Research Article


DOI :10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244   IUP :10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244    Full Text (PDF)

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos

Derya CansızMerih BelerGizem EğilmezerSemanur IşıkoğluZülal Mızrakİsmail ÜnalSelçuk PakerAhmet Ata AlturfanEbru Emekli Alturfan

Objective: Radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure during the embryonic period can cause defects in the development of the fetus. The study’s aim is to evaluate the effects of RF-EMF on the lipid accumulation, oxidant-antioxidant system parameters, locomotor activities, and gene expressions of insulin and leptin as genes related to insulin resistance in fetal hyperglycemia-induced zebrafish embryos.

Materials and Methods: The study exposed zebrafish embryos to RF-EMF (60 min) and glucose (5%) every day until 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). The study measured lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide (NO), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) levels to observe the oxidative stress status. The study monitored the development of the zebrafish embryos under a microscope, performed a locomotor activity analysis, measured acetylcholinesterase activity, and conducted oil red O staining to determine lipid accumulation. The study used reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) to determine the expressions of ins and lepa by using RT-PCR.

Results: Both the glucose and RF-EMF applications decreased locomotor activity and increased the LPO and NO levels as oxidative damage indicators. Applying RF-EMF alone increased GST and GSH levels, while applying RF-EMF and glucose showed a decrease in the antioxidant defense systems. ins expression increased in the glucose and RF-EMF groups, while lepa expression increased in the glucose group and decreased in the RF-EMF group.

Conclusion: The harmful effects of hyperglycemia and RF-EMF exposure during the fetal period on embryo development need to be supported by studies to confirm the changes the current study has identified at the gene and protein levels.


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APA

Cansız, D., Beler, M., Eğilmezer, G., Işıkoğlu, S., Mızrak, Z., Ünal, İ., Paker, S., Alturfan, A.A., & Emekli Alturfan, E. (2024). Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos. European Journal of Biology, 83(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


AMA

Cansız D, Beler M, Eğilmezer G, Işıkoğlu S, Mızrak Z, Ünal İ, Paker S, Alturfan A A, Emekli Alturfan E. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos. European Journal of Biology. 2024;83(1):77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


ABNT

Cansız, D.; Beler, M.; Eğilmezer, G.; Işıkoğlu, S.; Mızrak, Z.; Ünal, İ.; Paker, S.; Alturfan, A.A.; Emekli Alturfan, E. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos. European Journal of Biology, [Publisher Location], v. 83, n. 1, p. 77-84, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Cansız, Derya, and Merih Beler and Gizem Eğilmezer and Semanur Işıkoğlu and Zülal Mızrak and İsmail Ünal and Selçuk Paker and Ahmet Ata Alturfan and Ebru Emekli Alturfan. 2024. “Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos.” European Journal of Biology 83, no. 1: 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


Chicago: Humanities Style

Cansız, Derya, and Merih Beler and Gizem Eğilmezer and Semanur Işıkoğlu and Zülal Mızrak and İsmail Ünal and Selçuk Paker and Ahmet Ata Alturfan and Ebru Emekli Alturfan. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos.” European Journal of Biology 83, no. 1 (Oct. 2024): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


Harvard: Australian Style

Cansız, D & Beler, M & Eğilmezer, G & Işıkoğlu, S & Mızrak, Z & Ünal, İ & Paker, S & Alturfan, AA & Emekli Alturfan, E 2024, 'Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos', European Journal of Biology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 77-84, viewed 11 Oct. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Cansız, D. and Beler, M. and Eğilmezer, G. and Işıkoğlu, S. and Mızrak, Z. and Ünal, İ. and Paker, S. and Alturfan, A.A. and Emekli Alturfan, E. (2024) ‘Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos’, European Journal of Biology, 83(1), pp. 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244 (11 Oct. 2024).


MLA

Cansız, Derya, and Merih Beler and Gizem Eğilmezer and Semanur Işıkoğlu and Zülal Mızrak and İsmail Ünal and Selçuk Paker and Ahmet Ata Alturfan and Ebru Emekli Alturfan. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos.” European Journal of Biology, vol. 83, no. 1, 2024, pp. 77-84. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


Vancouver

Cansız D, Beler M, Eğilmezer G, Işıkoğlu S, Mızrak Z, Ünal İ, Paker S, Alturfan AA, Emekli Alturfan E. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos. European Journal of Biology [Internet]. 11 Oct. 2024 [cited 11 Oct. 2024];83(1):77-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244 doi: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244


ISNAD

Cansız, Derya - Beler, Merih - Eğilmezer, Gizem - Işıkoğlu, Semanur - Mızrak, Zülal - Ünal, İsmail - Paker, Selçuk - Alturfan, AhmetAta - Emekli Alturfan, Ebru. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Amplifies the Detrimental Effects of Fetal Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish Embryos”. European Journal of Biology 83/1 (Oct. 2024): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1467244



TIMELINE


Submitted09.04.2024
Accepted08.05.2024
Published Online30.05.2024

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