Tuğba

Gökçe

Assist. Prof.

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Investment Decision Analysis Under Uncertainty Conditions with Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach

Gökhan

Res. Assist.

Mustafa

Fatma

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

Convergence of EU Countries: SURADF and SURKSS Unit Root Test

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Derya

Ebru

Prof. Dr.

Ensuring the academic achievement of all students has now become necessary to satisfy the increasing demands of the global economy and improve people’s welfare. According to long-standing research, family is the most reliable predictor of a student’s academic and future achievement. Researchers commonly focus on socioeconomic inequalities regarding academic achievement. Socioeconomic inequalities generally explain differences in students’ reading and mathematics achievement across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Many empirical studies have demonstrated that students with low socioeconomic status perform worse academically. Based on the findings, students with high socioeconomic status tend to outperform students with low socioeconomic status. In this framework, education systems are supposed to provide an equitable opportunity to students with low socioeconomic status by developing policies that deal with socioeconomic inequalities. The percentage of students in Türkiye with low socioeconomic status has been observed to exceed the international average. For these reasons, identifying the factors that influence the mathematical achievement of students with low socioeconomic status in Türkiye is critical for the education system and policymakers. This study aims to identify the variables that influence the mathematics achievement of students from low socioeconomic status in Türkiye using the modeling and small sample size flexibility provided by the Bayesian approach. For this purpose, data have been employed from the 2019 International Survey of Mathematics and Science Trends (TIMSS) eighth-grade mathematics assessment.&nbsp;The Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach is used to determine what variables should be included in a model when employing large-scale educational data. This approach takes into account model uncertainty in addition to parameter uncertainty. BMA considers the uncertainties in the model format and assumptions and incorporates them into inferences about the unknown parameter being studied. The BMA approach solves the problem of how to choose a model by incorporating multiple competing models into the estimating procedure. This study considers the BMA approach as a solution to the model uncertainty problem.&nbsp;According to the analysis results, the strongest predictors of mathematics achievement are the number of books at home, students’ academic expectations, sense of belonging at school, attitudes toward mathematics, absenteeism, and exposure to bullying. The variable that most increases student performance is observed as the number of books, which as an indicator of home education resources. As expected, the frequency with which the test language is spoken at home is also found to have a positive and significant effect on mathematics achievement. The findings indicate the variables of academic expectation and positive teacher expectation to also be important in explaining mathematics achievement. In accordance with previous studies, these variables have been identified as the most influential factors increasing the performance of students with low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, having a positive attitude toward mathematics has been reported to positively influence student achievement, whereas having a negative attitude negatively influences student achievement. The findings show that having a negative attitude toward mathematics is the most harmful factor affecting mathematics achievement. On the other hand, the study suggests a student’s sense of belonging to school to decrease mathematics performance because of negative school-related thoughts. Increases in the frequency of homework and exposure to bullying (e.g., name calling) are shown to have a negative effect on students’ mathematics performance. Another important finding involves the mother’s level of education not being a significant factor in students’ mathematics performance, while having a father with a higher level of education is shown to increase those student’s mathematics performance. The fact that only the father’s education level has an impact on student performance demonstrates the presence of a gender effect. Overall, the results indicate that students with low socioeconomic status are impacted by the components of inequalities inside and outside of school.&nbsp;

The Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) Approach for Determining the Factors Affecting the Achievement of Students with Low Socioeconomic Status

Kamel

Assoc. Prof.

The Impact of Sectoral Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Algeria using Static Panel Data Models

Onur

Çağlar

Ferhat

Interaction Between Stock Exchange And Interest Rate in Turkey: A Hidden Cointegration and Asymmetric Causality Analysis

The statistical feature that distinguishes financial time series from economic time series is that financial time series show a leptokurtic distribution. Volatility clustering and positive excess kurtosis are known to occur in leptokurtic distributions. The number of outliers in financial time series is higher than in normally distributed series. This is why, when examining the probability density function graph, the tail parts of the distribution in these series are thicker than the normal distribution. Based on the reasons for these explanations, financial series are known to not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, the use of tests based on the assumption of normal distribution regarding analyses of series that do not have a normal distribution (e.g., financial series) will negatively affect the obtained results.As such, other methods are used in cases of normal non-dispersion that also give effective and reliable results. The normality assumption is also important in unit root analyses performed over financial series. In order for the obtained results to provide effective estimates, residuals related to auxiliary regression models are required to have normal distributions. The studies of Meng et al. (2014) and Meng et al. (2016) applied unit root tests based on the residual augmented least squares (RALS) method cases where the normality assumption was not provided, and the residuals related to auxiliary regressions that showed a leptokurtic distribution also deviated from normality as a result of asymmetry or nonlinearity. The RALS method has reasons related to the deviation of the higher-order moments of the residuals belonging to auxiliary regressions that do not show a normal distribution. Therefore, this study uses this method and the second and third moments of the residuals to attempt to resolve the problem of the normality assumption.&nbsp;This study considers the efficiency hypothesis, which is defined as the inability to use modeling to predict the prices of securities. Therefore, prices can not be predicted because they exhibit a random walk (Champell et al., 1996, p.22). When the prices for securities bought and sold on a securities market reflect all the information and prices respond quickly or without deviation to new information, such markets are generally interpreted as being efficient (Deckman &amp; Dale, 1986, p.5).This study uses traditional and current econometric methods to examine the stock market index values of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and to test the validity of the efficiency hypothesis over financial markets. Due to the leptokurtic distribution of the financial series, the empirical part of the study uses unit root tests based on the RALS method, which is widely used in cases where the residuals do not comply with normal distribution, as well as unit root tests based on the assumption of normal distribution. To test the efficiency hypothesis over the stock market index values of 19 OECD countries, the study uses the Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests with one and two structural breaks and RALS-LM unit root tests, which are unit root tests based on the RALS method. According to the practical results from the Schmidt and Phillips (SP), LM and RALS-LM tests based on the assumption of normal distribution, the residuals from auxiliary regressions of the SP and LM unit root tests were observed to not show normal distributions. Therefore, the residuals related to the financial series under consideration have been shown to not support the normality assumption. Additionally, when examining whether the series shows a unit-rooted process, the RALS-LM unit root tests reject the unit root hypothesis for more country market indexes than the SP and LM unit root tests.

The Efficiency Hypothesis in Financial Markets: An Application over OECD Countries

Fatih

Coffee beans are graded on criteria such as coffee taste and aroma quality as well as visual factors such as the appearance, size, and color tone of beans. Various taste and aroma profile tests have been developed to evaluate coffee quality. Factors such as quality control factors, sustainability, working conditions during production, processing and storage of coffee beans are also considered.Many standards have been setup in numerous organizations at the international and national level. For example, the International Coffee Organization focuses on many areas such as establishing and implementing quality standards in coffee beans, supporting and guiding coffee producers, developing sustainable coffee standards, and establishing hygiene rules.Coffee quality institute (CQI) develops and trains cupping protocols used in coffee tasting to assess coffee quality and establish a reference for coffee tasting notes around the world. As of May 2023, more than 8,000 CQI certified grading members (CQI Graders) evaluate coffee in many countries of the world according to CQI standards.Because of the prevalence of using CQI for grading coffee quality, this study is based on the CQI standard..Cupping standards developed by CQI are used to evaluate coffee quality. Cupping is a standardized method of tasting coffee.&nbsp;CQI’s cupping standards cover the evaluation of aroma, flavor, aftertaste, acidity, body, balance, uniformity, clean cup, and sweetness.&nbsp;Apart from the tasting taste grading, imperfections in coffee quality are undesirable properties that can occur in coffee beans during processing or storage and classified as category one and category two defects.The first category of defects are primary defects that can be detected visually. Category Second defects are defects that are inconspicuous and can only be detected by taste.Indicators of coffee quality are available in the CQI database. This database includes a unique ID number assigned to each coffee, type, origin, farm name, production altitude, harvest date, grading date, processing technique, and tasting scores.The data of each type of coffees are kept on separate pages by using an ID number. The web scraping technique was applied to achieve rapid data collection as the data were kept on separate pages for each coffee. Network scraping was performed using Python 3.10.5. The content of the written Python program is presented in APPENDIX-1. Furthermore, web scraping files and data are available at GitHub Platform (GitHub, 2023).The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used for ranking according to coffee grading. This method is an efficient method that is preferred in finding the ideal one in multiple preferences.Cost attributes have a negative effect on the decision. “Aroma”, “Flavor”, “Aftertaste”, “Acidity”, “Body”, “Balance”, “Uniformity”, “Clean Cup”, “Sweetness”, “Overall” attributes, which are referred to as taste scores in the dataset, have a positive effect. However, “Category One Defects,” “Category Two Defects,” “Quakers” have a negative effect. In the obtained data set, a total of 207 observations and 13 characteristics of the mentioned coffee quality indicators are presented.In this study, two calculations were made with the entropy weighting method, in which the attributes have equal importance.The aforementioned methods were used, and the best choices were suggested using the TOPSIS method according to the coffee quality. A general criterion was presented with the sum of the tasting scores, but this study suggests that a calculation method that considers tasting scores separately and accounting for the error qualities could considerably improve grading.&nbsp;

TOPSIS Method Approach in Ranking Coffee Bean Quality

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Trade Balance, Real Exchange Rate and Trade Policy Uncertainty in Türkiye: Evidence from the SVAR Approach

Bouazza

Sidi

Algeria’s Path to Sustainable Economic Development: Is it on Track or Not?

Aycan

Seda

The purpose of this study is to examine the growth performance of firms in Türkiye’s manufacturing industry, taking into account firm characteristics, firm capacity, and human capital indicators. Data from the “Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey” conducted jointly by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank for the 2018–2020 period are used. The study included only surveys conducted in 2019. A total of 395 Turkish manufacturing firms with increased sales revenues between 2016 and 2018 were examined. Firms’ growth performance can be measured in various ways. In this study, it is measured by calculating the change in sales revenues, which is a widely used method in the literature. Firms’ growth performance is calculated using the formula [(sales revenue (sales revenue-2)) / sales revenue-2 × 100]. After calculating the change in sales revenues, firms whose sales revenues increased are included in the study. We focus on some firm characteristics, firm capacity, and human capital that can have an impact on growth performance. Firm age is used from firm characteristics. Meanwhile, firm capacity is measured using the capacity utilization rate and the weekly working hours. For the human capital indicator, the variables of how many years of experience the manager has in this sector, the rate of personnel working in nonproduction activities (the rate of employees working in units such as management, sales, etc.), and the rate of employees with university degrees are used.The quantile regression method is used in the study to examine the growth performance of firms in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Koenker and Basset (1978) proposed the quantile regression method as an alternative to the classical one (Koenker and Halloc, 2001). The quantile regression method ignores the assumptions that must be satisfied in the classical regression method. When the error terms are not normally distributed, quantile regression parameter estimates are more effective than classical regression parameter estimates (Ünvan ve Demirel, 2020, s. 200). Furthermore, the quantile regression method solves the outlier problem and can be used when the data set contains outliers (Yavuz ve Aşık, 2017, Cameron ve Trivedi, 2005, s. 85). This study has outliers in the dependent variable. Except for the manager experience variables, all independent variables have outlier values. The quantile regression method produces more accurate results in the presence of outliers (Çınar, 2019). This method produces different coefficient results for different quantile points and provides various regression models (Chen, 2005; Koenker, 2005). Allows for the interpretation of growth performance at various levels.As a result of the study, it is seen that the increase in the firm age negatively affected the growth performance of firms in the manufacturing industry in Türkiye. An increase in firm age leads to a decrease in growth performance, regardless of the level of growth performance. The capacity utilization rate of a firm has a positive and statistically significant impact on the growth performance of firms in the 0.70th, 0.80th, and 0.90th quantiles. It has been observed that increasing the capacity utilization rate increases growth performance. Another study finding indicates that the firm’s weekly working hours have no statistically significant effect on growth performance at all quantile levels. Furthermore, it has been estimated that senior management experience in the sector has a negative and statistically significant effect on firm growth performance in the 0.20th, 0.30th, 0.40th, and 0.50th quantiles. Increasing the experience of senior managers in the sector reduces growth performance. When the level of growth performance is high, senior management experience in the sector has no statistically significant effect on growth performance. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of nonproduction employees in the 0.10th, 0.20th, 0.30th, and 0.40th quantiles resulted in improved growth performance. The rate of employees working in management and sales have a statistically significant and positive effect on the growth performance of the companies in the manufacturing industry sector. Therefore, by strengthening their management and sales units, these firms will increase their productivity and thus their growth performance. Similarly, it is concluded that the rate of employees with university degrees at the 0.10th quantile positively and significantly impact growth performance.&nbsp;

Determination of Criteria Affecting the Growth Performance of Manufacturing Industry Firms in Türkiye Using Quantile Regression

Bengü

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Murat

Human migration, which expresses the geographical movement of human communities for social and economic reasons, dates back to the early periods of history. However, international human migration has increased significantly, especially in the last 50 years with the effects of globalization, and the causes and consequences of migration as a concept have changed greatly. The number of international migrants, which had been 84 million in 1970, reached 153 million in 1990 and 281 million in 2020. The increased number of international immigrants, who made up 3.6% of the global population as of 2020, has caused social and economic transformations for both the origin and destination countries. Long-term data on international migration reveal it to not have a uniform structure all over the world but rather to be shaped by economic, geographical, and demographic factors. This study was developed to examine the determinants of international migration. It tests the validity of the Neo - Classical approach to migration, which claims economic factors to be the main determinant for deciding to migrate, and investigates the relations among the variables by taking into account various economic indicators as well as terrorist incidents.&nbsp;The study was developed within the scope of the 20 countries to have received the most immigrants in the world and examines the migration movements from the countries that have sent the most immigrants to each destination country using the multidimensional panel gravity model approach with five-year datasets from 1995 to 2020. The study uses the number of immigrants from the origin countries as the dependent variable and economic indicators such as income levels, unemployment, and inflation rates of origin and destination countries; the distance between countries; common languages; common borders; and terrorist incidents as independent variables. Model estimation was performed using the multidimensional Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimator.The findings show income levels in destination countries to negatively affect migration movements, while terrorist attacks and inflation rates in origin countries to positively affect international migration movements. In addition, origin countries’ income levels and unemployment rates were determined to not statistically significantly affect migration movements.&nbsp;In parallel with the findings, Neo - Classical migration theory was determined to not be valid for the countries covered in the research and the factor of security to be more important regarding the decision to migrate. International migration movements have brought about remarkable changes in countries’ economic and social structures. As of 2020, the world had 26.4 million refugees, and in 2020 alone, 3,900 deaths and missing persons had occurred due to migration movements. This study discusses the determinants of international migration, as it has important economic and social consequences. The study aims to use the findings from the empirical analysis to provide data for projecting how to reduce the social and economic costs of migration and to contribute to the existing literature.&nbsp;

The Determinants of International Migration in the Context of Terrorist Attacks: A Panel Data Analysis

Hamza

Sezin

When economic growth is sustained, it improves the welfare of the country’s citizens by increasing per capita income. As a result, the sources of growth or factors that increase growth have been a topic of interest from the past to the present. Along with an increase in production factors, technological development is one of the most important sources of growth. Some indicators influence technological development. These indicators also include total factor productivity and R&amp;D expenditures.Total factor productivity, defined as the increase in productivity across all production factors, is the primary source of longterm growth. In order to achieve development by ensuring stable growth, firms must increase resource e technology, particularly in developing countries. Technology is discovered and developed in the economy due to R&amp;D activities. R&amp;D activities are regarded as the foundation for the production and dissemination of new information; technological advances obtained in this manner also positively impact economic growth by increasing the efficiency of production factors and lowering production costs. Indeed, because R&amp;D activities incur costs, spending is required to cover these costs. The ratio to gross national product of this size, technically expressed as “R&amp;D expenditures,” is regarded as one of the most important indicators of countries’ importance on science and technology today.&nbsp;In the literature, the number of studies on Turkey, particularly in recent years, on the relationship between total factor productivity, R&amp;D investments, and growth has been increasing. However, studies on the relationship of these two factors with growth have been conducted separately. The effect of R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity, which are two interrelated concepts on economic growth, has never been studied. In this context, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by empirically revealing the relationship between these three variables in the Turkish example.The Granger causality method is used in the study to test the effect of R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity on growth using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The improved Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test assesses its stationarity. The vector autoregressive model is established after performing other necessary tests, such as autocorrelation, stability, and heteroskedasticity tests. Moreover, the existence and direction of the causality relationship between the variables are investigated using the Granger causality test.According to the Granger causality test, the prediction results for the three models are examined separately. The relationship between R&amp;D expenditures, growth, and total factor productivity with other variables as dependent variables is analyzed, respectively. The following analysis results were obtained regarding the direction of the relationship between R&amp;D expenditures, growth, and total factor productivity: R&amp;D expenditures and growth have a unidirectional causality relationship. The direction of this causality relationship is from R&amp;D expenditures to growth. In this context, the study findings are comparable to those of Altın and Kaya (2009), Korkmaz (2010), Genç and Atasoy (2010), as well as Duman and Aydın (2018). Meanwhile, R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity have a unidirectional causality relationship. The direction of this relationship is from R&amp;D expenditures to total factor productivity. This result is consistent with the results of Guellec and van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie (2001), Voutsinas and Tsamadias (2014), as well as Aydın and Yalçınkaya (2016). There is no evidence of a causal relationship between total factor productivity and growth. This result is consistent with the studies by Aksu (2017) as well as Bozkurt and Toktaş (2018).&nbsp;This study’s results reveal that R&amp;D expenditures increased growth in Turkey during the period examined. Similarly, R&amp;D expenditures positively affected the total factor productivity. In this context, it can be inferred that Turkey’s increase in R&amp;D expenditures during the specified period had a positive impact on growth and total factor productivity.Today, R&amp;D studies are one of the most important tools for countries to gain a competitive advantage. The primary requirement for conducting R&amp;D studies is the availability of the necessary financial resources. Another critical issue is the training of qualified personnel in this field. Therefore, social awareness about the importance of producing and developing technology should be raised and well-equipped personnel in the field of R&amp;D should be trained. Subsequently, the necessary resources should be allocated for R&amp;D, with increasing the amount of this resource from year to year becoming one of the primary goals. In this context, although it is encouraging that Turkey’s R&amp;D expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product have recently increased above 1%, it is still quite low compared to developed countries. To increase this share even further, the government should try to provide the necessary resources and incentives and regulations so that the private sector can participate in R&amp;D activities more effectively

An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Research and Development Expenditures, Total Factor Productivity, and Economic Growth in Turkey

Atilla

The right to unionize is recognized as one of the most important indicators of modern democracy. In this context, the most important factors are the unionization rate, defined as the ratio of the number of unionized workers to the total number of employed workers, and collective bargaining coverage rate, defined as the ratio of the number of workers benefiting from a collective bargaining agreement to the number of workers earning wages. This study aims to determine the economic factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage rate in Turkey. The study uses the following independent variables: the share of industrial sector value added in GDP, inflation rate, and per capita income, to discuss the effects of market conditions on collective bargaining coverage rate.Unionization is generally associated with legal and social factors. Görmüş (2020) and Mülayim (2023) investigated the factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage rate, namely, unionization rate, level of collective bargaining agreements, and incentive scheme. However, few empirical studies investigate the relationship between unionization and economic variables. Oswald (1982) argued that an increase in unionization will raise wages, leading to decreased employment and output. Blanchard and Summers (1986) concluded that a high unionization rate increased the natural unemployment rate in the 1980s. Ramjas (1989) found that an increase in the unionization rate negatively impacts worker productivity. Bean and Crafts (1995) reported that an increase in the unionization rate negatively affects total factor productivity. De Groot (2001) found that unions will increase the general wage level and inflation if the wage increase cannot be compensated by productivity increases. Meanwhile, Daveri and Tabellini (2000) analyzed the economic effects of taxation processes, finding that if excessive taxation is passed on to workers, labor costs and unemployment increase and union density decreases. Van Reenen (1996) and Wrigles (2002) argued that while creative enterprises pay higher wages, competitive enterprises have a low general wage level. Here, unions become stronger and resources cannot be allocated to research and development activities, resulting a slowdown in growth. Turnbull (2003) found that unionization slows down GDP growth, while Baker et al. (2005) identified a significant relationship between collective bargaining coverage and unemployment. Murtin et al. (2014) found that if the collective bargaining coverage rate is higher than the unionization rate, wages will become rigid and harm employment. Barbier-Gauchard et al. (2023) found that nominal wages and employment fall when unionization is weak, putting downward pressure on inflation. Empirical studies generally associate unionization with the labor market. In contrast, this study examines unionization and collective bargaining coverage from a broader, macroeconomic perspective.This study uses the Johansen cointegration test and ARDL bounds test to determine the long-term relationship between variables. To apply the cointegration test, all variables should be stationary of the same order. In this framework, the stationarity of the variables is investigated with conventional and structural break unit root tests. Moreover, long-term parameters are estimated and the effects of each variable on the collective bargaining coverage rate are decomposed. Finally, an error correction model is constructed to analyze the short run.According to the results, a 1% increase in the share of industrial value added in gross domestic product (GDP) increases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 2.19%. This result is natural considering that unionization tendency is generally higher in the industrial sector. Meanwhile, a 1% increase in inflation decreases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 0.19%; the increase in inflation decreases real wage and employment level. The increases in enterprises’ input costs are expected to be compensated by the pressure on wages and collective bargaining agreements. In countries with weak collective bargaining power, the inflationary process results in a decline in real wages and distorts income distribution. This framework can explain the negative impact of the inflation rate on collective bargaining coverage. A 1% increase in per capita income decreases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 0.77%. Evaluating this result along with the functional income distribution structure in Turkey is important. Increasing the rate of collective bargaining coverage is important for workers’ rights and democratization. Based on this study’s findings, a structural change in favor of the industry will increase the rate of collective bargaining. High inflation is among today’s most important problems. Nowadays, the fight against inflation is carried out by turning expectations into positive and reducing economic risks. The study finds that a decrease in inflation will increase the rate of collective bargaining coverage. Additionally, the implementation of economic policies aimed at improving income distribution will also increase the collective bargaining coverage rate. Moreover, spreading economic growth to all segments of society is important for ensuring economic stability. To this end, this framework indicates that regulations to prevent the erosion of wage incomes, tax policies in favor of labor incomes, and the fight against inflation should be implemented.

Economic Factors Affecting the Collective Bargaining Agreement Coverage Rate in Turkey: Cointegration Approach

Berna

Sema

Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being embraced for their easy implementation and effective outcomes, particularly in financial predictions. In financial applications, these algorithms have emerged as potent tools forinformation processing and analysis, particularly in trading strategies,price predictions, and portfolio management. Deep learning algorithms excel in creating high-performance classification models, especially in complex datasets. Decision tree algorithms are suitable for solving classification and regression problems, whereas genetic algorithms have emerged as optimal methods for addressing complex problems, optimization, and modeling systems related to randomness.We aim to produce high-accuracy buying and selling signals in the cryptomarket, operating continuously 24 ha day. The approach combines MACD parameters, optimized with a genetic algorithm in the cryptocurrency market, machine learning methods, and technical analysis indicators. Machine learning algorithms are essential tools that transform datasets into models. We compared the performances of different machine learning algorithms.&nbsp;Furthermore, we examine the results obtained by optimizing the performance of these algorithms using genetic algorithms. The data collection process commenced by obtaining candlestick data for ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT assets through the API of Binance Crypto Exchange.A 1-h candlestick chart was used for the analysis, spanning November 9, 2021, to November 22, 2022. Each candlestick data item includes information such as transaction time, opening, closing, high values, low values, and trading volume. The candlestickdata were separated into optimization and test data. The optimization data were created by adding CMF, RSI, Z-SCORE, ATR, BOP, CMO, and CC INDICATOR signals during the strategy generation phase. Next, thisdataset was dividedinto machine learning training and test data. Long and short trading signals were established based on MACD and Signal line crossovers, and a decision column was added.During the optimization phase, the parameters of the MACD indicator were optimized using a genetic algorithm. The MACD indicator uses the default parameters of 12, 26, and 9. Employing the NSGA-II genetic algorithm, the optimal parameter values for the MACD indicator were calculated over 25 cycles. Subsequently, optimized MACD parameters were identified for ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT based on the test results. Backtesting was performed using the optimized MACD parameters to obtain gain and profitability ratios. Upon examining the accuracy rates of various machine learning algorithms,deep learning exhibitedthe highest accuracy rate.The optimized MACD parameters, training data of the most suitable machine learning algorithm, and the test data were consolidated.The test data were evaluated by backtesting, employing optimized MACD parameters and trained machine learning algorithms;this process revealedthe profit rate and profitability. The results indicate a high gain ratio and profitability in the LTCUSDT asset when optimized MACD parameters and a deep learning algorithm were employed. However, for the ADAUSDT asset, the combination failed to generate a profit. This highlights that the success of certain combinations of assets and strategies may vary depending on market conditions. Therefore, for effective implementation of the proposed model, each asset’sstrategy needs careful evaluation.In backtests focusing on ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT cryptocurrency pairs, long–short trades using optimized MACD parameters yieldedhigher profits thantrades executed with nonoptimized settings. The default MACD parameters typically involve three parameters: a fast period of 12, a slow period of 26, and a correction period of 9. However,the averages obtained from the optimization process deviatednoticeably from these standard values,suggesting that investors engaged in cryptoasset trading maybenefit from an indicator responding rapidly to market dynamics.&nbsp;Additionally, owingto the volatile nature of cryptoassets, the applicationof machine learning algorithms poses challenges in accurately determining profits and losses before ensuring a clear data separation. This underscores the risk of exposure to sudden price fluctuations in cryptoassets. In conclusion, this study found that long–short trades using optimized MACD parameters do not always yield optimal results. However, profitability can be enhancedby leveraging machine learning algorithms to filter out data leading to losses. Notably, the developed model demonstrated better compatibility with the LTCUSDT pair than the ADAUSDT, showcasing a profit of 93.55% in the LTCUSDT pair. These results underscorethe potential advantagesof integrating machine learning and technical analysis in the cryptocurrency market.

Performance Comparison of Genetic and Machine Learning Algorithms in Crypto Markets

Furkan

A New Proposal for the Measurement of Criterion Weights in the Scope of Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Somer’s D-DEMATEL based Hybrid Approach (SDBHA)

Sait

A Sectoral Application for Green Vehicle Routing Problem Optimization with Capacity Constrained and Heterogeneous Fleet

Ahmet

Server

Money is a fundamental economic element and a vital tool for the economy and its functionality. Money’s functions can be summarized as being a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Among these functions, money serving as a medium of exchange has primary importance. This function is the main pillar of trade, production and other economic components. While its other functions (i.e., unit of account and store of value) are related to preserving wealth, whereas its function as a medium of exchange is a pure money function. Dollarization is simply a matter of money. In dollarization, foreign currencies substitute or replace the functions of local currency. Understanding and measuring dollarization is possible by observing these functions. The more a foreign currency takes over these functions, the more an economy is subject to dollarization.Dollarization has emerged as a phenomenon for mostly developing countries consisting of South American, Middle Eastern, North African, and Far East Asian countries. In the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the transition economies of Eastern Europe also joined these developing countries. Therefore, dollarization records can be collected from numerous countries all over the world. The countries that deal with dollarization have also had to deal with some other macroeconomic issues such as exchange rate fluctuations and their related crises, inflation, unstable economic growth, and unemployment, and Türkiye is one of these countries. Since the beginning of the financial liberalization that took place in the early 1980s, dollarization has become particularly visible in Türkiye. The 2001 financial crisis occurred as a milestone for the Turkish economy after years of economic turbulence, high inflation, and political instability. This crisis helped establish the many essential regulations that would lead the Turkish financial system to successful years later on. However, that the financial system needed to heal was obvious, with some weaknesses still remaining and currently troubling the country’s prosperity.&nbsp;Far from being an isolated issue, dollarization has effects on every aspect of economics. Firstly, this issue creates difficulties for money authorities. The more that foreign currencies replace the functions of a local currency, the more difficult implementing effective money policies becomes. Central banks lose control of money when the money supply shifts to a dollarized structure. Secondly, exchange rates are related to dollarization. A high level of dollarization causes a local currency to depreciate, which in turn furthers dollarization. Individuals and firms nationwide see exchange rates as an indicator of economic resilience. Dollarization and exchange rate fluctuations that oscillate together indicate a confidence issue. Thirdly, dollarization in many cases becomes related to inflation. In open economies, general price levels are directly tied to exchange rate fluctuations due to foreign trade. The link between exchange rate and inflation indicates the importance of dollarization regarding general price levels.&nbsp;Dollarization in Türkiye has attracted academic studies that have mainly focused on the factors causing dollarization and the consequences of a dollarized economy. These studies have stated the primary factors causing dollarization to be inflation, nominal and real exchange rates, and local currency depreciation. Studies have additionally stated consumer sentiment index, current account deficit, credit default swap (CDS) premium, and deposit interest rates as other causing factors, with the primary consequences being inflation, exchange rate instabilities, and further dollarization. While the consequences seem to be macroeconomic indicators, the main threat is how it weakens money policy tools. The solution to this risk involves money authorities taking rapid and decisive actions.&nbsp;This study examines the nexus between dollarization and the real exchange rate in Türkiye, as these chosen factors reflect a historical reality. Dollarization in Türkiye has had a long record of accompanying the various economic crises, with volatile exchange rates and dollarization having played significant roles in every crisis. Furthermore, the real exchange rate is another significant element, because it is a combined reflection of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. The study is based on data between January 2003-December 2023 and conducts the Fourier term unit root and cointegration tests. The findings of these tests are then used in the Granger causality test, with the results showing that the interaction between dollarization and real exchange rate works in one direction: Dollarization causes the real exchange rate, while the real exchange rate does not cause dollarization.According to the results of the study and the nature of dollarization, policy makers should firmly keep their eyes on the dollarization issue, as it causes long-term macroeconomic weaknesses. Dollarization on its own also causes further dollarization. Money policies become less effective over time through dollarization. Controlling inflation also becomes less likely with ineffective policy tools. In conclusion, money authorities should take the dollarization trend under control quickly and early using every tool possible. With the help of a speedy intervention, dollarization will hopefully be prevented from deepening before it causes any more harm on the economy, and this approach will be for the benefit of each actor in the economy

Dollarization and the Real Exchange Rate Nexus in Türkiye’s Economy

Mücella

Turgut

In this study, forecasting analysis is performed on the basis of different panel data structures and different estimators. The panel data model built within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve is constructed for the period 1990-2020 by taking the G20 country group as heterogeneous panel data and the G8 country group as homogeneous panel data. Then, fixed-effects forecasting, random-effects forecasting, and combined forecasting methods are used to obtain out-of-sample forecasts their performances are compared. In this study, out-of-sample forecasts are estimated for 1 year, 3 years a average. Forecast performances are evaluated using the mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that homogeneous forecasters perform better in line with the studies in the literature. It is also observed that the prediction obtained with the fixed effects estimator outperforms the prediction obtained with the random effects estimator in the homogeneous panel data structure and the prediction obtained with the random effects estimator in the heterogeneous panel data structure. In the homogeneous panel data structure, combined forecasting outperforms obtained with the random effects estimator in the heterogeneous panel data structure, obtained with the fixed effects estimator performs worse than combined forecasting. Another perspective of this study is to examine the performance of the combined forecasting method under different conditions in terms of heterogeneity and endogeneity.In the analysis of the study, stationarity analysis of the variables used for the environmental Kuznets curve panel data models for the G20 and G8 countries was performed. Then, it is determined that the model for the G20 country group is heterogeneous and that the panel data model for the G8 country group is homogeneous. Since it is aimed to compare the forecasts of fixed effects estimator, random effects estimator combined estimator as forecasting estimators, panel data models are estimated with these estimators and then out-of-sample forecasts are estimated by estimating in 1-year and 3-year samples.In this study, G20 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United States, United Kingdom) covering the period 1990 - 2020 are considered as the heterogeneous panel data model, while G8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United States, United Kingdom) with the same time dimension covering the period 1990 - 2020 are considered as the homogeneous panel data model. For both G20 and G8 country group panel data, one-year (2020) and three-year (2018, 2019 and 2020) forecasts are made for the combined forecasts developed with the within-group fixed effects estimator, the generalised least squares random effects estimator then the combination of fixed effects and random effects estimators. These forecasts are compared with the MSE and RMSE performance criteria.&nbsp;The contribution of this study to the literature can be expressed as the comparison of forecasts by considering homogeneous and heterogeneous panel data structures separately. In addition, this study examines the performance of the combined forecasting method proposed by Huang (2019), which emerged as a different forecasting method, in these different panel data structures and analyzes the performance of the forecasts obtained with fixed and random effects estimators in cases of heterogeneity and endogeneity.The aim of this study is to compare the performance of the prediction values by estimating the models with different panel data estimators and to analyse the performance of the forecasts of the random effects and fixed effects estimators as well as the combined forecasts in the presence of heterogeneity and endogeneity. The second section of the paper presents the panel data model used, the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and reviews related studies. The third section presents the literature on forecasting methods with panel data and the results of these studies. In the fourth section, panel data estimators and forecasting theory are presented, and in the fifth section, environmental Kuznets curve panel data model estimations and findings obtained from forecasts are explained. In the last section, forecasting performance comparisons and evaluations obtained from the application are presented.&nbsp;

Forecasting Performance Comparison With Panel Data Models: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis

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Halim

Operational Implications of Time Window Relaxation in Vehicle Routing  Problems

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Kevser

Selay

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

An Evulation on Effect of Freedoms on Economic Performance with Structural Equation Modeling

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Investigation of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis with Fourier Unit Root Tests: The Case of Turkey

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months. Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis. Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized. Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research. To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers. All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.  EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a "peer-reviewed journal" every six months since 2005. The language of the journal is English and Turkish. Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

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Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months.Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis.Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized.Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research.To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers.All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a &#34;peer-reviewed journal&#34; every six months since 2005.The language of the journal is English and Turkish.Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review. - Does the manuscript contain new and significant information? - Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript? - Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results? - Is adequate references made to other Works in the field? - Is the language acceptable? Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted. The Copyright Agreement Form must be scanned and converted to .pdf format with wet signature(s) by the author(s) before being uploaded to the system.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.15.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. Author information and institutional details should not be present in the Word files uploaded to the system. The author-related information should be removed from the file by right-clicking on the full text document, selecting 'Properties,' then 'Details,' and choosing 'Remove personal information from this file.4. Submitted manuscripts in Turkish must have before the introduction section, the abstract both in Turkish and English, between 200 and 250 words and an extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. If the manuscript is written in English, it must include an abstract only in English.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://jecs.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/information-for-authors/references and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.8. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).9. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.10. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.11. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.12. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a></li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatEKOIST: Econometrics and Statistics complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (200-250 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5EED6D226A1F408CB1F80809BA35B678" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9988B0D4A44A4DAD8D16AC2790AE5A78" target="_blank">Title Page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C22173424E4E4BCF9EDCBFFF68A2B77C" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/868377F65370453F971BA8B5B1930638" target="_blank">Article Template</a>

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