in control and legal legislation also encourage fake news content producers, causing this situation to have become increasingly widespread.Disinformation in economics and in the absence of shared market knowledge alters reality and provides false information to the masses. This condition leads readers of economic journalism to believe in an economic model created by perceptions rather than the true economic reality (Aydınbaş, 2022). In contrast to traditional media, censorship is easier to avoid on social media with regard to economic news. In this context, experts and employees have remarked that social media supports the dissemination of reliable information and that journalists and economists have a space to share their knowledge and facilitate acquiring information. On the other hand, the disinformation problem circulating on social media has also negatively affected economic journalism and caused problems in this field (Uzunoğlu &amp; Karaca, 2022, p. 11). Within the scope of research conducted in 2022, Küçükvardar (2023, p. 158–160) found 158 of the 485 pieces of economic news shared within 10 days to have been “click-oriented news” and the remaining 327 pieces to be “non-click-oriented news”.This study seeks to uncover what bogus economic information occurs on X and under what misleading labels it emerges. In this context, data have been collected from X using the program MAXQDA between January 1-31, 2023. During January 2023, 197,106 tweets were found to be in line with this. Tweets not connected to the economy were eliminated from the coding, with content analysis being performed on the remaining data.The day of the week on which the most tweets are shared about the economy on X was found to be Monday, followed by weekends. When evaluating all 197,106 of the tweets in question, the tags and economy-related words were seen to be frequently shared, especially between 3-6 p.m. Two prominent issues were found regarding the tags used in the economyrelated tweets. The first of these is the use of concepts and terms directly related to the economy, such as the stock market, the dollar, and gold. The second involved economyrelated events or situations on the agenda.When looking at the misleading aspects of the economy-related content that was shared, seven headings came to the fore. Here, the analysis determined users to have shared fake content in the context of parody (174), fabrication (44), manipulation (44), incorrect attribution&nbsp;(14), distortion (12), incomplete presentation of the truth (9), and decontextualization (8). Regarding parody content, the study observed that users prepare the topic of the economy for entertainment and purposes of mockery.The research has focused on misleading (misinformative, dis-informative) posts about the economy on X. Conducting academic studies on other social media channels apart from X, especially YouTube and TikTok are believed will bring a more comprehensive perspective to the subject.

Research on Fake Content Shared on Twitter About the Economy

Ayten

Comprehending the intricate interplay of knowledge, power, and subjectivity holds paramount importance in understanding societal dynamics and intellectual development. This nuanced relationship has found diverse expressions across various historical and cultural contexts and been extensively explored in literary works, cinema, and other forms of artistic expression. This study seeks to delve into the knowledge-power-subject relationship by examining it from a Foucauldian perspective with a specific focus on Umberto Eco’s seminal work The Name of the Rose. Michel Foucault’s extensive body of work is dedicated to a profound analysis of the complex dynamics among knowledge, power, and subjectivity. He has underscored subject as being a product of constructed, unnatural conditions within power relations shaped by specific historical epochs, knowledge domains, and discourses. Foucault has investigated the formation of subjectivity through subjective experiences mediated by various techniques and technologies emerging within power relationships in distinct historical periods and specific knowledge domains. The Name of the Rose intricately weaves a narrative around a murder case set in 14th-century medieval Europe yet subtly conveys profound themes related to church power, sectarian conflicts, the Church as the custodian of knowledge, access to knowledge, the role of libraries, and the influence of a theocentric worldview on knowledge. In alignment with the novel’s narrative, this study seeks to conduct an in-depth analysis of these pivotal themes. Within the novel’s plot, three key elements are earmarked for analysis: (1) the power dynamics and relationships among characters, dissecting how power operates through specific societal institutions or figures, (2) the production and dissemination of knowledge within the context of the novel, unraveling how knowledge is utilized and exploring its impact on power and authority, and (3) a discussion on how characters in the novel shape their subjectivities through subjective experiences. Employing critical discourse&nbsp;analysis as the chosen methodology, this study aims to reveal the profound intellectual layers and meanings embedded in symbols within an ecological framework of thought. The study is divided into three main sections apart from the introduction and conclusion. The first section forms the conceptual framework and employs theoretical insights from Michel Foucault’s works to interpret the knowledge-power-subject relationships underlying Umberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose, which is centered around a murder mystery in the context of a crime story. The second section provides systematic and detailed information about the methodology employed in the study. The third section critically analyzes The Name of the Rose using the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings are then discussed within the framework of the Foucauldian power-knowledge-subject relationship. According to the study’s findings, the church’s authority strategically seeks to control the generation and circulation of knowledge to maintain its legitimacy. Contrary to the contemporary understanding of libraries, the novel portrays them as institutions preserving and safeguarding books. In narrating the shift from a theocentric worldview to an anthropocentric one, Eco allegorically reconfigures the relationship among knowledge, power, and subject, marking the initial stages of the Enlightenment period. In conclusion, this study examines The Name of the Rose from a Foucauldian perspective to unveil the intricate relationship among knowledge, power, and subject. By revealing the complexity of this relationship, this study is anticipated to be able to inspire future research. While this study has focused on The Name of the Rose, future studies could offer a comparative exploration of how different literary works or artistic expressions address this intricate relationship.

A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Novel The Name of the Rose from the Perspective of Foucauldian Relationship between Knowledge, Power, and Subjectivity

Esma

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact that the healthism discourse being transmitted through new media has on creating social reality with regard to the construction of the health consumer. Health is one of the most important elements of humanity and has been turned into a marketable object as a result of consumption culture. Capitalism’s interest in consumption began with the understanding that the continuity of the economic system could not be achieved through production alone. As a result of capitalism’s control and regulation of areas of consumption, the phenomenon of health has been objectified and begun being marketed. Perceiving some changes specific to the natural biological stages of human life as diseases or having interest groups introduce some natural functions of the human body to society as diseases and doing this within the framework of a culture of fear have further exacerbated this problem. In addition, capitalism is seen to have internalized the problems brought by the crowded, urbanizing, and industrializing world, as well as the diseases resulting from depriving large masses of such opportunities as natural food and clean air, and to have transformed these into new marketable objects to serve its own interests. In this respect, the construction of the health consumer became important in the 20th century and has continued with the expansion of the healthcare market in the 21st century, largely thanks to new media. The new media uses the phenomenon of health to attract attention, create a sensation, sell products, fill the agenda, gain commercial profit, and nourish and adopt consumerism and consumption culture. In this respect, health consumers are persuaded by the discourses being spread from new media. These discourses serve to create a new social reality and societies obsessed with health.Consumption culture is the reason why health attracts people’s attention. This has fostered a culture of being healthy (i.e., healthism), which has especially developed in the middle classes throughout the 20th century. This culture brings people who are in need of information about their own health to seek direct contact with the health industry and the media, and this environment has been fueled by structured beliefs in the power of capitalism. In this context, consumerism has functional meanings, and the new media achieves this through various discourses, presenting consumerism as a means of power, happiness, and health. The media has also been the disseminator and reinforcer of the consumption ideology, with its discourses emphasizing healthism by reinforcing this ideology.The transmission of discourses has gained speed with new media, and through its magnifying effect, the healthism discourse has become popularized and adopted by large masses. New media plays a significant role in constructing reality by appearing as channels through which discourse is constructed. The circulation of ideologies and discourses constantly repeats itself in new media. These discourses circulate rapidly through news, influencers, shares, and likes, which serve to form social reality by reinforcing these discourses while repeating themselves nonstop.As a result, capitalism uses information technologies and information itself in particular as a fundamental tool in this transformation. Accordingly, new media plays an active role in social transformation, whether knowingly or unknowingly. In the process of creating discourses for health consumers and delivering them to the masses, new media transforms consumption culture and the field of health with its multi-modal structure, contributing to the formation of a health-obsessed social reality.In this context, the new opportunities the new media and multi- modes of communication offer are important in terms of reaching and influencing large audiences. In the context of healthism, this interaction takes place over a wide range of areas, such as diet, beauty, sports, treatment prescriptions, and nutrition, and the masses are becoming more and more interested in their health. In the context of being health consumers, the masses are persuaded by fear culture discourses through new media and use the recommended products or spend accordingly to stay healthy.

The Construction of the Health Consumer: Discourse, Reality and the New Media

Onur

Each Discipline in the Communication Academy Acts as if It has Dclared Its Own Autonomy – Interview with Süleyman Irvan

Elif

Cultural Studies as a Hidden Discipline

Hakan

Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge

Emine

Prof.

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4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies is a peer-reviewed, open access, academic journal operating within the Faculty of Communication of Istanbul University. Between 1990 and 1998, the journal published 19 issues with the content of "Society, Communication, Culture and Art" in academic quality, became a refereed journal as of the 20th issue, and framed its field of study as media and cultural studies. The contents of the first 19 issues, which include highly valuable academic articles, are in our archive. We consider it a liability to express our sincere thanks to the academicians and other authors of our Faculty, who provided us with the academic content in the first 19 issues. 

As of the 20th issue, the 4. BOYUT / Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, which is planned to be published electronically twice a year (April and October), started to include scientific studies in the fields of media and culture. The journal includes articles in Turkish and English, and  include all kinds of original Research Articles, Review Articles, Evaluation, Translation, Interview, Opinion and Book Criticism in the field of cultural studies. No processing fee or publication fee is charged for the articles sent to the journal.

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4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies aims to publish on the field of cultural studies and to include new perspectives. To realize this aim, the journal is open to interdisciplinary studies within the scope of cultural studies developed within media and communication studies, and it is open to anthropology, literature, art, sociology, history, political science, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, etc., and accepts academic studies in almost all fields of social sciences. Our journal sees culture as both the experience of the world and the practices lived in it, and in this context, it covers all the processes that cover the cultural integrity of the society. In this context, it is a peer-reviewed journal published free of charge and open access, aiming to make original, qualified, and scientific contributions at the national and international level, over a separate theme for each issue in the field of cultural studies. Social, political, economic, technological etc. are in our scope since cultural factors underlie all important problems. 4. BOYUT aims to ensure that media and culture can be considered together with other fields.

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Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to identity of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief, or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and conclusions justified by the results?- Are adequate references made to other studies in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

Manuscript is to be submitted to journal’s e-mail: <a href="mailto:4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">4.boyut@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist), <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/96884E1BA9924F12AF7F79821E4CC052" target="_blank">title page</a>, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">author form</a>, and <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FB3EEFF5631F4A318D47EE4693B16731" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 11 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 200 and 250 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory only for manuscripts in Turkish.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs, and figures should be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>The 6th version of the <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/6th-edition-resources" target="_blank">APA 6 (American Psychological Association)</a> reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list.</li><li>Authors are responsible for all statements made in their study submitted to the Journal for publication.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

4. BOYUT Journal of Media and Cultural Studies complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Booka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOIAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/" target="_blank">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a>e) Journal Article with DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineSemercioğlu, C. (2015, June). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Thesis in TurkishSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (PhD Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.b) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Abstract]. Paper presented at the Academic Informatics Conference, Anadolu University, Eskişehir. Retrieved from http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</a>i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Eds.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice (pp. 134–140). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0</a>j) Paper PresentationÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. Paper presented at the X. National Educational Sciences Congress, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, BoluOther Sourcesa) Newspaper Article<a target="_blank">Erdoğan, D. (2022, 03 April). Tarihi Yarımada’nın ‘vizyon’u. Milliyet Ev, pp. 2.</a>b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorSavaştan kaçan öğrencilere üniversite kapıları açılıyor. (1993, July 15). Milliyet, pp. 10.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/69876F87DC834855973F7EBE7F8C4C57" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/607743031BC44C17A5581AA799FF961A" target="_blank">Title Page</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">Author Form</a></li></ul>

Ensure that the following items are present:Cover letter to the editor<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/52D5F1B139054BD88CDAC0A5C0A36E37" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><ul><li>Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D07AE2AB72424286AB59F6582DCAF47A" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/21F52089289742228C16CC2603801C03" target="_blank">Title Page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone, and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors</li><li>Acknowledgment, conflict of interest, financial support information</li></ul>Article (main text)<ul><li>Important: The author(s) identity information should not be included in the main text.</li><li>The title of the manuscript</li><li>Abstract (200-250 words)</li><li>Keywords: 5 in Turkish and 5 in English</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li><li>Attachments (if exists)</li></ul>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Emine Yavaşgel
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