Duygu

Assoc. Prof.

Üniversite Gençliğinin Sosyal Medyada Hikâyeleştirme Motivasyonları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Atalay

Football is a complicated sport with many stakeholders, which in its totality incorporates activities on and off the field; these, in their turn, are interpreted by the various parts of society according to their individual perspectives. One remarkable role in this multidimensional sport is that played by the football club fan leadership. Fan leaders determine the general attitudes and behaviors of their mass of fans, and their organizations interact with represent the fans to management. In this study, the role of fan leaders on crowds, their relationships with club managers, their leadership perspectives, and their communicative competencies are examined.This study analyzes and interprets two basic pieces of data. The first level regards those who support the fan leaders in the following football clubs: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club (BJK), Fenerbahçe Sports Club (FB), Galatasaray Sports Club (GS), İstanbul Başakşehir Football Club (İBFK), and Kasımpaşa Football Club (KSK). It focuses on the ability of the fan leaders to mobilize and calm all fans, regardless of socio-cultural environment, age and educational level. Second-level data were created through natural observations of the match commanders responsible for the safety measures of the teams BJK, FB, and GS in the 2018–2019 season, including fan leaders and their functions in crowd movements.The leaders have the ability to create or restrict chaos and improper movements by manipulating large crowds. Spectators in advanced age groups and with high&nbsp;educational levels are regarded as very calm; as noted by Gestalt theorists, however, they too can become part of a mass movements that they cannot even anticipate, similar to instruments that can form a harmonious piece of music under the orchestral conduction of fan leaders (Rock &amp; Palmer, 1990, p. 84). The audience, which comes together randomly, forges a common identity, as determined by the atmosphere created by the leader, and it loses their conscious personality, fulfilling every instruction of the fan leaders (Le Bon, 2018, p. 19). This shows the high communicative abilities of the fan leaders and their ability to cause individuals to lose control and to make the collective consciousness created by the leader to become psychologically swept away and react violently.In the event that leaders cannot obtain privileges from the club administrations, they can lead the mass of fans in ugly cheering and form fan actions. They have the power to mobilize the crowds to protest the management and to demand the withdrawal or transfer of players and coaches (Oktay, 2019). This authority encourages violent behavior, and power struggles among fan groups and fan leaders can move out of the tribune and cause various crimes (such as Amigo’s armed duel in 2017). The crimes of the leaders and sporting functions are evolving toward other areas of crime areas, also involving leaders and fans are involved.Match commanders generally agree that fan leaders play an active role in the emergence and spread of violence due to excessive fans and violence, and these actions are unlikely to occur without their knowledge. To prevent such incidents and ensure that watching matches remains enjoyable, match commanders engage in uninterrupted communication with the fan leaders, as well as using their legal powers.No study has yet been conducted to specifically examine fan leadership. In this study, the mass effectiveness levels of fan leaders and the impressions of the match commanders are investigated and cross-correlated. The original value of this study is found here, and it forms a contribution to this limited literature. In this respect, it is thought that this original study will enable the development of further research and practices regarding phenomena of fan leadership and mass behavior.

Türk Futbol Tribünlerinin Doğal Liderleri: Kitleleri Harekete Geçiren Tribün Liderlerinin Özellikleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Şükrü

Prof.

Hüsamettin

Assist. Prof.

Significant debates have been held for more than a decade on the impact of social media and the internet on political participation. Studies have shown that social media has become one of the most important platforms for online users to discuss politics and cause them to participate in politics away from the internet. In this research, the relationship between Turkish university students’ use of social media in relation to both online and offline political participation is examined. Social media usage patterns of the university students were examined during the local election period. Those who answered the research questions spent approximately 75 minutes with social media, out of which 73.9%did it every day. WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter are the most preferred forms of social media.The research also collected data on the political attitudes of university students. Results revealed that university students in the sample had a mid-level commitment to a particular party. Among the participants, both men and women have close values in terms of party loyalty level. The results show that Turkish men are more interested in the country’s problems than Turkish women. It is remarkable that university students’ interest in political campaigns and issues is at a medium level. Also, university students whose opinions were consulted in the research and in the political decision processes in local elections; they see internet, social media, and television more effectively.Apparently, Internal Political Efficacy is a particular area of concern for the students. As the level of interest of university students to the problems of the country increases, there is an increase in understanding the important political problems faced by the country and political participation. The political efficacy levels of the men and women in the sample are close to each other.The relatively low level of political participation of the university students participating in the research on social media is an important finding of this study. The students discuss their preference regarding a political candidate or party among other political discussion using instant chat. Although there is no significant relationship between socio-demographic variables such as gender and age and political participation in social media, each of the variables such as party loyalty, interest in country’s problems, dealing with political campaigns and issues, and the level of effectiveness of social media in political decisions are positive determinants of political participation in social media. There is an increase in the level of political participation in social media, as the level of party loyalty, interest in country’s issues, dealing with political campaigns and issues, and the level of effectiveness of social media in political decisions increases. In other words, while university students in the sample think more that they find themselves qualified to participate in politics; they express more that they understand the important political problems faced by the country. The increase in daily social media usage time can trigger political participation in social media. As Kenski and Stroud (2006) found that Internet access and online exposure to presidential campaign information increase political participation.This research was designed to reveal the relationship between the level of political participation in social media and social media usage patterns, as well as political attitudes and political activity during the 2019 Turkish local elections on a sample selected from among university students. Future research could increase sample size. In addition, the effectiveness of variables such as trust in the media and the political system and political participation can also be subject to further research. What is the relationship between news media usage frequency and political participation can be another research topic?

2019 Yerel Seçiminde Sosyal Medyadaki Siyasal Katılım Üzerinde, Siyasal Tutumlar, Siyasal Etkinlik ve Sosyal Medya Kullanım Örüntülerinin Rolü: Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Araştırması

Selin

The positive effects of storytelling on human beings have been acknowledged by experts in public relations, marketing, and advertising alike, and affective stories have become a popular method for establishing strong emotional ties with the target groups of communication activities. Storytelling is one of the methods used in corporate advertising to personalize the messages transmitted to the public. This approach considerably increases the persuasiveness of a brand, thus providing an opportunity to establish a deeper and more intensive interaction. Corporate advertising practitioners who place the past values and future vision of the enterprise on common ground with the attending cultural perspective through the most appropriate stories in an emotional and effective language are expected to be successful.This study aims to focus on the use of storytelling in corporate advertising and to examine the principal elements of storytelling from a cultural perspective through the example of the film advertisement titled “Foundation” of Turkey’s İşbank, which was published in 2019. This analysis aimed to discover how meaning is created through storytelling and the means by which the existing cultural information is converted into emotional messages. According to “Banking 500 2019,” an annual report of the 500 most powerful banks in the world by Brand Finance, an international institution measuring the brand value of enterprises, Turkey’s İşbank was listed as “one of the 10 most powerful brands in the world.” The bank identified its foundation with that of the&nbsp;Republic of Turkey, going back to the first years of the Republic as shown in the corporate advertising film entitled “Foundation,” thereby by creating a cultural connection through the story.Because it is a successful and appropriate example of storytelling, according to “Banking 500 2019,” the corporate advertising film of Turkey’s İşbank was selected as the subject of research for this study. The film was analyzed in two stages. In the first stage, semiotic narrative analysis uses Greimas’ (1983) Actantial Model to interpret İşbank’s “Foundation” film in a way that enables the discovery of hidden meanings through visual, verbal, and written codes. In the second stage, corporate advertising is analyzed from a cultural perspective. In this analysis, the attributes of rituals, symbols, values, and heroes are used, as included in the context of Seyfi’s (2016) storytelling. The analysis of the integrity of the storytelling method observed in corporate advertising is only possible by considering the cultural perspective, as corporate advertising acts primarily as a culture translator, transmitter, and transferor and finds its meaning within the culture. More than one analytical method is used for discovering the means and purpose of creation, from the outer surface to the deep inner meaning. In doing so, we attempt to define how İşbank’s ‘Foundation’ creates meaning through storytelling and cultural perspective.According to the analyses applied, İşbank’s corporate advertising film uses an emotional tone that was created in conformation with the concept of storytelling. Both cultural and national identification is constituted between the founding of the Republic of Turkey and the bank, in view of the results of the semiotic analysis. Accordingly, the “Foundation” story of Turkey’s İşbank is in fact an allegory of the foundation of Republic of Turkey. The second stage of the analysis, which includes rituals, symbols, values, and heroes, reveals that the advertising film is quite rich in cultural perspective. The narrative of corporate advertising has a quality conforming to the cultural perspective of storytelling.

Kurumsal Reklam Ekseninde Türkiye İş Bankası ve Cumhuriyetin ‘Kuruluş’ Hikâyesi: Kültürel Perspektif Bağlamında Greimas’ın Eyleyenler Modeli ile Çözümleme

Özlem

Barış

In order to survive, institutions must struggle with crises and find solutions to problems in a short time in times of crisis. It is known that institutions that produce solutions to their problems before the crisis by adopting a proactive approach in the pre-crisis period overcome the crisis with less damage, while institutions that adopt a reactive approach and intervene in the crisis after the crisis occurs are much more negatively affected by it. Institutions’ intervention in a crisis at the right time plays an important role in overcoming the crisis with little damage. In order to manage the crisis correctly and quickly, crisis response strategies must be well known and implemented by the institution. In this context, it becomes important how the institution will communicate with its target audience and when it will inform its stakeholders on what issues. Several theories have been developed on how communication should be best used in crisis situations. One of these theories is the theory of situational crisis communication. Situational crisis communication theory examines the effects of crisis response strategies on the level of responsibility and organizational reputation perception attributed to the organization in relation to the crisis. According to the theory, the target audience’s opinion on the reputation of the institution is shaped in accordance with the history and vision of the organization. The target audience evaluates the organization’s ability to manage the crisis in the event of a crisis within the framework of the organization’s history, crisis response strategy and crisis type. In other words, the target audience, which had a positive perception of the organization in the past, may have a more positive perception of the institution during the crisis. But the opposite is also possible.&nbsp;The aim of the study is to analyse the role of crisis response strategy, which is among the basic assumptions of situational crisis communication theory, in terms of the level of responsibility attributed to the corporate and the perception of corporate reputation. It was aimed to explain how university authorities use crisis response strategies during a crisis and how students perceive the approach of the university to the crisis within the scope of the study. The research was conducted through a crisis scenario with 325 participants. After the crisis based on the scenario, it was assumed that Uşak University issued 2 separate press releases to the public. In the first of these, a survey which included “acceptance, apology and compensation” elements as part of the coping strategy, was given to 45.8% of respondents (n=149). In the second, a survey published after the same incident, this time with a press release that used the elements “blaming someone else, scapegoating, not accepting responsibility” as part of the denial response strategy, was given to 54.2% (n=176). The corporate reputation was measured in two ways, before crisis and after crisis. It was seen that average attendance level of the students in the first release increased. In this context, it was determined that when the university accepted responsibility for the incident that was the subject of the crisis and implemented various rebuild actions and apologized, albeit indirectly, in a positive sense, this contributed to the reputation of the institution. It was observed that the institution’s implementation of various rebuild actions by accepting responsibility for the crisis increased participation level of the participants in all statements and thus had a remarkable positive impact on corporate reputation.It was determined that the participation rates of students reading the second press release decreased in all of the reputation scale statements (13 statements). It was found that the university’s blaming the food company, not accepting responsibility, making the press release late, not using any rebuild and compensatory elements caused the decline of reputation perception of the institution. In the same way, using statements which contain elements of “compensating” and “rebuilding activities” in the first press release revealed the fact that the institution was noticed much more quickly in public than other components. It was found that institution’s blaming the food company, not accepting responsibility for the incident, making the release late, and not using any rebuild and compensatory elements had a remarkable negative impact on corporate reputation. It is seen that the insensitivity of the institution to the environment in which it operates and to the rights of its stakeholders can negatively affect the corporate reputation. In both cases, it is observed that the element of “social responsibility” becomes prominent among components of corporate reputation.

Durumsal Kriz İletişimi Teorisi Çerçevesinde Kriz Tepki Stratejilerinin Kurumsal İtibar Üzerindeki Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yeşim

Seda

Kemal

As a result of the digitalization of every area of life, individuals’ work practices and lifestyles have changed. Today, this process has accelerated with the internet of things, and design innovations with digital and smart production technologies. The development of internet and mobile technology infrastructures, the increase in digitalization, sensor technologies, portability, and mobility have become more important as data processing based on communication technologies takes up more space in our lives with the widespread use of mobile web pages.This study aimed at identifying the leadership characteristics of two political candidates, Binali Yıldırım and Ekrem İmamoğlu, as leaders of the 2018 June Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Elections, by analyzing their discourses on a social network application in a political communication context. To this end, discourse and emotion analyzes were conducted on both candidates’ tweets using data mining techniques.&nbsp;This research framework investigated the following three issues. First, it identified the leadership characteristics of both political leaders and which leadership characteristics came to the fore during their tweets. Second, the discourses that emerged during the posts of political leaders were identified. Third, the dominant emotional variables were identified by conducting a textual analysis of the emotional content of candidates’ discourses.The study deployed a descriptive research model (Yıldırım &amp; Şimşek, 2018, p. 239) and a comparative method. A mixed research design was used which included both qualitative and quantitative methods. A Twitter Developer Account was created to obtain the data. An API (Application Programming Interface) was taken to pull data from Twitter. All tweets were obtained using the RStudio program via the API. Tweets were converted into data frame/tibble data format by the program in preparation for analysis.The “assertiveness-responsiveness measurement” of Richmond and McCroskey (Richmond &amp; McCroskey, 1990) was used to analyze leadership characteristics. Following this scale, a coding category table was created on the NVivo program for leadership studies. Assertiveness items included defends own beliefs, independent, forceful, has a strong personality, assertive, dominant, willing to take a stand, acts as a leader, aggressive, and competitive. Responsiveness items included helpful, responsive to others, sympathetic, compassionate, sensitive to the needs of others, sincere, gentle, warm, tender, and friendly.Since the Istanbul Büyükşehir (IBB) Elections were held between the two candidates, a purposive sampling method was used. “Purposeful sampling allows situations that are thought to have rich information to work in-depth” (Yıldırım &amp; Şimşek, 2018, p. 118). A different data set was created for the “assertiveness and sensitivity measurement” of the study. For each candidate, the top 100 tweets with the most user interaction were identified and coded. During the discourse and emotion analysis sections, all the candidates’ tweets were taken as samples, 602 tweets for Binali Yıldırım and 957 tweets for Ekrem İmamoğlu.This study identified the leadership characteristics of both candidates through an examination of the discourses of both political leaders. The result of the “assertivenesssensitivity measurement” indicated that Binali Yıldırım demonstrated “success-oriented leadership” features, and Ekrem İmamoğlu demonstrated “supportive leadership” features. The result of the “assertiveness-sensitivity measurement” made based on the leaders’ Twitter feed indicated that Ekrem İmamoğlu was both more assertive and sensitive than Binali Yıldırım. There was no significant difference in the dictionary-based analysis of the emotions expressed by leaders.The data was accessed to examine the leaders’ Twitter discourses. Non-structured data can be processed and transformed into a structured order. By using data visualization techniques, the frequencies of the leaders’ expressions, sub-patterns in the candidates’ messages and emotional inferences were made based on a dictionary analysis. The combined application of these methods to a social network is an effective tool for monitoring people’s preferences, observing trends and making predictions about the future.In this study, we applied data acquisition, cleaning data, analyzing data, data visualization steps to benefit from big data for academic purposes. The use of computerbased programming language and algorithm-supported research methods and techniques make this research significant in terms of communication sciences. Besides being a commercial commodity, big data can also be used in academic studies as in this study. In the field of communication sciences, more technical research can be done with machine learning and deep learning methods. As a result, this study will contribute to the gap in the Turkish literature regarding big data in the field of communication. It will contribute to communication sciences in terms of the methodology by using different research applications such as text processing, data visualization and dictionarybased emotion analysis.

Büyük Veri Metin Madenciliği Bağlamında İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Seçimlerinde Aday Liderlerin Tweet Kullanımları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mehmet

Emrah

Orta Doğu’da Güvenliği Yeniden Tanımlanmak: Kefernahum Filminde Özgürleştirici Bir Söylem Olarak Güvenliğin Temsili

Sefer

Rifat

Türkiye’de Hukuk, Tıp ve Akademi Alanlarındaki Kişilerin Sosyal Paylaşım Ağları Kullanımı ve Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı

Banu

The smooth functioning of an organization is often threatened by sudden and unexpected events, such as the advent of new competitors, destructive technologies, or economic crises. In this regard, issue management approaches to tackle these challenges were discussed, and over time, issue management approaches began to develop. Issue management has been proposed as a potential solution to anticipate and address such threats. Issue management, which is one of the public relations functions; it covers a wide range of content, ranging from the management philosophy and policy of the organizations to their communication with the stakeholders. Issue management, with a focus on communication aims to identify, analyze, and solve issues that may cause a crisis in organization early on. The development of digital environments, has strengthened the ability to easily relay complaints, which has further reinforced the necessity of employing issue management, approaches in tackling such issues. With the help of issue management approaches, issues that may cause certain crises are identified in advance and strategic communication methods are used to intervene against potential crises and prevent the crises from emerging. In the context of issue management; issues are defined as controversial inconsistencies caused by gaps between the expectations of organizations and the expectations of the public. These gaps lead to a controversial point of difference where the decision can have significant consequences for an organization. While organizations and stakeholders may be concerned about the same issue, their perspectives are rarely the same. The role of the issue management process is to determine the existence and possible effects of these controversial differences. Issues are generally defined as having a life cycle consisting of five stages (early, developing, current, crisis, and dormant-passive). In simple terms, if an issue progresses to the first four stages, it gets more attention and becomes less manageable from the organization’s point of view. As the issue matures, the number of relevant stakeholders, the public and other influencers grow; the situation becomes more robust and the organization’s existing strategic preferences shrink. When the issue becomes a crisis for the organization, the responses then become reactive. Not all issues reach the stage of a crisis and many crises are not the result of a fundamental problem.&nbsp;This research was conducted to evaluate consumer communication and the hospitals’ response to consumer complaints. For this purpose, the following research questions were developed:RQ1: What are the issues of shared complaints about hospitals in the digital environment? RQ2: What are the message strategies that hospitals share in terms of issue management approach?Şikâyetvar (“there is a complaint”) was established in 2001. It is a digital platform that serves all of Turkey, with offices in different provinces. Brands operating in different sectors are among the corporate members of this platform. It is a reference site that affects consumer behavior and brand preferences. Complaints toward the hospitals and the hospitals’ consumer communication approaches were examined. Complaints registered between January 1, 2019 – February 28, 2019 taken into account. The registered complaints were classified according to different issue categories. Complaints received within two months were evaluated by content analysis method within the scope of issue management. It was found that 74.8% of the complaints were toward the private hospitals and 25.2% were to the public hospitals. The most common complaint issue in public/private hospitals was staff communication. While the second most common issue in private hospitals was pricing, waiting period was the second most common complaint in public hospitals. 40.7% of the complaints received by private hospitals were answered. 47.3% of the complaints were answered within 2-7 days. 45.3% of apology messages were answered by consumers with thank-you messages.&nbsp;An organizational issue is an internal or external situation or event, which if it persists,&nbsp;will have a significant impact on the operation, performance, and future interests of the organization. The main purpose of issue management is to control the impact of such challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to identify any potential issue early on before it becomes a crisis and develop a strategy in line with management principles. As a result, it can be said that public relations practitioners are required to strategically address the complaints shared by the consumers in the digital environment before they turn into a crisis. It is also important to communicate with healthcare consumers within the same 24 hours of receiving a complaint.

Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Dijital Sağlık İletişiminde Konu Yönetimi: Şikâyetvar Web Sitesi Üzerinden Hastanelere Yönelik Bir İnceleme

Önder

Rahmi

Res. Assist.

The inferential relation drawn between a reason and a claim constitutes the basis of all argumentation approaches and models. This article aims to compile and compare four contemporary argument models that are used in the analysis of everyday discourse: the Toulmin Model, Pragma-Dialectics, Political Discourse Analysis, and Argumentum Model of Topics. The main purpose of these argument models is to reveal the inferential relations speakers naturally establish and use in daily conversations. The four models, however, are constructed with different approaches to argumentation and respond to different analytical needs.Before examining these four models, developed in the framework of argumentation theory, the argumentation approach is positioned between the social constructionist and empirical approach of discourse analysis and the formal and normative approach of logic. Argumentation theory and models are inspired, on the one hand, by discursive approaches in the emphasis put on the content and context, and on the other, from analytical philosophy and logic in the application of rational norms and standards. In order to clarify the uses of the argumentative approach in the analyses of discourse, the study focuses specifically on the analytical reconstruction operations performed in the application of the four argument models.First, the Toulmin Model (1958) preceded the other three models and can be considered the ancestor of the other models. Toulmin developed the classic Aristotelian relationship between a premise and a conclusion, leading contemporary argumentation&nbsp;&nbsp;studies, together with the ground-breaking work of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969). Although the Toulmin Model may appear as a one-sided argument model, this model is based on predicting and addressing the possible moves of an antagonist in a singular argument. Although there is no dialogue process in which both sides participate in the model, addressing the moves of the other party can be useful in terms of revealing how the speaker represents the position of the hearer.Pragma-Dialectics, in the second place, differs from the other three models we examine. This approach treats a dialogue both as a product (argument) and a process (critical discussion). The important contribution of Pragma-Dialectics is an ideal protocol for discussion; that is, a normative model that lists the verbal and argumentative movements that parties can use and should avoid in a critical discussion. Instead of proposing a schematic argument model like the other three approaches, this approach introduces an act-based protocol for a normative analysis, accompanied by a notation system for representing the relations among propositions. Both are shortly mentioned, providing a glimpse of how the propositions in a dialogue can be reconstructed using this approach.Third, Political Discourse Analysis focuses specifically on a particular type of argument or scheme, i.e., practical argument. The practical argument has a privileged position among all other argument types for its precedence in everyday discourse and in its key role in political decisions and negotiations. This model establishes the argumentative relation between a goal that is contextualized by a circumstance and a value premise and a means to that goal.Finally, the Argumentum Model of Topics focuses specifically on the internal structure of single arguments, with the goal and capacity of further specifying the inferential relations therein. This model proposes to distinguish between the inferential and the contextual components of an argument. The emphasis is that it is not enough just to look at the rational principles in the inferential component, but to simultaneously assess their use and enactment in context.Throughout the four analytical sections of this review, the paper schematically illustrates how a simple everyday argument is reconstructed by each of the four models. In the conclusion, the models are compared, discussing the types of studies each model is most suitable for and the cases for which each can be used most fruitfully. Finally the limits and the potentials of the argumentative approach are discussed.

Argüman Analizinde Dört Yaklaşım: Toulmin Modeli, Pragma-Diyalektik, Politik Söylem Analizi ve Argüman Kaynakları Modelinin bir Karşılaştırması

Mine

Celal

Studies in the literature show how public relations models (Alemdar, Elgün, &amp; Maden, 2018; Beverly, 2013; Grunig, Grunig, Sriramesh, Huang, &amp; Lyra, 1995; Grunig &amp; Hunt, 1984; Waters &amp; Jamal, 2011;) and dialogic communication (Arslan, 2019; Bortree &amp; Seltzer, 2009; Eray, 2016; Kent, &amp; Taylor, 1998; Köseoğlu &amp; Köker, 2014; Linvill, McGee, &amp; Hicks, 2012; McAllister, 2013; Rybalko &amp; Seltzer, 2010; Taylor, Kent, &amp; White, 2001) are used in the new media. One social media platform, namely Instagram, is not adequately addressed in the field of literature in terms of dialogic communication and public relations models. In the literature, only one study (Beverly, 2013) examining public relations models and dialogic communication was found.For this reason, this study aims to create a literature-based structure-code sheet that would allow the analysis of Instagram posts within the context of dialogic principles and public relations models, to compare these structures and to prepare the ground for future research. It aims to determine how environmental NGOs use the principles of dialogic communication and public relations models in their Instagram content. In this context, the research questions of this study are as follows:Research Question 1: How do environmental NGOs use Instagram in terms of technical and design cluster?Research Question 2: How do environmental NGOs use Instagram in terms of dialogic cluster?Research Question 3: Which public relations models do environmental NGOs use on Instagram?Research Question 4: How do environmental NGOs use Instagram’s interaction feature?To answer the research questions, this study analyzes the Instagram profiles, feed posts, and stories of TEMA, Greenpeace, and WWF within the framework of two clusters (technical and design cluster, dialogic cluster) with the principles of dialogic communication. Furthermore, it codes the Instagram feed posts and stories of these three NGOs within the scope of public relations models. Finally, it emphasizes the direction of communication, which depends on how environmental NGOs respond to Instagram comments, and analyzes the feed posts and stories (photo+story+comment) through content analysis.To briefly address the findings obtained within the scope of the study, TEMA, Greenpeace Turkey, and WWF Turkey are found to respectively cover Instagram in terms of technical and design cluster at 92%, 84%, and 88% rates (RQ1). As a result, it can be concluded that the three environmental NGOs use Instagram sufficiently based on the scores obtained in terms of technical and design cluster. TEMA, Greenpeace Turkey, and WWF Turkey are found to respectively cover Instagram in terms of dialogic cluster at 57%, 67%, and 71% rates (RQ2). Consequently, it is argued that the three environmental NGOs use of Instagram is partly effective in terms of dialogic cluster, and it should be improved. To answer Research Question 3, the rate of using public relations models in posts is decisive, and public information model is most commonly used in TEMA and WWF Turkey’s content. Greenpeace Turkey, on the other hand, uses the two-way asymmetrical model and public information model equally, and TEMA and WWF Turkey’s second most commonly used model is the two-way asymmetrical one. The usage rates of the press agentry and the two-way symmetrical model for three NGOs are lower than the other models.&nbsp;To answer Research Question 4, Instagram comments are examined. NGOs’ ability to respond to comments made to them is revealed. It is evident that TEMA, Greenpeace Turkey, and WWF Turkey respond to comments with both likes and explanations. During the examined period, TEMA responded to 19 out of 1219 comments received from 60 feed posts and liked 19 comments; Greenpeace Turkey responded 13 out of 1945 comments received from 49 feed posts and liked two comments; and WWF Turkey responded 28 out of 656 comments received from 32 feed posts and liked 187 comments. NGOs’ responsiveness and interaction elements result in “low-level responsiveness,” and it is observed that the interaction elements were not actively used.In light of the above information, it is seen that NGOs have used Instagram effectively in terms of dialogic communication. Although the evaluated feed posts and stories were found to be sufficient for the formation of dialogic communication, when analyzed in terms of public relations models, it was determined that they rely on a one-way communication structure aimed at informing the public rather than two-way, dialoguebased communication. Although the necessary dialogical cluster items are included in the feed posts and stories in order to ensure dialogic communication, this study finds that the asymmetric model has the highest frequency and weakness of interaction rates among the public relations models. Regarding the direction of information flow (from NGOs to users), it raises the following question: can dialogic principles be fulfilled with a one-way information flow?

Çevreci Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Instagram Paylaşımlarını Diyalogsal İlkeler ve Halkla İlişkiler Modelleri Bağlamında Okumak

Ayşen

Prof. Dr.

Television in the Global South  Call for Papers: Special Issue of Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences and Online Conference

Special 69th Issue “Health Communication” Call for Papers

About the 67th issue

Special Issue Editors’ Introduction: Television in the Global South

Uğur

Conditions and consequences of Türkiye’s transnational TV production: A study of American women audiences

Mercia

Fatih

Zühal

The influence of Turkish TV series on generation Z in South Africa: An exploratory study

Gökçe

Populist styles and meanings in Acun Medya reality shows

Nilnur

A cultural analysis of Generation Z’s perception of individualism and collectivisim in Turkish television commercials through a Hofstedian lens

Ayşenur

Representations of religion in the entertainment media: A comparison of the TV series Shtisel in Israel and Ömer in Türkiye

Aditya

Citra

Lecturer

‘Bad word’ for good engagement: The commodification of ‘the Suroboyoan language’ in Indonesian local television newsroom

Sevda

Mutlu

How past-present-future interconnect in China: CDramas as a tool of cultural governance and the possibility of a ‘Chinese wave’ in the case of GenZ

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ulaş Başar

Our era of surveillance capitalism is characterized by pervasive rather than targeted surveillance. Currently, the big brother is not watching the dissidents but everybody for a tiny probability of disobedience. In the past there were mainly two kinds of surveillance: Physical chase which means undercover agents following the target anti-government figures in person and technical chase which mostly corresponds to phone taps. However nowadays there is no need for physical chase, as technical chase replaced it and expanded the areas and ‘opportunities’ of surveillance through ubiquitous surveillance devices including CCTVs, mobile tracking, net tracking etc.&nbsp;Citizenship education offered in schools that can form the basis of antisurveillance activism is usually from the governments’ perspective. A critical sense of citizenship is rarely promoted in these official contexts. Thus, acquisition of critical citizenship consciousness is usually through peer learning at informal and nonformal settings. In many countries, adults and especially young adults join protests, and usually they acquire citizenship education skills and knowledge in a blended way whereby offline and online political activisms support each other. Thus ICTs usually utilized for entertainment are educationalized to serve the pedagogical interests of the citizens. They learn more on social media about citizenship education than the formal citizenship education courses.&nbsp;We should reflect on informal and non-formal forms of critical citizenship education via ICTs including but not only limited to social media platforms. We propose that in order not to formalize and institutionalize citizens’ actively acquired critical citizenship skills and knowledge, the disconnect between formal non-critical, official forms of citizenship education and informal, non-formal, blended and citizen-based critical citizenship education should continue. Under the funding of governments or corporations, the criticality of citizenship education will be limited. That is why, citizens should support and develop their own citizenship initiatives and resources in both online and offline settings. The citizen and consumer rights movements are the perfect matches for such an endeavor.&nbsp;In the case of activist uses of social media, a remarkable point is the fact that most of the Internet users voluntarily release personal information on the web. They are&nbsp;fulfilling their needs for recognition, reputation, socialization etc. Thus, activist use of social media should be able to identify the motivations behind voluntary release of personal information and be cautious about what to share and not to share on social media. This brings up the notion of social media literacy. However, since social media literacy is not necessarily critical, as it may develop on the basis of conservative reactions to the corruption of traditional society by the influence of computers and internet, this literacy should be critical. Hence we have the term ‘critical social media literacy’ as a better match.&nbsp;Even under ubiquitous surveillance capitalism, either through literacies or by other means, we should still find the ways to resist. Citizen data activism can be about surveilling the corporate surveillers themselves. Data activist citizens can feed a website with corporate surveillance practices that they find unethical. Unlike the government who justifies surveillance on the basis of security, corporations have no excuse for surveilling other than maximizing profits. Under pre-big-data capitalism, a number of initiatives were successful to protect and promote consumer rights. For citizen data activism, those websites need upgrades to surveil the surveillers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen data activism should be in close collaboration with citizen science movements which capitalize on crowdsourcing for scientific purposes. We need to develop alternatives to surveillers by collecting and interpreting our own data –to break ‘the monopoly of interpretation’ as stated previously.&nbsp;We urge data activists and rights movements to unite their forces for mutual benefit. The search on Google Scholar for ‘data activism’ and ‘consumer rights’ bring out almost no results. Same holds for ‘data activism’ and ‘rights movements’, and for ‘data activism’ and ‘social solidarity’, while a higher number of results are listed for ‘data activism’ and ‘human rights’ although the number is far from satisfactory considering the possible links between the two. This picture clearly shows that the links mentioned here are uncharted and understudied.&nbsp;To conclude, the resistance against big data, the new big brother is not in vain and neither hopeless. Instead, there are potentials not even utilized and links not considered. Through this article on data activism, our hope has been to show a way of resistance to be argued, elaborated on and ultimately evaluated in terms of its merits and demerits by the decision makers of the rights movements.

Data Activism: Reviving, Extending and Upgrading Critical Citizenship Education and Consumer Rights Movements

Ebru

Ezgi

Cammaerts (2007, p. 217) defines activism as the ability to create or change history. Digital technologies help to create a new channel for activism. Internet activism or rather, social media activism, is a sub-type of digital activism. According to the literature there are certain types of digital activism such as slacktivism, clicktivism, and hacktivism. Considine (2003, p. 134) refers to two types of digital activism strategies. The first one supports real life activism via digital content, and the second one is content created by activists just for the digital media and the Internet. Celebrities have been important figures in activism for a long time. Celebrity activism can be seen as the celebrity endorsement strategy of non-governmental organisations. Celebrities can be helpful for different issues such as raising awareness, fundraising, etc. However, if the celebrity activism and the celebrity involved in the cause are not sincere then this strategy does not work well. Celebrity activism is associated with role modeling, and McCracken’s meaning transfer model. According to McCracken’s (1989) meaning transfer model, consumers have certain perceptions of celebrities and those perceptions are transfered to the brand through celebrity endorsement. This also works for non-governmental organisations and social causes. Huddart (2005) developed a model for celebrity and civil society engagement. According to his model there are 4 types of celebrities in activism, namely; Patron, Spokesperson, Ambassador/Author, and Visionary Leader. Digital technologies are now serving as a new tool for activism. They are also serving as a new tool for celebrityactivism. Being a celebrity can only be possible through constant interaction with the public, and social media provides a good channel for interaction. Celebrities can join activist movements via their social media accounts by tweeting, using hashtags, etc. or they can start their own. Moreover, celebrities have a chance to reach a wider audience on their social media accounts.This study aims to examine celebrities’ reflections of their activist efforts and their activist celebrity identities on their social media accounts. In line with this objective, Haluk Levent’s (a Turkish singer) official Twitter account was examined using purposive sampling. There are multiple reasons for this choice of celebrity. First of all, Haluk Levent’s popularity has increased through his celebrity activist image. Secondly, it is seen that his number of Twitter followers is increasing steadily. This can be interpreted as his growing ability to reach more people, and to be reached by more people. The analysis was conducted using the content analysis technique. The analysis was limited to the period between October 15, 2018 and December 15, 2018. In total, 513 posts were examined.As a result of the study, it was determined that the majority of the posts belonged to the official Twitter account and 8.1% of the posts were retweets. The majority of the retweets belonged to the non-governmental organization established by Haluk Levent. This can be interpreted as his efforts to focus attention on his organization and the efforts of volunteers. The majority of the tweets had visual content. Visuals are considered as helpful tools to attract followers’ attention. The majority of the tweets were related to ‘Health’ issues, followed by ‘Donations and Scholarships’. When the text tone was examined it was seen that a warm tone was used in both activist content and non-activist content. This can be interpreted as him attempting to establish intimacy with his followers and to encourage them to work cooperatively. Finally, according to the celebrity activism model and his Twitter usage, he can be categorized as a ‘Spokesperson’.As a result, it can be said that the findings of the content analysis are consistent with the literature. First of all, he is known as a person who supports social aid on social media, and this is supported by his tweets. In the literature it is said that being a celebrity relies on the interaction and intimacy between the celebrity persona and the audience. This also applies to celebrity activism. His Twitter usage shows just such an example of establishing intimacy between the celebrity, audience, and activism.

Celebrities in Digital Activism: An Evaluation of  ‘Ahbap Platformu’

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Övünç Meriç

This article focuses on how the influence of online new media ecology has affected disability activism in Turkey. The framework of this article is ‘network society’ (Van Dijk, 2016) and ‘digital activism (Joyce, 2010). Van Dijk (2016) has observed the rise of the network society and according to that, he defines network society as communication networks that shape the most important forms of an organization in a society.&nbsp;New media technologies bring new ways for citizens and movements to mobilize and to organize. Joyce (2010) stated that citizens around the world have become increasingly aware of and interested in the expanding use of digital technologies - mobile phones and internet-enabled devices for example - in campaigns for social and political change. These practices, which we refer to as ‘digital activism’ have been reported by journalists, dissected by bloggers and eagerly studied by scholars. Students’ activities and enthusiast wish to understand and replicate the most effective tactics (Joyce, 2010).&nbsp;The transformation of traditional media into new media has initiated a new userdominated content publishing/broadcasting era. In the rise of the social media era, activists have made less dependent on traditional media like newspapers or televisions. Some researcher claim that new media offers some opportunities for&nbsp;‘non-elite’ actors and marginalized or disadvantaged groups to acquire visibility in the public sphere (Chadwick, 2013). In the west, some research shows that although the growth in digital activism has initiated new strategies for disability protest, its ability to influence traditional news media debates remains pivotal to its effectiveness and power to represent the voice of disabled people (Pearson &amp; Trevisan, 2015).&nbsp;Within the context of the literature reviewed, this article examines six main research questions:1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of users who produce the digital content related to disability? 2. What are the occupations and interests of users who produce digital content on disability? 3. What is the geographical distribution of digital content produced on disability in Turkey? In which areas is the right to disability advocacy concentrated? 4. What kind of content has been produced by sharing the disabled hashtag in the digital environment? 5. What types of online media distribution in disability-related content produced in Turkey? Which platforms are used mostly to generate content? 6. How and for which purposes do disabled activists use new media?There are a growing number of options open to researchers seeking to capture and analyze online content. Network analysis tools increasingly used – reflecting a shift in the understanding and practice of the Web as a dynamic social context. In this study, open source new media monitoring tool is used. Monitoring tools allow for collecting and analyzing real-time information. In this article, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data sets and the findings were evaluated through descriptive method. The notion ‘disabled’ as a term is searched through newspapers and online news, TV / Radio, news agencies, blogs, forums, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, EkşiSözlük. Data for the research is collected between 19-26th of January 2019.&nbsp;According to the results of the web content analysis: young adults between 18 and 34 years of age produced more content for disabled people than older adults aged between 55 and 64+. The gender distribution of the content about disability in the online environment, it was found that male users produced more content (61.5%). The percentage of women in content production is 38.5%. According to the&nbsp;conversation map, most active users in Turkey, live in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, and Eskişehir (73.2%). The share of media types analyze has shown that the most popular online environment and digital activist tool is Twitter (84.8%).Disabled people produced the content with the same theme (for example, they want to increase disabled quota from the 3 percent to 5 percent than shared a tweet with #disabledquota5percent) in Twitter to spread this content throughout the country and has contributed to creating well-targeted online networks. This analysis has shown how disabled activists have positioned themselves beyond the traditional activism and mainstream media barriers which have using online environments like Twitter and other social network platforms.

Online Outsiders: A Research on Digital Disabled Activism in Turkey

Akan

Mikail

The most obvious benefit of the new media emerging as a result of convergence is that it begins to easily convey all the information, ideas and facts, without any political, social and geographical boundaries. Although this benefit more often enables the transformation and globalization of communication systems, it has also made possible the rise of global protest networks (Ayers &amp; Maccaughey, 2003). Today, the potentials offered by the new media for social collective movements are more likely seen in practices such as co-ordinating activities, meeting and mobilizing new activists, planning protests and publicizing highly strategic information. However, recent studies emphasize that new media should focus not only on cost-effective solutions created in communication techniques, but also on new motivations, creative and tactical potential, propagation speed, participation frequency and power of legitimacy which are added to the collective actions. However, the detailed literature review in this study shows that although the technical and functional relationship between new media and activism is explicit, its effects on activist participation psychology and the capacity to create sustainable solutions are highly controversial. While the studies focusing on the intensity of online participation and&nbsp;the frequency of messages created by the new media in social movements shows an optimistic table, studies focusing on offline participation forms, sustainability and psychological details emphasize pessimistic results.According to techno-supporters who focus on the process of technologysupported cognitive demonstrations and who are optimistic about the relationship between activism and new media, the new media has created an activist approach that forms creative collective identities with the opportunities it offers, calls for transnational support by transcending borders, and organizes demonstrations against political pressures. Thus, the new media is the new intersection point between the social context, the political objective and the actional stance, which create social movements. At this point of intersection, the new media first settles into daily practices with functional benefit and then transforms the practices of creating needs, ideas, and actions with new usage behaviours and transformed media literacy. In other words, as a result of mobility, advanced interface and multimedia supported infrastructure, firstly the practices and media literacy changes, and subsequently the typographic and phonetic signification practices in communication begin to transform. Techno-supporters argue that this transformation process directly supports the idealistic concepts such as multicenterism, liberty, disconnection, cooperation and accessibility in the ideological infrastructure of social movements (Tarrow, 2011). The techno-supporter front, who views the new media as the most important center of media democracy and symbolizes it as ‘media carta’, supports this argument by the emergence of new types of digital activism and by the fact that the actions it carries out can create sensational effects. The optimistic approaches of the techno-supporters have been tried to be conveyed under the umbrella of cyber activism via new activist methods such as clicktivism, netactivism, smartmob, cyberdisobedience, hacktivism, cybervigilantism, netwarism and cyberterrorism.Techno-critics address the new media with the critical theories put forward by the representatives of Marshall McLuhan and the Frankfurt School, and seeing it as a global ideological device, state that it is an area that needs to be carefully managed. In addition, it is emphasized that the level of autonomy that the new media, which is announced as the new instrument of revolution in the events like Arab Spring and seen as the new fourth force, provides for such powerful promises is highly controversial. That is to say, the liberties and the opportunities offered for the production of content provide an asymmetric autonomy for the access and&nbsp;distribution of the created content. For example, it is completely enigmatic when a content spreading through popular monopolized platforms such as Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter will pass through Sandbox-style filter algorithms placed on search consoles, and on which page or how often it will be accessed after being ranked. According to Horkheimer and Adorno (2002), as the sovereignty of this intelligent digital status quo, developed by algorithms, becomes legitimate, the presentations in the media will be seen as the only reality, and this situation, as predicted by techno-supporters, will result in a homology that imposes uniformity under the name of harmony rather than diversity of ideas. From this point of view, some techno-critics consider the analogous mass, called the new subject, as populist intellectuals with low self-consciousness and interpret cyber activism as ‘slacktivism’, i.e. activism of the lazy (Christensen, 2011). Consequently, two basic facts lie in the essence of the techno-critics’ thoughts. First, focusing on the potential benefits of the new media with complex adaptive and SPIN characteristics but ignoring the tyrannies it might legitimize may cause huge fallacies and consequences. The second point of criticism emphasized by the techno-critics is ignoring the fact that the change that the media will initiate in the reading style would cover a large area such as media literacy and have psychological effects. Techno-critics, pointing out to conformist individualization as those rushing to leave a mark behind by Gramsci (1997) emphasize that an activism that develops based on the belief in feeling good and not the belief in making a difference is a conformist approach and the enthusiasm and motivation directed by the media as the subject cannot make the actions sustainable.In conclusion, this study provides a technical and theoretical explanation that focuses on the effect of new media on the social, communicative, psychological and ideological dynamics underlying the collective social movements. Therefore, the perceptions and motives that enable the individual to participate in collective or individualistic networks in contemporary society, the debates between passive digital participation and active participation suggested as the new model of activism, and the important paradoxes in digital collective social movements will be further clarified.

Rich (New) Media Poor Activism Debates on Activism Movements in New Media

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. 

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly and international journal that has been published biannually in June and December since 1992.  The articles submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original works in English or Turkish. The aim of the journal is to publish research articles and reviews from both international and national communities, providing an intellectual platform for academic researchers, communication professionals, and policymakers to share scientific knowledge across all fields of communication sciences. To encourage academic dialogue on an international scale, the journal has organised virtual international meetings and conferences in collaboration with esteemed universities and colleagues worldwide since 2022.  As such, the journal aims to expand international contributions, collaborations and authorship opportunities. Additionally, the journal provides its authors with international visibility, as it is indexed in several international research databases: Web of Science Core Collection - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Erih Plus, EBSCO Communication Source, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Turkey Database, ProQuest Social Sciences Database, and ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection. The journal is indexed in TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR Index as well. Connectist focuses on systems, theories, methods, and applications in communication and publishes research articles and reviews covering all aspects of communication. Theoretical and/or applied research articles that explore current debates in the social sciences, humanities, and contemporary communication research fields, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary are welcome. A rigorous double-blind peer-review evaluation is implemented in the journal. The target audience of the journal includes academics, researchers, professionals, students, and relevant academic and professional organisations.

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to abide by the highest standards of publication ethics. It adopts the ethical publishing principles of the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a>. For the principles expressed under the heading of “Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing”, please visit the link below: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be compatible with the aim and scope of the journal. Only the manuscripts that are original, not published (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under review of any other publication simultaneously are accepted for evaluation. The manuscripts must also be approved by each author in terms of its content and submission.The name of any author cannot be deleted from the manuscript without the permission of all authors. A new author name cannot be included in the manuscript, and author order cannot be changed without the permission of all authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are accepted as unethical behaviors. All manuscripts that do not comply with the accepted ethical standards are removed from the publication. If a manuscript with illegal and/or unethical features is realized after its publication, it is also removed from the publication.Plagiarism Check Pre-controlled manuscripts are scanned for plagiarism via using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected, the authors are informed. If necessary, editors might check the manuscript for plagiarism at various stages of the evaluation or production process. High similarity percentages might cause a manuscript to be rejected before or even after it is accepted.For a manuscript to be published the similarity percentage must be less than 15% depending on the category of the manuscript.Double-Blind Peer Review Process <div>After the plagiarism check, the appropriate manuscripts are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, method, importance of the subject and the compatibility with the scope of the journal. The editor-in-chief presents the manuscripts complying with the formal principles to the evaluation of at least two referees from Turkey and / or abroad, and ensures that they pass through a fair double-blind refereeing. The editor-in-chief approves the publication of the manuscript after the necessary changes requested by the referees are done by the author(s).</div>

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This principle is compatible with BOAI definition of open access. The articles in Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences are open access articles licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en</a>)

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Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

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The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/57A4F95E9D1C4811BB98807DDDE88FDE" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two external referees from abroad or from Turkey. After accomplishing necessary revisions requested by referees, the authors resubmit the manuscript by highlighting the changes made. Publication decisions are made by Editor-in-Chief after authors make necessary revisions requested by referees and the peer-review process is completed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

The language of the journal is both Turkish and English. -    All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via http://connectist.istanbul.edu.tr and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a Copyright Agreement Form that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. -    Only one manuscript of each author is published in the same year (excluding special issues). -    Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section. -    Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication. -    Studies that are not prepared in accordance with the rules of the journal are directly rejected without the need for peer review. -    The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5. -    Word count must be 6500 – 8500 words for “research articles”, 6500 – 8500 words for “review articles” and 2000-6400 words for “short notes”. -    Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the method used. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is mandatory for all manuscripts. -    The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references. -    Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text. Tables and figures in the studies should be placed within the text. -    Emphasis of the author(s) in the studies should be indicated with single quotes; only book, movie, newspaper names should be written in italics. Quotations exceeding 40 words should be given inside, single spaced and without quotation marks. -    In line with the Editorial Board decision and referee reports, the authors may be asked to make some changes in the text. -    The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not. -    The studies -according to their categories- should be prepared in line with the following flow:1. RESEARCH ARTICLES INTRODUCTION -The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn. Subheading(s) related to the topic AIM AND METHODOLOGY Introductory remarks for the aim and methodology Aim After the major aim of the study is indicated, research (sub)questions and/or hypothesis/hypotheses should be formulated. Method The following elements should be given in this section as content, even if they are not given as a title. •    Research Model •    Universe, Sample / Subjects/ Participants •    Data Collection Tool •    Operation The types of scale, questionnaire, interviews etc. should be clarified, and especially the research including statistical analyses should have reliability and viability coefficients. FINDINGS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2. REVIEW ARTICLES​INTRODUCTION​The problem of the research should be defined by making references to the relevant literature. In the last paragraph before moving on to the sub-headings, the importance of the study, its difference from other studies, namely its originality, the purpose and method of the study should be specified and its boundaries should be drawn.​Subheading(s) related to the topic DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After restating the aim of the study in short, findings should be summed up very briefly and discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Then the original opinions related to the research findings should be stated by the author as concluding remarks. Before finalizing the study some suggestions should be formulated for future research to contribute to the relevant field. ENDOTES REFERENCES3. SHORT NOTES Within the scope of short notes, a critical evaluation of any subject, audio-visual/written text, an event or phenomenon that concerns the field of communication is presented. Unlike original research articles, short notes do not include field research but may include book criticism, film criticism, or evaluation of other audio/visual/written products or critical evaluations of organized events. Originality of the short notes is expected to be created via new and different perspectives of the experts and veteran scholars. There is no title system that authors must comply with for short notes. Authors may adopt a title system appropriate to their subject.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article Submission <div>•    The article must be sent to https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/connectist/home •    While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity (such as acknowledgements or headers including the author(s) name). •    Additionally, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well. Files to be uploaded separately •    Copyright Agreement Form •    Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript •    Title page -    Category of the article -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Authors' names, surnames, titles and affiliates (after the university and faculty information, the city and country information should also be included) and e-mail addresses. -    Corresponding author's e-mail address, open correspondence address, business phone, GSM, fax number -    ORCID numbers of the authors •    Main Manuscript Document -    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English -    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English -    Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English -    Extended abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles) -    Main article sections -    Financial support (if applicable) -    Conflict of interest (if applicable) -    Acknowledgement (if exists) -    References -    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</div>

References-    Author(s) are expected to cite primary sources in their studies.-    References to articles published as Early View should be given as &#34;publication in preparation&#34;.-    The author(s) are responsible for the accuracy of the references. All sources should be cited in the text and listed alphabetically.Reference Style and Format -    Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, adopts 7th edition of APA (American Psychological Association) style for in-text citation and references. The rules for this style can be found at the link below:-    https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/-    References should be cited as indicated in the examples below.In-Text CitationSources should be indicated in the text by writing the surnames of the authors and the publication date in parentheses. If more than one source is to be shown, a semicolon (;) should be inserted between the sources. References should be listed alphabetically.Citations in the Text <div>Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year and page number within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically </div><div>Samples: Citation with one author; (Carpentier, 2011) Carpentier (2011) </div><div>Citation with two authors; (Deleuze &amp; Guattari, p. 1992) Deleuze and Guattari (1992) aim to explain schizophrenia in a positive manner (p. 45). </div><div>Citation with three or more authors; (Curran et al., 2009) Citation with abbreviation: First Citation: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) Next Citations: (WHO, 2020) First Citation: World Health Organisation (WHO, 2020) Next Citations: WHO (2020) </div><div>To avoid ambiguity in in-text citations If the same author published more than one study in the same year: (Fiske, 2010a) (Fiske, 2010b) &#8288;If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. (A.    A. Berger, 2010; J. Berger, 2010) If the authors of the same publication have the same surname, there is no need to include the first letters of their names. (Chen &amp; Chen, 2019) </div><div>Direct quotations When citing directly, sentence(s) are enclosed in quotation marks and page numbers are also indicated in in-text quotations. According to Luhmann (1982), “Subjectivity is an abstract term invented by philosophers which does not refer to human beings. The real subject of social action is the social system” (p. 324). If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;). References should be listed alphabetically. (Mulvey, 2012; Ryan &amp; Kellner, 2012, p. 152). </div><div>Citations in the Reference All the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references. </div><div>Book a) Citation with one author; Berger, A. A. (2017). Media analysis techniques. Sage Publications. Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education. </div><div>b) Translated book Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. </div><div>c) Book with Multiple Authors Bordwell, D. &amp; Thompson, K. (2010). Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. </div><div>ç) Edited book Miller, T., &amp; Stam, R. (Eds.). (2004). A companion to film theory (Vol. 18). John Wiley &amp; Sons. </div><div>d) Chapter in an Edited Book Jenkins, H. (2004). The work of theory in the age of digital transformation. T. Miller &amp; R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 234-261). Blackwell. </div><div>e) Chapter in the translation book Schmeder, G. (2015). İşbölümü dinamiğinde kopmalar ve kesintiler. C. Vercellone (Ed.) ve D. Kundakçı (Trans.). Bilişsel kapitalizm. (1st ed., 61-75). Otonom Yayıncılık. </div><div>Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier &amp; J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson &amp; S. Sheldon (Eds.) Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Myssen, Ed., 1970. Wiley) </div><div>f) Book Review Gül Ünlü, D. (2018). Kitap incelemesi [Şeffaflık toplumu: Şeffaf toplumun eleştirisi üzerine bir okuma]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 28, 279-290. http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/37677/436058 </div><div>Seo, S. (2016). [Review of the book Journalism and Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage by John C. Pollock]. Journal of Communication, 66 (6), E-15-E-17. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/66/6/E15/4082402?redirectedFrom=fulltext </div><div>g) Book with Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2009). Crediting sources: Citing references in text. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). </div><div>Article </div><div>a) Article Seyidov, I. (2020). On conceptual and methodological deficiencies of data journalism-related studies in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 58, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2020-0070 </div><div>b) Online article without DOI Grist, L. (2007). Masculinity, violence, resistance: A new psychoanalytic reading of Raging Bull. Atlantis, 29(1), 11-27. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ </div><div>c) Popular magazine article Salmon, C. (2016, Oct). Ken Loach is right: British film and TV has become too cosy and conservative. Little White Lies. https://lwlies.com/articles/ken-loach-fake-nostalgia-tv-period-dramas/ </div><div>Thesis, Symposium </div><div>a)    Thesis Kendrick, J. (2005). Screen violence and the new Hollywood [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Indiana University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/433bbaa0b9973dad53d0aa735d1f941a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y </div><div>b) Symposium contribution Gündüz, U. &amp; Pembecioğlu N. (2021, October, 26-27). Covid-19. H. Adıyaman (Chairs), The health agenda of media in the lights of information ethics and the Covid-19 sentiment analysis of garlic news [Symposium]. 18. International Communication in the Millennium Symposium, Erzurum, Turkey. </div><div>Other Sources </div><div>a) Newspaper Article Lee, E. (2019, February 1). Digital Media: What Went Wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/business/media/buzzfeed-digital-media-wrong.html </div><div>b) İnternet sayfası kaynakları Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ adresinden 15 Eylül 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. </div><div>c) Official publications and press release Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Foreign Trade Statistics (Publication number: 45536). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Foreign-Trade-Statistics-January-2022-45536&amp;dil=2 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, August 4). Administration officials continue travel across the country holding “Recovery Summer” events [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/administration-officials-continue-travel-across-country-holding-recovery-summer-eve </div><div>ç) Dictionary Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Communication. In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 1, 2022, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/communication </div><div>d) Podcast West, S. (2020, December). On Media pt. 1- Manufacturing Consent (Episode 148) [Audio podcast]. In Philosophize this!. https://open.spotify.com/episode/04YIh1REL6KOxlnaJWlvfh?si=86782f420d744114 </div><div>e) Video/Film Zizek, S. (2008). Violence [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x0eyNkNpL0 Scorsese, M. (Director). (1976). Taxi Driver [Film]. Columbia Pictures.</div><div> </div><div>f) TV series Chase, D. (Producer). (1999-2007). The Sopranos [TV Series]. HBO. </div><div>g) Social Media Manovich, L. [@manovich]. In the late 1990s South Korea became the leader in Internet connections, and they launched one of the first social networks Cyworld. Next, they used YouTube to create k-pop global popularity. Can they repeat their success in metaverse? [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/manovich/status/1462405978356207626  [Tweet] for Twitter, [Twitter profile] etc., [Facebook status] for Facebook, [Timeline] etc., [Picture] for Instagram, [Highlight] can be used.</div>

Make sure that the information in the list below is complete: * Cover letter to the editor * The category of the manuscript * Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. * Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement. * Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed. * Confirming that last control for fluent English was done. * Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed. * Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7. * Copyright Agreement Form * Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript * Title page * The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English * All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses * Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number * ORCIDs of all authors. * Main Manuscript Document * Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English * Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English * Keywords: 5 words both in Turkish and in English * Financial support (if applicable) * Conflict of interest (if applicable) * Acknowledgement (if applicable) * References * All tables, illustrations (figures) should be placed within the text including their title, description, footnotes.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FCB0E9A7360F4750B5088DDB0ACBF536" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/811D1051F5084CB8B481E976F315C37F" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Ayşen Akkor Gül
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