Onur

Res. Assist.

The Cult of Theos Hypsistos in the Black Sea and Anatolian Cities

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Umut

Erman

Çiğdemtepe Mound is located approximately 15 km northwest of Bayburt within the boundaries of Çiğdemtepe Village in the central district (Figures 1&amp;2). The mound is positioned at the western end of the plateau and extends in an east-west direction, at the eastern end of the village from which it got its name. The mound lies to the south of Mam Su. Access to the mound is provided by the stabilized road going east through the village.The locality of Çiğdemtepe Mound has prevented the mound from being adversely affected by agricultural activities. However, due to its remote and off-the-road location, it has been exposed to extensive illegal excavations. On the northwest, northeast, and south slopes of the mound, treasure hunter pits had been spotted prior to the excavations (Sagona, 2004, p. 121). Furthermore, illicit digging pits have been found in the form of rings formed at regular intervals from the top to the fringes of the mound (Figures 2&amp;3). Sagona carried out important studies that revealed the archaeological potential of the Bayburt region and identified Çiğdemtepe Mound in 1990 (Sagona, 1992, p. 398; 2004, p. 121, Figs. 13/1, 14/1, p. 321). Based on the section in the treasure hunter pits on the northeastern slope of the mound, he mentioned an Early Bronze Age settlement, mainly pertaining to the Iron Age. In addition, starting from the church located approximately 300 meters south of the mound, he claims medieval deposits to also be present in the mound (Sagona, 2004, p. 121). Rescue excavations were carried out for a short time in 2018 under the presidency of the Bayburt Museum Directorate and conducted in the vaulted tunnel remnant located on the northeast slope of the mound. In these superficial and more protective surveys, mostly Middle and Early Bronze Age ceramic fragments were unearthed in the interior of the vaulted architectural remains. On the other hand, a few Iron Age pottery pieces were found, in addition to many amorphous and profiled ceramic pieces being spotted at different points of the mound.The Çiğdemtepe Mound excavations of 2019 occurred in the northern half of the mound (Figure 4). During the excavations, a three-phase cultural layer belonging to the Middle Ages was found. The first sub-phase was identified at an elevation of 1,615.69 meters above sea level and consists of Floor 1 artifacts covering a narrow area. The floor remnant that appears in the southern section of the grid square comprises a blocking pavement made up of smallsized rubble stones and compacted soil. The other lower phase of the Middle Ages was found at an elevation of 1,615.01 meters above sea level. Floor 2, covering a large area, and Wall 1, which consists of a single row of stones, are clues to the existence of a top sheltering material of a possible structure whose timber posthole is connected to Floor 2 (Figures 5&amp;6).This pit probably served as a posthole for the timber that carried the ceiling of the structure. Another cultural layer was found at an elevation of 1614.52 meters above sea level. The Layer IC architecture, consisting of a wide and long mudbrick wall base and stone foundation, has been heavily disturbed (Figure 7). In addition, burnt wooden beams crossing each other perpendicularly were found on the Floor 3 structure, which consists of mudbrick blocks. Considering their fallen positions reveals these wooden pieces to be the likely roof elements of the architectural structure of Layer IC. The other grid squares excavated in the northern half of the mound are D-6 and D-5. As a result of the studies carried out in grid square D-6, a staircase structure made of large limestones was identified (Figures 8&amp;9). Mortar mixed with lime was determined to have been used as the binding material on the stair steps and at the points where they overlapped. The staircase structure, which was built based on Wall 3 and a remnant of layer IC, is bounded by two wing walls from the east and west directions. Both wall structures have a small amount of mortar mixed with lime, with largely mud mortar having been used as the binding material.The remains of Floor 4, covering an area of approximately 2-meter square, were unearthed at the end of Wall 3 (Figure 9). Floor 4 was heavily destroyed and must have been connected to the apsidal structure. A circular wall at an elevation of 1,613.62 meters connected with Wall 5 and an apsidal structure bounded by Wall 6 have also been identified (Figure 10). The inner surface of the semi-circular western wall of the site with an apsidal plan is observed to have had large, small, and partially rubble masonry stones of non-standard sizes with mud mortar used as the binding material. In addition to the mud mortar, mortar mixed with lime was observed at some points of the walls of the structure. A layer consisting of mud mortar lumps was added to the outer surface of the bottom of the wall in a technique similar to the pisé technique. A 1.20-meter-wide door opening is found in the middle of Wall 5, which is the western wing wall of the eastern wall of the apsidal and staircase structure. To the south&nbsp;and north of the doorway are two limestone blocks that had been used for jamb purposes, extending vertically toward the deep elevation. The door opening is observed to have been covered with a large stone block. Obstruction of this original door opening that had provided the entrance to the apsidal building structure is located at the same elevation as the Floor 4 structure of Floor 5, which this study has identified as a late period floor, indicating it to have been used there in later periods.Architectural elements dating to the Middle Ages, floors (Figure 11) unearthed, and numerous fragments of ceramics with underglaze paint decorations have been found during the excavations carried out at Çiğdemtepe Mound, as well as pieces of glass bracelets. The glass bracelets and pottery fragments that have been uncovered point to a period between the 10th and 13th centuries AD. Apart from this, early period ceramic pieces, andiron pieces, obsidian fragments, and stone objects designed for grinding purposes make up the finds from the surface layer. From this point of view, a strong medieval structure is understood to have existed in the northern half of Çiğdemtepe Mound, with the early deposits having been heavily destroyed while this deposit was being created. Meanwhile, Layer IC is assumed from the architectural remains to have been destroyed as a result of a fire. According to the artifacts and findings obtained during the studies, at least three lower phases of the Middle Ages are present in the northern half of the mound.Excavations in the southern half of the mound were carried out in 2020 and mainly implemented in the form of sectional arrangements and stratigraphy determination studies on the Great Trench (Büyük Yarma; Figure 11). During the studies, monumental architectural remains and floors associated with these remains were unearthed (Figures 12-14). On Floor No. 1 (Figure 15) found in this section, Kura-Araxes ceramics and black-topped ceramics were found together. Pieces of burnt wood were observed on this floor. Analysis of a sample taken from these fragments indicates a date between 3096-2913 BC. On Floor No. 2 (Figure 16), Kura-Araxes ceramics and black-topped ceramic pieces were found intertwined. The analysis result of the carbonized wood residue taken from Floor No. 2 gives a date range between 3132-3009 BC. However, the results from a sample taken from the monumental architecture and the weak architectural remains unearthed to the east of the floors yielded a date around the 14th century AD. Radiocarbon readings have demonstrated the presence of a two-phase Early Bronze Age layer and a Medieval layer in the southern half of the mound. In addition, ceramic fragments from the floors support and confirm the radiocarbon readings.Aside from the Kura-Araxes ceramics from the Early Bronze Age I deposits, many amorphous and profiled sherds of EBA II-III and pieces with Iron Age features have been unveiled in the northern half and surface layer of the mound. These ceramics were not included in this study as they are not contextual finds. However, the relative chronology has been accepted as a criterion in our proposal.&nbsp;

A Convergence of Cultures at the East’s Gateway to the West:  New Insight into the Prehistory of Northeast Anatolia in Light of  the Excavation at Çiğdemtepe Mound

Gülnur

Aylin

The Bayraklı Mound of Smyrna (Ancient İzmir) is located in the Bayraklı District of Turkey’s İzmir Province. The first systematic excavations were conducted by J. Cook and E. Akurgal between 1948-1951. Afterwards, E. Akurgal directed the excavations between 1966- 1992 and M. Akurgal between 1993-2013. Most recently, the area has been excavated since 2014 under the direction of C. Tanrıver from Ege University.Although Bayraklı Mound has been excavated since 1948, the layers dating to the Bronze Age settlement are less known. The only excavation from the Early Bronze Age layer was carried out in “Trench E” in 1949, the findings of which E. Akurgal later published as a short report. According to this report, the earliest settlement of Bayraklı was dated to 3000 BC based on architectural remains and pottery finds. The new period of excavations has been conducted in the area of the western trenches in order to understand the Early Bronze Age layers in a wider framework. Layer I has been dated to the transition period from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age and is represented by rectangular structures with stone foundations. The pottery obtained from this layer have presented different wares and forms related to the period and are also known to come from Bronze Age layers of other sites in the West Anatolia Region. A group of anthropomorphic vessel sherds in the pottery collection constitute the main theme of this article.A total of six anthropomorphic vessel sherds were found in Layer I and dated to the transition period from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age. As is well known, anthropomorphic vessels can be divided into two main categories based on whether their decorations bear only a human face or a human body and face. The best examples with a human face and body together are known to have come from Troy, Limantepe, and Seyitömer. Because no complete vessel has yet been found, whether the Bayraklı Mound samples are decorated with a human body that includes the chest and arms or not remains unclear. The sherds that have been found are solely decorated with stylized human faces, including the eyes and nose. The eyes were made as circular reliefs, while the noise had been made as a vertical line relief before the firing of the vessels. The two main ware groups are observed as brown slipped wares and red slipped wares. The clay inclusions consist of sand, small pebble, mica, and lime. The burnishing has been observed to be of a low quality, with most sherds generally being unburnished. Similar anthropomorphic vessels are known to have come from settlements in the West Anatolia Region such as Troy, Aphrodisias, Karataş-Semayük, Seyitömer, Kumtepe, Bakla Tepe, Limantepe, Kocabaş Tepe, Çeşme-Bağlararası, Laodikeia/Asopos Tepesi, and Beycesultan (see map).The stratigraphic results from the settlements in West Anatolia indicate anthropomorphic vessels to have been especially common during the end of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. They continued to be used during the Late Bronze Age, but with a sharp decrease. According to the analysis of the anthropomorphic vessels found in West Anatolia, some chronological differences can be suggested based on vessel form and design. Anthropomorphic vessels with stylized human faces dating to the Early Bronze Age generally consist of small- and/or medium-sized vessels, as seen in Troy and Kumtepe. However, the size of the anthropomorphic vessels dating to the Middle Bronze Age at Limantepe and Çeşme-Bağlararası are larger than the Early Bronze Age ones. When taking the size of the vessel into consideration, the anthropomorphic vessel fragments from Bayraklı Mound reflect both Early and Middle Bronze Age traditions.The stylized human face decorations on vessels from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages also differ from each other. The Early Bronze Age figures from Troy and Kumtepe were made more round, while the Middle Bronze Age ones are more detailed.The meanings in the anthropomorphic vessel traditions in Anatolia, which date back to the Neolithic period, are explained as a reflection of the belief system related to female symbolism and fertility. Similar perceptions would likely have continued during the Bronze Ages as well. Although the meanings of anthropomorphic vessels are not yet known with certainty, this tradition clearly survived in Anatolia from the Neolithic to the end of the Bronze Ages. The Bayraklı Mound sherds reflect the continuation of the same tradition and/ or belief system during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages.&nbsp;

Anthropomorphic Vessels from the Old Smyrna Bayraklı Mound  and Their Meaning in the Bronze Age of the West Anatolia Region

Rabia

Erzurum is one of the largest cities in the East Anatolia Region and has strategic importance due to its position on the transition roads, which have enabled the establishment of political, cultural, and commercial relations to the north, south, east, and west. The Erzurum region has been inhabited continuously since the Paleolithic Age and is an important center where the interactions of many cultures with one another can be detected. Despite all this importance, the Northeast Anatolian Region in which Erzurum is located has been less explored archaeologically than other parts of East Anatolia. Despite the little amount of research, many early period settlements are known to have been identified during surveys. One of these is the Çiğdemli Mound located within the borders of Erzurum province and where a short-term rescue excavation had been carried out. Today, a settlement is still found in Çiğdemli District on the southern section of the mound. Based on the short-term rescue excavations and ceramic materials that were found there, an uninterrupted settlement can be said to have occurred at the mound up to the end of the Iron Age as a result of the pottery found from the earliest Kura-Araxes Culture.The Çiğdemli Mound is located on the west of Erzurum city and to the north of Çiğdemli neighborhood (formerly Tikkir) of the Aziziye District. The mound is located on a natural hill parallel to the Arkaçayılar creek passing along its base and overlooks the Daphan Plain and natural roads. The mound is also approximately 200 meters wide in the north-south direction and approximately 15 meters in height above the plain. The immediate surroundings of the mound are covered with agricultural fields. Arkaçayırlar Stream, which passes through its base and irrigates the land, connects to Karasu, one of the branches of the Euphrates, near Tebrizcik Neighborhood in the south. Karasu is an important branch of the Euphrates that forms from the merger of the Dumlu brook, which takes its source from the Dumlu mountains, with the Pulur Stream, whose headwaters come from the Palandöken mountains in the center of Aziziye.As with most of the other mounds in Erzurum, the Çiğdemli Mound has been heavily damaged due to land acquisition and illegal excavations by the villagers. Due to the two Seljuk plates and vessels belonging to the Kura-Araxes Culture unearthed by the villagers, the decision was made to conduct a rescue excavation in order to prevent further destruction on the mound. With the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums in 1997 under the chairmanship of the Erzurum Museum Directorate and the scientific consultancy of Prof. Dr. Mehmet Karaosmanoğlu, a retired faculty member from Atatürk University’s Archeology Department, a short-lived rescue excavation was carried out from September 7-25, 1997 for various reasons. The excavation also bore the distinction of being the first excavation of the department in Erzurum since the Archeology Department’s establishment at Atatürk University in 1973. In addition to the&nbsp;excavations, determinations were made about the archaeological history of the mound during the surveys conducted in the region under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Alpaslan Ceylan in 2000 and Prof. Dr. Mehmet Karaosmanoğlu in 2001.Among the ceramic material collected from the Çiğdemli Mound during the Erzurum Plain survey of 2001, materials from the Iron Age were determined to constitute the mostdense group after the Kura-Araxes Culture’s ceramics. A total of 53 profiled materials belonging to the three stages of the Iron Age (i.e., early, middle and late) were identified. Among the Iron Age materials, Early Iron Age materials were determined to constitute the densest group, with 28 samples from this phase, 12 ceramic samples from the Middle Iron Age, and 13 ceramic samples from the Late Iron Age. This study has evaluated the profiled fragments from among the Çiğdemli Mound’s Iron Age ceramic materials and formed ware groups according to their outer surface treatments.The Iron Age pottery found at Çiğdemli Mound, a plain settlement strategically located on intersecting road routes, is large enough in size to shed light on the Iron Ages of the Northeast Anatolia Region. In order to better understand the archaeological stratification at the Çiğdemli Mound and identify the cultural traces it contains, more extensive research will be required there.&nbsp;

An Evaluation of Iron Age Ceramic Materials from the  Erzurum-Çiğdemli Mounds in the Northeast Anatolia Region

Esra

The Early Urartian Kings Ishpuini and Minua’s Search  for a Royal Architectural Idiom as Reflected in the Lower and Upper Anzaf Fortresses

Okan

Apart from being as old as human history, burials are one of the most innate instincts that render humaneness to humanity and have manifested themself in quite different ways throughout the progression of human history. Any archaeological culture has had quite a persistent and conservative perspective regarding the form and/or forms of burial despite the existence of an attractive diversity in terms of burials throughout history worldwide. When compared to burial methods, the same archaeological culture might more easily accept a change regarding fundamental issues such as subsistence economy or raw material supplies. On account of this, changes in the forms of burials observed in a certain geography or settlement may indicate a new belief or a new ideology in the archaeological culture or occupation of such lands by another archaeological culture.The concept of burial referred to as kurgan is controversial not only in terms of its origin, but also in terms of when it was first used. The question still exists as to whether kurgans were a form of burial that had a precedent or was a self-styled new development. Some researchers have established a connection between dolmen-type megalithic burial structures and kurgans. Due to the available archaeological data, kurgans are known to exist in the geographic region between the Northern Black and Caspian Seas with earliest examples apart from controversial ones dating back to the early third millennium BC. The kurgan-type burial structure was first introduced into archaeological discussions in the first half of the 20th century – and mentioned with increasing frequency until the end of the century. Archaeological cultures that host kurgan tradition have been used in the explanation of origin of today’s Indo-European language group, and this has sometimes led to inappropriate generalizations such as ‘‘each ancient nomadic horseman culture having its own kurgan tradition’’. Current dates have been obtained using precise dating methods, and, mistakes were understood to have occured based on these dates with regard to the ordering of cultural layers once kurgans were excavated that were shown to contain multiple burials from different time periods and settlements with multiple cultural layers. As a result, what has been revised archaeologically has helped put the historical process of kurgans and nomadic horseman cultures on healthier grounds and corrected some mistakes regarding the order of cultural-technological processes. For instance, the finds found in Dereivka which had been excavated by Soviet archaeologists, and thought to prove the presence of horseback riding, were first dated to the fourth millennium BC, however, radiocarbon dating results have shown the finds to belong to the first millennium BC.As in contemporary times, large-scale irregularities were experienced regarding the climate and precipitation regime of the Eurasian steppes in the past. These irregularities had seriously affected the subsistence economies of the ancient Eurasian societies. As a consequence, either the subsistence economy would have changed fundamentally or the geography would have been abandoned outright. Thus, new geographies were settled in, and the societies of these geographies became acquainted with kurgan-type burial structures through these migrations. Central Europe in the west, the Balkans in the southwest, Anatolia in the south and the Near East have been among the geographies the migration movements reached. In addition to the migration movements of the pioneering kurgan tradition societies and the northern communities that subsequently accepted this burial method, ancient Greek colonial activities targeting the Northern Black Sea because of different social and economic reasons during the first millennium BC, also played a role in the spread of kurgan-type burial structures.Ancient Greek colonists provided fascinating products, especially pottery and the items made from metal, to the nomadic local (barbarian) communities of the Black Sea in return for the raw materials needed for their subsistence economy. These relations are believed to have started in parallel with the permission of the barbarian leader and continued through temporary agreements. After a while, these commercial relations resulted in intercultural interactions.Olbia was a settlement supposedly founded by ancient Greek colonists in the 7th century BC. The settlement later expanded its cultural and administrative sphere of influence by expanding itself to the northwest of Crimea. As a result, the geographical unit known as Great Olbia emerged. It had been included into the influence of Athens’ political zone influence by the 5th century BC. Unlike in Chersonesos which is located in the southwest, kurgantype burial structures are encountered in and near ancient Greek colonial settlements in the northwest of the Crimean Peninsula. Researchers have spent many years these kurgan-type burial structures and what they mean based on intercultural interactions. When evaluating kurgan-type burial structures in the colonial settlements and on the periphery of these settlements along with underground burial techniques, burial gifts, and other burial types, one can assume that a complex burial culture had existed in Crimea, one with a fascinating diversity.The burial gifts that have been found are not enough to discern the ethnic background and/or culture of the buried. Scythian arrowheads expanding toward the Near East and the surrounding regions have lost the ethnic-cultural identifiers they once possessed due to their quality. Likewise, because of its charm, ancient Greek pottery became a status symbol in the region and was met with approval by the barbarian societies. Nevertheless, underground burial techniques and burial shapes may help in identifying the individuals buried there. For instance, scientific consensus has reached the conclusion that no cenotaph has been found present amongst the burial types accepted as Scythian. Such precise assessments should be supported by other data. The point to pay attention to here is that, precise definitions can be made archaeologically regarding two different ethno-cultural identies while distinguishing the material cultural objects that belong to these two identities. In this regard, decisions can be made with the help of geography and chronology regarding which Scythian society and/ or societies had established relations with the ancient Greek colonies in the Northern Black Sea region and had actually formed.The relationship Athens had maintaned with the Northern Black Sea region is one of the subjects upon which focus should be placed. Undoubtedly, the relationships and the interactions between these two geographies must have left traces in both geographies due to the nature of these relationships and interactions. With the end of the kurgan tradition that had been unique to Attica at the beginning of the Archaic Period, a ‘‘new’’ kurgan-type burial structure emerged in Athens in the second half of the 6th century BC. The question of who were buried in these kurgans may actually hold answers regarding how the idea of the kurgan had progressed between the two geographies in the context of predecessor and successor.The visual network -and/or visual uniformity- presented by the steppe geography must have led the societies living there to maintain relationships with each other based on the right of sovereignty while using different methods. The horizon in this geography presents a flat and/or nearly flat view, and this geography kurgans may have been used to identify the borders. The height determined by a kurgan involves protrusions that are placed in such a way that they can be seen on the horizon from miles away. The visual range and network provided by the heights of kurgans may have identified an area of dominance rather than a linear line on adjacent plains. While the multiple burials from different time periods as unearthed in some kurgans may reflect power changes in a region, the material value as well as the symbolic meaning preserved by the kurgan may have manifested the formation of a semi-settled class that would have guarded these kurgans.&nbsp;

Kurgan, New Suggestions and Its Possible Role in Intercultural  Interactions: the Northern Black Sea (Greater Olbia) Case

Oğuz

Herodotus in Turkish: A Preliminary Study on  Herodotean Scholarship

The Küçük Menderes (Little Meander) Valley takes its name from the Küçük Menderes River that originates in the Kiraz district of İzmir and extends to the Aegean Sea along the Pamucak coast of İzmir’s Selçuk district. The river was called Κaystros in ancient Greece. Similar to other river valleys in Western Anatolia (e.g., Büyük Menderes, Gediz, and Bakırçay, respectively Maiandros, Hermos, and Kaikos in ancient Greece), the Küçük Menderes Valley is a highly productive region in terms of agriculture. . The valley extends east to west, has road networks stretching out to the Aegean Sea in addition to an agriculturally fertile plain, and contributes significantly to the economy of the settlements there. These advantages were vital for ancient societies and enabled the region to begin being settled in early times. Archaeological data has shown the road networks that passing through the valley to have been controlled by defensive structures since at least the Late Bronze Age, with fortresses and towers having been built at strategic locations. Efforts at keeping the region under control can be traced back to the Laskaris Period.This study deals with some of the new findings obtained during the surveys carried out in the mountainous regions of Tire, a city in the Küçük Menderes Valley cities of which very little information exists. The study focused in particular on the immediate surroundings of the rural settlement of Bonitai, located in the territory of Ephesos and located around the Küçükkale and Büyükkale neighbourhoods of Tire. Extensive archaeological data from the Hellenistic Period to Late Antiquity were found during the surveys carried out on the 863 m high Mount Kartal located near this settlement. Among the finds was the newly documented Hellenist castle situated on the mountaintop. This castle had served the same purpose as the contemporary Hellenistic defence structures in the region, which was to monitor the roads heading for the city of Ephesos that passed through the region. The wide vantage point angled toward the Küçük Menderes Valley from the north and toward Aydın from the south gives the impression that it had been an important fortification. The walls have pseudo-isodomic and bossage characteristics. The Küçükkale and Büyükkale Hellenistic defense structures located on the borders of the rural settlement of Bonitai and the contemporary tower under Keçi Castle ensured control of the area alongside with Boğaziçi Mevki.Many rural settlements are found along the highway, which passes through the Küçük Menderes Valley and provides inter-regional transportation. With this advantage, Bonitai and its surroundings probably first transported their agricultural products to Ephesos then to further distances via the port there. The rocky hill upon which the castle on Mount Kartal is located also has an open-air sanctuary. Although the surface finds helpful in dating have been limited so far, they are considered to be contemporary with the castle when considering the example from Panayır Mountain.The study introduces two churches that were identified for the first time through surveys. Two Late Antiquity churches dating back to the 5th or 6th century CE were identified, one along the northern and another along the southern slopes of Kartal Mountain. The first church was located in Tire’s Küçükkale village and has the name Küçükkale Church. The second is located in Germencik’s Dampınar village and was named Dampınar Church. The Küçükkale Church has been relatively well preserved. However, the Dampınar Church has been severely damaged due to agricultural activity. Church construction and reconstruction indicate that rural settlements in the Küçük Menderes Valley experienced a dynamic social rise in Late Antiquity, and based on many epigraphic materials, the same was true during the Roman Empire. The strong agricultural economy of the valley provided advantages to the settlements and the countryside.&nbsp;

New Findings from Tire and Mount Kartal

Atakan

Assoc. Prof.

Ahmet

This paper aims to study the materials used in Kurul Fortress’ architecture as well as the texture of the settlement, its architectural specifications, and structural functions as revealed during the 10 seasons of excavations that took place from 2010 to 2019. Kurul Fortress is described as a phrourion [Gr. fortress] and shows similar characteristics to that of the other settlements located in the region, which had all been built at high points to allow for such things as observing the immediate environment, effective defense, and control of the strategic surroundings. Kurul Fortress was settled during the Hellenistic period, particularly during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator (120-63 BC) and is significant as an example of a settlement from the Kingdom of Pontos and its implementation of architectural preferences reflecting the settlement’s daily needs and cultic practices.The excavation of Kurul Fortress has been one of the longest running expeditions in the Black Sea region. It is a hilltop settlement located on a tall andesite peak stretching out in the southwest-northeast direction. The fortress is built on a narrow long ridge and ranges from 20 to 45 meters wide and 250 meters long. Adjacent structures were found to have been built on the eastern and western slopes. The structures located on both slopes are accessible from a corridor located between them. This settlement model is understood to have been required in order to benefit the most from the topography, with much effort being observable due to the rock in the area have been cut out to provide larger rooms.Dozens of structures were unearthed during the 10 years of excavations, and the fortress has three main sectors: the Inner Fortress, the North Terrace, and the Administrative Buildings Area. In addition to the buildings that had been obtained by cutting out the main rock such as the Altar Rock, cistern, and stepped tunnel, the Inner Fortress also has 18 structures located on both the east and west slopes. Moreover, this sector is the highest point of the settlement with an elevation of 571 meters. More fruitful outcomes were obtained from the North Terrace compared to the Inner Fortress in terms of both small findings and architecture. Similar to the Inner Fortress, 18 structures located on both the east and west slopes were found at the North Terrace. Excavations of the Administrative Buildings Area have been carried out since 2019, and this sector consists of a complex comprised of adjacent structures for defense, cultic, and daily needs, as well as a large courtyard. The architecture is remarkable for being characterized by in-situ mudbrick walls. The excavations in this sector are still ongoing.Two types of stone were used in the architecture of Kurul Fortress. While andesite stones were used in most of the structures, sandstone in particular was used for the gates; both of these are local stones. Earthen materials were often preferred due to being cheap and easily accessible. The use of mudbrick blocks in the structures is notable in spite of the rainy and humid climate conditions. Thousands of mudbrick blocks were revealed in-situ along the stone base of the walls. Roof tiles are another earthen material that was used, and these had two types: stroter [Corinthian] and calypter [Laconian]. Almost all the structures in Kurul Fortress have a roof. As the last earthen material, plaster walls can be found in the important buildings of Kurul Fortress. Three-layered plasters in certain places indicate an ongoing renovation process to have occurred. Metal materials can often be encountered that connect stone or wooden elements together. Thousands of iron nails in particular were used to fasten wooden roof structures together. The metal fasteners in the stones can only be found in the rectangular blocks at the gates. Metal dowels fixed these blocks horizontally, while metal clamps fixed them vertically. No existing wooden structures remain preserved in Kurul Fortress; however, some examples of carbonized wood have been found in the soil inside the structures.Excavations unearthed 38 structures at Kurul Fortress between 2010-2019. This study has investigated the purposes for which these structures had been built and determined the functions for most of the structures. The structures were found to have been used for domestic, storage, defense, and cultic purposes. The structures that had been evaluated for domestic purposes reflect the need the people of Kurul Fortress had for everyday activities. More of these structures were found compared to the other types. Two buildings unearthed from 2010-2019 had been used solely for storage purposes and had many pithoi placed in a specific order. The towers are the structures that functioned as defense. Many combat instruments were found in or around the six towers, whose layout presents a specific architectural plan. The cultic buildings in Kurul Fortress are very important in terms of how the architecture mirrored the religion of the people of Kurul Fortress.The absence of later cultural layers (e.g., Roman, Byzantine, or Ottoman) in Kurul Fortress after Mithridates VI Eupator’s reign allowed the architectural remains to survive relatively well-preserved. This study has assessed the architecture of Kurul Fortress and contributed significant information about the Kingdom of Pontos. Importance is had in understanding the accepted architectural textures and architectural preferences that occurred in the Black Sea region during the late Hellenistic period.&nbsp;

An Assessment of Spatial Organization, Architectural Materials,  and Structural Functions at Kurul Fortress

Merve

Rifat

Treasury Architecture as a Dialectical Construction in  Ancient Greece: A Conceptual Evaluation of the Siphnian  Treasury

Hatice

Hemispherical bowls known as Megarian Bowls due to being first found in Megara are one of the main forms of Hellenistic pottery art. Bowls that were produced from molds without handles or feet gain importance due to having relief decorations on their outer surfaces. This type of bowl was widely used in daily life as a drinking container. The bowl labeled No. 1 in the catalog has an S-shaped neck and a swollen body. The decorative motifs on the bowl show Eros walking on acanthus, between vine leaves, charioteer groups, hippocampi, deer, dogs, pigs, and loutrophoroi. Because Ephesus was dominant in Ionia regarding the production of ceramics during the Hellenistic period, Pergamon turned its attention to the north, with Sardeis, Kyme, and Daskyleion being influenced by Pergamon art. Many Pergamon motifs are seen in the Sardeis excavations. The Great Altar excavations of Pergamon found bowls with swollen walls similar to this study’s bowl catalogued as No. 1. In Kyme, bowls with elegant S-profile rims were only found among the Pergamon imports. Zhuravlev states that the rims of the Pergamon bowls is in an “S” shape copied from the Pergamon metal bowls. The S-shaped rim and swollen body of Bowl No. 1 are in the form of Pergamon bowls. This feature can also be seen in the bowl fragments unearthed at sites in Black Sea cities. The influence from Pergamon bowls is also seen to have spread to the interior of the Black Sea region. Schurgaia emphasizes the close relations between the workshops in the Black Sea region and Pergamon. The Black Sea cities copied the wares purchased from Pergamon using molds. Pergamon wares generally spread over the northern Pontus region, with the main center of transit trade being Panticapaeum. Pergamon Bowl No. 45.16.1 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art shows a walking Eros figure and has been dated to the middle of the 2nd century BC. According to the sample compared in this study, the proposal can be made that Pergamon Bowl No. 1 dates between the second half of the 2nd century BC to the end of the 1st century BC.The figure of a walking dog as a decoration on Bowl No. 2 is repeated seven times consecutively. The bowl has a shorter and broader form compared to Bowl No. 1 and is a sigillata from the late Hellenistic to early Roman period. The wall is slightly thicker at the bottom, with border decorations appearing on the middle of the bowl or in the form of a line. Bowl No. 2 is buff-pink in color, hard-fired, and fine, with these features more resembling Antakya productions. Kraus who has been searching in Mainz Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, published two Eastern Sigillata A and noted that the bowls, which were similar in light-red coloring, in forms and dating, were probably Syrian made. Kraus dated&nbsp;the bowls he compared to the Antakya samples to the second half of the 1st century BC. Kramer, who has been researching Gindaros, states that both the mold-made bowls and the Eastern Sigillata A finds are very similar to the samples of Antakya, the largest ceramic production center in Syria during the Hellenistic Period. This study compared Bowl No. 2 to examples from Tel Anafa, Oboda, Tel Arqa, and Gindaros, and this bowl can be dated to the second half of the 1st century BC.The skyphos catalogued as No. 3 in the catalog has a lower section in the form of a broad bowl that had been made from a bowl mold. The decoration of the bowl consists of a long petal motif with a convex upper section rising straight up between the flowering branches. Sardeis bowls that are decorated with long petals and have this feature have been dated to 165-145 BC. Thus, Skyphos No. 3 likely belonged to sometime between the second half of the 2nd century BC to the end of the 1st century BC.&nbsp;

Moldmade Bowls and Molded Skyphos in the Eskişehir Eti  Archeology Museum

Emine

The aim of the present study is to introduce the non-blown glass vessels of the Late Hellenistic-Early Roman Imperial Period which were found during excavations carried out in Metropolis between 1989 and 2021. Besides this, the present study aims to address the transportation of these glass vases to the city as well as their place in daily life. Sixty-nine examples, which were better preserved than the others, were examined within the scope of this study. The abundance of findings allowed a chronological and typological distinction to be made among themselves. Such forms typical of the Late Hellenistic – Early Roman Imperial Period and produced in sagging method that were found in the excavations include: a finned bowl fragment, a mosaic bowl fragment, core-formed bottle fragments, and a millefiori bowl fragment, as well as “Grooved Bowls,”, “Ribbed Bowls,”, “LinearCut Bowls,” and “Undecorated Bowls.” In addition, although the blowing technique in glassmaking was developed and widespread at that time, the glass dishes produced via the casting technique, which was used in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, were also evaluated in detail in our study.&nbsp;During the excavations carried out in Metropolis, various glass vessels dating to the Hellenistic and Early Roman Imperial Periods have been encountered in almost every sector that has been excavated, such as the acropolis, the theater, the stoa, the perystill house, the Lower Bath-Palaestra, and the balneum. While some of these are luxury glass vessels, most of them reflect the typical bowls of the period. The city’s close relations with Ephesos, one of the important centers of the period, and the existence of a port facility on the Kaystros (Küçük Menderes) River in the Hellenistic Period, which was operated by the people of Metropolis, should have facilitated the transportation of imported products arriving at the port of Ephesos to Metropolis, as well as helped the products produced in the city to be marketed abroad. This situation explains that the glasses, which are considered among the imported glass vessels and examined in detail, have been extensively recovered from all areas of the city. The abundance of glasses also shows that glass products had an important place in the daily life of the city during the Late Hellenistic-Early Roman Imperial Period.The earliest glass vessels found in Metropolis include: a finned bowl fragment, three core-formed bottle fragments, a mosaic bowl fragment, a millefiori bowl fragment, and a group of contemporary vases, including grooved bowls typical of the period dating to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Among these, the finned bowl fragment and the striped mosaic bowl fragment are very important in terms of adding new samples to the limited number of known examples in Anatolia. In addition, the grooved bowls, which are accepted as typical forms of the Late Hellenistic Period, offer a wide selection with their cylindrical body-flat bottom and conical body with grooved outside examples, in addition to their well-known conical and hemispherical forms.The group of findings containing the most concentrated glass vessels in Metropolis consists of ribbed bowls and linear cut bowls, which were used in the mid-1st century BC to the mid-1st century AD, as well as rarer forms of undecorated bowls and a millefiori bowl fragment. The intense presence of ribbed and linear cut bowls also helps to detect typological differences between the samples. It is understood that the circulation and usage of the undecorated glass bowls, made via the sagging technique and encountered in this period, is more limited. Three fragments, belonging to the opaque white dish of the Early Roman Imperial Period, and the colorless glass dishes of the Early-Middle Roman Imperial Period, which have a very limited number of similar ones published in Anatolia, were found in Metropolis. These types of dishes are considered to be the latest examples in the Roman world of vessels produced using the casting technique.&nbsp;

Hellenistic-Early Roman Imperial Glass Finds from Metropolis  (Ionia) Excavations (1989-2021)

Leyla

The institution of sacred slavery in Antiquity is an interesting subject with a long scholarly history of much debate. Despite numerous important and seminal published works on sacred slaves, studies still continue to find answers to some questions. In this article, answers were sought to several questions regarding the sacred slavery problem within the general framework of providing a contribution to the subject. How was the status of sacred slave was obtained? Was there a legal aspect of sacred slavery? How were individuals declared sacred slaves? Did this status provide any privileges to the individual? Did sacred slaves take part only in cult activities or did they have other responsibilities as well? Did the status of sacred slaves cover the entire Mediterranean World, which was especially under Greek influence, or did it vary from one land to another? Did the job description of a sacred slave vary with the features of a deity? Based on the terms hierodoulos and hetaira, which are used to mean sacred slave, answers to these and similar questions have been sought to the extent permitted by ancient literary works, epigraphic and papyrological sources, and modern research.Within the scope of these questions, it is understood that the models of the status of hierodoulos in Antiquity differs in Egypt than the ones in Anatolia and Greece. While in Ancient Egypt, this status was obtained by the individual’s own will to enter the service of a god, in Ancient Anatolia and Greece, such a status appeared when one was emancipated under the authority of a deity. Although there are no traces of a legal regulation regarding protection of this status, the freedoms of the sacred slaves were somewhat guaranteed by the authorities by establishing a divine connection, as can be seen in the inscription of Antiochus I and epigraphic evidence from Egypt. On the other hand, considering being condemned to a life of servitude at a temple or a sanctuary as a sacred slave in Ancient Greece and Anatolia as a way of freedom is too much of an optimistic perspective. Thinking this instead as something between freedom and slavery seems to be a more acceptable approach.Descendants of individuals who were freed by being devoted to a deity in Ancient Greece and Anatolia continued to live in the system they were raised in and were accustomed to, perhaps because of a contract their ancestors made or voluntarily. Hence, as Strabo states, thousands of sacred slaves worked in the vast lands of Greece and Anatolia, such as Comana, Men, Corinth and Eryx. Glancing at the task descriptions of these sacred slaves, it is seen that they not only took part in cultic rituals, but were put to work in agricultural affairs at the temple fields and even did construction and maintenance work when necessary.&nbsp;It is understood that, contrary to their counterparts in Ancient Anatolia and Greece, individuals apparently served the deities with the title hierodoulos in Egypt voluntarily, whenever the need arose, while continuing their normal daily lives. Egyptian hierodouloi, who are thought to have been free persons and had citizenship, since they are mentioned in papyri written in Ancient Greek from 3rd Century BCE to Roman Period with their surnames, served local deities and took care of sacred animals in the temples. Although sources from the Hellenistic Period do not provide much information about the way these people devoted themselves, the assumption of sacred slaves in Egypt dedicating themselves to gods and goddesses with their own personal initiative as a way of worship is a strong possibility.Hetairai must have appeared in the Greek World as a unique institution of sacred prostitution with the importing of some cults and rituals from the Ancient Near East to the West, first via trade connections and later interactions in the aftermath of military campaigns, as two goddesses where sacred prostitutes are devoted to appear to be Aphrodite and Ma, which are of Eastern origin. Temple slaves devoted to the goddesses Corinth and Comana, either by their own volition or on behalf of someone else, are mentioned in ancient sources, as they served by selling their bodies. Aphrodite being the Goddess of Love in the Ancient Greek World and Ma’s promotion being of a similar aspect, at least in Comana, is very important to show the cultic link between the deities and sacred prostitutes. Indeed, there is no information regarding sacred prostitutes devoted to deities without aspects of love or sexual association. This condition leads to the interpretation that the female sacred slaves in the temples of Aphrodite and Ma may have been associated with unreal phenomena, as well as prostitution in connection with the cult.&nbsp;

Temple Slaves in Antiquity: Hierodouloi / Hetairai

Hasan

Zeliha

Karacahisar Castle is located within the boundaries of Eskişehir’s Odunpazarı District. The first scientific studies in the castle were initiated as surface surveys in 1999 with the initiatives of Prof. Halil İnalcık. Excavations were carried out under the direction of Prof. Ebru Parman between 2002 and 2005 and Prof. Erol Altınsapan between 2011 and 2018. Excavations were continued in 2019 under the scientific coordination of Assist. Prof. Hasan Yılmazyaşar, and under the direction of the Eskişehir Archeology Museum, and have been continuing under the direction of Assist. Prof. Hasan Yılmazyaşar since 2020. During the archaeological excavations carried out in Karacahisar Castle between 2011 and 2014 and 2019 and 2021, seven Byzantine coins, four Lesbos Lordships, one Wallachian Principality coin, and two Nürnberg coins were found. Moreover, three of the Byzantine coins were found in the Sarnıç, three in Trench “Z,” and one in Trench “V.” Two of the four coins belonging to the Lesbos Lordship were found in the Sarnıç and the other two in the “Z” Trench. The Wallachian Principality coin, which is represented with a single coin in the castle, was also found in the excavations in the Cistern. One of the Nürnberg coins was found on the surface and the other was found during excavations in Trench “V.”The Byzantine coins, which were found in the excavation, provide crucial data since there is no information about the castle in the sources. The names of the emperors and the mint marks on the two Byzantine coins cannot be read. However, the coins can be dated to the Early Byzantine period by reference of the unit markings on the reverse side. One half follis (K) and one pentanummium (Є) are the earliest coins found in the excavations to date. The Nicomedia minted Focas (602-610) coin is the earliest dateable coin found in the castle. In addition, one coin belonging to Mikhael II (820 – 829), Konstantinos VII (913- 959), and Constantinos X (1059-1067) was found during the excavations. The Anonymous G (1065/1070) coin is the latest dated Byzantine coin found in the castle and represents the Middle Byzantine period settlement in the castle. Karacahisar Castle, which was in a fundamental position in terms of defense during the Byzantine period, was located in the impact area of the historical events that Dorylaion was exposed to. Dorylaion is where the army was situated because it sat on the transit route of some expeditions, according to Byzantine sources. Due to its strategic location, it was influenced by Persian and Arab raids until the 12th century, and then played an important role in the Byzantine struggle for their dominance with the Seljuks and the Ottomans.&nbsp;Four of the bronze coins found in Karacahisar Castle are dated to the era of Francesco Gattilusio II (1384-1403/1404). The coins belonging to Francesco Gattilusio II should be evaluated in the context of the use, protection and settlement of the castle during the reign of Yildirim Bayezid, whose many coins were found in Karacahisar. The finding of the Francesco coins in the Karacahisar Castle excavations can be explained by commercial activities, as well as by means of ransom and tribute. Thus, the coins may have been circulated in the Early Ottoman economy. One of the European coins found in the excavations of Karacahisar Castle is the silver ducat belonging to the Wallachian prince Mircea I (1386-1394 / 1397-1418). The Mirčea I coin, which is represented with a single example in the Karacahisar Castle excavations, was found in the same code as the coins of Murad I, Yıldırım Bayezid, and Çelebi Mehmed. It is known that the coins of Mircea I were found together with the coins of Murad I and Yıldırım Bayezid in many contemporary treasures found in the Balkans. Although it is not possible to detect precisely why the Mircea I coin was found in the castle, numerous hoards of Wallachian coins found in the Balkans and on the northern Black Sea coast reveal that Wallachian coins were already in circulation in the Bulgarian market. In this context, the Ottoman domination over Bulgaria, which started during the reign of Murad I and continued during the reign of Yıldırım Bayezid, becomes meaningful.One of the two brass Nürnberg tokens found in the excavations of Karacahisar Castle is the production of Hans Schultes III (1608-1612), while the other comes from the Hans Krauwinckel II (1586-1635) workshop. Tokens, whose function changed with the spread of written accounts in the second half of the 16th century, were used as chips in card games and as souvenirs at weddings and festivals are very common in archaeological sites. It must have been found in Karacahisar Castle at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, due to its temporary disappearance.&nbsp;

Byzantine and European Coins Found in Karacahisar Castle in  the Historical Context

Ömer

This article evaluates the remains of the castle and structures that were discovered during the excavation the Tekirdağ Museum conducted in 2021 in the Karakaya locality near the TekirdağOsmanlı Village. The castle is located 12 km northwest of the ancient city of Raidestos on the Via Egnatia. The castle was built on a high hill overlooking at an approximate distance of 4 km both the roads connecting Raidestos to the inland settlements of Druzipara/Büyükkarşıran and Chariupolis/Hayrabolu. The castle has a castrum-type trapezoidal rectangular floorplan. The reason for this likely being that it had been built in consideration of the shape of the hill on which it is located. The walls enclose an area of about 2.75 acres. The northern wall of the castle runs about 87 meters, the southern wall about 88 meters, the eastern wall about 72 meters, and the western wall about 75 meters. Saying anything about the height of the walls would be difficult because only 3-4 rows of stones have survived to the present day. The walls are 160 cm thick and were built using a rubble stone masonry technique with white mortar. Local stones of various ramdomly cut sizes were used on the walls. The exterior of the walls was covered with more smoothly cut stones to hide the appearance of the rubble stones inside the wall, thus the attempt was made to obtain a smoother, more beautiful exterior appearance. The stones closer to the ground were cut larger, thus creating a more solid foundation for the fortifications. In addition, the northern wall of the castle is seen to have been supported by buttresses measuring 120 x 50 cm from the inside, thus increasing its resistance to strong winds coming from the in an attempt to prevent its collapse.The excavations unearthed two towers, one with a square layout on the eastern fortification wall of the castle and another circular layout on the southeast corner. The southeast corner tower of the castle has circular layout with a 9-meter diameter. Due to being located on the less steep side of the hill, the southeast corner tower was built to withstand attacks. The outer walls of the square tower in the middle of the east wall measures 820x830x965 cm, with both towers having a wall thickness of 170 cm. In order to determine the borders of the castle, a sounding excavation was carried out in the southwest corner. As a result of the excavation, the walls were determined to have been set on one large-sized rock without any tower. Likewise, no tower was found in the northeast corner of the castle. Whether or not a tower existed in the northwest corner is unknown as no excavations were carried out there.&nbsp;The earliest archeological finds in the castle date back to the 4th century AD, while the latest finds include a few pottery fragments dating from the 12th-13th century AD. Apart from the limited number of ceramic pieces, all other finds were dated to the 5th-7th centuries AD. The castle architectural features, archaeological finds and building activities as well as other castles in the region and historical events of the 5th-7th century AD indicate that the castle may have been built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565 AD). However, future archaeological excavations will be needed in order to be able to state this with certainly.Not just the castle walls but also the remains of multiple structures connected to the walls were seen inside and outside the castle during the excavations. Excavations were carried out only in Area 1 in the northeast corner of the castle, with the walls from these building remains being traceable from the surface. The excavations show the building to have had an area of approximately 40 m2 with walls 90 cm thick that had been made using the mortarless rubble masonry technique. Conical loom weights, a square loom weight, a square metal weight, a bronze sewing needle and spindle whorls were found in the northeast corner of the building. Fragments from two pithoi, oil lamps from the 5th-7th centuries AD, and fragments from incised vessels of various shapes belonging to the 5th -6th century AD were found in the southwest corner of the building. Based on these finds, the building is understood to have been a weaving workshop. According to the dating of the lamp and ceramic pieces, the weaving workshop was used in the 5th-7th centuries AD, after which it was abandoned along with the castle for some reason.&nbsp;

Karakaya Castle: A Newly Discovered Castle in Tekirdağ

Fatih

A 50 – Year Archaeological Saga: Hacılar

Mustafa

Erkan

Hocamız Prof. Dr. Muharrem Taner Tarhan 2.2.1941-17.08.2022

Prof. Dr. Nuşin Asgari 3 Ekim 1931- 18 Kasım 2022

Şahin

Assist. Prof.

Türkiye’de Bizans Çalışmalarının Öncülerinden Prof. Dr. Melek Delilbaşı (1947-2022)

Prof. Dr. Elmar Schwertheim 09.07.1943 – 05.11.2022

Yaşar

Jürgen Borchhardt  25.2.1936 - 26.7.2021

Mehmet Emin Başaranbilek 14.01.1945 - 21.12.2022

Şebnem

Prof.

Aşkım

Pamphylia ve Arkeoloji ile Dolu bir Yaşam:  Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu 1943 - 2019

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Nilgün

A New Look at Ağın Hoşrik and Kalecikler Area Rescue Excavations

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Anatolian Research – Anadolu Araştırmaları is the publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters. The journal was founded in 1955. It is an open access, peer-reviewed and regional journal that targets audiences in Anatolia and its historically related regions in the neighborhood, such as the Balkans, East Mediterranean and Middle East. 

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Anatolian Research – Anadolu Araştırmaları aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge through publication of high quality articles in accordance with the international publishing standards. It is an open access, peer-reviewed and regional journal that targets audiences in Anatolia and its historically related regions in the neighborhood, such as the Balkans, East Mediterranean and Middle East. Starting from 2021 the frequency of the journal has been changed from annual to semi-annual.  Since 2021, the journal has been published in June and December. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be in Turkish, English, German, French or Italian.​The journal publishes studies which examine Anatolia and its related regions from prehistoric times to late antiquity. The areas of study covered in the scope of the journal are Ancient History, Archeology, Art History, History of Architecture, Anthropology, Epigraphy, Numismatic, Historical Geography and Archeometry.

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Ethics

Anatolian Research – Anadolu Araştırmaları adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/37F3B957BCF54F60A70319FCFCF702D8" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish, English, German, French and Italian are published. Submitted manuscript must include an abstract both in the article language and in English, and an extended abstract in English as well. However extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuanadolu" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuanadolu</a> and it must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/783CF472CBF7462C854CF4C5BBA9C7C3" target="_blank">Title Page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/37F3B957BCF54F60A70319FCFCF702D8" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. <ol><li>Manuscripts should be prepared using the Article Template. Due to double blind peer review, manuscript file must not include any information about the author.  </li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/592D6CDEA83E46C39252B3545F6D91E6" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone, mobile phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 120-200 words both in the language of the article and in English. An extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used is to be included following the abstracts. If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, sections, references, tables and figures.</li><li>References should be in accordance with American Psychological Association (APA) style 6th Edition.</li><li>Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the journal for publication.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Research Article: Original research articles report substantial and original scientific results within the journal scope. Original research articles are comprised of Abstract, Key Words, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References and Figures, Tables and Graphics.Abstract:  The abstracts in the language of the article and in English must be between 120- 200 words and state aim, method, result and conclusions of the study. If the article is in Turkish, German, French or Italian, an extended abstract of 600-800 words in English must be written as well following the abstracts.Introduction: This section must contain a clear statement of the general and specific objectives as well as the hypotheses which the work is designed to test. It should also give a brief account of the reported literature. It should clearly state the primary and secondary purposes of the article. Only, the actual references related with the issues have to be indicated and data or findings related with the current study must not be included in this section.Methods: This section must contain explicit, concise descriptions of all procedures, materials and methods (i.e. data sources, participants, scales, interviews/reviews, basic measurements, applications, statistical methods) used in the investigation to enable the reader to judge their accuracy, reproducibility, etc. This section should include the known findings at the beginning of the study and the findings during the study must be reported in results section.Results: The results should be presented in logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first. The all the data in the tables or figures should not be repeated in the text; only the most important observations must be emphasized or summarized..Discussion: The findings of the study, the findings and results which support or do not support the hypothesis of the study should be discussed, results should be compared and contrasted with findings of other studies in the literature and the different findings from other studies should be explained. The new and important aspects of the study and the conclusions that follow from them should be emphasized. The data or other information given in the Introduction or the Results section should not be repeated in detail.Conclusions: Conclusions derived from the study should be stated.. The conclusions should be linked with the goals of the study but unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately supported by the data should be avoided. New hypotheses should be stated when warranted, but should be labeled clearly as such.Figures, Tables and Graphics: Figures, tables and graphics materials should be “.jpg, .tiff or .jpeg” format and they should be submitted with the article. These materials should be min. 300 pixels and they must not be bigger than page size. The illustrations should not exceed 10 pages. All illustrations should be labelled and a list of figures with captions, legends, and credits should be provided on a separate page.Review Article: Reviews prepared by authors who have extensive knowledge on a particular field and whose scientific background has been translated into a high volume of publications with a high citation potential are welcomed. These authors may even be invited by the journal. Review article should contain title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, and references.<div style="text-align: left;"> </div>

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/37F3B957BCF54F60A70319FCFCF702D8" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5350E40CC1DA46329BCF534921596393" target="_blank">Title Page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/37BCCB75732B455C88A073D2A5A517CC" target="_blank">Author Form</a></div>

Anatolian Research – Anadolu Araştırmaları complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:<div style="text-align: left;">More than one citation;</div><div style="text-align: left;">(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Citation with one author;</div><div style="text-align: left;">(Akyolcu, 2007)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Citation with two authors;</div><div style="text-align: left;">(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Citation with three, four, five authors;</div><div style="text-align: left;">First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Citations with more than six authors;</div><div style="text-align: left;">(Çavdar et al., 2003)</div><div style="text-align: left;">Citations in the Reference</div><div style="text-align: left;">All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.</div>Basic Reference TypesBook<div style="text-align: left;">a) Turkish Book</div><div style="text-align: left;">Karasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.</div><div style="text-align: left;">b) Book Translated into Turkish</div><div style="text-align: left;">Mucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.</div><div style="text-align: left;">c) Edited Book</div><div style="text-align: left;">Ören, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish encyclopedia of informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.</div><div style="text-align: left;">d) Turkish Book with Multiple Authors</div><div style="text-align: left;">Tonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.</div><div style="text-align: left;">e) Book in English</div><div style="text-align: left;">Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.</div><div style="text-align: left;">f) Chapter in an Edited Book</div><div style="text-align: left;">Bassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.</div>g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.<div style="text-align: left;">h) Book with the same organization as author and publisher</div><div style="text-align: left;">American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.</div>Article<div style="text-align: left;">a) Turkish Article</div><div style="text-align: left;">Mutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.</div><div style="text-align: left;">b) English Article</div><div style="text-align: left;">de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002</div><div style="text-align: left;">c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven Authors</div><div style="text-align: left;">Lal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</div><div style="text-align: left;">d) Journal Article from Web, without DOI</div><div style="text-align: left;">Sidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.ca</div><div style="text-align: left;">e) Journal Article wih DOI</div><div style="text-align: left;">Turner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910</div><div style="text-align: left;">f) Advance Online Publication</div><div style="text-align: left;">Smith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867</div><div style="text-align: left;">g) Article in a Magazine</div><div style="text-align: left;">Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.</div>Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceeding<div style="text-align: left;">a) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial Database</div><div style="text-align: left;">Van Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)</div><div style="text-align: left;">b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional Database</div><div style="text-align: left;">Yaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali</div><div style="text-align: left;">c) Dissertation/Thesis from Web</div><div style="text-align: left;">Tonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.html</div><div style="text-align: left;">d) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts International</div><div style="text-align: left;">Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica-tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.</div><div style="text-align: left;">e) Symposium Contribution</div><div style="text-align: left;">Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.</div><div style="text-align: left;">f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved Online</div><div style="text-align: left;">Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm</div><div style="text-align: left;">g) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved Online</div><div style="text-align: left;">Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105</div><div style="text-align: left;">h) Proceeding in Book Form</div><div style="text-align: left;">Parsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.</div><div style="text-align: left;">i) Paper Presentation</div><div style="text-align: left;">Nguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.</div>Other Sources<div style="text-align: left;">a) Newspaper Article</div><div style="text-align: left;">Browne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.</div><div style="text-align: left;">b) Newspaper Article with no Author</div><div style="text-align: left;">New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.</div><div style="text-align: left;">c) Web Page/Blog Post</div><div style="text-align: left;">Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/</div><div style="text-align: left;">d) Online Encyclopedia/Dictionary</div><div style="text-align: left;">Ignition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. com</div><div style="text-align: left;">Marcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/</div><div style="text-align: left;">e) Podcast</div><div style="text-align: left;">Dunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/" style="font-size: 9pt;" target="_blank">http://itunes.apple.com/</a></div><div style="text-align: left;">f) Single Episode in a Television Series</div><div style="text-align: left;">Egan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.</div><div style="text-align: left;">g) Music</div><div style="text-align: left;">Fuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.</div>

Ensure that the following items are present:<ul><li>Confirm that the category of the manuscript is specifed.</li><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that  disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement is provided.</li><li>Confirm that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in with APA 6th. </li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/37F3B957BCF54F60A70319FCFCF702D8" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9256E76303E9478186A85666B8865A9E" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li></ul>●    Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>Abstract (120-200 words)</li><li>Key words: 5 words</li><li>Extended abstract in English: 600-800 words (for non-english articles)</li><li>Body text sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, explanation, captions)</li></ul>

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