Mehmet Zeki

Assist. Prof.

Veysel

Res. Assist.

In this study, the causality relationship between financial development, commercial openness and economic growth was investigated for 15 emerging economies over the 2002-2016 period. A fundamental question of whether financial development and trade openness have a significant impact on growth, particularly for emerging market economies, is a matter that needs to be addressed and discussed. The main purpose of this study on financial development is to investigate any existence of causality between commercial openness and growth, and then to determine the impact of this causality, if any.For the purpose of the study, the existence of a causality relationship between the series was analyzed with the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test, which takes into account heterogeneity and produces reliable results in case of cross-sectional dependence. In addition, Kónya (2006) panel causality analysis was conducted in order to reveal the results by country. In today’s world, due to increases in globalization, international trade levels and degree of financial integration, cross-sectional dependence should be taken into consideration. As in the global financial crisis that emerged in 2008, the economic shock in any country affects other countries differently. Therefore, it is necessary to test whether there is a horizontal cross-sectional dependence between the series before the analysis, since the results obtained in the analyses performed without considering the cross-sectional dependence will be deviant and inconsistent.&nbsp;The empirical studies in the literature generally use the ratio of private sector loans to GDP, which are two measures of financial development, and the ratio of capital market capitalization to GDP. However, addressing financial development with only these two variables narrows the scope of financial development. In this study, the financial development index prepared by the IMF was used in order to overcome this deficiency. The index shows the level of development of financial institutions and financial markets in terms of depth, reach and efficiency.There is a relatively short history of financial development and trade openness statistics that can be used in multi-country studies. Therefore, the study period was determined as 2002-2016. In addition, due to a lack of data, the horizontal section size of the data set is restricted to 15 countries. These issues constitute the main limitations of the study.The empirical findings are made of three parts. In the first part, there is the horizontal section dependence and homogeneity test, in the second part, the unit root test, and in the third part, causality tests are presented. According to our results, the horizontal cross-section dependence and slope coefficients are heterogeneous in series and model. This means that changes in each of the 15 emerging economies have an impact on other countries. In addition to having horizontal cross-sectional dependence in series and model, the heterogeneity of slope coefficients necessitates that both problems should be considered in unit root tests. For this reason, the Smith et al. (2004) panel boostrap unit root test considering heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence together was applied. According to the results of the unit root test, the FDI variable contains a unit root. When the difference of the series is taken, it becomes stagnant. In this sense, it is seen that FDI series I (1) carries the process.The Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test results showed that there is no causal relationship between financial development, commercial openness and economic growth. In the country-based results, the Kónya (2006) findings of causality generally coincide with the results achieved for the overall panel. Theer was one different result: in 5 countries (Colombia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, and Turkey) financial development causes economic growth. The findings show that economic growth, commercial openness and financial development develop independently of each other. The absence of a causal relationship between the variables implies that the neoliberal commercial and financial liberalization policies, which were largely consecutively implemented after the 1980s, failed to achieve external growth.

Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Ticari Açıklık, Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Bir Panel Nedensellik Analizi

Esra

Recently, the tourism sector has started to become an important sector for the economy of the countries. Sustainability of economic growth is one of the most important targets to be achieved for countries. When the economic growth of countries enters a systematic stalemate in certain periods, the tourism sector is seen as an alternative solution to overcome this dilemma. The reason why countries have increased the importance they attach to the tourism sector in recent times includes not only economic but also political, cultural and social reasons. Cultural, social and economic interactions between countries can be realized through tourism activities in the most effective way. With the increasing importance of the tourism sector in the economy, the number of studies examining the place of tourism indicators in the economy has increased. In this context, econometric analysis of tourism related indicators in the determination of tourism policies can draw a road map for decision makers. The course of tourism income over time attracts the attention of academicians and decision-makers. Because the course of this variable over time gives strong ideas for making predictions and decisions about the future. By using the previous period values of tourism income series, tourism incomes in the future can be predicted or the changes that will be made in tourism incomes by tourism investments can be estimated by econometric modeling. However, in order for the predictions and model estimations to yield reliable results, the average and variance of the tourism income series over time should remain constant, that is, it should be stable. Otherwise, the predictions made using the non-stationary tourism income series may be wrong and the estimation of the relationship between the tourism income variable and other variables may be false. In order to avoid these stalemates, the stagnation of the tourism income series should be examined to see whether the effects of sudden shocks on tourism incomes are permanent.&nbsp;In this context, this study, Turkey’s tourism incomes series of monthly time series properties have been previously studied using fourier stationarity test used not for tourism income series. In the studies examining the stagnation of the tourism income series, it is seen that unit root tests, which make seasonal adjustments, are generally used (Kulendran &amp; Wong, 2005; Nikolaos, 2008; Hepkorucu &amp; Doğan, 2019). Or, unit root tests of tourism series were used to examine structural changes using dummy variables (Narayan, 2005; Lean &amp; Smyth, 2008; Lee &amp; Chien, 2008). However, in cases where the number and location of structural changes are not known in the course of time, the use of dummy variables or using only seasonally corrected unit root tests may give unreliable results regarding the unit root process of the series. Fourier unit root tests, which allow accurate estimation of structural changes even in cases where the structure and location are not known, have shown strong results in the process followed by the data. Therefore, in this study, the unit root process of the tourism income series was examined by the stationarity test using fourier functions. The fourier stationarity test used in this study was performed by Becker et al. (2006). This stability test proposed by Becker et al. (2006) is an extension of the stability test developed by Kwitkowski et al. (1992) with fourier functions. In the Fourier KPSS stationarity test, structural changes were taken into account by using the Fourier function. The changes in the series can be predicted precisely by Fourier functions. In this study, Turkey’s stability characteristics of the data for the years 2012-2019 monthly tourism income variable is tested using fourier KPSS said stability test due to the strong features. According to the results of the KPSS Fourier stability test, the appropriate frequency for Turkey’s tourism serial number is calculated as 1. For the significance of Fourier terms, the F test statistic was calculated. Becker et al. (2006) ‘s study by comparing the critical values of the fourier terms were found to be significant. In this respect, it can be said that it is appropriate to use the fourier terms in the data creation process of the KPSS model used in stasis testing. Since the obtained Fourier KPSS test statistic was smaller than the critical values, the basic hypothesis could not be rejected. Turkey’s observed monthly data for the period 2012-2019, it has been concluded that there is stationary. The results obtained with this series is that Turkey’s tourism income stationary for the period studied. In other words, the effect of incoming shocks was temporary. This means that, in studies for Turkey and the policy decisions taken, predictions to be made by looking at the tourism income serial and model predictions will give reliable results.

Türkiye’nin Turizm Geliri Serisinin Durağanlığı: Fourier KPSS Durağanlık Test

Mehmet

The question of this study, which started in primitive society, and continued within the structure of slavery society, developed structurally in the framework of feudal society and then completed its evolution with the professionalization it experienced in the process of the industrial revolution. In recent years, the phenomenon of working with developing technology has taken on a modern form and has become visible in different forms until today. When the development of working life is taken into consideration, it is seen that employment diversity increases. This development and change takes place in a way that meets the needs of employees and employers as well as meeting the requirements of the era. While on the one hand the elasticity of employment emerges in different types, on the other hand it raises some problems for the employer and for the employer.&nbsp;Today, technological developments, increasing production diversity, improving transportation opportunities, increasing income level and social welfare have accelerated the formation of the global market structure. Meeting the increasing competition as a result of globalization has pushed enterprises to use scarce resources more efficiently. In order to solve these problems, business owners and writers who are conducting academic studies have constantly tried to find new solutions and develop new management approaches. In this context, outsourcing, which can be defined as transferring the activities that can be realized within the enterprise to an external supplier, is one of the strategic management approaches applied by many enterprises.With the development of technology and the increase in communication opportunities, competition has gained prominence, economic fluctuations are interacting all over the world, and efforts to create flexible organizational structures that can adapt rapidly to changes have led to enterprises to apply new management techniques. One of these methods is the “outsourcing” approach. Outsourcing can be defined as a management tool that enables enterprises to specialize by focusing on basic talents, to use time and resources in the most efficient way, to adapt rapidly to technological changes and to gain cost advantage in highly competitive markets.In general, outsourcing is used for the main reason of enabling small or large enterprises to continue, be it in the service sector or the production sector, thus making a profit and making their lives sustainable. However, it is not easy to realize this goal because of rapid changes and other developments in the world. In this process, the customers’ product or service alternatives are particularly easily accessible, and businesses keep customers while achieving efficiency in order to continue with a number of methods of doing business. Therefore, outsourcing is seen as one of the modern management practices in which companies apply to in order to achieve their ultimate goals. However, contrary to this general view, the cost element is not the only most important reason for outsourcing. In addition to reducing costs, factors such as&nbsp;developing the core capabilities of the enterprise, reducing and spreading risk, ensuring redistribution of resources, following technology and improving quality can be mentioned as other reasons for outsourcing.In order to achieve their goals, businesses apply to the skills of their employees in almost all of their fields of activity, and initiate a new approach with this new management approach. The application has now evolved into receiving services from other businesses according to their main fields of activity, with the main business of the enterprises, in other words the jobs they are competent with their competent human resources and other jobs (food, cleaning, security etc.). However, the fact that enterprises receive services from other enterprises through outsourcing does not mean that they ignore other fields of activity. This is because the behavior of employees employed in these areas has more or less impacted on organizational success. In other words, the organizational commitment levels of the employees also affect the productivity level. It is also known that human resources, which feel a sense of belonging to their organizations, strive for more organizational purposes than those who lack the sense of belonging, and they benefit from and worry about their organizations. In addition, these employees are successful in teamwork, motivating others and developing good relations with their colleagues. It can be clearly said that this is an important issue that enterprises cannot ignore.Individuals employed in the context of outsourcing face some problems in their working life. Individuals continue to carry out their business with the disadvantage of not being a permanent staff member of the enterprise where they work. In this context, the employer follows some policies in order to increase employee motivation and to make employees more productive. The most important of these are career and talent management practices. In this study, the approaches of career and talent management practices towards individuals employed within the scope of outsourcing are measured along with their effects on motivation and performance.

Dış Kaynak Kullanımı Kapsamında İstihdam Edilen Çalışanların Kariyer ve Yetenek Yönetime Dair Bir Alan Araştırması

Oktay

Gökhan

Elektrik Tüketimindeki Dalgalanmalar Geçici mi Yoksa Kalıcı mı? Türkiye İçin Amprik Bir Analiz

Mustafa

Fatma

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Test

Ayşe Mine

Selay

Assoc. Prof.

In this study, using logistic regression analysis and artificial neural network techniques on the data of 85 countries for 2017, the factors that were taken into account by Moody’s credit rating agency while determining a country’s credit ratings were determined, and the countries were divided into classes according to investmentability based on the granted credit scores . Within the scope of the study, the data set for year 2017 was taken from Moody’s official website. Moody’s had organized the data under four main headings, which included economic structure and performance, government financing, external payments and debt, monetary-external vulnerability and liquidity indicators. The data set, which included a total of 138 world countries, had been reorganized under the headings of economic structure and performance, state financing, external payments and debt to form the largest data set with common variables. Then, lost observations and extreme values were excluded from the analysis and a final data set consisting of 85 different countries was created . Here, it is also considered that the sample size should be at least five times the number of variables observed. According to studies in the literature 13 independent variables (Per capita GDP, Real GDP, Inflation, Gross Domestic Savings / GDP, Economic Gap, Government Revenue / GDP to Government Expenditures / GDP, General Government Primary Balance / GDP, General Government Debt, External Payments and Debt, Real Effective Exchange Rate, Current Account Balance / GDP, Net Foreign Direct Investment / GDP) are determined as Official Forex Reserves. For the dependent variable, a two category dependent variable was determined as Y = 1, meaning investment can be made, and Y = 2, meaning investment cannot be made , by making use of the investability level determined by Moody’s for long-term credit rating. Missing observations were not included in the analysis and contradictory observations, namely Luxembourg, Ecuador and South Africa, were excluded from the data set. After this, logistic regression analysis and artificial neural network statistical analysis methods were applied to the data set. Logistic regression is one of the alternative techniques that can be used in cases where the dependent variable is categorical as in socio-economic issues. According to the results of the logistic regression application, while the total correct classification rate is 90.6%, according to the predicted results, the correct classification rate of noninvestable countries is 87.9% and the correct classification rate of investable countries is 92.3%. Artificial neural networks are computer-based systems that are developed with the inspiration of the neurons of the human brain and do not require traditional skills. In other words, artificial neural networks are computer networks that try to simulate the neural cell (neurons) networks of the biological central nervous system (Yegnanarayana, B. 2009), (Öztemel E., 2003). In the application of artificial neural networks, the data set containing a total of 85 observations was randomly divided into 2 sets as training data containing 69 observations and test data containing 16 observations. As a result of the application, the training data accuracy rate was found to be 0.88 and the test data accuracy rate was found to be 0.56. In addition, the area under the ROC curve for the training data was 0.90 and the area under the ROC curve for test data was 0.61. A value close to 1.00 indicates a good classification, while a value of 1.00 indicates an excellent classification. In this study, two different methods were used with the most up-to-date data and a sample representing all world countries. Based on the literature review, it was observed that inflation, financial openness, per capita income, technological development, public income, public expenditure, borrowing, current account balance, democracy, adoption of laws and order and less corruption were most effective in granting country credit ratings. Parallel to previous studies and in addition to the application of logistic regression analysis, the most important factors determining whether countries can be invested in or not according to the 2017 country credit rating are GDP, Inflation, General Government Primary Balance / GDP, General Government Debt, Foreign Payments-Debt and Official Forex Reserves. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the correct classification rate of the logistic regression model is 90.6% and that of the artificial neural network model is 88%. Also in terms of credit scores it was concluded that Turkey was included in the list of non-investable countries.&nbsp;

Ülke Kredi Notlarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Çeşitli Sınıflandırma Analizleri ile İncelenmesi

Ahmet

Muhammet

Uncertainties and risks have increased within supply chains that are becoming more complex with globalization. As a result of this situation, enterprises are implementing risk management activities to reduce or eliminate the effects of the risks. The supply chain performance evaluation system represents a formal and systematic approach for companies to monitor and evaluate the supply chain performance. Modern performance measurement techniques include many performance measurement criteria under the main criteria of “efficiency”, and “efficiency” which will be more beneficial in the long run. The concept of risk is defined in the literature as the likelihood of a situation that may lead to loss or damage. The difference between the concepts of risk and uncertainty is that it is given together with the probabilities of possible events that may occur in the future. Supply chain risks are examined under the titles of demand risks, supply risks, logistics risks, IT risks and environmental risks. Risk management in the supply chain, is defined as “management of supply chain risks through coordination and cooperation among supply chain stakeholders to ensure efficiency and continuity”. It has been determined that failure to manage supply chain risks effectively can have serious negative consequences for companies. These risks include many factors such as reduced product quality, damage to equipment and materials, delays in delivery times, and loss of reputation among customers, suppliers and the public. The main purpose of supply chain risk management is to define the sources of risk and identify what causes the risks, and to create a model for analyzing the possible effects on the enterprise when risks occur. It should also analyze risk sources, and determine the likelihood of these risks and provide an appropriate solution to mitigate their impact. One of the main objectives of supply chain risk management is to minimize the possibility of risks occurring and to prevent situations that may result in waste of raw materials, production errors and high material losses before they occur. Firstly, a literature review has been done on supply chain performance, risk in the supply chain and objectives of risk management within the scope of this study. In this research, the relationship between supply chain risk management activities and business performance of enterprises is examined. In this context, supply chain risks and the effects of risks have been tried to be determined, and the effect of applied risk management activities on business performance has been investigated. Punniyamoorthy, Thamaraiselvan and Manikandan’s scale (developed in 2013) to measure “supply chain risk types”; and for “the supply chain performance” evaluation, the scales from Tao’s 2009 study were used in this research. During the data collection process, a total of 369 questionnaires were applied to enterprises operating in Istanbul,&nbsp;and the data obtained were analyzed. When the companies participating in the research are examined; 165 companies (46.6%) are active in the textile sector. While the number of companies operating in the service sector is 48 (13%), 25 companies (6.8%) are in logistics and 22 companies (6%) are in the food sector. Other than this, 100 enterprises (28.2%) operate in many different fields, such as construction, automotive, health care, and 9 of the participants left this question unanswered. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the factors related to supply, logistics, data processing and environmental risks were highly reliable, and the demand-based risks scale was found to be very reliable. As a result of analyses, it was concluded that risk management activities related to procurement and data processing risks positively affect the instutional performance, and no statistically significant effect was found for demand, logistics and environmental risk management activities. Finally, it has been determined that controlling the risk factors arising from the supply and data processing risk will contribute to the improvement of the supply chain performance of enterprises. Considering all these results obtained from literature review and researches conducted on the supply chain management in risk management and performance issues; risk management activities have an impact on the supply chain performance and, therefore, on the overall performance of the enterprise. For this reason, in today’s business life, where competition conditions are getting more and more difficult day by day, it can be stated that risk management is critical for enterprises to create an effective and efficient supply chain and to maintain their assets successfully.

Tedarik Zincirinde Risk Yönetimi ve Performans İlişkisi: İstanbul İlinde Bir Araştırma

Nilgün

Prof.

Necati

Kamil

On Weibull-Pareto Distribution in Censored and Uncensored Data Structures

Kadriye

Lecturer

Ebru

Household consumption expenditures play an important role both in providing information about the economic development levels of countries and determining rational production policies together with the determination of socioeconomic determinants. In literature, there were many studies on consumption expenditures. Although these studies aimed to select variables that determine consumption and obtain the most appropriate statistical and econometric model, these studies were modeled with different variables.The Least Squares regression model (LS) is one of the most widely used estimation methods but LS estimators give unrealistic predictions in the presence of long-tailed errors, so LAD estimators are often used. However, since the number of variables in large data sets is high and the number of candidate models increases exponentially, the best model cannot be selected due to processing complexity. For this reason, Wang, Li, and Jiang (2007) developed the LAD-LASSO method, which enables the best model selection using the LASSO type penalty method, while obtaining robust estimators in the presence of outliers and long-tailed errors. The Household Budget Survey Consumption Expenditures dataset of Turkey contains both a great number of observations and many variables. Since the income distribution is not homogeneous in Turkey, household consumption expenditure does not show a homogeneous structure. Therefore, the LAD-LASSO, a penalty based machine learning method based on dimension reduction, was used in the analysis of the Household Budget Survey household data set in this study.This study examined how the supervised machine learning methods help us to select the relevant variables of the Household Budget Survey Consumption Expenditures dataset with outliers in order to achieve a better performance in predicting and forecasting performances of the Household Consumption Expenditures Model. Since the main purpose of a penalty-based variable selection method is the only estimation&nbsp;and causal and statistical inferences cannot be made from the obtained models, the results of the LAD-LASSO regression were evaluated in terms of variable selection and modeling.&nbsp;In the study, the Household Consumption Expenditure model was predicted with the EKK method first, and diagnostic tests were applied to investigate the deviations from assumptions and outliers. To detect outliers, diagnostic tests were utilized to standard and student type residuals, and the presence of outliers was detected in 410 observations. In addition to the LASSO regression, the LAD and LADLASSO methods were predicted, which enabled robust estimators to be obtained in the presence of outliers and long-tailed errors; The results were compared and interpreted. The EKK and LASSO models prediction performance comparisons made use of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and R-Squared (R2 ) criteria which gave very similar results.&nbsp;According to the analyzed results, it was concluded that the LAD-LASSO machine learning method, which enables the selection of variables while obtaining robust predictors in the presence of long-tailed errors, is the most successful in prediction performance and forecasting accuracy. Several fundamental variables such as income, saving, and household size increased the household consumption expenditures for all models. In addition to these variables, other variables including the structure of a room, the kitchen, bathroom floors, heating, air conditioning preferences, energy sources used, detached house, apartment, cottage, vineyard ownership, investment preferences, credit card usage, and internet shopping habits were selected as determinants of household consumption expenditures in the LAD-LASSO model. From the results of the study, it was found that machine learning algorithms can be used in the selection of most appropriate variables in the course of the construction of microeconometric models. Although, penalty-based machine learning methods are successful methods in determining the model in data sets with a large number of variables, they should be used carefully because they make predictions based on correlation rather than causality.

Hanehalkı Tüketim Harcamalarının Mikroekonometrik Analizi: LAD-LASSO Yöntemi

Ayhan

Umut

In most of the world, the situation related to environmental pollution and climate change is deteriorating, whereas, in households air and water pollution related to poverty and lifestyles is decreasing. Forms of pollution, such as atmospheric pollution, chemical pollution, and soil pollution coming from sectors like industrial production, mining, electricity generation, fossil fuel-based transportation, and carriage and mechanized agriculture, are increasing gradually especially in developing and less developed low and middle-income countries. This situation causes permanent damage to human health and also reduces the total well-being and quality of life in these countries. In this context, analyzing the consequences of production processes related to human health is very important in providing information for market actors in order to ensure that market prices internalize the externalities related to health costs. Discussion of macroeconomic indicators and GDP calculation methods will be instructive in questioning whether the existing indicators include the use of natural resources and the health effects of pollution from production. On the other hand; in the design of new policies, measuring the exact extent of the externalities caused by pollution from production processes is an important requirement to internalize and express them in market prices.&nbsp;In this study, the impact of industrial production and economic growth on healthcare expenditures was analyzed for Turkey. The negative effects of pollution emanating from current linear production models and the use of natural resources on both human and public health were examined. In addition; GDP calculation methods and other macroeconomic indicators that do not include the negative externalities related to environment and health caused by production activities were also questioned and discussed. The long-term relationship between industrial production, economic growth and healthcare expenditures in Turkey were examined using a bounds test based on the ARDL model and subsequently short-term and long-term flexibilities were calculated with the EKK and DOLS methods using the same models. The findings showed that there is a long-term relationship between healthcare expenditures, industrial production and the GDP. Additionally, estimation results showed that there is no significant relationship between industrial production, the GDP, and healthcare expenditures in the short-term, but changes in industrial production 3 and the GDP in the long-term affected healthcare expenditures positively. In other words, the findings showed that an increase in industrial production along with economic growth in Turkey increases healthcare expenditures. According to the long-term coefficients calculated by estimating the ARDL model with the EKK method; a 1% rise in industrial production increases healthcare expenditures by 0.91%, and a 1% rise in the GDP increases healthcare expenditures by 0.86%. However, according to the long-term coefficients calculated from the DOLS model estimation, a 1% rise in industrial production increases healthcare expenditures by 0.85%, while a 1% rise in the GDP increases healthcare expenditures by 0.74%.&nbsp;The analysis shows that industrialization and production activities in Turkey causes negative externalities related to environment and health. Considering that circular economy methods have not been adopted yet, analyzing the negative effects of current production models in a linear economy on the environment and health is very important, especially in order to internalize the negative externalities related to costs that cause an increase in healthcare expenditures and to reflect them in market prices. At this point, some macroeconomic indicators and the methods used for calculating the GDP should be reviewed and updated in a way to take into account healthcare costs and the use of natural resources arising from economic activities and environmental pollution caused by these.&nbsp;On the other hand, a successful transition to a circular economy, especially in developing countries, results in a decrease in regional (as well as global) environmental pollution (including the emissions that cause air, water, and soil pollution) arising from production and consumption processes. In a circular economy, the existence of sustainable production, consumption, and business models that prioritize human health will contribute to a decrease in the use of natural resources and the elimination of the pressure of production on environment and health. This will provide longterm indirect health benefits in correlation to the reduction of global environmental pollution.

Türkiye’de Sanayi Üretiminin Sağlık Harcamalarına Etkisi

Levent

Housing is one of the leading sectors of the economy due to its forward and backward effect in both developed and developing countries. Housing expenditures, which are seen as a consumption good and sometimes as an investment good by households, have a significant share in total expenditures. According to the Turkey Statistical Institute data, the average household consumption expenditures in the last 15 years are divided into about 27% for housing and rental expenses, but these expenditures get the highest share for consumption in households. In recent years, the housing market has been in a growth trend in many countries, and housing prices are very volatile. The housing prices in Turkey have increased steadily since 2010, but even this increase was around 110% from 2010 to 2017.The housing problem becomes clear when studying the interconnected past social and economic content, for example, the point of income inequality. Indeed, the evaluation of the housing problem as a public policy and its solution by the public may also represent an improvement towards the root of the problem, namely the income distribution injustice. That is to say, the housing deficit, which is defined as the lack of a sufficient number of houses to meet the housing needs of households, essentially increases the market value of houses that are worthy of human accommodation, that is, the increase in housing prices makes the purchasing power for households more difficult on a large scale; it imposes the option of either living in unqualified and inadequate housing or paying higher rent for quality housing. This points to the social and economic content of the problem, for example from the perspective of income distribution injustice, as well as the scale of the national economy and household budget.However, in the stage reached today, limited access to residential housing in Turkey in recent years has showed a significant improvement in the total size of any non-resident households. Because, housing policies implemented so far have come to life as short-term practices rather than being a part of the long-term strategies emphasized above.On one hand, the production and sales of houses exceed the annual need, and on the other, the ratio of households living in rented housing remains constant, which reveals that the problem is essentially a sharing problem. Likewise, briefly outlined in the current picture of housing production in Turkey, sheltering residential access not for the fact that the homeowners of limited or no households, shows that mainly of residential access with household preferences and willingness to pay and shaped according to capacity.The gradual growth of the housing market and the increase in housing prices has caused an increase in the number of empirical studies conducted about this market. When the relevant literature was examined, the focus was on variables through which house prices were explained or whether there was a bubble in the market. In order to determine whether there was a bubble in the housing market, most studies attempted to determine what the housing price determinants were and how these determinants related to housing prices. Empirical studies conducted so far have shown that many factors such as income, money supply, bank credits, interest rates, construction costs, and demographic characteristics determine house prices. While most of the studies argued that there was a long-term relationship between house prices and the basic variables such as income and housing loan interest rate, some of them did not support this view.

Para Arzının Konut Kredilerine Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği

Funda

The success of multinational companies that have employees from different social cultures depends on managing these cultural differences. In this process, both personalities and cultures of employees should be considered. Every person has a unique personality and a different perspective towards different cultures. For this reason, when hiring a new employee, it is necessary to focus on both her personality and cultural intelligence, especially in multinational companies.The aim of this study is to determine the personality traits in the context of The Big Five Personality Model that affect cultural intelligence. Within this framework, firstly the concepts of cultural intelligence and personality, and the relationship between cultural intelligence and personality have been examined. Then, the findings obtained by analyzing the effect of personality traits on cultural intelligence were evaluated.The research covers employees in multinational companies operating in the field of information and technology in Germany. The effects of personality traits (extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience) on cultural intelligence and cultural intelligence dimensions (metacognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioral) were examined. Convenience sampling method was chosen, survey method was used as data collection tool and data were obtained online from 289 employees.In the research, a five-dimensional personality inventory consisting of forty four expressions developed by John and Srivastava was used to measure personality. In order to measure cultural intelligence, the scale developed by Ang et al., which includes twenty expressions and four dimensions, was used.Multiple regression analysis was used in the model, and it was found that personality has a significant effect on cultural intelligence and dimensions. The findings obtained show similarities with other studies in the literature.As a result of the analysis, it was found that the personality trait that mostly affect cultural intelligence is openness to experience. As openness to experience increases, the level of cultural intelligence increases. Individuals with wide interests, open to new ideas, feelings and thoughts, eager to learn, highly imaginative and creative are individuals who are eager to know and communicate with new employees from different cultures.It has been determined that the second personality trait affecting cultural intelligence is conscientiousness. Individuals with a high level of responsibility are reliable, responsible, self-disciplined and achievement striving. They observe the communication and interaction styles of people from different cultures and communicate effectively with them.Extraversion personality trait is the third-ranked trait influencing cultural intelligence. Extraverted individuals are highly self-confident and social individuals. For this reason, extraverted individuals communicate more easily with individuals from different cultures and adapt to multicultural environments.&nbsp;When the findings are evaluated in terms of the dimensions of cultural intelligence, the personality trait that has a positive effect on all four dimensions is openness to experience. Conscientiousness personality trait has a positive effect on metacognitive and behavioral cultural intelligence. Extraversion has a positive effect on motivational cultural intelligence.In this context, in multinational companies, the cultural intelligence of employees who are open to experience first, then conscientious and extraverted appears to be relatively higher than those who do not have these characteristics. Thus, individuals with high openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion personality trait will be able to work more harmoniously and efficiently with their colleagues in the work environment. Therefore, it will be beneficial to choose individuals with the mentioned personality traits first in terms of organizational performance for multinational enterprises with cultural diversity. However, the importance of providing training to improve the cultural intelligence levels of the employees in multinational companies is obvious.

Kültürel Zekâ: Beş Büyük Kişilik Modeli Bağlamında Bir Araştırma

Sema

Beril

Employees are affected by the working environments in which they operate, and their social relations in these environments. Communication problems and barriers which occur between employees and people that they are in constant interaction with and have to spend time together in business life -such as colleagues, managers and assistants- can cause employees to feel lonely. Individuals who feel lonely within a certain group or organization may exhibit behaviors such as alienation, self-isolation, decreased performance, decreased commitment and quitting. Employees with a low level of commitment to the organization they are in have a negative effect on the productivity of the organization. In contrast, the organizational commitment of an employee who sees himself as an important member of the organization, who can communicate within the organization, is high. However, if he thinks his expectations are not met sufficiently, his commitment to his organization may decrease. A strong loyalty relationship that employees will establish with their organizations is important for the continuity of the work and productivity.This research was carried out to examine the effect of perception of organizational loneliness on organizational commitment. The work is based on the social exchange theory. According to the theory, individuals enter social relationships with the expectation of being rewarded. Thinking the organization will benefit them can help a person develop loyalty to his organization. Having healthy relationships that employees will establish in line with their mutual benefits and expectations can eliminate the perception of organizational loneliness. The commitment of employees who do not experience loneliness is at a higher level.&nbsp;The organizational loneliness scale consists of two dimensions: emotional deprivation and social companionship. The emotional deprivation dimension is related to the loneliness felt by the person in the relationships he/she establishes. Factors such as communication barriers experienced in the work environment and&nbsp;inability to establish healthy interactions have an effect on emotional deprivation. An employee who feels lonely may feel useless, powerless and abandoned. As a result, they may react with such behaviour as cutting out communication, isolating themselves from the environment or being cold to those around them. The social companionship dimension is related to the structure of one's relationships in the work environment. The inadequacy of the social environment that he can relate to, such as his colleague or peer, causes a feeling of loneliness. The person in business life necessarily has a social environment with which he interacts. Behaviors that can be seen as friendship, interaction, cooperation and solidarity in this social environment contribute to the development of social companionship. In the absence of such environments, the person feels lonely and therefore his ties with the organization he is a member of may weaken.The organizational commitment scale consists of affective, normative and continuance commitment dimensions. Affective commitment refers to the employee's seeing himself as a member of the organization and establishing an emotional bond with the organization. Normative commitment refers to the continuation of an individual's relationship with the organization for moral / ethical reasons. Continuance commitment is considered as choosing to stay in the organization for economic reasons. Existence of high organizational commitment shows that there is a strong bond between the employee and the organization. Feeling such a strong commitment, the employee internalizes the organizational goals and behaves as the organization wants. As a result, besides moral gains such as success, appreciation and being cared for, they also gain financial gains such as salary increases and promotions. The behaviors of employees in accordance with their level of commitment to the organization significantly affect the efficiency of the organization and the sustainability of its activities.In the study, first, organizational loneliness and organizational commitment issues were examined theoretically. Then, a research was conducted to reveal the effect of organizational loneliness on organizational commitment. The sample of the study consists of 387 banking sector employees, which was selected using the convenience sampling method. The SPSS 25 program was used to analyze the data. 70.5% of the participants (273) were women, 29.5% (114) were men. Exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed in the study. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that the emotional deprivation dimension of organizational loneliness has a significant and negative effect on the affective and normative commitment.&nbsp;As a result, the level of commitment of employees to the organization gains importance in today's world where conditions are changing rapidly. The loneliness of the employee decreases his organizational commitment. On the other hand,&nbsp;the employee who has the opportunity to communicate and socialize effectively within the organization does not feel lonely. The level of commitment of these people to the organization is also high. Thus, the increase in the performance of the employees affects the productivity of the organization positively. For this reason, the development and structuring of working conditions in which the person does not feel lonely emerges as an important situation for both the employee and the organization.

Örgütsel Yalnızlık Algısının Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma

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Gökçe

Tuğba

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Belirsizlik Şartlarında Yatırım Karar Analizine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Bulanık DEMATEL Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

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Kevser

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Fourier Birim Kök Testleri ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

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İstanbul Üniversitesi EKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.

Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır. İstanbul Üniversitesi EKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır. Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır. Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.

Burak

RePEc IDEAS

RePEc EconPapers

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

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Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months. Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis. Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized. Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.

Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research. To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers. All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.  Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a "peer-reviewed journal" every six months since 2005. The language of the journal is English and Turkish. Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

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Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months.Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis.Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized.Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research.To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers.All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a &#34;peer-reviewed journal&#34; every six months since 2005.The language of the journal is English and Turkish.Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

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The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

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Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review. - Does the manuscript contain new and significant information? - Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript? - Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results? - Is adequate references made to other Works in the field? - Is the language acceptable? Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_copyrightagreementform.doc" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts in Turkish must have before the introduction section, the abstract both in Turkish and English, between 200 and 250 words and an extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. If the manuscript is written in English, it must include an abstract only in English.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://jecs.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/information-for-authors/references and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.8. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.9. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).10. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.11. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.12. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.13. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_copyrightagreementform.doc" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a></li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatEKOIST: Econometrics and Statistics complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_copyrightagreementform.doc" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (200-250 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

Issue Type	Regular
Issue Date	01.12.2019
Editor(s)	Nilgün Çil
Cover (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)