Duygu

Tutku

A Qualitative Look into Gendered Entrepreneurship in Turkey

Mevlüt

Res. Assist.

Kamil Ahmet

Prof.

Belkıs

Risk and Return Characteristics of Islamic Indices: An Empirical Approach

Hakan

Süleyman

In this study, the relationship between inflation and interest rates for Turkey’s economy and whether this is a long-term relationship were tested out using the Fisher hypothesis for the period of 2002:M1-2018:M6. In the study, it was tested if there is a long-term relationship from demand-pull inflation toward Individual Loan Rates (ILRs), and from cost-push-to-supply inflation toward Commercial Loan Rates (CLRs) using Fisher’s hypothesis. Subsequently, Perron (1997) structural break unit root test was performed in order to determine if there is structural breakage in the economy. According to Granger Causality test results for the period, there was a unidirectional causality for Turkey’s economy from both the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to the ILRs and from the Producer Price Index (PPI) to CLRs. In addition, the results of the ARDL bound test for co-integration showed that, there is no long-term cointegrated relationship from CPI to ILRs, while a long-term cointegrated relationship is seen from PPI toward CLRs. Therefore, this long-term relationship is not one-to-one as stated by Irving Fisher, and implies that a 1% shock to PPI affects the CLRs by 0.45% in the long term. On account of the fact that Turkey’s economy has not been able to reach its full employment level, the pass-through effect from CPI, -which measures demand-pull inflation-, toward ILRs, was not cointegrated in the long-term and thus, the Fisher effect did not occur even in the longterm. Hence, Turkey’s economy in the long-term was in conditions of underemployment, and changes in monetary variables influenced real variables due to unexpected fluctuations in the CPI. Due to the nominal interest rates being adjusted according to the expected (or, ex-ante) CPI, the real interest rates fluctuated due to the fact that the CPI was realized outside of the range of the end-of-term (or, ex-post) expectations. The reason behind the CPI being realized outside of expectations in these periods was due to the fact that this index did not reflect a pure demand inflation and was under the effect of PPI series. The pass-through effect from CPI towards PPI, -which occurs depending on external shocks such as foreign exchange rates, oil prices, and food prices-, causes the deterioration of the long-term equilibrium between the CPI and nominal interest rates and thus, this leads a reflection in real interest rates. Therefore, this result indicates that monetary variables affects real variables and in this context, the Central Bank’s monetary policies may affect real variables such as real interest rates, real wages, investments, savings and employment. It is concluded that there is a cointegrated relationship along with long-term positive direction from supply side-cost push inflation toward nominal interest rates and a 1% shock to supply-side inflation reflects itself in nominal interest rates by 0.45% in the longterm. Considering the economic structure of our country, the Turkish Lira currency has an extremely fragile structure when faced with external shocks and is dependent on foreign financing because of its lack of sufficient level of domestic saving to finance its invesments. Thus, the fagility factor of the Turkish Lira in the face of sudden portfolio outflows affects&nbsp;foreign exchange rates immediately and this means that it invites supply-side inflation to the country, and hence, the Central Bank is forced to raise interest rates to curb this expected inflation. This leads to the emergence of the Fisher effect. According to these results, in this context of the emergence of the Fisher effect on Turkey’s economy, it usually indicates that supply-side (cost-push) inflationist effects reveal themselves because external shocks are more prepotent. Consequently, while determining interest rates, it is noted that supply-side pricing will be more effective than demand-side pricing. In conclusion, taking into account PPI will be more rational. In conclusion, the production structure of Turkey’s economy is dependent on imports. In fact, Turkey’s economy for the period was composed on average of 70 % import of intermediate goods and raw materials, and 15-20 % import of invesment goods. That is to say, 85-90 % of the aggregate imports comprised input (production goods). This situation makes our country’s economy highly dependent on foreign financing and increases the Turkish economy’s sensivity to foreign currency due to the lack of a sufficient level of domestic saving to finance its invesments because of the currency mismatch (borrowing with foreign currency and earning with national currency). Therefore, the Turkish Lira becomes extremely fragile against international reserve monies ( $, €, ₤). This fragility of the Turkish Lira can be managed with policies on structural adjustment along with conjunctural policies (monetary policy, fiscal policy, and foreign exchange policy). Domestic production should be promoted by structural reforms and herewith, the Turkish economy can achieve a comparative advantage of input manufacturing in the long-term. Therefore, by reducing the high dependency on foreign financing it can also reduce the fragility of the Turkish Lira. Consequently, the Turkish economy can achieve a stable structure so that foreign exchange rates, the overall price level and interest rates can reach a more stable and predictable level.

Enflasyon ve Kredi Faizleri Arasındaki Uzun Dönemli İlişkinin Fisher Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Uygulaması (2002-2018)

Güler

İlhan

Bilal

Serkan

Exploring the factors that explain changes in stock returns is one of the most important research topics in finance literature, and thus scholars have introduced a wide variety of models. The most well-known is the capital assets pricing model (CAPM), which explains the change in returns with a single factor, called the market beta measuring the systematic risk of the market. The most important feature expected from any asset-pricing model is the power to explain the change in stock returns. Many researchers have found that the power of CAPM is not sufficient. Thus, alternative asset pricing models have been proposed to develop CAPM. Among these models, the three-factor asset pricing model offered by Fama and French has been tested by many researchers in both developed and developing countries. It has been proven that the performance of the model is better than CAPM. Fama and French’s threefactor model explain changes in stock returns with market, size and value factors. After three-factor models, Fama and French has been criticized about the lack of their models. With the discovery of several factors that has any information in explaining returns (such as momentum, volatility, liquidity, investment and profitability factors), the use of multi-factor models has become widespread in explaining stock returns. In line with these advances in the literature, Fama and French acknowledged that a significant portion of the change in stock returns could not be explained by the three-factor model. Thus, Fama French have introduced five-factor model by adding profitability and investment factors to three-factor model. They were based on the dividend discount model when making decisions to add only these two factors to the three factor models. The Five-factor model has been tested in various developed countries, especially in the USA, and has proved its success in explaining the changes in stock returns. However, there are deficiencies in the researches on whether this model is valid for developing countries with different dynamics from developed countries (such as higher returns and higher price fluctuations). In this paper, it is aimed to examine whether the five-factor model is valid for the Turkish stock market and to test how successful the five-factor model is in comparison with the CAPM, three-factor model and other alternative three and four factor models. For this purpose, average monthly percent excess returns for eighteen intersection portfolios formed on six Size and Value, six Size and Profitability, six Size and Investment have been analyzed during the period of 150-months between January 2005 and June 2017. Regression results of mean absolute values of intercept terms, mean adjusted R-squared values, GRS-F test statistics and its p-values were used to evaluate the relative performance of&nbsp;the models in capturing the changes in the returns of the left-hand-side intersection portfolios in the Turkish stock market. It has been found that FF5F performs better than the CAPM, the three-factor model and other alternative three - or four-factor models in the Turkish stock market. The empirical findings in the paper conform to the findings obtained in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, these findings are also similar to those obtained from other studies testing the five-factor model on BIST and using a different sample period and different portfolio sets from this paper. Future studies can be focused on to develop a more comprehensive asset pricing model by adding other factors that have been proven to explain the average returns (such as momentum factor, inverse momentum factor, liquidity factor, volatility factor) to the five-factor model. Since what is most important here is to find the model that explains more change with less factors, it will be substantial to identify unnecessary factors and to have an asset-pricing model that shows more effective results for developing countries such as Turkey.

Fama-French Çok Faktör Varlık Fiyatlama Modellerinin Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması: Borsa İstanbul Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Çiğdem

Mustafa

As early as 2 years of age, children are aware of and affected by gender roles and these role perceptions are resistant to change. Thus, as one of the important social categorizations in human life, once gender stereotypes are created and maintained by individual level, which in turn predict the way of thinking and behaving of whole society. In contemporary consumption culture, advertisements constitute one of widely used reference points in clearly determining which behaviors are appropriate for boys and which are appropriate for girls. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze gender portrayals in children’s advertisements for food and toy categories in Turkey in a holistic way and to determine the relative role of advertisements toward children in producing gender roles. Specifically, the specific objectives of this study are to investigate (1) gender portrayals of boys and girls in children’s advertisements, (2) whether girls were more likely than boys to be shown in domestic settings, and what settings were predominant for boys, (3) number of male and female spokespersons (voice-overs) used in children’s advertisements and distribution of announcers’ voices, (4) the differences between female and male spokespersons’ discourses, (5) the relationship between the primary character’s sex and the sex of the spokesperson, and finally (6) whether the behavior of character differ according to character’s sex. To address the research objective, in March 2018, a content analysis was conducted for advertisements targeted to children on five Turkish nationwide TV channels (three of them are specific to children). Based on social role, social learning, and cognitive theories those or that explain the process of gender formation, the focus of this research is on the advertisements of children between the ages of five and nine, who have not completed their cognitive development, and who are most likely to be affected by advertisements. In selecting advertisements, the time period during which 5-9 years old children mostly watch television (9-12 am on weekends) was chosen. In this process, we obtained13 food and 42 toy advertisements for a total of 55 aired ads. The coding categories of content analysis were mainly derived from the previous literature considering comparative evaluation of the results. The overall results of this study closely replicate previous studies (Browne, 1998; Johnson and Young, 2002; Martinez et al., 2013) and showed that children’s advertisements exhibited stereotyped behavior for traditional gender roles. Results showed that, in the toy category, advertisements featuring characters of only one sex portrayed traditional stereotypes for male/female roles. More than half of the toy advertisements seem to focus directly on boys or directly on girls using mainly one sex. But the current finding is not entirely congruent with the food category. In the food category, both boys and girls are shown together in more than half of the advertisements (53.84%), but this rate is only 21,42% for toy category. These findings suggest that toy category included more gendered norms when compared to food category. In line with previous findings (Smith, 1994 and Larson, 2001), in these advertisements, girls were more likely to be shown inside the home, while boys generally appeared outdoors such&nbsp;as racing tracks. Expectedly, in terms of spokespersons, findings are consistent with previous studies (Macklin and Kolbe,1984; Furnham and Bitar, 1993; Neto and Furnham, 2005),which show that in children’s advertisements male spokespersons as voice overs were mainly preferred to female ones. Another finding for voice-overs is that it was seen that adult voiceovers were predominantly preferred to child voice-overs. In addition, the findings imply that there is congruence between the sex of the targeted audience and the sex of the spokesperson. Female and male spokespersons’ discourses were also investigated, and significant differences have been observed. Accordingly, the discourse in male voice-overs’ advertisements contains more competitive and active language, while the discourse in female voice-overs contains more collaborative and passive statements. A similar pattern is also obtained between the sex and behavior of the characters. It is seen that the phenomenon of struggle and competition is highlighted in the advertisements where the boys are positioned as the main characters. On the other hand, sharing, charity and friendship cases come to the forefront in advertisements where girls are positioned as the main characters. To summarize, it is seen that in Turkey, the nature of gender role portrayals in children’s advertisements are similar to rest of the world, and the contents of the advertisements intensively include stereotyped behaviors for traditional sex roles. Since gender role perceptions are resistant to change, as Gunter (1995) emphasized, it is better not to establish them in the first place. So, considering the sensitivity of children to TV advertisement messages, advertisements directed specifically at children should be regulated both national and international levels. To the best to our knowledge, given that the limited number of current studies in Turkey focus on children’s advertisements regarding gender portrayals in Turkey, our findings constitute the original contribution of this paper. Cross-national studies can also contribute to the field by assisting policy makers and researchers in developing and monitoring a regulation frame.

Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Çocuk Reklâmları Aracılığıyla İnşası: Türk Televizyonlarındaki Çocuk Reklâmlarına Yönelik Bir İçerik Analizi

Mehmet

Assist. Prof.

IntroductionAccording to a recent global survey by Gallup, overall 85% of employees worldwide are not engaged at their work. Obviously, the low level of engagement results in lower level of innovation, lost productivity, and low profitability. An important result of this survey is that current management and leadership practices are among the major causes behind low levels of employee engagement. Moreover, it appears that employees’ perception of their leaders’ behavior and their exchange with their leaders determine their work engagement (Gallup, Inc., 2017). These findings underscore the importance of leadership style with respect to employees’ behavior, job satisfaction and performance. This paper examines how district governors’ leadership traits and behaviors are perceived by their chiefs of staff, and the relationship between the governors’ perceived leadership styles and their chiefs of staff’s job satisfaction. District governors occupy the highest level of governmental position in a district and are responsible from administering and coordinating the activities of governmental offices. Given that the performance of the governmental bureaucracy at the district level is closely related to the job engagement (i.e., behavior and attitudes) of employees, a district governor’s leadership style and capacity to influence employees have an enormous impact on the public welfare. So, how does the leadership style of a district governor affect employees’ job satisfaction? Despite the abundance of scholarship on leadership, effective leadership style and behaviors remain largely elusive. On the other hand, a plethora of leadership models enables us to examine the linkage between leadership style and employees’ behavior and attitudes. An important consequence of leadership behavior with respect to employees’ attitudes is job satisfaction (Braun et al., 2013; Lok and Crawford, 2003). An increase in job satisfaction is expected to lead to higher level of motivation and hence higher job performance (Riketta, 2002). Despite this, there is a dearth of research on how the leadership styles of district governors in Turkey affect employees’ job attitudes and behaviors. With few exceptions, most research on district governorships have been exploratory in nature. In this paper, drawing on leadership models of Avoilo and Bass (1988), Avolio, Bass and Jung (1999), and Bass (1985), we develop and test a conceptual framework that links a chief of staff’s job satisfaction to a governor’s leadership behaviors at district governorships. We examine four leadership behaviors or styles: transformational leadership, reward oriented transactional leadership, management by exception oriented transactional leadership and passive-avoidant leadership. Data and Method To analyze our framework, we collected data by surveying chiefs of staff employed by district governorships across Turkey. A questionnaire was distributed to all attendants of a county-wide chiefs of staff meeting that was held in the city of Antalya in 2015. Of all participants, 209 participated in the survey. However, due to missing answers on some items, our analyses were based on a final sample of 111 observations. Our dependent variable is perceived job satisfaction. To measure job satisfaction, we use the measure developed by Weis et al. (1967). In our analyses, we use two versions of this measure. One version is based on the simple average of the answers to all items in the scale. The other version is based on the rounded (up or down) averages of the answers. So, while the first measure can be considered a continuous one, the second measure is ordinal. Our main independent variables are those that measure leadership behaviors. To measure leadership behaviors, we use the multifactor leadership questionnaire developed by Avolio et al., (1999). Our questionnaire consists of 33 items, which load onto four distinct factors in our confirmatory factor analysis. Based on related literature, we label these factors, which we take as our main independent variables, as follows: transformational leadership, reward oriented transactional leadership, management by exception oriented transactional leadership, and passive-avoidant leadership. In our analyses, we control for several individual characteristics of chiefs of staff. We use both the ordinary least squares and ordered probit regression estimators to analyze our data. Because regression errors are not homoscedastic, we use the heteroskedasticity-robust estimate of the variance-covariance matrix in both regressions.&nbsp; Results About 27% of the participants in our sample report that they are satisfied with their jobs. Our regression results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership behavior and job satisfaction, even after holding several individual level factors constant. Similarly, reward oriented transactional leadership behavior appears to be positively and significantly related to job satisfaction. On the other hand, both management by exception oriented transactional leadership and avoidant leadership are negatively related to job satisfaction, although the coefficient on avoidant leadership is marginally significant, when two-tailed test is used. These results hold for both measures of job satisfaction, though the results are stronger when the ordinal measure, and hence the ordered probit regression, is used. Overall, our results indicate that leadership behavior has a significant impact on employees’ job satisfaction. In addition, our results suggest that even though leaders, such as district governors, in government bureaucracy have limited authority to transform the organizations they manage, their employees are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs when they perceive their leaders to be charismatic, transformative and considerate.

Kaymakamların Algılanan Liderlik Tarzı Çalışanların İş Tatminini Etkiliyor mu? Ampirik Bir Çalışma

COMMUNICATION STATEMENT

Neriman

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Prof. Dr.

The Effect of Organizational Identification on Green Organizational Behavior

Nihan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Hazal

Organizational Neuroscience: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review

Yakup

Bülent

Sinan

The Effect of Negative Past Experiences, Poor Relationship Quality and Rumor on Brand Hate: A Research on Fast Food Industry

Önder

Ahmet

Ender

Bibliometric Analysis and Mapping of the Benefits and Challenges of Cloud ERP Systems

Fatih

Erkan

The Relationship Between Fan Passion and Second Screen Usage: The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out

Burcu

Osman

Understanding Supervisor’s Crab Syndrome in the Private Security Sector: A Mediation Model

Hazar

Gülay

Forecasting and Evaluation of Non-Performing Loans in the Turkish Banking Sector

Abdulmuttalip

Assoc. Prof.

The Effect of Bank Employees with a Postgraduate Education Level on Credit Risk and Financial Performance

Ergün

Yusuf

Sena

Recalculation of Manufacturing Industry Production Function with Trade Openness and Human Capital: Multi-Dimensional Panel Data Application

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Cemile

Vedat

Optimal Portfolio Allocation with Elliptical and Mixed Copulas

Demet

Ayşe

Do Employees in Turkey Intend to Telework After the Pandemic?

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Fatma

Sevtap

Tuğba

Öğretim Görevlisi

Do We Know Organic Food Consumers? The Personal and Social Determinants of Organic Food Consumption

Evaluation of the Long-Term Relationship Between Inflation and Loan Interest Rates in the Framework of the Fisher Hypothesis: Turkey Application (2002-2018)

Seniye

Oktay Zihni

Endüstri 4.0 Yolculuğunda Trendler ve Robotlar

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Seda

Atılhan

The survival of organizations operating in an ever-changing and complex environment significantly depends on the positive perceptions of stakeholders regarding the organization, or, in other words, on organizations’ abilities to manage their corporate reputations and make them part of the strategic management processes. The reason for this is that awareness of a company’s reputation provides stakeholders with the opportunity to compare the products, jobs, strategies and image of said organization with its rivals. Within this context, important duties fall to the strategic leaders who play an active role in the strategic management process for the effective and careful management of the corporate reputation. First of all, strategic leaders should aim to change the perceptions regarding reputation of the employees who are perfectly placed to influence the perceptions of other stakeholders. However, the existence of strategic leaders may not always create a positive perception among employees. For this reason, employees should be made aware that the organization performs CSR activities. With CSR, organizations provide a service to society, improve the quality of life, manage its economic-legal-ethical-volunteer activities in accordance with the expectations of society and try to find solutions to social problems. Therefore, stakeholders can reach a general conclusion about the organization based on its CSR activities, and they may develop certain expectations for the future. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the role of CSR activities in the impact of strategic leadership behaviors of managers on the corporate reputation perception of employees. The survey method was used in this study. The study group consisted of 517 employees in three private hospitals operating in Trabzon in 2016. Firstly, strategic leadership, corporate reputation and CSR scales were subjected to explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses.&nbsp;Secondly, correlation analysis was performed across the variables. The correlation analyses showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between strategic leadership and corporate reputation, between strategic leadership and CSR and between CSR and corporate reputation at 99% confidence level in general. Thirdly, a three-stage regression analysis, as proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986: 1177), was carried out to explain the mediating role of CSR in the impact of strategic leadership behaviors on the corporate reputation perception of employees. At the first stage, it was seen that the independent variable (SL) had a significant impact on the dependent variable (CR) (β=.552; p&lt;.001). At the second stage, the impact of the independent variable (SL) on the mediator variable (CSR) was examined (β=.589; p&lt;.001). At the third stage, the impact of the mediator variable (CSR) on the dependent variable (CR) was examined (β=.719; p&lt;.001). Finally, the independent variable (SL) was included in the model with the mediator variable (CSR) and attempts were made to explain the dependent variable (CR). When the last step was examined, it was observed that there was no insignificance&nbsp;in the association between strategic leadership and corporate reputation, but the impact strength decreased (β=.196; p&lt;.001) and that the impact of CSR on corporate reputation continued (β=.603; p&lt;.001. This finding shows that CSR plays a partial mediation role in the impact of strategic leadership on corporate reputation. The Sobel test was performed to determine the significance level of the mediation impact and this was confirmed given that the result was significant (z=13,574; p&lt;.001). The study was limited to three private hospitals in Trabzon. Similar studies could be conducted in different geographical regions and the possible impacts of regional differences could be examined in terms of the research subject. In addition, this study, which was conducted in the health sector, might equally be applied to organizations operating in different industries. In this study, the variables that make up the research subject were evaluated from the perspective of the employees. Other stakeholder groups that organizations interact with could be included in the study to compare evaluations of stakeholder groups.

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in The Effect of Strategical Leadership on Corporate Reputation Perception

Esra

Ünal

A market in which prices always “fully reflect” the available information is called “efficient”. According to Fama (1970), there are three types of efficiency. First, weak form tests, in which the information set is just historical prices. Second, semi-strong form tests, in which the concern is whether prices efficiently adjust to other information that is obviously publicly available (i.e., announcements of annual earnings, stock splits, etc.). Third, strong form tests, concerned with whether the given investors or groups have monopolistic access to any information relevant to pricing formation. In the relevant literature, there are several studies which have addressed Efficient Market Hypothesis by testing different markets. Some of these studies focused on stock markets, foreign exchange markets, several commodity markets, and crypto currency markets. Additionally, a number of researchers have examined the housing markets as well. Housing wealth accounts for the highest proportion of non-financial wealth owned by households. Therefore, the house is an investment good as well as a consumer good. Houses may provide wealth stock, an increase in loan facilities and rent gains. Hence, house prices may affect the wealth of homeowners and so it becomes significant to analyze whether historical prices fully reflect all available information and whether making profit above the average price is possible or not. The statistics on the Turkish housing market provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute (i.e., home ownership ratio, change in the number of households, number of first-time buyers) indicate that households’ demand may reflect an investment motive other than buying just for consumption. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the efficiency of the Turkish housing market and in this context, our study fills the gap in the literature. The key research question of this study is whether or not the Turkish housing market, which has been one of the prominent sectors of the Turkish economy in recent years, is an efficient market. We aim to answer this question by testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in weak form for the Turkish housing market. With this purpose, we utilized both traditional unit root tests and unit root tests with structural breaks. Our dataset consists of the House price index, hedonic house price index, new housing price index and existing housing price index series, provided by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). Our sample covers the 2010M01-2018M07 period.&nbsp;&nbsp;We employed the traditional unit root test of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) and unit root tests with two structural breaks of Lee- Strazicich (LS) and Clemente, Montañés and Reyes (CMR). The CMR unit-root test classifies structural breaks into two types. In a model with additive outliers (AO model), changes are assumed to take place rapidly, allowing for a break in the slope. In a model with innovative outliers (IO model), changes are assumed to take place gradually and allow for a break both in intercept and slope. In both LS and CMR unit root tests structural breaks are determined as endogenous. Unit root tests were applied to the natural logarithm of the series. The results of both the traditional unit root tests and unit root tests with structural breaks, indicate the presence of unit root in all series, that is, all unit root tests’ results are consistent with&nbsp;each other. Structural break dates were different in the LS and CMR tests and also the dates in the AO model varied from the IO model. A possible explanation for this difference may be related to different assumptions of the models. There are various factors that cause structural breaks in the series which affect housing supply and demand. For instance, financial wealth, construction costs, access to housing (mortgage) credits, volatility of interest rates and households’ expectations on future prices and interest rates may affect housing supply and demand which thus dominates price variations in the housing market. Consequently, the overall results imply that prices in the Turkish housing market follow a random walk This evidence suggests that the Turkish housing market is efficient in its weak form. This is an important issue for future research. A further study with more focus on testing the semistrong form and strong form of efficiency is therefore suggested.

Efficiency Analysis of Housing Market in Turkey

Volkan

Canan

Building Brand Personality via Advertising: Can Consumers Make Sense of Archetypes ?

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Dear colleagues,

Welcome to the official journal of the School of Business of Istanbul University. Formerly known as Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, our peer reviewed journal begun its publication life in 1972. The online journal publishes biannually and has been renamed as Istanbul Business Research (IBR), beginning with V. 47 (1) 2018.

Dear authors,

Thank you for your interest in publishing with us. We would like to mention that IBR accepts articles written only in English, since being indexed in Web of Science Emerging Source Citation Index (ESCI) beginning with V. 46 (1) 2017. Thus, all communication regarding articles must be done in English and only via Dergipark system for our records. We reserve the right to terminate article processing in case of a failure to comply.


Many thanks for your interest in IBR.
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Istanbul Business Research

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Istanbul Business Research (IBR) is an international academic and peer-reviewed journal published by Istanbul University Business School.As an academic journal that strives for excellence, IBR exclusively publishes high-quality articles in English, covering a broad range of business-related topics. Our main objective is to maintain high academic standards and welcome exceptional contributions from scholars and professionals in the field. IBR publishes novel, theoretical, and research-based studies, including articles that feature robust qualitative and quantitative analysis.Thank you for your interest and considering IBR as a venue for publishing your research. We encourage scholars and professionals to send high-quality articles that meet our rigorous academic standards.IBR is published triannually (in April, August and December), providing a platform for multi-disciplinary studies from the fields of business administration and economics. Its scope includes a wide range of subjects such as finance, production, marketing, accounting, strategy, human resources, organizational theory, and decision sciences. However, we also encourage studies that explore innovative or interdisciplinary approaches to the study of business-related issues.

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<a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results" target="_blank">Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) - Web of Science</a><a href="https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detailJ/TWpVek9Uaz0=" target="_blank">TR Index</a>EBSCO Business Source Elite EBSCO Business Source Ultimate EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source ProQuest Central ProQuest Turkey Database <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2630-5488?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222630-5488%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">DOAJ</a>Erih Plus <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ibsibr.html" target="_blank">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istibsibr/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">RePEc EconPapers</a> <a href="https://asosindex.com.tr/index.jsp?modul=journal-page&amp;journal-id=798" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px;">ASOS Index</a>SOBIAD

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Istanbul Business Research is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ibr" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ibr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3. The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the left. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4. Submitted manuscripts in English must have before the introduction section, the abstract in English, between 180 and 200 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in English.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract, body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://ibr.istanbul.edu.tr/en/content/information-for-authors/references and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.7. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.8. Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. When preparing tables, please avoid using vertical rules and shading in tables cells. If you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.9. It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. You are strongly advised to use the &#34;spell-check&#34; and grammer-check&#34; functions of your word processor to avoid unnecessary errors.10. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible.11. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8119AD1C82B84211A8C9765B349DF9F9" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).12. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.13. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.14. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E970DDFCF3974EB09FD2EA9EBCBB3477" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D8C90B4863E4B308B2617A05EBDEA89" target="_blank">Title Page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words)</li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words </li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exits)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li>Dergipark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ibr" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ibr</a></li><li>While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> <li>Additionaly, Supplemental File for Review must not include any detail that can disclose author identity as well.</li> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words </li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant Support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of Interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Figures, graphics, and photographs should be submitted as separate files (in TIFF or JPEG format) through the submission system. The files should not be embedded in a Word document or the main document. When there are figure subunits, the subunits should not be merged to form a single image. Each subunit should be submitted separately through the submission system. Images should not be labeled (a, b, c, etc.) to indicate figure subunits. Thick and thin arrows, arrowheads, stars, asterisks, and similar marks can be used on the images to support figure legends. Like the rest of the submission, the figures too should be blind. Any information within the images that may indicate an individual or institution should be blinded. The minimum resolution of each submitted figure should be 300 DPI. To prevent delays in the evaluation process, all submitted figures should be clear in resolution and large in size (minimum dimensions: 100 × 100 mm). Figure legends should be listed at the end of the main document.

Tables should be included in the main document, presented after the reference list, and they should be numbered consecutively in the order they are referred to within the main text. A descriptive title must be placed above the tables. Abbreviations used in the tables should be defined below the tables by footnotes (even if they are defined within the main text). Tables should be created using the“insert table” command of the word processing software and they should be arranged clearly to provide easy reading. Data presented in the tables should not be a repetition of the data presented within the main text but should be supporting the main text.

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIstanbul Business Research complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-   American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-   <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. 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