Kübra

Süleyman

Assoc. Prof.

Risk and return are the two most important parameters in stock investment. Rational investors are expected to prefer the share with the highest expected returns when their risks are the same, and they are expected to prefer the share with the lowest risk when their expected returns are equal. Risk of a financial asset can be defined as the possibility of losing money, that is, the probability that actual results differ from expected results. Therefore, risk is measured based on the volatility of the return measured by variance or standard deviation. The risk of stock may result from either external factors such as economic, geopolitical, and financial factors, or companyspecific internal factors. Systematic risk is inherent to the economy and /or market, and is generally assumed as being difficult to avoid. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the risk that is related to company, and it is assumed as diversifiable. Since unsystematic risk is diversifiable, finance theory is focused on systematic risk. After Markowitz and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), systematic risk is measured by beta which is a measure of the volatility of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole.Financial ratios are also important in analyzing the health and success of a company. Generally, by ratios analysis, we shed light on liquidity, profitability, growth, financial structure, operational performance, and market situation of the company. Since these ratios are the key factors in determining the performance of a company, they should also play a role in the riskiness of the company. Therefore, we choose the Beta coefficient, as a proxy for systematic risk; and current ratio, ratio of total debts, cash-to-cash cycle, return on equity, and market value/book value to represent the different dimensions of performance.CAPM is based on a rational investor who constructs an optimum portfolio. However, Kahneman ve Tversky (1979)’s Prospect Theory showed that investors may not be so rational, and they generally decide based on some psychological factors called heuristics. These biases also affect our behaviors differently in the case of positive and negative situations.The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of financial ratios on the systematic risk of the companies listed in the Non-Metallic Mineral Products Sector Index of Borsa Istanbul. We used quarterly data of 15 companies for the period of 2005Q1- 2019Q4. Based on findings of behavioral finance the effect of positive and negative movements of financial ratios on Beta coefficient may be asymmetric. Therefore, Panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel NARDL) model developed by Shin et. (2014) seems to best fit our study purpose. The NARDL searches whether the asymmetric relationship between financial ratios and systematic risk exists or not; if the asymmetric relationship is found, what is the direction and size of the relationship. It is important for all stakeholders to identify the factors and their directions that affect risk. The short and long-term asymmetric effect of the increase and decrease in financial ratios on risk is reviewed by the Panel NARDL model. Panel NARDL model can be used for small samples, and it allows to capture the cointegration dynamics which cannot be determined by other linear and nonlinear cointegration methods.Results of the study showed that an asymmetrical relationship was found between risk of companies and current ratio, cash-to-cash cycle and market value/book value in the long term; but no asymmetrical relationship is observed between risk and return on equity (roe) and total debt ratio. On the other hand, s symmetric risk-roe and risktotal tebt ratio relationship is observed between variables. In the short run, there was no asymmetrical relationship between risk and financial ratios. The achieved results are important in explaining the factors that effect stock movements.&nbsp;

Asymmetric Relationship Between Risk and Financial Indicators: An Application in BIST Manufacturing Industry

Mustafa

Prof.

Veysel

Assist. Prof.

The Relationship Between the Health Services Price Index and The  Real Effective Exchange Rate Index in Turkey: A Frequency Domain  Causality Analysis

Gülçin

Res. Assist.

Furkan

The relations between economic growth and foreign trade have been widely investigated in the econometrics literature. These relationships can be evaluated using causality analysis, the starting point of which is often considered Granger’s (1969) study. The study provides the traditional definition of causality. The Granger causality relationship is obtained from the whole sample. This means that the effects of social, economic, and political shocks cannot be expressed clearly when the causal relationship between variables is evaluated. Therefore, even if structural changes have occurred in the interval of the sample, it may not be possible to identify these changes in the causality relationship.When structural changes impact the value of the variables, methods that help identify these changes should be used. Therefore, this study evaluates two different time-varying causality methods. The first is the time-varying parameters (TVP) causality. According to the TVP method, the effect of structural changes on parameter stability should be evaluated. For this, a joint null hypothesis is used. The joint null hypothesis is tested such that both the parameters are stable and there is no causal relationship. The other method is the recursive evolving window (REW) causality. In the latter method, structural shocks can change the causality relationship, and therefore, causality should be examined in sub-samples.This study evaluated the causality relationship between economic growth, export growth, and import growth in Turkey. First, it examines the relationships with the traditional Granger causality analysis. The study found a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and import growth in the sample. This result indicates that, in fact, increasing income levels cause more attention to be given to information and technology in imports. Further, there is an increase in purchasing power and input requirements.The causality analysis of the whole sample indicates a uniform relationship. The opposite conclusion was based on investigating the effects of structural changes over time. The authors conclude that Turkey should closely follow the events that affect the commercial activities—both within the country and in neighboring countries— to maintain balance between foreign trade and economic growth. Therefore, it is inevitable for Turkey to be affected by the results of structural changes. Therefore, the results of structural changes are the prime subject of this study, and the changes in the causality relationship were observed with time-varying causality methods.Further, this study shows the stability of the parameters while examining the timevarying causality relationship. For this reason, the results of time-varying causality relationships are presented by examining parameter stability, robust standard errors, and consistent estimators under heteroscedasticity.Implementing the TVP method, the results show that the parameters are not stable and that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between import growth and economic growth, and between export growth and economic growth. According to the results of the REW method, there are causality relationships arising from economic growth with both export growth and import growth between 2011–2016. There are also causality relationships from export growth and import growth to economic growth between 2006–2008. Additionally, there are bidirectional causality relationships between import growth and economic growth between 2007–2008 and in 2016. Therefore, even if there is a causal relationship between the variables in different periods, it sharply prevents the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no causality. These results provide evidence that the causal relationship may change over time.Consequently, according to the results of the time-varying causality relationship, the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in Turkey varies intensively between 2006–2008 and 2011–2016. Thus, both the global economic crisis and the European debt crisis have affected Turkey. The estimated parameters while examining the causality relationship did not show stability.&nbsp;

Does Change over Time the Causal Relationship between Economic Growth and Foreign  Trade in Turkey?

Eylem

Gülcan

Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection:  A Real Case Study

Server

Selahattin

Levent

Turgut

Şaban

Turkish society is one of the few in the world that has traditionally used gold as a form of saving and investment. In general, Turkish people acquire gold for marriage, to buy a house, and for the future saving for themselves or their offspring. This gold is typically stored in their houses. “Gold under the Pillow” is gold that is not in any financial system but is held in various locations. In Turkey, there is approximately 3–5 tons of gold that is not involved in the financial system and is so-called “under the pillow.” The gold in question is worth between 200–300 billion dollars. The coronavirus disease-19 pandemic has hampered economies world-wide, including Turkey. The Turkish economy will recover if the gold financial system, which is hidden beneath the aforementioned pillow, is incorporated.Concurrent with the advancements in the banking system, the integration of various investment instruments into the banking system has also improved. In this regard, a similar situation was observed with gold, which is one of the most important investment and saving tools. Although the relationship between gold and the bank has a long history, the gold banking system has become more comprehensive as a result of technological and systematic advancements in the banking system. Therefore, the idea of banks to assess individual gold saving has continued to gain interest. However, despite this interest in banks, an individual’s interest in gold banking is not at the desired level.In this study, the individual’s awareness regarding gold banking and their choice to utilize the gold banking system were investigated. The study aims to discover the factors that influence the decisions of individuals on whether or not to utilize the gold banking system. Thus, individual data within the Istanbul area were obtained via questionnaires and were examined. The findings highlight the fact that most participants have yet to use the gold banking system. To analyze the reasons for this situation, factor analysis was used and the main factors were identified. Next, considering the asymmetrical distribution in the use of gold banking, the Gompit Model, one of the qualitative preference models, was calculated and the main factors&nbsp;that influence the decisions of individuals about gold banking were discovered. According to the results, the primary reason why individuals do not utilize gold banking is a lack of knowledge about the system. Most participants claimed that they might utilize the system to get educated about the gold banking system. Another critical aspect is the distrust in banks and the reliability of keeping gold under the pillow. It was noted that individuals who regard gold as an investment or security were more likely to utilize the gold banking system. Another promising point is that the systems returns are higher. It has been determined that individuals may be more willing to use the system if gold banking provides more profits. Furthermore, it was discovered that individuals with larger savings are more inclined to use the gold banking system.Based on the result, it can be concluded that the essential policies to be implemented to incorporate the “under the pillow” gold in the system should focus on better educating individuals and developing their confidence in banks. Individuals who wish to use gold as a means of investment and savings will include their gold in the system, and the gold “under the pillow” will be included into the economy, if they have an adequate understanding of gold banking and do not have a negative attitude toward banks.&nbsp;

Applications of “Under the Pillow” Gold in Turkey

Suna

Lecturer

Ferda

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants  of Internal Migration in Turkey

Umut

Nilhun

In contemporary economic inquiry and public policy, the concept of innovation has gained more significance compared with previous years. One reason for this is countries’ efforts to leverage the phenomenon of globalization in their interests. Countries can integrate into the global economy and increase gross national income through innovation that will turn globalization to their favor. Innovation is of substantial significance for businesses’ growth and longevity. It is one of the primary factors required for business survival and sustained development in the global economy. Because of globalization, companies must be more creative and exploratory in the face of increasing competition and scientific and technological development. Companies’ survival now depends on their level of innovation and technological development. Innovation activities have a crucial impact on countries’ economic growth and development. It is at the heart of economic growth and development and has strategic importance for policymakers and business leaders to increase national global competitiveness, welfare, and quality of life.Reviewing previous empirical studies on innovation and the factors affecting innovation, a limited number of studies have used multivariate models. Although many studies examine the relationship between innovation and various variables, multivariate linear regression models are predominantly used in these limited studies.This study aims to investigate the factors affecting innovation. A panel VAR model was estimated using a panel dataset for selected OECD countries for the period 1981–2019. The model was estimated using the sample countries’ annual data on the number of domestic patents as the dependent variable and independent variables of GDP, trade openness, foreign direct investment, R&amp;D, and education expenditure. Based on the predicted panel VAR model, a panel Granger causality test and variance decomposition analysis were performed, and impulse-response functions were interpreted.The findings of the VAR analyses were threefold: i) The Granger causality test between a causal relationship from the variables of trade openness, foreign direct investment, and R&amp;D and the number of patents. ii) Impulse-response functions indicated that the variables of GDP, trade openness, and R&amp;D expenditure positively affect the number of patents in the short run. iii) A variance decomposition analysis demonstrated that the most crucial variable affecting the number of patents is GDP.According to these findings, GDP, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and R&amp;D expenditure are the primary factors affecting innovation.Considering the results, an increased demand for the innovation process and innovative applications positively affect innovation. Because increased income is measured using GDP, rising foreign trade volume and foreign direct investment&nbsp;inflow are the most significant variables for the increasing innovation demand. The positive effect of increased GDP on innovation is also quite significant in terms of facilitating innovation and R&amp;D financing and support and expanding purchasing power. R&amp;D expenditure was revealed to be the primary mechanism of countries’ innovation level.&nbsp;

Factors Affecting Innovation in OECD Countries

Esra

Can We Increase Health Expenditure Per Capita Through Higher  Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence from Turkey

Devran

Aziz

This study explores the relationship between HT concentration and income and the validity of the diversification curve. The validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector is tested. The effect of the country scale and trade volume on concentration in the HT sector is also examined.This research uses empirical methods to analyze the relationship between HT-export concentration and income. Concentration coefficients in the HT sector were calculated using three different indices: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Gini-Hirschman Index (GHI), and Entropy Index (EI). These indices, which are used to measure the concentration of variables in various subjects in different disciplines, are generally used in the field of economics to measure firm concentration in the markets and geographical concentration in foreign trade. An increase in index values indicates diversification, and a decrease indicates concentration. In the entropy index, the increase indicates diversification, unlike other indices.These data were used in regression analysis as a dependent variable at the next stage. Variables used in the study were obtained from the World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), World Bank (WB), OECD, and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) databases in a sample covering the period 1988- 2017 in 49 countries. The countries included in the sample were predominantly OECD economies. It was found that linear SEK assumptions could not be met in the tests of autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and cross-section dependence on panel regression residuals. In consideration of these problems, regression with DriscollKraay (1998) standard errors gives robust results. The F values obtained from the estimates show that the models are generally significant. The stationary regression residuals eliminate the possibility of spurious regression and indicates that the series are cointegrated. The variance inflation factor was calculated to be more diminutive than the critical threshold value (Mean VIF = 2.14 &lt; 10), showing no multicollinearity between variables. Because the variables are used in logarithmic form, the estimated coefficients can be interpreted directly as elasticity.The findings obtained by panel data econometrics in a sample from 1988 to 2017 in 49 countries show that the U-shaped relationship put forward for general export does not apply to HT export. There is no concentration or diversification curve for HT exports. However, the driver of HT-export diversification has been found to be income level. As income levels increase, countries can diversify HT products. A linear and negative relationship was found between export concentrations and income in the HT sector. When the income increases by 1%, the HT-export concentration decreases by approximately 0.14 units compared to the HHI index. In other words, diversity increases.Natural resource wealth is not a hindrance to HT-export diversification, but rather contributes to diversification. This finding suggests that resource abundance does not exclude technological progress and knowledge economy activities. As control variables, country scale and trade volume indicators contribute positively to HT concentration. A 1% increase in the population increases HT-export concentration to 0.47 units according to the HHI index; the increase in openness increases by 0.25 units. In addition, when the interval estimates are examined together with the point estimates, the coefficient signs do not change. This result contradicts the literature put forward for general export. In the rankings of all indices, South Africa, Italy, the United States, Austria, and Germany appear as the countries with the lowest degrees of concentration.The possibilities and limitations of this study fall within the framework of panel data econometrics assumptions. However, the accuracy of the data obtained from the databases constitutes another constraint. The findings are at the country level and do not contain information on sectors and regions.Policy makers aiming at product diversification in the HT industry must first design policies that target and promote income levels. To achieve income growth, the macroeconomic environment such as investment and savings levels, institutional and legal structure, as well as primary production factors (human and physical capital, R&amp;D stock) put forward by growth models must be convenient. Where the resource curse hypothesis is valid, where knowledge economies and technology-intensive activities are restricted and production structure and trade are concentrated in primary goods (natural resources), countries should focus on institutional structure reforms necessary to overcome the vicious cycle. Good management of natural resources and corporate structure will increase the diversification in HT exports.The relationship between HT-export concentration and income has not yet been extensively analyzed according to the level of technology. The present study aims to remark on this point. This aspect makes it will be a pioneering study in the literature. Also, this is the initial study in the literature that tests the validity of the resource curse hypothesis for the HT sector.&nbsp;

An Empirical Analysis of Product Concentration and Income in High-Technology Exports

Seyhun

Ebru

Mutlu

The scientific theory of human-induced climate change is well established and goes back almost two centuries. Solar energy drives the earth’s climate, and the atmosphere is the principal component of the system that maintains the earth’s radiative balance. As a result of human activities such as fossil fuel-based energy consumption and deforestation, heat-intercepting greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. Capable of absorbing thermal radiation, these greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and affect the radiative balance of the earth. In the period of just two hundred and fifty years after 1750, atmospheric concentrations of the most important greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have risen by 40%, 150%, and 20%, respectively. As a consequence of the higher quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global average temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C over the same period. In addition to increasing global temperatures, it is easy to find empirical evidence about anthropogenic climate change in the climate system. Ocean acidification, the increasing heat of the oceans, rise in sea levels, destruction of coral reefs, melting ice sheets, and retreating glaciers are listed among the most critical impacts of climate change. The scientific consensus on climate change can be found in the climate science literature. According to the most quoted evidence of the consensus among scientists, 97% of the scientific papers published in scientific journals accept that climate change is occurring, and the main cause is human activity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading scientific authority on climate change, states, in its 5th climate assessment report (2013), that the “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased…It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century…”The picture emerging in the scientific field shows that the sustainable solution to climate change lies primarily in reducing human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The key document signed in the international arena on climate change is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed in 1992. In Article 2 of the Convention, it is stated that the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC “is to fix the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent a dangerous human intervention to the climate system.” Conversely, the distinction between developed and developing countries, especially in terms of responsibilities regarding greenhouse gas reduction has become an important problem to be overcome in international negotiations. For example, in Article 3 of the UNFCCC, which lists the basic principles to be followed to achieve the ultimate goal, concepts such as equity, development, precaution, and sustainability are highlighted. According to these principles, “the climate system should be protected for the benefit of present and future generations and by the principle of equity.” As a requirement of the principle of equity, the responsibilities of developed and developing countries should be common but following differentiated responsibilities and respective abilities.Within the Kyoto Protocol, which was negotiated within the scope of the UNFCCC and signed in 1998 and whose implementation period started in 2005, developed countries committed to cutting their average greenhouse gas emissions by 5%. The distinction between developed and developing countries in terms of emission reduction commitments has been one of the most prominent aspects of the Kyoto Protocol. Another internationally important document, signed in 2015, is the Paris Agreement. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, in the Paris Agreement, the main target is to hold the increase in average temperatures in the twenty-first century to well below 2 °C compared to the pre-industrial period. In addition to the 2 °C target, it is decided that efforts should be pursued to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol in which countries aim to participate in an emission reduction target determined at the international level, the parties in the Paris Agreement set a target according to themselves. Although it is presented as a single agreement, the Paris Agreement consists of different national commitments prepared and announced by the parties, in line with their own conditions. Although international participation against climate change has been achieved in the agreement, it is seen that the de facto distinction between developed and developing countries in the UNFCCC is maintained.The fact that there are developed and developing countries among the G20 countries, including Turkey, makes it possible to analyze the political divergence in the fight against climate change since the UNFCCC. However, the fact that the G20 countries constitute 63% of the world’s population, 80% of the national income, 78% of the energy supply, and 81% of the fossil-fuel based carbon dioxide emissions as of 2017 helps to interpret the results of the analysis in terms of the world. The cluster analysis based on per capita income and carbon dioxide emissions show that the gap between developed and developing countries did not close in the 1990-2017 period. The increase in the total emissions of countries such as China and India is remarkable. However, within the G20, developed countries’ per capita emissions are still relatively high compared to developing countries. As a global environmental problem, human-induced climate change requires the participation of all countries. However, demographic, economic, and technological differences between countries indicate that achieving global cooperation is not as easy as desired. The sustainable solution or management of climate change necessitates reducing these differences between countries. At this point, the aim should not only be to put pressure on developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions but also to build a structure that helps developing countries to gain the institutional, economic, and technological capability and capacity they need in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;

K-Means Cluster Analysis Based on Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The G20  Example

Serkan

Necati

An index can be defined in statistical research as a measure of change in a representative sample of individual data points, or as a composite measure that combines many indicators. Indices, sometimes known as composite indicators, are used to summarize and categorize individual data. In this manner, the researcher can evaluate the subject under investigation using criteria, such as good to poor, strong to weak, remote close, and make conclusions regarding the study subject. In this research, a new index ranking calculation is proposed using economic freedom data. In the proposed method, a hybrid approach was presented, in which spatial econometrics, fuzzy C-means from fuzzy clustering analysis methods, and COPRAS methods from multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are used together. The purpose of this strategy is to calculate a sorting method with spatial connection coefficients as input, fuzzy C-means, and data as the output of the process and COPRAS method.The subject of economic freedom is a concept that covers the entire concepts of freedom of choice, exchange, and competition, and protection of property. In other words, economic independence may be defined as an individual managing their property and labor without regard for the constraints imposed by the state or other groups. It is the most basic right of individuals to engage in economic activities using their rights over their property within legal frameworks and gains as a result of these activities in the areas they desire. Governments should also protect people’s property rights and enable free movement of labor, capital, products, and services that enable activities like production, consumption, and investment. There are independent organizations, such as the Fraser Institute, The Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, and Freedom House that work on measuring economic freedom around the world. With the studies they issue each year, these organizations examine the state of countries in terms of economic freedom. Governments and business companies may monitor the changes in the nations of interest for each year and accordingly launch or amend their investments based on these reports released under various data categories.Spatial econometrics is a subscience of econometrics that focuses on combining spatial influence with econometric methods. This discipline of study is primarily concerned with spatial effects, which show the pattern of spatial decoupling. The interaction between the geographic domain, which is described in terms of spaces, horizontal cross section dependency, which is a subset of spatial dependence, and cross sectional heterogeneity, which is a subset of spatial heterogeneity, may result in. The dependency structure can be related to distance and location, and this structure can be seen in a geographical area, as well as in an economic or social network area.&nbsp;Clustering analysis is one of the most widely used methods in classification studies. Clustering analysis is a method for classifying the units analyzed in research by grouping them according to their resemblance, identifying the common qualities of the units, and making broad assumptions about these classes. The purpose here is to categorize ungrouped data based on similarities and assist the researcher in obtaining relevant and valuable summary information. Fuzzy clustering is recommended as an appropriate method if the sets are not fully and precisely separated from each other or there are suspicious situations in which set some observations are elements.Fuzzy sets, collections of observations in which the membership record is specified between 0 and 1, decide each observation function. Observations that have a high degree of membership in the same cluster are quite comparable. Each observation does not have to be included in only one set in fuzzy clustering. In this method, observations belong to clusters with certain degrees of membership, and information about the observations’ membership to other clusters is obtained.MCDM methods are used when it is necessary to assess a large number of alternatives under a large number of criteria.Individuals, corporations, and organizations encounter multidimensional choice challenges in their daily lives. Managers frequently make judgments when several factors and competing goals (criteria) must be met. MCDM techniques consist of approaches and methods that try to reach a possible “best/appropriate” solution that meets multiple conflicting criteria. Decision-makers can make scientific and more successful decisions using MCDM techniques to overcome such problems.A hybrid technique integrating geographical econometrics, fuzzy clustering analysis, and MCDM was developed in this work for a unified measure ranking of the quality of political–economic institutions in various jurisdictions, such as economic liberties. The proposed method was calculated on the Heritage Foundation economic freedom data and compared for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. The suggested method’s rankings for three separate eras were calculated as 88.6%, 91.7%, and 92.7%, with correlation values with the original Heritage Foundation rankings. These high correlation values were also found to be significant at 1%. The high correlation values of the findings acquired in the index sorting research developed to suggest that the proposed hybrid approach may then be employed in additional index computations, according to the results.&nbsp;

Hybrid Ranking Proposal Based on Spatial Econometrics: An Example of European  Economic Freedoms

Mehmet

Hatice

The natural resource factor is one of the most important sources of economic growth. As the effects of environmental problems, particularly global warming, worsen, the environmental damage, the effects on future generations, and the methods used in production activities have begun to be discussed by countries attempting to meet their economic targets. The increase in mass production and urbanization has increased the energy required to sustain economic activity, which has been met by the use of fossil fuels. Such fossil fuel use increases the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, with the energy sector being the most significant contributor. Because of the global nature of the problem, some steps have been taken to reduce emissions and prevent environmental pollution for sustainable development. In this context, international agreements to reduce emissions, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, have been signed, and environmental policies have been developed. The emergence of environmental problems has increased the interest of researchers in this field. Moreover, many studies have examined the relationship between environmental factors and economic growth and made policy recommendations for sustainable development. The environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been used to analyze the relationship between emissions and growth in the majority of the related literature. However, Gill et al. (2018) claimed that the results of EKC analysis were extremely sensitive to the period chosen and the model specification. When new variables are added to the model, the results of the EKC hypothesis may change, causing different turning points in the curve. Müller-Fürstenberger and Wagner (2007) and Aslanidis (2009) both criticized the EKC hypothesis. In light of the EKC hypothesis reviews, the present study analyzed the relationship between the variables from an asymmetric perspective using the variables’ cumulative positive and negative shocks.The current study examined the short- and long-run asymmetric causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in Turkey using annual data from 1960 to 2018. In this context, Hatemi-J (2012) examined short-run asymmetric causality between variables, whereas Granger and Yoon (2002) examined long-run asymmetric relationships using hidden cointegration. The result of the short-run analysis reveals that decreases in emissions reduce economic growth in the short run. Moreover, the positive developments in economic growth increase emissions in the long run. Furthermore, positive movements in economic growth leads to an increase in emissions in the long run. Another significant finding is that the negative growth development increases the increase in emissions in long run. Moreover, asymmetric causality exists from negative growth shocks to positive emissions shocks in the long run.Meanwhile, examining crouching error correction estimation results, we determined that positive and negative shocks in economic growth are permanent components, whereas positive and negative shocks in emissions are transitory. In other words, positive or negative developments (positive or negative shocks) in growth affect both itself and emissions, thus determining long-run relationship dynamics between the variables. Meanwhile, positive or negative shocks in emissions affect only themselves and are impermanent in the long run.Positive and/or negative developments in economic growth constantly increase emissions. Therefore, to ensure sustainable development and reduce emissions emitted into the atmosphere, stakeholders must increase the use of renewable energy resources, expand the use of clean technology, and pave the way for environmental policies to be developed.&nbsp;

Analysis of Asymmetric Causality Between Growth and Emissions in Turkey

Oğuzhan

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

In this globalized world, supply and demand are on the rise, where access to international markets is easier than ever because of the advances in technology. With easier access to markets, countries got into fierce competition involving their companies operating on a global scale. This phenomenon puts companies and thus countries into a competition with no limits. Examining the countries that gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990 and were described as Transition Economies in the 1994 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will be helpful in determining if they are capable of competing with other countries while also providing them with necessary policy recommendations. Transition economies, particularly those on the European continent, have the potential to compete with European Union (EU) countries in foreign trade owing to their relatively more developed position in terms of economy and their geographical proximity to EU countries.This study analyzed whether the foreign trade-driven competitive power of the 13 transition economies (i.e., Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia) converges toward that of the 14 main European Union countries (EU14) for the period of 1993:M01–2021:M08. These countries are either members or candidates for the EU, and their data are entirely accessible. The study used the Fourier panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks developed by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2014).&nbsp;Foreign trade-driven competitive power can be measured using different indicators. In this study, it was measured based on the real effective exchange rate for relative prices. As part of the analysis, first, the presence of a cross-sectional dependence among transition economies was examined using the tests developed by Breusch and Pagan (1980) LM, Pesaran (2004) LMS, and Baltagi, Feng and Kao (2012) LMBC. A cross-sectional dependence was observed among these countries. Then, the panel unit root test was applied, which was developed by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2014), by considering the cross-sectional dependence among countries. According to individual analyses, transition economies, except for Croatia, were found to be in a closer position to EU14 countries in terms of foreign trade-driven competitive power. Considering the presence of sharp and smooth structural breaks in series, other analyses on the overall panel revealed that the 13 transition economies, included in the panel, converge toward EU14 countries in terms of foreign trade-driven competitive power. Moreover, the testing method was able to successfully determine the sharp and smooth structural breaks in these countries. The findings of this study show that transition economies that joined the EU at a later stage or are candidates for the EU have successfully carried out the EU harmonization process. Conversely, the EU is providing financial and technical support to these now-member or candidate countries to increase their production level and foreign trade volume while simultaneously enhancing their foreign trade-driven competitive power.&nbsp;

Does the Foreign Trade-Driven Competitive Power of Transition Economies Converge  Toward that of EU14 Countries? Evidence from Fourier Panel Unit Root Test with Sharp  and Smooth Breaks

Burak

Testing Linear and Nonlinear Relationships Between Foreign Direct  Investment and Fossil Energy Consumption in Fragile Five Countries

Gonca

Industrialization, the burning of fossil fuels, the unconscious use of resources, and the destruction of forests have resulted in the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and in the long run, climate change on a global scale and ultimately the climate crisis due to the greenhouse effect. It has revealed that the takemake-use-dispose linear economy shaped by today’s production and consumption patterns can no longer meet the needs of modern society. The gradual exhaustion of unlimited resources has made access to raw materials incredibly hard, and rising environmental pollution and climate change have pushed countries to embark on a new quest. One of the new ways of searching is the circular economy as a sustainable production/consumption model. The circular economy operates differently from the linear economy in the traditional structure. By combining sustainability, resource efficiency, and life cycle, it emerges as a new production and consumption model. To overcome this situation, the circular economy has emerged as an alternative model to the traditional linear economy. It has revealed that the linear economy approach is dependent on resource exploitation and aims to separate economic growth from primary resource dependence in order to overcome this situation. The circular economy can be defined as the efficient use of resources while keeping resources in continuous feedback loops. Resource efficiency, which is about doing more with less, is addressed in a resource-efficient European roadmap report of the EU as ‘improving economic performance while reducing pressure on natural resources (EC, 2011). Similarly, the United Nations (2010) defined resource efficiency as ‘consuming less material and producing more welfare while respecting the world’s ecological carrying capacity. As can be seen from these two definitions, it is emphasized that economic performance and welfare should be maintained with fewer natural resources, in other words, the implementation and realization of steps following the principle of resource efficiency. In this context, in the empirical phase of the study, resource efficiency is the dependent variable, GDP per capita is used to represent economic growth as the independent variable, the share of environmental taxes in GDP, the share of R&amp;D expenditures in GDP, the recycling rate of municipal waste, energy efficiency variables 26 European Union (EU) countries taken into account in terms of a country group. The data set has been observed annually and covers the period 2001-2019, depending on the availability of the data. Panel data analysis, which is commonly used in country modeling, was used as a method in the study. According to the results obtained in the study, it is seen that the coefficients of environmental taxes, R&amp;D expenditures, recycling of municipal waste, and energy efficiency variables are significant, and these variables have positive effects on resource efficiency. GDP variable has a negative impact on resource efficiency. This is the first study in the literature to include resource efficiency as a dependent variable in the analysis of circular economy studies.

Which Factors Drive The Resource Efficiency in Circular Economy? A Panel Data  Regression Analysis

Çiğdem

As stated in the World Bank (2020) report, financial development involves the development of the size, efficiency, and stability of financial markets, with increased access to financial markets having many economic advantages. Basically, developing the financial sector involves overcoming the costs that arise in the financial system. One important aspect of financial development is to ensure that poor and vulnerable groups have access to finances. Thus, risk management is facilitated by reducing the vulnerability these groups have to shocks as a result of financial expansion, with poverty and inequality being reduced by increasing investments and productivity that result in higher incomes. In this context, financial development is an important economic concept. Since the 2007-2008 financial crisis in particular, income inequality has increased in many countries. This situation has also prompted governments to seek alternatives in fiscal policies and to increase the interest in financial development. New approaches have emerged on this subject as a result of all these developments. Naceur and Zhang (2016) stated the main innovation to be how financial development can be explained through the subdimensions of access, stability, depth, liberalization, and efficiency, which represent different aspects and have important effects on income inequality.This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the variable sets for financial development and income inequality by using these subdimensions and to identify the variables in both sets that contribute the most to the inter-set correlations for 41 developed and developing countries (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominical Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mauritius, Myanmar, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, Croatia, Hungary, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Iceland, Canada, Italy, Ireland, United Kingdom) using a canonical correlation analysis. The reasons for using a canonical correlation analysis are its important place among statistical analysis methods and its ability to reveal the relationship between two datasets. As mentioned earlier the paper determined which proxy&nbsp;variables express financial development and income inequality based on Naceur and Zhang’s (2016) study. In addition, financial development was initially intended to be explained through the five subdimensions of access, depth, efficiency, stability, and external liberalization. However, the depth subdimension was excluded from the study due to insufficient data from 2017. The remaining subdimensions are explained respectively through the number of ATMs per 100,000 adults, net interest margin, ratio of regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets, and ratio of consolidated foreign claims of BIS (Bank for International Settlements) reporting banks to GDP. The variables of Gini coefficient and poverty gap index are used to explain income inequality. The data for 2017 were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Financial Access Survey, Global Financial Development Database, and World Development Indicators, and the data published on these sites were decisive in determining which year to study.The results from the study show financial development to be highly related to income inequality. However, according to the results from the Mardia multivariable normality test, the datasets for the variables are not normally distributed. Therefore, the study has only taken into consideration structural correlations. As much as is currently known, this study contributes to the existing empirical literature in how it explains the relationship between financial development and income inequality through the use of a canonical correlation analysis. Furthermore, the Gini coefficient has been noted to be the most significant indicator of income inequality variable set. In addition, net interest margin is seen to have a greater effect on financial development than the other variables. As noted in Angori et al.’s (2019) study, net interest margin is seen to measure both bank health and efficiency regarding traditional deposit storage and lending activities. As a result, positive developments in the net interest margin will also positively affect financial development, thus increasing the income of the poor and the use of economic opportunities, as well as narrowing income inequality in both developed and developing countries.

Investigating the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries: An Application of Canonical Correlation Analysis

Nadide

The degree to which the inputs are used effectively in current production technology is determined by the production function, which shows the functional relationship between the output and inputs used in production. Converting inputs into output takes place under a specific production technology. The maximum output obtained under a specific input composition or the minimum input composition needed to achieve a specific output level determines the upper frontier of production possibilities. Economic units produce at or below this frontier. Technical efficiency is achieved when the input-output composition defined by the production function is located at a point on the production frontier. Technical inefficiency is defined as a situation where a difference occurs between the maximum output values of the production technology and the actual observed production values, with the coefficient of technical efficiency taking values between 0 and 1 otherwise. A country’s inefficiency and production losses increase as this value approaches 0, while a value of 1 indicates that the country is producing at the production frontier and using its full production potential. Economic units produce at a technically inefficient point and so cannot use their current potential effectively. In this case, production losses are experienced, and production being able to be increased by activating this potential. Technical efficiency and the capacity to absorb the existing technology of economies is an essential factor that increases the speed of catching up with developed economies with high per capita income. However, achieving the potential level of output contained in the production technology (i.e., increasing technical efficiency) is subject to countries’ limitations in absorbing existing technology.This study aims to estimate the efficiency of using the available resources and technology of BRICS-T countries. In this context, the production limit is modelled using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) within the scope of a panel dataset consisting of six countries for the period of 1990-2019. The production frontier and technical inefficiency determinants are estimated by a one-stage method. In addition, the technical inefficiency and the variances related to technical inefficiency and statistical error in the model are defined as a function of the variables of countries’ populations and export-import ratios. The study has determined that these variables do not significantly affect technical inefficiency but do have a significant effect on the variances related to technical inefficiency and the statistical error term. The results show the average level of technical efficiency during the analysis period to be 91% and countries to have lost 9% of their potential output. Turkey was determined to have ranked first and Russia last in terms of the average coefficient of technical efficiency for countries during the analyzed period, with Turkey’s production loss due to inefficiency being 3.4% and Russia’s was 23.3%. Meanwhile, technical efficiency decreased an average of 0.064% annually during the analysis period. The other countries experienced efficiency losses during the analysis period, while Russia’s technical efficiency increased by 0.74%. According to the study results, Russia’s compliance with the current level of technology, therefore, increased during the analysis period and its production losses due to inefficiency decreased.This finding indicates that the BRICS-T countries’ adaptation to existing technologies to have gradually decreased, and production losses due to inefficiency to have increased. The production losses due to inefficiency as well as the efficiency decreases observed during the analysis period, show an important opportunity to exist for economies to use their potential more effectively in terms of sustainable economic growth. The countries’ performances regarding to adapting to technologies require educational processes involving new technologies being learned and taught, as well as precise, predictable social, political, and economic structures.&nbsp;

Production Losses Due to Technical Inefficiency: A Panel Data Analysis on the Case of  BRICS-T Countries

Ndilo

Leonard

Jerita

Semi-Parametric Modeling of Churn Confounding Competing Risks Using Time-Dependent Covariates Among Mobile Phone Subscribers in Kenya

Batuhan

Coşkun

Res. Assist. Dr.

Erhan

Although countries’ development levels are often associated with economic indicators, many different factors are found to affect their level of development. The methods used to determine countries’ development levels differ by organization (e.g., United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund), and thus countries may show different levels of development, with the literature showing statistical methods such as machine learning, artificial neural networks, multiple discriminant analysis, and regression analysis to have been used to predict countries’ development levels.Machine learning is the art of making future predictions from data using statistical algorithms. Machine learning methods train a model using part of the data as training data and then tests the performance of the proposed model using the remaining data (i.e., test data). In this way, the accuracy of a produced model is tested on test data the model has never seen before. Studies are found to have used machine learning and econometric methods to classify countries’ development levels, just as has been done in many areas.This study developed a machine learning model that predicts the development levels for 193 countries using the World Development Indicator’s 2019 dataset. The dependent variable of the model has been classified as high income ($12,535 or more a year per capita ), upper middle income (from $4,046-$12,535), lower middle income ($1,035- $4,046), and low income (Less than $1,035). The groups in this classification were determined according to the World Bank’s Atlas Method, which they use to estimate the size of economies in terms of gross national income a year per capita in US dollars. The World Bank uses the Atlas conversion factor instead of simple exchange rates when calculating gross national income (GNI—formerly GNP) in US dollars for certain operational and analytical purposes. The purpose of the Atlas conversion factor is to reduce the effect of exchange rate fluctuations caused by inflation when comparing national incomes between countries. The Atlas conversion factor for any given year is the average of a country’s exchange rate for that year and the exchange rates for the previous two years, adjusted for the difference between the inflation rate in the country and international inflation. The independent variables are made up of the 26 variables obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database that can be associated with countries’ development levels. These variables are related to health, industry, economy, agriculture, and technology. The study uses the decision tree and random forest machine learning methods. The results this study obtains will reveal the characteristics of countries that are at different development levels, as well as which variables affect them the most.The data set used in the machine learning algorithms has been divided into 80% training and 20% test data. The decision tree and random forest algorithms were then applied to the data set. When considering the accuracy rates of both methods, the decision tree is seen to have a 65% accuracy rate, while the random forest has 70%. This shows the countries’ development levels to have been classified correctly at a rate of 70%. When examining the correct classification rates for each income group, all the countries in the high income group are seen to have been correctly classified, while the accuracy of the classifications in the low, lower middle, and high middle groups can be said to range between approximately 65%-97%. This may be due to the effects changes have on countries in the lower income groups. In addition, the study has included values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, prevalence, detection rate, detection prevalence, and balanced accuracy in order to show the classification of the categories of developmental levels.The data set used in the machine learning algorithms has been divided into 80% training and 20% test data. The decision tree and random forest algorithms were then applied to the data set. When considering the accuracy rates of both methods, the decision tree is seen to have a 65% accuracy rate, while the random forest has 70%. This shows the countries’ development levels to have been classified correctly at a rate of 70%. When examining the correct classification rates for each income group, all the countries in the high income group are seen to have been correctly classified, while the accuracy of the classifications in the low, lower middle, and high middle groups can be said to range between approximately 65%-97%. This may be due to the effects changes have on countries in the lower income groups. In addition, the study has included values for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, prevalence, detection rate, detection prevalence, and balanced accuracy in order to show the classification of the categories of developmental levels.

Predicting Countries’ Development Levels Using the Decision Tree and Random Forest Methods

Deniz

The Impact of News Related Covid-19 on Exchange Rate Volatility: A New Evidence From Generalized Autoregressive Score Model

Seda

Gözde

Özüm

Why Can Smes Not Adopt Green Innovation? An Assessment Via Fuzzy ISM-MICMAC-DEMATEL

Ahmet

Gökhan

Health indicators are also used to evaluate a nation’s level of development and well-being, in addition to economic indicators. The infant mortality rates of the most commonly used countries are one of these indicators. Infant mortality rates, accepted as a component of the physical quality of life index, are an essential indicator of a country’s health and development level. Therefore, research conducted by considering these and similar health indicators help to make inferences about the country, community, or region under consideration, as it shows good public health and quality. In this study, the determinants of infant mortality were examined with the data of 2019 for NUTS-2 for Turkey. For this purpose, the spatial regression approach was used to include the spatial interaction between regions in the modeling process.The number of women who gave birth under the age of 15 (yas15), the Gini coefficient (gini), the percentage of women over the age of 15 participating in the workforce (isgucu), the total number of hospital beds per hundred thousand people (kbyatak), number of primary school graduate women aged 15 and over (ilkokul) and number of high school graduate women aged 15 and over (lise) were included in the model as independent variables.The spatial weight matrix allows the spatial regression approach to integrating spatial effects into the model. In the study, row standardization was used along with the development of a spatial weight matrix based on rook contiguity. In the first step, the OLS model was estimated, and the existence of spatial autocorrelation in errors was investigated with the Moran-I test. According to the results of the OLS model, only isgucu was statistically significant. When the regional distribution of bebekol is examined on the map, it is thought that there may be a spatial interaction since it is observed that there are clusters. In this respect, the Moran-I test was applied to the residuals of the OLS model in the first step to determine the spatial autocorrelation. According to the test result, positive spatial autocorrelation was found in the residuals.LM tests were used to select the suitable model. As a result of the test, it was decided that the suitable model was the SEM model. The variables that were statistically insignificant in the OLS model then started to become significant in the estimated SEM model. The spatial error parameter λ is statistically significant. In addition, since the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) is lower in the SEM model, it is concluded that the performance of this model is better. Finally, when the significance of the spatial error parameter was tested with the Likelihood Ratio (LR) test, it was confirmed that it should be included in the model.According to the SEM model, a 1% increase in the number of women who gave birth under the age of 15, the Gini coefficient, and the number of primary school graduate women caused an increase of 0.124%, 0.803%, and 0.647%, respectively. Although the 1% increase in the number of high school graduate women seems to cause an increase of 0.316% in infant mortality, it can be said that there is a decrease in infant mortality rates by about half when compared to the number of primary school graduates. The 1% increase in isgucu and kbyatak variables causes a 0.852% and 0.616% decrease in infant mortality, respectively. The spatial error term coefficient is 0.866 and is statistically significant.When the SEM model’s findings are considered generally, it is clear that income inequality between regions is the main cause of an increase in infant mortality. Another factor is the mother’s education level. There is a decrease in infant mortality with the increase in education level. On the other hand, the increase in the number of women giving birth under the age of 15 causes an increase in infant mortality. In this respect, by supporting women in their education, pregnancies under the age of 15 can be prevented, and regional development can be achieved through qualified participation in the labor market. Thus, it is possible to observe decreases in regional income inequality as regions grow. Therefore, it is evident from this research that increasing the mother’s academic achievement is crucial for reducing infant mortality. Moreover, improving the health system and conditions through investments in the health sector will similarly reduce infant mortality.&nbsp;

A Study on Interregional Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Turkey with Spatial  Econometric Analysis

Mete

Gökalp

Elifsu

Burcu

For successful diffusion in a country, innovative retail chains must establish a competitive position by creating better value for consumers who adapt to changing social, economic, and technical conditions by adjusting their shopping trips and shopping baskets (Burt et al., 2003; Kim, 2008; Matusitz &amp; Forrester, 2009; Matusitz &amp; Leanza, 2009). Consumers adapt to maintain their living standards under changing conditions, and a better understanding of the temporal behavioral changes of spatially segregated consumer groups will open the way for econometric studies that can inform what strategic decisions would help successfully develop and diffuse innovative store formats (Hernández &amp; Bennison, 2000).Spatial data currently exist in abundance, and new computing systems have also become available that facilitate the dynamic examination of spatial retail potentials. Interest in such applications has also grown in Türkiye, where fast-moving consumer good (FMCG) expenditures take second place in household budget expenditures, mainly due to rising competition since 2010. However, the literature has thoroughly criticized the insufficiency of existing business intelligence applications regarding their theoretical foundations, as well as their relevance to empirical findings (Newing et al., 2013). Another limitation arises from data confidentiality, as retail chains do not reveal individual outlet revenues. As an emerging market economy, Türkiye also appears to have some special conditions that must be considered (Franz et al., 2013; Franz &amp; Hassler, 2011; Hökelekli et al., 2017). A better understanding using exploratory spatial studies will open the way for econometric studies to provide better information about strategic decisions, thus allowing faster diffusion of innovative retail formats in emerging markets.The potentials arising from socioeconomic status groups in particular locations also have particular interest. While the local real estate markets and transport infrastructure in these localities dictate the limits for consumer shopping trips and the size of shopping baskets on one hand, on the other, they also limit the available space innovative retail outlets can exploit. These particular situations must be empirically studied, as they may impose significant barriers against the successful diffusion of retail formats and consumer coping behaviors. This article demonstrates that specific demand pattens for discount markets in specific locations can be explored by utilizing parallel geographic information systems and computing platforms, as well as secondary quantitative data alongside primary qualitative data.Within this scope, the study first determines the demand from middle- and lowerincome households for FMCGs originating from residential areas in Istanbul, using both Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) household income statistics as well as derived spatial data regarding the precise location of certain socioeconomic status groups within district bazaar basins. The study then employs the Maptriks Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Engine, which allows 10 to 100 times faster calculation speeds with respect to traditional GIS algorithms by utilizing parallel hardware and parallel computing approaches, in order to identify the spatial borders of district bazaar shopping basins within 750 meters of walking distance through origin-destination matrices within the scope of a city with a population of 15 million people. This also allows how many discount markets are located within these basins to be identified. By making use of public company data regarding the annual change of average shopping baskets and primary qualitative data, this article establishes a structure for studying change in demand, deterministically calculating the average number of target households’ weekly planned and unplanned shopping trips with respect to expendable income on FMCGs. The study then calculates the potential demand in shopping basins per discount market. Using officially announced data, the comparisons reveal the method to have been successful. The study’s findings have the potential to guide and inform statistical and econometric business intelligence applications with regard to evaluating strategic development and diffusion innovative retail formats in Türkiye and other similar countries.

A Quantitative Spatial Exploratory Analysis on Fast Consumer Goods, Shopping Trips, and Discount Supermarket Revenues: The Case of Istanbul

Özlem

Having occurred throughout humanity’s history, migrations involve social movement closely related to societies and can result in various sociological, psychological, and economic issues. Individuals’ desire to live a better life is the most basic reason for migration. While individuals want the right to a better life, their reasons for migration can be voluntary or compulsory. Reasons such as war, natural disasters, and economic crises are among the factors that force individuals to migrate en masse. In particular, individuals who have to migrate in large groups may cause various social, political, economic, cultural, and religious problems wherever they go. In order to not cause these problems, policymakers must ensure the establishment of a sound balance between the local people and the immigrants.Throughout history, the issue of migration has emerged as a social phenomenon concerning all societies. The social, political, economic, religious, and cultural order that changes as a result of migration closely affects not only the immigrants but also the local people in the receiving countries. The immigration problem has also grown alongside the increasing world population with mass migrations having had greater impacts on societies.The history of Türkiye, its geopolitical position, the immigration policies it has followed as a Muslim country, and other similar factors have led to intense immigration over the past years. Wars and conflicts in some countries in recent years, in particular those in such countries as Syria, Afghanistan, and Ukraine along Türkiye’s land and maritime borders, have increased the number of individuals migrating to Türkiye. The high number of incoming immigrants has caused local people to react and decreased their tolerance toward immigrants.Türkiye is undoubtedly one of the countries to be greatly impacted by mass migration movements and has been receiving large volumes of immigrants. The high increase in the number of immigrants in Türkiye has caused the produced policies to become insufficient, necessitating the production of new policies regarding immigrants. As a result, problems have been determined to exist between the local people and immigrants from time to time, with locals’ tolerance toward immigrants having decreased.This study first evaluates how to classify individuals living in Türkiye in terms of tolerance toward immigrants using latent class analysis. According to the obtained results, individuals are divided into three classes: tolerant, intolerant, and undecided. The next stage of the study used multinomial logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the likelihood of a person being in any of these three classes and their gender, age, education level, income level, employment status, level of religious beliefs, and political views. The variables of employment status, income level, religiosity, and political opinion were observed to have a significant in terms of which of the three classes an individual would be found. A correspondence analysis was employed to evaluate the determinants affecting locals’ tolerance levels in detail, particularly in terms of education. According to the findings, education level affects tolerance toward immigrants, which is in line with the information in the literature. As a result of the analysis, the study determined age to have no effect on tolerance toward immigrants.

Evaluating the Dynamics Affecting Tolerance Toward Migrants in Türkiye Using Statistical Analyses

Münevver

Prof. Dr.

Ünal

Many programming languages are used in the world of data science. Some of these languages are very fast but difficult to learn and code, while others are very easy to write code for but have a very slow code speed. This is known in the literature as the two-language problem, and Julia is one programming language that aims to overcome this problem.With regard to the field of data science, Python is mostly used in the business world, while R is more used in the academic world. Despite being a general programming language, Julia is also one of the strongest languages used in the field of data science and is even considered to be the future of scientific computing and scientific data analysis.&nbsp;&nbsp;Julia (Bezanson et al., 2017) is a relatively new programming language that was first released in 2012 and aims to be both easy and fast compared to other programming languages. Julia has been described as working like C while reading like Python (Perkel, 2019). Julia is a dynamically typed language, which means that the type of variable is not specified when declared but rather determined while in operation. Julia can easily process large amounts of data and calculations, and manipulating, creating, and prototyping code are very easy in Julia. Julia is known for its speed and ability to easily interface with other programming languages. This makes it a popular choice for data science and machine learning applications. Julia is also one of the rare programming languages grouped with C, C++, and Fortran in the in the Petaflop Club, these languages having been able to achieve the highest performances in excess of one petaflop per second.Julia is an MIT-certified, open-source programming language. While it operates as a general-purpose language for use in any application development, many of its features are customized for numerical analysis and data science. In other words, Julia is a high-level programming language designed for use in numerical and scientific computing. Therefore, Julia offers a high success rate for numerical computational operations. In addition to these, Julia’s syntax has a distributed (parallel) processing facility and large library of mathematical functions, similar to programming languages such as Python and Ruby. Julia is also at the forefront of many other computational fields such as data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and statistics.Julia is newer compared to other programming languages. This suggests that learning about Julia and its programming language ecosystem will be difficult due to the small amount of knowledge and number of users involved in the language. On the other hand, difficulties may exist in terms of where to start or how to install and use different packages in relation to the programming language. For this reason, this article aims to introduce Julia as the newest programming language and to compare it with other programming languages used in statistics and data science. This article&nbsp;additionally aims to help researchers learn about Julia, especially those interested in statistics and data science, and choose the most suitable language for them.Julia’s most important features are its speed, performance, and ease of use. It has been designed to perform like C++, have the general programming ability of Python, and the statistical power of R. One of Julia’s outstanding is its ability to use code written in other programming languages such as Python, R, Java, and C with the help of packages such as PyCall, RCall, and JavaCall. In this way, codes written in these languages can be referenced and executed in Julia. Meanwhile, for those who want to learn Julia, many printed and online resources exist that are being rapidly developed for teaching the basic features of this language, although this number is still not as high as for other languages. However, due to being a new programming language, Julia can also be said to have technical disadvantages: Similar to more established high-level languages such as Python, Julia requires a little more development to become more stable.Ultimately, coding languages are simply tools, and as tools change and develop, they can be widely used for a time before eventually losing popularity and becoming obsolete. Therefore, focusing on the fundamentals of the field of science (i.e., the domain knowledge for statistics and data science) and most importantly how to apply them would be more important than giving too much focus to the tools used. Whether one knows how to code in Python, R, or Julia, if they lack proficiency in data science or statistics and don't know how to identify the problem or how to ask the right questions, then one’s knowledge of coding simply won’t do much good. In contrast, having a good foundation in statistics and data science will facilitate one’s ability to learn any programming language.

A New Programming Language for Data Science: Julia

Merve

Health Econometrics Research: A Bibliometric Analysis from 1991 to 2020

Buse

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the whole world, and the past global crises have caused significant financial effects, leading some companies to financial crises. As a result of these financial crises, companies have developed various models to avoid financial difficulties. A number of financial failure prediction methods have been developed to predict and combat these financial difficulties in a timely and effective manner, and the issue of companies’ ability to overcome financial distress (i.e., to return to a successful position) has become the focus. The models used to estimate financial failure are widely used in accounting and finance research. These models allow company managers to determine whether they are in financial distress, as well as take precautions and direct investors.Financial reports are taken as a basis in determining companies’ financial positions. However, environmental events such as global warming and climate change have shown the economic perspective to be insufficient at determining the limits on the planet. Sustainable living will become possible by integrating economic and ecological information as a requirement of eco-social transformations. In addition to protecting their financial position, companies need to publish sustainability reports that declare their sensitivity and responsibility to environmental changes, as these reports will reveal the precautions companies need to take against changing environmental conditions, as well as their need to adopt more environmentally friendly approaches from the production stage to the final consumer. In line with this, the need for non-financial reports in addition to financial reports is thought to have led to the emergence of the concept of sustainability reporting.The study first theoretically explains sustainability accounting, the reporting and measurement parameters, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), the concept of financial failure, and the models used to predict financial failure.&nbsp;Afterward, the study will begin the implementation phase. The article has selected the transportation sector from among the 11 sectors included in SASB and accessed the data of 40 out of 43 companies in the transportation sector. The analysis is based on the five-year financial reports these companies published between 2016-2020. However, one company was not taken into consideration as it hadn’t been founded until 2017. The study then examined the annual reports of the remaining 39 companies, applying the logit and probit statistical models for estimating financial failure. Financial statements were selected from among the economic key performance indicators (KPIs) in order to analyze the relationship between the companies’ SASB KPI scores and the likelihood of financial failure.The study has determined the companies that can be included in the scope of financial failure, as well as the dependent and independent variables. The study calculated marginal effects to express the variables’ effects as percentages. According to the dependent variable of suffering losses for two consecutive years, the coefficients for the short-term liabilities / total liabilities (X3) and net profit / total assets (X6) in the logit and probit models were determined to be significant in terms of accounting. According to the dependent variable of which net working capital is negative, the coefficient for (current assets – inventories) / short-term liabilities (X4) in the logit and probit models was seen to be significant in terms of accounting. According to the dependent variable of 10% loss in amount of assets, the coefficient for (current assets – inventories) / short-term liabilities (X4) in the logit and probit models was determined to be significant in terms of accounting. According to the dependent variable of liabilities / assets, the coefficients for short-term liabilities / total liabilities (X3) and net profit / total assets (X6) in the logit and probit models were found to be significant in terms of accounting.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Financial Failure and KPI Score: An Application in the SASB Transportation Sector

Hilal

The Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Employee  Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Ownership

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Tuğba

Gökçe

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Investment Decision Analysis Under Uncertainty Conditions with Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach

Fatma

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

Convergence of EU Countries: SURADF and SURKSS Unit Root Test

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Kevser

Selay

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

An Evulation on Effect of Freedoms on Economic Performance with Structural Equation Modeling

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Investigation of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis with Fourier Unit Root Tests: The Case of Turkey

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months. Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis. Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized. Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research. To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers. All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.  EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a "peer-reviewed journal" every six months since 2005. The language of the journal is English and Turkish. Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

ERIH PLUS

DOAJ

TR Dizin

Cabells Journalytics

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Relations Manager

Editorial Assistant

Technical Specialist

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is published twice a year, every 6 months.Our journal aims to publish high quality articles on the application of new econometric techniques, including economics and related topics, covering measurement, forecasting, testing, forecasting and policy analysis.Appropriate interpretation of the results obtained by careful and rigorous application of econometric techniques is emphasized.Emphasis should be stressed on economic content in articles.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics publishes high quality research, mainly in the fields of Econometrics, Statistics and operations research.To provide an outlet for innovative, quantitative research in economics, which includes achievable techniques and can be easily repeated by other researchers.All submissions are subject to a double blind review process.Istanbul University, EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics has been published as a &#34;peer-reviewed journal&#34; every six months since 2005.The language of the journal is English and Turkish.Contributions that introduce statistical methods that are applicable to a variety of economic problems are actively encouraged.

Aim and Scope

TUBITAK-ULAKBIM TR Index ProQuest CentralDOAJERIH PLUS  <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ekoist.html" target="_blank">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istekoist/" target="_blank">RePEc EconPapers </a><a href="http://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=Ekoist:%20Journal%20of%20Econometrics%20and%20Statistics" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>Cabells Journalytics

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>  ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review. - Does the manuscript contain new and significant information? - Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript? - Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results? - Is adequate references made to other Works in the field? - Is the language acceptable? Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts in Turkish must have before the introduction section, the abstract both in Turkish and English, between 200 and 250 words and an extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. If the manuscript is written in English, it must include an abstract only in English.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://jecs.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/information-for-authors/references and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.8. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.9. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).10. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.11. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.12. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.13. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a></li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatEKOIST: Econometrics and Statistics complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABC26D9F796147E2BEB8F140CC273B87" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=ekoist_title-page.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (200-250 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5EED6D226A1F408CB1F80809BA35B678" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9988B0D4A44A4DAD8D16AC2790AE5A78" target="_blank">Title Page</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Burak Güriş
Cover (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

ISSUE 36, 2022

Asymmetric Relationship Between Risk and Financial Indicators: An Application in BIST Manufacturing Industry

The Relationship Between the Health Services Price Index and The Real Effective Exchange Rate Index in Turkey: A Frequency Domain Causality Analysis

Does Change over Time the Causal Relationship between Economic Growth and Foreign Trade in Turkey?

Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection: A Real Case Study

Applications of “Under the Pillow” Gold in Turkey

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey

Factors Affecting Innovation in OECD Countries

Can We Increase Health Expenditure Per Capita Through Higher Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence from Turkey

An Empirical Analysis of Product Concentration and Income in High-Technology Exports

K-Means Cluster Analysis Based on Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The G20 Example

Hybrid Ranking Proposal Based on Spatial Econometrics: An Example of European Economic Freedoms

Analysis of Asymmetric Causality Between Growth and Emissions in Turkey

Does the Foreign Trade-Driven Competitive Power of Transition Economies Converge Toward that of EU14 Countries? Evidence from Fourier Panel Unit Root Test with Sharp and Smooth Breaks

INFORMATION

SHARE