Muhammed

Assist. Prof.

Becker’s activities from the 1890s until his death in 1933 can be summarized under two headings as an Orientalist and as a cultural politician (Essner &amp; Winkelhane, 1988). The essential point regarding the current study is Becker’s efforts at transferring his experiences as an Orientalist academician into the policies he wanted to develop as a cultural politician. In 1916, Becker was appointed as an expert in the Prussian Ministry of Education, after which he gained importance as a cultural politician. After being appointed undersecretary in the same ministry in 1919, he then became Minister of Education in 1921 but soon returned to his previous position. Between 1925-1930, he again held the position of Prussian Minister of Education. During all these periods, he did not lose his academic interest and continued his studies until his death in 1933 (Essner &amp; Winkelhane, 1988, p. 154). In particular, Becker should be emphasized to have held office independently of all political parties at a time of political polarization. Becker in his own words carried out all these activities as a “member of the education party” (as cited in Essner &amp; Winkelhane, 1988, p. 159).Becker’s importance as a cultural politician was also reflected in his being considered the third reformer of the German education system, after Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) and Friedrich Althoff (1839-1908). Becker’s role as a cultural politician after 1918 can be observed in his proposals to reform the education system from the ground up; ensuring unity in the higher education system; redesigning educational content within the framework of the current cultural-spiritual requirements; creating courses and chairs that showed the synthetic approach for areas such as sociology, political science, and studies on foreign societies (Auslandstudien); appropriately staffing the newly created courses and chairs; reshaping education in terms of the requirements of mass society; abolishing status differences between academicians; and involving students in the educational process.One of the topics that Becker emphasized the most as a cultural politician was political education (i.e., citizenship education), which is intended to pave the way for individuals to understand themselves as part of a whole (i.e., as part of the people) and which would also ultimately enable to a cultural awareness to actually be sharpened. In fact, the educational institutions that Becker proposed or initiated to open involved the structures in which political education would be imparted to individuals. Two examples of such institutions were the German High School of Politics (Deutsche Hochschule für Politik) and the German High School of Physical Education (Deutsche Hochschule für Leibesübungen). In addition to all these and in terms of the importance carried for this study, Becker was one of the most important people to support the inclusion of sociology as a course and chair in German universities as of 1919 (Essner &amp; Winkelhane, 1988, p. 163). Becker hired academicians who could work in the field of sociology or who could contribute to the forming of sociology chairs (Müller, 1991, p. 349).&nbsp;Becker also tried to establish the intellectual foundations for institutionalizing sociology as a synthetic science at that time. In his writings in the 1920s, Becker pointed to the need for synthetic science in response to the current cultural crisis in Germany. As was already mentioned, Becker didn’t limit the need for synthetic science to sociology; still, sociology stood out among the many other synthetic sciences as the field that could most clearly respond to this need in the relevant debates.Becker’s thoughts can be read most comprehensively in his series of articles “Gedanken zur Hochschulreform” [Reflections on Higher Education Reform]. Becker’s primary problem with the issues experienced in the field of culture was the prevailing particularism and individualism in Germany (Becker, 1997a, pp. 184–185). The problem Becker noted with particularism and individualism was that each part gained importance and strength within a whole, but the power that was inherent in each part could not be extended to the whole. Becker observed this problem in two areas: society in general and education in particular. With regard to society, the issue is about the inability to form a national identity that encompasses all Germans. On the other hand, the particularistic education according to Becker seemed to have revealed a crisis of culture in Germany. The corporate logic that made collective work possible disappeared at the university. The unity of teaching and research within the university had also suffered as a result. This was largely because academicians acted more as researchers trying to specialize more and more in their own professions rather than as teachers educating out of a sense of social responsibility. This situation led to different scientific fields diverging more and more from each other. In addition to universities, polytechnic schools had also emerged to meet the needs of industry and the market, which, as explained above, dissolved the unity of teaching and research. As a result of the disintegration of unity and the inability to produce a general societal outlook, knowledge had gradually gained an encyclopedic nature (Becker, 1997a, pp. 193–198). This meant that, while knowledge was increasing, a holistic and general view of society could not be obtained.Becker also tried to offer a solution to the existing problems. Firstly, serious reforms needed to be carried out in universities and the connection of science with life needed to be restored. Higher education reform could be tackled on two levels: technical and content-related. The main purpose at the technical level was to ensure unity in education and to abandon different institutionalizations beyond universities that would lead to the separation of research and teaching. Universities also needed to be redesigned as institutions that train researchers, enable professions, and above all, provide citizenship education as the main framework of higher education (Becker, 1997a, p. 204).However, one important step toward achieving these goals involved the creation of courses that would address these goals in terms of content. Becker (1997a, p. 202) stated the need to exist for courses that would give students an overview of society. To do this, he drew attention to the need to design these synthetic courses in a way that would be fed from many disciplines. He stated that the primary task here fell to philosophy, but that philosophy needed to also not confine itself to an area that only experts could understand. Again, studies on foreign societies were capable of responding to the need, since these were not fed from a single discipline and dealt with entire peoples through their psychological characters and social structures. Becker stated that this field could produce a sociological view if it were wellstructured. As far as his views on sociology, Germany had lagged in this area because sociology was based on the synthetic approach that did not fit the German way of thinking. However, “sociological courses are an urgent need at all universities” because “spiritual habits can only be created in the intellectual sphere through a sociological perspective that later becomes political opinion when it is transferred to the ethical realm” (Becker, 1997a, pp. 189–190).The harshest criticism of Becker’s assessment of sociology came from the German historian Georg von Below (1920). Von Below was skeptical of Becker’s portrayal of sociology as a synthetic science, and his criticisms gathered around two points: The first is the potential sociology has to be used as a tool for popularizing socialism. To von Below, sociology was the battering ram of socialism. The second point involves how von Below assessed sociology as a typical French science reflecting positivism (Stöltung, 2006, p. 9). If one looks at the issue through the antagonism of Becker and von Below, this situation is indeed seen to be a reflection of the modernist-conservative/ traditionalist split among German academicians of the time (Ringer, 1990, p. 276). A considerable number of German academicians during the Weimar period had developed a conservative reaction similar to von Below’s. The collapse of the Reich in 1918 and the replacement of the Weimar Republic undoubtedly had the greatest influence on this. However, this situation can be accepted to reflect the ailments that had arisen in the rapidly changing society since the 1880s. Industrialization, urbanization, and population growth had had serious impacts on education that led to the shattering of traditional notions and statuses (Kleine, 1989, p. 9).Meanwhile, Becker was one of the intellectuals who were known at the time as reasonable republicans (Vernunftrepublikaner). He believed the need existed to act actively in the face of the changing societal conditions and to find solutions to current problems. In his eyes, universities should become independent of the determinants of the market and state control. On one hand, universities should preserve their old elite position in society, while on the other they should respond to the cultural needs of the time by taking the changing society into account. This was the driving force behind Becker’s emphasis on sociology as a synthesis. Becker’s expectation of sociology was that it should provide political education. As previously stressed, Becker had pointed out the main problems of the Germans to be particularism and individualism. Politically, single German states could not develop into a unified state. On the basis of all these lay the fact that German individuals could not develop their relations with the state on the basis of citizenship. Therefore, the importance of sociology for Becker, who set the goal of strong individual and national unity, was also related to its capacity for providing citizenship education (Müller, 1991, p. 253).&nbsp;

The Quest for Synthetic Science: Carl Heinrich Becker’s Reflections on University Reform and the Institutionalization of  Sociology in Germany

Alaattin

Res. Assist.

This study focuses on coping mechanisms in an environment where subjects who claim a national identity are under threat. What coping strategies and mechanisms step in when the patterns of solidarity holding a nation together are in danger? This fundamental question requires one to consider the current and historical formation and reproduction processes of the Turkish national identity. To do this, the position of nationalist individuals is covered as a social group in the context of newly emerging political situations such as the Syrian refugee issue in Türkiye. This study focuses on the daily experiences of nationalist individuals who have been involved and decisive in restoring the national identity in the Belen district of Türkiye’s Hatay Province. The people who are focused on here have a solid motivation to attribute Turkishness as a supra-identity above all other ethnic identities in Türkiye, as evidenced by both the political election results in the region and the evaluations made through participant observations. National identity is positioned as a frame of reference running parallel to the political agenda in districts such as Belen with strong nationalist motivations. Experiencing high levels of political tension at the local level has increased the sensitivity toward the national identity and its privileges. Therefore, people place more emphasis on the importance of social cohesion. In this sense, the vigilance of Turkish nationalism has led to the naturalization of narratives regarding national identity for ordinary people in Turkish nationalist towns.The study argues Turkish nationalism to strongly emphasize social harmony based on the narratives of history, values, and symbols and to oppose demands, even those coming from Muslim elements. Although Syrian refugees are not in a demanding position with regard to the national identity, Turkish nationalist individuals feel responsible and aspire to declare who is dominant in the region, as they view refugees as an unsettling element in comparison to the local Turkish residents. For example, Arabic signboards in Hatay are typically seen as a cultural variance, but now the neutral meaning has changed and transformed into a threat. National honor is the primary determining dynamic that led to this change in meaning.The people of Belen, Hatay mostly choose to neutralize possible threats to their dominance through a variety of defense mechanisms. In this regard, they insist on three dynamics due to social cohesion’s focus on the permanence of national identity: a strong emphasis on self and their position as true owners of the area, a reference to collective memory (myth), and emphasis on maintaining the existing social stratification.This study has adopted a thematic analytical method using qualitative research techniques. While participatory observations provide the opportunity to participate in daily life practices and combine various observations with a holistic perspective, context sensitivity has also allowed the researcher to analyze statements using theoretical concepts. In addition, sociocultural definitions are concerned with detailed field descriptions. These frameworks have enabled the researcher to penetrate the subjects’ perspectives, establish a theoretical connection, and decide how to reconsider relevant concepts to create a new framework within existing theories. The qualitative research methodology has been developed to address some of the deficiencies in quantitative research methods and focuses on field studies. Social phenomena differ from physical ones and cannot be explained by causal relationships or universal laws of nature. The qualitative methodology suggests appropriate techniques that help researchers access the meaning behind an object. Therefore, qualitative research tools are necessary for analyzing the subjects’ identities in the field. For example, in-depth interviews with younger and older generations are essential for revealing the feelings people of different ages have and for identifying temporal changes. Therefore, the qualitative method involves a type of social research that focuses on how people interpret and make sense of the world in which they live and their life experiences. This approach adheres to the interpretative paradigm, which argues that reality has no single meaning. Researchers should pay more attention to how people construct their existence in real life and give sense to their actions. Therefore, being in the field should involve a multidimensional scientific practice that engages in a reflexive relationship with the reality of the locale.The primary data in this study consists of in-depth interviews, field notes, and participant observations. The prime criteria for participants to take part in the in-depth interview is that they are nationalist individuals who are encountered in the town’s public spaces. Nationalist individuals entail those who believe in the precedence and supremacy of the Turkish identity with an operational definition. This general definition is removed from electoral politics, because elections and party-oriented explanations make the nature of social actions in everyday life difficult to understand. Using this operational framework, those who fit the description were invited to partake in the interview in daily meetings and conversations. If no typology suitable to this prime criterion emerged in the daily discussions, the interview was still carried out to keep the public’s pulse using the participant observations and field descriptions. The study attempted to reach as many ethnic and social strata as possible in the field and conducted in-depth interviews with 13 people. The transcripts tracked the participants anonymously and censored any descriptions that might reveal the identity of an interviewee. The fieldwork was carried out in 2020, during which time the Syrian immigrations to Türkiye were a main agenda and shaped the main subjects in the discussions. Due to being an intense and controversial topic, the focus was on the changing political atmosphere, primarily with regard to social transformation. In this respect, the views of influential people in the region were critical. Therefore, the main focal points consisted of identity, threat perception, and relationship with the state.&nbsp;When considering Belen, the political conjuncture in 2020 (the abandonment of the Democratic Opening Policy, formation of new political coalitions, and Syrian refugees) helped to consolidate the superiority of nationalism in daily life as a discourse. Two common conditions were witnessed in the field: mental fatigue/reluctance resulting from political divisions and strife, and the presence of refugees as a threat to national integrity. This included a nationalistic self-confidence and derived psychological support from the Democratic Opening policy. The objections to the Democratic Opening policy stemmed from the sensitivity toward protecting the achievements of the Turkish national identity that accompanies the discourse on national unity. Places such as Belen where nationalist sentiments run high maintained a sense of this threat. A high number of references was made to the “us versus them” distinction, historical events, and social cohesion for coping with the complications. In this context, the nationalists focused on Syrians and confirming their own national superiority. According to the individuals who were interviewed in the field, while Türkiye acts compassionately toward refugees and “other Muslim nations,” these elements should also respect Türkiye’s red lines. For nationalists, national honor must be defended at all costs. Confusion in the streets of Belen had caused concern about public visibility. While the local Turkish citizens do employ Syrian refugees in jobs that require mainly manual labor, they also complain about their presence, claiming cultural and national incompatibility. The nationalists possess an ideology based on anxiety about political domination and preservation of national culture. This argument is also economically visible because Syrians live in Belen’s Muhlisali District, one of the three prominent neighborhoods, and the relatively wealthy Belen residents had moved to more modern settlements in the town center.The dominant majority nationalism often manifest itself in preserving the dominant national culture. For this reason, nationalism is defined as an ideological scheme that defends the legitimacy of this defensive action. The definition of national borders emerges as a cultural compromise when specific values, classifications, and meanings are agreed upon and are only visible through this custom. Nation states, however, ensure that this meaningful partnership is fortified with institutional closures. According to Wimmer (2004, p. 8–9), the institutional practice of this type of preservation consists of a multidimensional intervention encompassing democratic, legal, military, and social dimensions. Therefore, nationalizing social inclusion and exclusion principles depends on a successful compromise between the political elite and the other lower strata of society; it is not a top-down but rather a reflexive decision.The globalist and multicultural trends that emerged in the 1990s led to tension between the Western powers and the dominant national identities and nation-states. The definition of nationality was also under the impact of a flexible and tentative framework rather than a structurally sound one. Dominant national identities tried to&nbsp;adapt claims of legitimacy to this new global challenge. The threat perceived in the eyes of dominant national identities has been strongly related to political ideology and the level of cultural integration. Tracing the connotations of this sentiment hints not only about the inner mechanism of the group but also about the group’s relationship with the current political agenda. Therefore, people’s efforts to protect their self-worth, pride, success, and inner integrity when feeling alarmed should not be considered independent of the daily political agenda.The political agenda shapes the perceptions of threats and feeds the fear of foreign invasion and alienation from the intrinsic culture. Negative attitudes toward immigrants mostly concern fears about a generalized loss of social status and identity. The Democratic Opening policy and the Syrian refugee problem over the last decade in Türkiye are examples of the dynamism of the national protectionist and adaptive reflexes. These have mainly found themself concerned with softer concepts such as social cohesion. This smooth expression of cohesion or harmony is the insistence on the permanence of national identity and reconstruction of the legitimacy with the sense of identity, shared history, and social balance narratives. Resting upon the historical roots and domination of the area, national pride, and the sense of owning the area signify that vigilance about upholding national boundaries works very effectively. Recent examples of red-line cases in the public are the Democratic Opening policy, the Syrian migrations, and the July 15 coup attempt. Because nationalism equates each individual with one another and grants them dignity through collective consciousness, denying one’s identity is a sign of denying one’s pride. Attempts that are made toward this type of existence also involve crossing their red lines.As a result, tense situations about national identity increase sensitivity toward national identity and its achievements. Nationalists strive to maintain current achievements by setting continuity mechanisms off in moments of crisis. Belen has had a cyclical reproduction of Turkish national identity between the locals and the political elite. This cyclicality is evident in the local’s reactions to issues such as the Democratic Opening policy and Syrian refugees.&nbsp;

Alarmism and State-Society Interplay in the Turkish National Identity: The Case of Belen, Hatay

Cemil

This article aims to reveal the changes in the role of the Turkish armed forces (TAF) in the modernization of Türkiye post-World War II. While American military aid has previously been researched mostly as the subject of international relations and history, this study will examine it from a sociological perspective.As a modernizing force, the military has had significant influence during both the Ottoman era and throughout the Republic of Türkiye. TAF was one of the most important state institutions in Türkiye as it taught and educated people how to be good citizens before World War II. With the implementation of compulsory military service since the beginning of the 20th century, the young villagers, the main source of soldiers for the army, were able to get a chance to see what lay beyond the mountains of their villages. However, the military lacked the technical capabilities to provide education for the masses. Despite the deficiencies, the army attempted to train young recruits, many of whom at the very least became literate by the end of their service.Prior to the 1950s, nearly 75% of the population of Türkiye lived in underdeveloped rural areas. People hardly went outside of their villages, and agricultural production was not based on the market economy. Illiteracy was high among rural people, and medical conditions were poor in villages. Military service was practically the only reason for young males to leave their village and enabled young people to discover new places and meet new people from all around Türkiye. Most importantly, military service made these people realize they are a part of the nation.In those years, TAF also lacked the capacity to defend the country against the Soviets. The army’s power was constrained by inadequate transportation, out-of-date equipment leftover from the era of World War I and the War of Independence, and its outdated military education. As a result, TAF began training young males both militarily and ideologically so as to strengthen the young Republic. However, these trainings mostly played no vital role in developing the technical skills that might be needed in agriculture in that period. This picture changed significantly after World War II.During the Cold War, the US began to implement an encirclement policy toward the USSR. Thus, Türkiye’s strategic significance was obvious to the US. Türkiye could be an optimal choice for a US base due to its closeness to the Soviet mainland. In addition, equipping Turkish soldiers was far cheaper than equipping American soldiers at that time. Based on these considerations, the US started providing military and economic aid to Türkiye in an effort to strengthen its military force and open its economy to the market. The US planned to use these developments so that Türkiye could acquire the strength needed to hold the Soviets at bay until US reinforcements arrived. Therefore, the US established the Joint American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (JAMMAT) in 1947 for carrying out the military aid. In the beginning, US authorities thought that the military aid would be enough to modernize the Turkish army but later realized that weapon and equipment transfer alone would not be useful. Therefore, JAMMAT applied a large-scale military education program in order to train soldiers on how to use high-tech weaponry.Through JAMMAT’s efforts, the number of motorized vehicles rapidly increased during this time, whereas the number of mounted animals in the armed forces declined. Thus, the young recruits of those years found an organization that was very different from what their fathers and grandfathers had told them about before. Soldiers who lived in barracks at that time had no idea what a motor looked like. A wooden stick plough had been the most sophisticated piece of machinery they’d seen before enlisting. They hardly even knew the difference between a hammer and a screwdriver. During their conscription, young soldiers witnessed the power of the machinery and experienced devices such as telephone that bring distant locations closer. Thus, these novelties significantly affected the young soldiers’ mindsets.While the military aid transformed the armed forces and its soldiers, economic assistance also changed civilian and economic life. The mechanization of agricultural production led to radical changes in rural areas. The article will consider the works from the Public Road Administration Group, a JAMMAT unit, in this regard. Due to how this organization’s constructions had linked the cities and countryside, villagers consequently started to visit cities more frequently. This boosted interactions between cities and villages and also caused changes in production and job patterns. Because the tractor had replaced the ox, the demands in production fields also changed. For instance, driving became one of the most essential and wanted skills in agricultural production at that time. Soldiers who had learned how to drive in the army could become more useful both to the military and in civilian life. With driving skills, these conscripts would become the operators, drivers, and transporters whom agricultural production needed in that period. In short, JAMMAT’s activities not only improved Türkiye’s military capability but also its infrastructure and population quality.In this way, young villagers began to meet the new requirements of the agriculture-based economy with the good training they obtained in the army. While TAF taught its soldiers essential skills, it also maintained its education of citizens on reasonable ideological grounds. After conscription service, young villagers returned to society as mobile personalities who were equipped with the skills needed to deal with the new demands that may arise around them. With the skills that they acquired in the army, their importance also gradually rose. Thus, they began to play a vital role and were able to be elected as chiefs in their villages.As can be seen, Turkish villages witnessed big changes in the 1950s. Too many people lost their jobs in agricultural production as the new types of machinery poured into the fields, and many of them moved to the big cities. As a result, many problems occurred, the results of which are still affecting Turkish society. However, these problems are the subject of another study. This article has focused on the role of the military within the progress of Turkish modernization. By applying the document research method, this study has used the monographs on villages that were made in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the reports from the State Planning Organization and from the JAMMAT archive. As a result, the study has found that upon receiving US military aid, TAF was able to train its soldiers more efficiently and impart on them important skills that would be useful for their civilian life, in addition to the ideological education TAF had been providing for a long time.&nbsp;

The Difference Between a Hammer and a Screwdriver: The Social Effects of the Transformation of TAF After the American  Military Aid

Mahmut

Prof.

Levent

Eray

Since they first appeared on the world stage, universities have continued to play a leading role in the development-oriented ecosystem of countries. Although the existence of universities affects the social system in general, its primary concern and impact is on the “education function,” which is a subsystem of the social system. Universities, which traditionally have carried out training and education functions, scientific research, and social services, have focused on research activities in an effort to support the development of countries, especially after the Second World War. In this context, it is evident that universities, which are seen to have started to produce knowledge, products, services, policies, and programs for the solution of all economic, social, political, cultural, and social problems of countries, have evolved in the direction of adopting a “research-oriented management philosophy.” Undoubtedly, this transformation has not been realized at the same capacity and on the same scale for all universities. While some universities have maintained their preference to prioritize education and training activities, those that are more suitable and sufficient in terms of material and human resources have come to the forefront with their research functions. Research-oriented universities, which are seen to differ from other universities in terms of their mission, vision, and fundamental objectives, strive for excellence, not only in research, but also in other roles and functions. It is recognized that research universities that prioritize interdisciplinary work strive to make a difference with their graduate programs and studies, have a strong strategic planning culture, and do not neglect to fulfill their responsibilities towards society have been predominantly public universities across the world. However, it is also seen that some private universities, especially in Japan and the USA, operate with a research-oriented administration philosophy.Stakeholder relations and sustainability of the process are very important in the research university ecosystem. In this regard, research assistants and graduate students work in harmony to create a strong research culture, use funding sources effectively, and establish powerful productivity-oriented institutional collaborations with the business world. In ensuring the sustainability of the process, the continuity of workshops, research seminars, academic and library information systems, open research forums, journals and books are of great importance. The research-oriented university philosophy became evident in Turkey in 2017 within the scope of the “Mission Differentiation and Specialization” project of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK). The process started with the identification of 11 noble and five candidate research universities. At this point, research capacity is monitored with 33 performance indicators under the headings of research quality, interaction, and cooperation, with the results now beginning to be announced. Finally, in the public ranking of research universities in 2021, Istanbul University ranked fifth among 20 public universities with a total score of 54.72. This success of Istanbul University, which has followed a rising trend&nbsp;among research universities from 2017 when it was first announced until the last announcement, is appreciated and followed by the entire public, especially by the scientific community. The scope of this article is to strategically examine all aspects of this success of Istanbul University, one of the world’s most well-established and respected higher education institutions. In this framework, this article evaluates the University’s research strategy, institutional research structure, research process cycle and its sustainability, research competencies, and performance monitoring under separate sections.Istanbul University has directly reflected its research-oriented administration philosophy to its fundamental principles and values. It has preferred to share this effectively with all of its stakeholders, especially the academic staff of the university, at different times and grounds and through appropriate methods. The 2019-2023 Strategic Plan of the University, which is currently in force, has two objectives: 1) to increase the research infrastructure and qualified scientific studies to an internationally competitive level and to ensure their sustainability, and 2) to increase its entrepreneurial and innovative activities and projects that turn into economic and social values. The 40 performance indicators in eight targets under these objectives are directly related to research activities.Istanbul University fulfills the institutional functioning of research activities through the sub-units it has established. Some of the prominent sub-units in this regard include: Research Oriented Graduate Schools, Istanbul University Technopolis, International Projects Office, 3D Medical and Industrial Design Laboratory, CEOTEKMER Enterprise Center, Teknopark Esenler, and Istanbul University Pharmaceutical Application and Research Center.The allocation of internal resources to research activities at Istanbul University is carried out through the BAP (Scientific Research Projects) unit. In this scope, it is clearly seen that the budget distribution of research support is based on project type, research area, priority areas, and technical infrastructure development projects. In this respect, it is apparent that the University encourages cooperation with internal/external stakeholders and procurement of external resources in different ways in order to make resource utilization more efficient and effective. It is important to emphasize that the other policy in budget allocations is output-oriented resource utilization. Focusing on project development activities and mechanisms in maximizing the research budget, the University attaches great importance to increasing the number of academic staff and even undergraduate and graduate students that constitute its researcher category. At this point, the dissemination of the project culture and its diffusion to the grassroots is seen as a function of special interest. The University, which attaches special importance to institutional collaborations with the business world, plays an active role in determining the areas of cooperation, the strategic content of the projects that can&nbsp;be produced in these areas, and in identifying the appropriate academic staff. Additionally, it also provides technical and mental support in the later stages of the projects.Istanbul University devotes special attention to the University’s research competencies and the rankings of national and international academic rating organizations. It also attempts to extend its current situation and future perspectives on these issues to the grassroots. In the “Competency Assessment of Universities by Research Areas,” which was updated and published by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) in 2021, 160 universities were evaluated within the scope of 130 subresearch areas. In this analysis, Istanbul University demonstrated a high-level performance by ranking first in 60 areas, second in 26 areas, third in 10 areas, and fourth in 11 areas. Considering the results of this analysis, the Council of Higher Education has associated Istanbul University in 16 fields in its 11th Development Plan. Four of them are in the areas of health, two in areas of science/engineering, and six are in areas of social sciences. The University displays particular interest in the areas with which it is associated and pays utmost attention to the development of projects related to these areas.Istanbul University has achieved great success by being included in the list of all 11 reputable rating organizations that rank the most successful universities in the world. Of these, Istanbul University is the only Turkish University to be ranked in the top 500 of ARWU’s 2022 ranking, which is one of the most recognized lists worldwide. The University has also demonstrated the same success in the CWTS LEIDEN ranking. In the URAP 2022-2023 ranking, which evaluates the academic success of universities in Turkey, Istanbul University ranked third among public universities.&nbsp;

Research-Oriented Management Approach in Universities: The Case of Istanbul University

Fatih

Halil

Panel Data Analysis on the Socio-Economic Determinants of Corruption in the D-8 Countries

Serdar

Erdinç

Betül

Aysun

Ayşe

The Validity and Reliability of The Turkish Version of The  Social Curiosity Scale

Veysel

Hasan

Assoc. Prof.

Erol

Kadriye

The Mental Health of a Society in Crisis: Complaints of  Depression and Anxiety

İsmail

Prof. Dr.

Call for Papers / Special Issue: Community Resilience to Disruptive Natural Disasters

CALL FOR PAPERS-SPECIAL ISSUE

Esmée

João

The Role of Polycentric Governance, Public-Private-Civil Partnerships, and Citizen Science as Developed by the C2IMPRESS Project in Building Disaster Resilient Societies

Maria

Athanasios

Josué

Joan

Uzman

Alexandre

Manuel

Evangelia

Evrydiki

Community Resilience Assessment: Implementation of a Novel Resilience Framework in Four Different European Case Study Areas

Ayça

Exploring the Potential Use of Social Media Platforms and Decision Support Tools in Disaster Management: A Case Study in Istanbul, Türkiye

Mehmet

Kübra

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Adem

Aim: This study aims to assess the effects of social trust, subjective norms, selfefficacy, outcome expectations, and earthquake risk perception on individual earthquake preparedness behaviors among Istanbul residents using social cognitive theory (SCT).Background: Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), developed by Bandura, emphasizes the significant role of the social environment in shaping behavior and cognition. It suggests that people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, thus integrating personal, behavioral, and social/environmental factors. The key components of SCT include self-efficacy, outcome expectations, risk perception, and social trust and subjective norms. These elements influence how individuals perceive and react to their environments, shaping their behaviors and decision-making processes. SCT has wide applications, particularly in health communication, career development, and disaster preparedness, where it helps explain and improve behaviors through observation, reinforcement, and modeling. The theory underscores individuals’ proactive role in adapting to their circumstances, and its constructs are crucial for promoting preparedness behaviors in various contexts, including natural disasters and health emergencies.Research Model and Hypotheses: The research model of this study in the context of SCT suggests that social-cognitive factors are interconnected and influence earthquake risk perception and preparedness behavior. The key components of the research model are as follows:1. Personal-Cognitive Factors: Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to perform a behavior. Higher self-efficacy enhances intentions and actions in disaster preparedness. Social trust and subjective norms positively influence selfefficacy (H1, H2). Outcome Expectations: Beliefs about the consequences of actions. Positive expectations increase preparedness intentions and behaviors, while negative ones decrease them. Social trust and subjective norms enhance positive outcome expectations (H3, H4). 2. Earthquake Risk Perception (EPR): The possible effects and the probability of their occurrence define the perception of earthquake risk. Subjective norms also shape risk perception, as people follow social cues about disaster preparedness (H6). Self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations further increase risk perception, encouraging realistic evaluation and proactive behaviors (H7, H8). 3. Preparedness Behavior (PB): PB involves material, behavioral, and informational actions to ensure effective disaster response. Social trust fosters coordination and cooperation, thus enhancing preparedness (H9). Subjective norms, through social influence and pressure, also promote preparedness behaviors (H10).&nbsp;Self-efficacy is crucial because individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to engage in preparedness activities (H11). Positive outcome expectations motivate preventive measures and preparedness (H12). High risk perception although sometimes causing fear, generally leads to increased preparedness actions to mitigate negative emotions (H13).In summary, SCT integrates self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social trust, and subjective norms to explain how these factors collectively influence earthquake risk perception and preparedness behavior. Increasing self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations, supported by social trust and norms, are vital for improving earthquake preparedness.Methodology: This research employs a quantitative, correlational, and predictive design with data collected via an online survey. The target population includes residents over 18 years old in Istanbul, representing 75% of the 15.908 million population. Convenience sampling was used, aiming for a minimum sample of 384, with 411 participants (206 females, 205 males) eventually completing the survey. Data were gathered from December 21, 2023, to March 11, 2024, through Google Forms, with participant recruitment enhanced via social media. The questionnaire collected consent information and measured social trust, subjective norms, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, earthquake risk perceptions, and preparedness behaviors using Likert scales and binary responses. Six scales were used, adapted into Turkish, and validated by Topal et al. (2024): (1). Social Trust (3 items, α = 80.9%), (2). Subjective Norms (3 items, α = 84.3%), (3). Self-Efficacy (6 items, α = 89.1%), (4). Outcome Expectations** (6 items, α = 87.9%), (5). Earthquake Risk Perception (13 items, α = 92.5%) and (6). Preparedness Behavior (16 items, α = 90.9%). The analysis followed a four-stage process using the JAMOVI software. 1. Descriptive Analysis: Frequency, percentage; mean, mode; median, standard deviation; skewness; and kurtosis. 2. Validity and Reliability: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct, convergent, and discriminant validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability (CR), and McDonald’s Omega (ω). 3. Group Comparisons: Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs were performed to compare group means using Levene’s test for variance homogeneity. 4. Hypothesis Testing: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-Path) was used to test the hypotheses and evaluate the model fit and significance of the regression coefficients.Results and Discussion: The study’s hypothesis testing results strongly support the claims of Social-Cognitive Theory (SCT), indicating that social factors (such as social trust and subjective norms) and cognitive factors (including outcome expectations and self-efficacy) are primary determinants of earthquake risk perception. However, earthquake preparedness behavior is more closely tied to cognitive factors, particularly&nbsp;self-efficacy and risk perception, with subjective norms being the sole social factor influencing preparedness behavior. Policymakers and practitioners should emphasize disaster education, awareness, and participation to enhance individual preparedness and mitigate disaster risk.

Individual Earthquake Preparedness of Residents in Istanbul: Social and Cognitive Determinants

İbrahim

Education in Complex Emergencies: Effects of the February 6 Earthquake on Syrian Students in Türkiye

Ömer

Berrin

Earthquake Experience: Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Dimensions

Emrah

İsmet

Elçin

Our study aimed to examine the relationship between individual disaster resilience, fear of earthquakes, and psychological resilience of health technician candidates who will serve in disasters and the factors related to them. For this purpose, the research was carried out with university students studying at the vocational school of health services of a university in Turkey. Because the study aimed to reach all students, the sample selection method was not used. A Google Forms questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collection form consists of four parts: a personal information form, an individual disaster assessment scale form, an earthquake fear scale form, and a psychological resilience scale form. Participants were reached through social media groups and e-mail. Data were collected between February and March 2024. Prior to the research, the participants were informed about the research content, research questions, and considerations during data collection. The duration of answering the questionnaire was approximately 20 minutes, and data were collected after obtaining ethics committee approval and institutional permission. Statistical analysis of the study data was performed using the SPSS 25.0 package. The skewness coefficient was used to test the suitability of the research data for normal distribution. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were calculated as numbers and percentages, and the characteristics of the scales were calculated as mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values. We analyzed the relationship between all scales and subscales used and the age variable using the Pearson Correlation test. In addition, multiple regression analysis (Enter model) was conducted to examine the effect of psychological resilience and individual disaster resilience assessment and its subdimensions on the fear of earthquakes. The independent group t-test was used to analyse the difference between the participants’ age, gender, and class in education variables and the scales used. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyse the difference between the types of disaster experienced by the participants and the scales used. The LCD test, a post hoc test, was used to investigate which variable was significant in the significant results according to the one-way ANOVA test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.After the analyses, it was determined that the mean earthquake fear level, individual disaster resilience, and psychological resilience scale scores of the participants were close to the middle level. However, a low significant positive relationship was determined between the psychological resilience of the participants and their individual disaster resistance. It can be seen that as individuals’ psychological resilience increases, individual disaster resistance also increases. In addition, it was determined that there was a significant negative relationship between the psychological resilience of the participants and the fear of earthquakes. It was determined that the fear of earthquake decreased as individual disaster resilience and psychological resilience of participants increased. As the last finding of our research, it was determined that the factors affecting&nbsp;the fear of earthquake, individual disaster resilience, and psychological resilience of the participants were gender, type of disaster, and grade level; female participants had higher individual disaster resilience and more fear of earthquake; participants who experienced earthquakes had higher individual disaster resilience; and senior students had higher individual disaster resilience and psychological resilience.Based on the results of the research, to increase the individual disaster resistance of health technician candidates, to decrease their fear of earthquakes, and to increase their psychological resilience, it is recommended to increase courses related to disasters in the Education/Training curriculum, to increase drills jointly with public institutions and organisations related to disasters, and to benefit from social support programmes.

A Study on the Relationship between Individual Disaster Resilience, Earthquake Fear, and Psychological Resilience of Health Technician Candidates

Murat

Changes in Attachment to Place: Urban Transformation and Older People in İstanbul

Matjaz

Hayri

Participatory Management Can Help AI Ethics Adhere to the Social Consensus

Şeyda

Res. Assist. Dr.

Sociologizing Hau: Translation of Maussian Concepts into Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice

Celalettin

Saniye

The strong mutual relationship between the family institution and social structure is important. However, social structure is what dominates this reciprocal relationship, because demographic or functional changes in the social structure very quickly and easily affect the family institution structurally and functionally. In this respect, the periods in which extensive or radical changes have taken place in the social structure also gain meaning as the periods in which comprehensive and radical changes had taken place in the family institution. Many factors can be mentioned that lead to comprehensive and radical changes in the social structure. The most important factors among these that cause changes in the social structure are wars, natural disasters, mass migrations, epidemics, political revolutions, radical and massive religious or cultural changes, and sudden and comprehensive economic disasters or developments. Changes and new formations in the social structure under the influence of these or similar factors directly lead to a new cycle of changes and transformations in the family institution. This feature of the social structure-family relationship can be exemplified through Türkiye’s recent history. In this respect, the 30-year period between 1910-1940 that covers the years of the Second Constitutional Era and the early Republican Era is very important. The Balkan War disaster, the Gallipoli Campaign, the disaster in the Battle of Sarikamish, and similar wars in the East, as well as mass murders, epidemics, mass migrations, the country’s shrinkage by 800%-1000% within a short period of 10-15 years, the occupation of the entire country’s territory, and the National Struggle that was carried out with all kinds of difficulties and impossibilities are all factors that meant difficulties that far exceeded anything any society or country could imagine. Moreover, those years represent a time when radical changes took place at the political, legal, economic, and cultural levels within the scope of the Westernization project. If one considers the matter only and especially in terms of disasters, a demographic disaster is seen to have been experienced in Türkiye during this period, and a significant part of the country’s population had been lost due to wars and diseases. Thrace and Anatolia, which would become a homeland through the Republican Era, served as the shelter for those who had migrated from the Balkans and Caucasus in masses, leaving behind all their property and even some of their relatives due to wars and massacres. From this perspective, such a mass migration had rarely been seen in history. These masses experienced great mental and physical shock and pain and constituted the current demographic basis and structure in the nation-building efforts that started during the Second Constitutional Era and gained a systematic character in the Republican Era.This period covers the first quarter of the 20th century and is mostly associated with wars, massacres, diseases, and extensive and deep subsistence problems. It also constituted an extremely important threshold of the Westernization that had been going on for more than two centuries. This period corresponds to a time when radical changes in social institutions took place at the highest level within the scope of Westernization efforts that had turned into state policy through the Tanzimat [Reform Era]. The Republican cadres believed that this policy should be all-encompassing nationwide, and they knew and projected that they had much to do when they took power. However, the Republican administration took over a society that had suffered a demographic disaster. For this reason, they believed that before all their political, legal, cultural, and economic projects, they should first repair the existing demographic structure that had lost its natural balance and restore it to a healthier condition. This was a very important aspect for the future of the country, as this would be necessary for the success of the revolutions to be carried out or planned beforehand. They believed that the way to repair the demographic structure in terms of the social structure-family relationship was through the family. They also believed that if the institution of the family, which had been damaged heavily by great disasters, could be made healthy and strong, the demographic structure would return to its normal state and the revolutions would be successful and innate. For these reasons and purposes, they immediately took action. Even in the years of the National Struggle, they had intellectual discussions about the regulations regarding the family institution. They thought of methods and tools to make the family stand stronger and more functional. When they took power, they started to implement all of their plans one after another. Thus, the first 20 years of the Republic are regarded as a period of time in which the perceptions of the individual, politics, state, religion, laws, tradition, culture, bureaucratic structure, family, and society as a whole generally changed significantly, with new ideas regarding these areas beginning to dominate and new expectations arising. The endeavor to complement the political revolution with a social one was an important feature of the period. For this purpose, regulations regarding the appearance and lifestyles of individuals were implemented. New perceptions and practices regarding the status of women emerged. Gender roles were actively discussed. An approach to solidarity was spread nationwide. Marriage was encouraged. The family institution was strengthened. The family was removed from the private sphere and made into an element of the public sphere. Pronatalist and eugenic population policies were implemented. Regulations and practices regarding work life were made, and women’s paid work was encouraged.The times when radical changes are experienced are the times when opinions about the possible methods for realizing the envisaged regulations are frequently expressed, views on the mechanisms for controlling the disintegration of the social structure are voiced, projects concerning problems are developed, and actual attempts are made regarding what is desired to happen in the future. These times are also when the family institution becomes the center of attention of political power centers due to the societyfamily relationship. Therefore, issues such as new life and new family came to the fore during the Second Constitutional Era when comprehensive and profound demographic, political, economic, legal and cultural changes had been experienced in&nbsp;many respects is no coincidence. During this era, the family institution was strongly and intensely referred to as the foundation of society, the most concrete unit of social solidarity, and the source of the morals and values that are described as the mortar of national solidarity. Due to the unique conditions of the period, the family institution was both removed from being an institution shaped under the influence of religion and transformed from being an element of the private sphere to being an element of the public sphere. The Republican administration made an effort to take over this legacy and give it its own influence. While the leaders of the Republic and intellectuals were doing this, they benefited greatly from the experiences of the Constitutional Era, during which their personalities and worldviews had also been shaped. For this reason, the concept of the national family had a great impact on the family policies of the early Republican Era. The efforts to build and protect the national family, which was first voiced by Ziya Gökalp and put into practice by the Unionist government during the Constitutional Era, became the basis for the policies related to the family in the Republican Era.According to the dominant understanding of family that the civil and military bureaucrats and intellectuals who operated the state apparatus of the period had, the number of marriages and children in particular or the structural characteristics and functioning of the family institution in general were too important to be left to the personal preferences and pleasures of individuals in the early Republican Era. Therefore, the fact that individuals of marriageable age did not marry (preferred to remain single) or chose to divorce easily became an important state and nation problem. Marriage and having many children are one’s debt to the homeland, and not getting married or having few children is a betrayal to the homeland and nation, with the related disloyalty and selfishness being negative dimensions of personality. According to the common and dominant understanding of the period, this was because family meant the independence of the country, the power of the state, and the prestige and wealth of the nation. Even more importantly, a child means a soldier who will defend the country, economic production and the resultant wealth, the reputation of the nation, and family. Hence, the number of children in the family has always been considered important. Families were encouraged to have many children. But of equal importance was that these children be healthy and strong. For this purpose, eugenic practices were carried out meticulously. In addition, the health and education of the mother were considered important conditions for a healthy family structure. Within the context of all these, the state was the entity that should solve problems such as being single or getting divorced in order to build a family structure of satisfactory quality and quantity. Therefore, the state took the initiative and carried out efforts to control the process through encouragement and intimidation.

Population Politics and Family in Türkiye’s Early Republican Era

Harun

Tarık

Volunteering is a universal phenomenon and a way in which people try to do something good for society. People all over the world participate in volunteer activities for a great variety of reasons, such as to help eliminate poverty, to improve primary health and education, to provide a safe water supply and adequate sanitation, to tackle environmental issues and climate change, to reduce the risk of disasters, and to combat social exclusion and violent conflict. Various studies in the volunteering literature have occurred in various geographies, disciplines, and research groups on how volunteers perceive volunteering. However, volunteering studies carried out in Türkiye and, more specifically, studies on the reasons for volunteering and perceptions on volunteering are limited. Internationally announced reports have also clearly stated that the phenomenon of volunteering plays a limited role in Türkiye. According to the World Values Survey (WVS) in 1999 and 2007, only 4.5% and 5.3% of the population in Türkiye were members of social and/or political non-governmental organizations (NGOs).Additionally, Türkiye’s ranking is relatively low in the announced international reports in terms of participation in volunteering. For instance, the results from the Charities Aid Foundation (CAF, 2018) World Giving Index 2018 Report show Türkiye to rank 131 out of 146 countries. While volunteering occurred at a rate of 2.5% in social organizations, this number was 4.2% for political organizations (İçduygu et al., 2011). For this reason, studies on the field of volunteerism in Türkiye should be considered to have acquired scientific data and to be one of the factors that will unlock both individual and social development and integration. This study uses the inspiration provided by these sources to guide our research with the aim of revealing the perceptions toward volunteering that the volunteers and administrators who participate in volunteer activities in the field of child welfare in Türkiye have through their experiences in the field of volunteering.MethodIn line with the research purposes, the study has selected the phenomenological research design for revealing the experiences, perceptions, and meanings individuals attribute to a phenomenon. The qualitative study uses the in-depth interview technique with semi-structured interview forms. Data were collected from 60 participants in volunteer fields who had been accessed using the purposeful sampling method. The participants involve volunteers from 10 different NGOs and administrators from 10 different NGOs, four different ministries, four different municipalities, one international organization, and three different universities that have a wide range of participants in child welfare in Türkiye.Findings and DiscussionThe results of the research are presented under three main themes: (a) perspectives on volunteering at a personal level, (b) family and social environment’s perspectives&nbsp;on volunteering, and (c) society’s perspectives on volunteering. The study also analyzes within its scope the participants’ first associations about volunteering.The perceptions on volunteering at the personal level reflect how individuals generally think about volunteering. Personal-level perceptions on volunteering have been categorized into: volunteers’ perceptions, experts’ perceptions, and decisionmakers’ perceptions.The results show volunteering to have been identified and perceived with concepts such as social welfare, active citizenship, responsibility, solidarity and helping, winwin, taking time, sincerity, gratuitousness, and contribution to change. Accordingly, the expressions that refer the perspective of volunteering and all eight subthemes that were created afterward involve positive attitudes toward volunteering. The main reason for this result can be considered as individuals who are involved in voluntary activities being able to realize and experience the benefits of volunteering. In particular, the emphasis on responsibility, solidarity, helping people, contributing to change, and being an active citizen indicate a sense of achievement at the personal level, while emphases such as contributing to social welfare, contributing to change, and win-win describe the macro-level contribution of volunteering from a personal point of view.At the family and social environment level, volunteering has been found to be identified and perceived through such concepts as appreciation, insecurity and fear, waste of time, and not considering working in the field of volunteering as a serious job. The inferences about the family and social environment’s perspectives on volunteering point to a structure that inherently has both positive and negative meanings. Individuals who bring their volunteering lifestyle to their family and social environment allow the benefit they’ve created to be discovered by their environment. Thus, an interaction can emerge that positively affects the volunteer, such as being appreciated by one’s environment, improving one’s commitment to the field of volunteering, and changing both one’s own perspective towards volunteering, as well as of those in one’s own environment. Regarding the negative points of view involving family and social environment, historically speaking, the fear and insecurity created by the political climate in the field of civil society, the loss of time, and the inability to see volunteer activities as a serious business result in one’s family and social environment being unable to fully understand the individual’s environment.In line with the point of view toward volunteering at the society level, volunteering is also found to be identified and perceived with such prejudices and concepts as: being a free workforce, having no economic return, and being an area that creates fear and distrust. In the context of society’s perspective on volunteering, the inability of society to understand and know the volunteer activities, as well as the insecurity and fears in the field of civil society from past to present, can cause the social perspective&nbsp;of volunteering to be formed at a negative level. As a result, making the right policies and promoting efforts to change negative perceptions and prejudices in both the family, social environment, and society will contribute to correcting perceptions of volunteerism and to reconstructing its image.Conclusion﻿The research concludes that individuals’ personal experiences and the perspectives of family, friends, and the society in which one lives can affect one’s perceptions on volunteering. This general result reveals the need to conduct new studies from a multidimensional perspective and a range of micro- and macro-variables in order to change individuals’ perceptions toward and increase their motivation to participate in volunteer activities. Moreover, areas such as elderly welfare, violence against women and women’s rights, disaster situations, and the protection of the natural environment are areas in which volunteer activities are frequently involved, and studies on these areas may allow a more holistic perspective to be created to alter awareness about volunteerism.

Examining the Volunteering Perspectives of Individuals Participating in Child Welfare Volunteer Activities

Hande

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Büşra

Öğretim Görevlisi

Fatma

Reyhan

Sema

Remzi

Türkiye, like many other countries, is experiencing rapid aging of its population. As individuals age, they undergo various physical, mental, and social changes. Managing these changes effectively becomes crucial to address the challenges associated with aging. One significant aspect of this challenge is the lack of quality leisure activities, particularly for aging adults. Physical activity has emerged as a critical component of leisure assessment among aging individuals, as studies indicate its correlation with health status and well-being in the aging population. Research has consistently linked low levels of physical activity in adults aged 50 years and above with an increased risk of falls, cognitive decline, mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders (Caristia et al., 2021; Gallardo-Gómez et al., 2022; Ohrnberger, Fichera, &amp; Sutton, 2017; Stephan et al., 2021; Nawrocka et al., 2019).Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity, a significant portion of the aging population tends to lead sedentary lifestyles (Watson et al., 2016). Concepts such as active and successful aging underscore the importance of physical activity and social participation throughout the lifespan. Studies have shown that maintaining physical activity in the middle and older age significantly contributes to successful aging (Lin et al., 2020; Baker et al., 2009; Liffiton et al., 2012). Physical activity not only enhances physiological and cognitive functions but also improves subjective well-being (Kanning &amp; Schlicht, 2008). It serves as an intervention to promote active aging (Bauman et al., 2016), including lifestyle strategies that safeguard both physical and mental health (Mendoza-Ruvalcaba &amp; Arias Merino, 2015). Thus, raising awareness about the health benefits of physical activity is necessary to support active and successful aging processes. It is imperative to provide opportunities and allocate time for activities that facilitate physical activity and social engagement among aging adults.&nbsp;It is a contentious issue whether aging in rural areas offers more advantages or disadvantages in terms of opportunities for active and successful aging (Carver et al., 2018; Ulfa and Sartika, 2019). Studies have shown that the existence of disadvantages in rural infrastructure, such as limited access to health, education, transport, and social services, pose a significant risk to active and successful aging (Bull et al., 2001; Saenz et al., 2018; Weden et al., 2018). Conversely, urban areas tend to have better-developed services tailored to different age groups because of higher population densities.In Türkiye, the urban population outweighs the rural population, resulting in most services being planned with urban residents in mind. However, a substantial demographic shift from rural to urban areas has occurred due to urbanization, leaving a significant portion of the older population residing in rural areas (Çam et al., 2021). Statistics indicate that the proportion of older individuals aged 65 years and above is notably higher in rural areas (10.3%) than in urban areas (5.6%) (Öztürk, 2015). According to&nbsp;TUIK (2023), 30.1% of individuals aged 65 years and above reside in rural areas. Unfortunately, no official data are available regarding the proportion of individuals aged 50–60 residing in such areas. The older population in rural areas faces significant disadvantages in many areas such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, housing, and access to social services. These challenges not only have a negative impact on the living standards of aging adults but also pose obstacles to their pursuit of active and fulfilling aging (Evans, 2009; Ding et al., 2020). Considering these circumstances, there is a pressing need to extend healthcare, social activities, and cultural services tailored to the unique needs of aging adults in rural areas.A comprehensive review of the existing literature underscores the need to foster sustainable practices that promote active and successful aging in rural areas. Bocce emerges as a promising avenue for advancing these objectives, given its capacity to stimulate physical activity and foster social engagement. In furtherance of this notion, a bocce tournament was organized in Haymana, a rural town situated in Ankara. The research endeavor, “How does bocce activity influence the process of active and successful aging among aging adults?” seeks to answer the main question.&nbsp;MethodThis study adopted a phenomenological approach for its qualitative research design. Data collection was facilitated through interviews using a semi-structured interview format. Ten participants, comprising individuals who participated in the bocce game event organized to promote active and successful aging in the Haymana district of Ankara, volunteered to be interviewed.Consistent with ethical guidelines, interviews were recorded with the participant’s consent, subsequently analyzed, and transcribed into a computerized format. Frame themes were established by the researchers through a comprehensive literature review and the use of a semi-structured interview format. Following multiple readings of the interview transcripts, the researchers independently coded the data, categorized them under the frame themes, and further divided them into themes using thematic analysis techniques. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, a Cappa analysis was conducted, yielding a matching score of 100%. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo 10.0 software for data interpretation. Subsequently, the research findings were scrutinized by a qualitative research expert to avoid potential biases and enhance credibility.ResultsThe demographic analysis revealed that a total of 10 participants, comprising four women and six men, were interviewed. The age range spanned from 51 to 59 years, with an average age of 54.2 years. All participants were married. Regarding educational&nbsp;attainment, three participants had completed primary school, one had completed secondary school, four were high school graduates, and two held university degrees. In addition, all participants were employed, with five working as laborers, three as master trainers, and two as managers. Six participants were residents of Haymana, with four having lived in the area for over twenty-five years.&nbsp;Qualitative findings were structured into four main themes: perceptions of bocce game activity, perspectives on active and successful aging, the role of bocce in supporting active and successful aging, and expectations from institutional entities. Participants reminisced about their childhood marble games when engaging in bocce and stated that it reminded them of their youthful days. The fact that bocce reminded them of the marble game they played frequently in their childhood and that they played bocce with their peers aroused positive emotions in the participants.The research findings show that individual interpretations of active and successful aging include physical activity, healthy aging, social engagement, and independence from care in advanced ages. Living in rural areas offers advantages such as access to clean air and water, organic food, gardening opportunities, and convenient access to social and cultural events, which are particularly beneficial for men. However, rural dwellers, especially women, face challenges such as limited access to certain opportunities and social activities compared with urban residents. Another significant finding is the gender disparity in active and successful aging practices, with women in rural areas experiencing more pronounced limitations than men.Nonetheless, participation in bocce games has been observed to positively impact physical, mental, and social well-being, significantly raising awareness of active and successful aging in rural areas.The participants generally expect institutions to organize sports activities with a focus on physical activity and design walking areas suitable for the aging adults. In addition, they expressed a desire for institutes to plan social activities and nature trips. An important expectation is the expansion of areas where women can socialize outside their homes.Discussion and ConclusionThe increasing rate of the older population is a phenomenon of global significance. With advancing age, individuals undergo biological, psychological, and social transformations, often leading to challenges among aging adults. Chronic illnesses, mental health issues, and social disparities are crucial points that attract the attention of gerontologists and professionals in the field of aging. Strategies promoting active and successful aging are crucial for facilitating a positive aging experience and minimizing associated challenges. Addressing the needs of aging adults in the rural&nbsp;areas of Turkey is crucial. Efforts should be directed toward providing services tailored to foster active and successful aging in these regions. By alleviating poverty and enhancing accessibility to healthcare and support services through preventive measures, significant advancements can be made. In addition, preventive measures play an important role in fostering health and promoting active and successful aging. Thus, supporting physical activity and social participation is fundamental in promoting an active and successful aging process. Consequently, this study addresses the following central question: “How does bocce game activity affect the active and successful aging process of aging adults?” In sum, it can be concluded that bocce has emerged as a significant strategy for promoting active and successful aging, as it fosters increased participation in physical activity and can be played with pleasure irrespective of age and gender.

Promoting Active And Successful Ageing Through Bocce Game In Aging Adults In Rural Areas: A Qualitative Study

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Alexander

Tradition, Morality and Solidarity in Durkheim’s Theory

Çağrı

Since the 1950s, environmental sociology is hardly accepted despite existing social-environmental issues. These problems have been generated by the rapid industrialization and urbanization causing pollution in the post-war era. Environmental sociology was established in the 1970s when environmental problems gained public attention and the environmental movement emerged. The theories of sociologists Durkheim, Weber, who introduced the rationalization concept, and Marx, who introduced the theory of metabolic rift, were welcomed in environmental sociology. However, Durkheim was criticized that his methodological dictum was excluding society-environment interaction. There are two explanations for the association between Durkheim and societyenvironment interaction. On the one hand, the industrialism of his era caused the exclusion of environment from sociology. On the other hand, Durkheim’s works have significant references to environment that indicate a potential for environmental sociology. This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of society-environment interaction. First, the foundation of environmental sociology is summarized. Then, both examples showing the exclusion of environment and societyenvironment interactions in Durkheim’s studies are shown. The paper concludes with the assessment of Durkheim’s contribution to current environmental sociology challenging ecological crisis that threatens society. Although the first years of sociology were marked by geographical and biological determinism, sociologists favoring a “world view” of development, progress, and modernism in later years ignored environment as an issue (Hannigan, 2006). After a century, when environmental problems had surfaced and threatened industrialized Western societies, environmental concerns and movement were accepted in society and from the cultural perspective. Two pioneers of environmental sociology, Dunlap and Catton (1978) criticized human exceptionalism paradigm of causing the exploitation of nature and Durkheim’s methodological dictum (Madappalli, 2016). The paradigm assumes nature as an endless resource and that the human progress is limitless, while human existence is unique as a result of its developed culture (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978) that “covers the dependence of human societies to biophysical environment” (Rice, 2013, p. 238). However, environmental problems and restrictions in the 1960s shook this paradigm and Durkheim’s methodological dictum that reportedly ignored society-environment interaction. Hence, environmental parameters were included in sociological researches. In fact, the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, developed by environmental sociologists, introduced “environmental facts” against the social facts of Durkheim. The paradigm aims to consider the effects of&nbsp;environmental problems like resource scarcity on main sociological research issues like stratification (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978). Hence, environmental sociologists, by using the New Ecological Paradigm, challenge Durkheim’s methodological dictum by accepting the effect of environment on society (Dunlap &amp; Catton, 1979). Durkheim was criticized for excluding the impact of the environment on sociology with his methodological dictum. Sociology, a social discipline excluding environment (Foster, 1999, p. 367), was positioned out of “psychology, biology, economics, and geography” by Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, the three fathers of sociology (Buttel, Dickens, Dunlap, &amp; Gijswijt, 2002, p. 5). However, Marx and Weber were applauded for their concepts, the metabolic rift and rationality, in environmental sociology, unlike Durkheim who was criticized for his methodological dictum that was believed to be against the use of biophysical parameters in sociology (Lidskog, Mol, &amp; Oosterveer, 2015). Durkheim defined social facts only with other social facts, ignoring the biophysical environment (Dunlap, 2016), and implied examination of social systems without using environmental parameters (Norgaard, 1997, p. 159). Durkheim developed a social reductionism to resist biological reductionism (Benton, 1991, as cited in Konak, 2010). Hence, traditional sociology following Durkheim’s approach excluded biophysical environment (Hoyen, 2013). To objectify society within a scientific discipline (Durkheim, 2016, pp. 58, 59, 168), Durkheim defended the use of social facts and collective consciousness against biology and psychology (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5), that social facts can only be explained by social facts (Buttel, 2002) that have power over individuals and are different from non-human and organic facts (Durkheim, 2016). As a result, the methodological dictum made Durkheim and sociologists ignore biological and physical parameters (Dunlap, 1997; Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007). The exclusion of physical reality by Weberian and Durkheimian authors (Ritzer 1975; Choldin 1978, as cited in Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007) should be seen as a constructive approach in the early years of sociology (Buttel, 2002). The exclusion of environment was dominant and environmental parameters were ignored in other subdisciplines like rural sociology until the 1970s; these subdisciplines are the foundation of environmental sociology (Dunlap &amp; Martin 1983, as cited in Dunlap, 2002). Durkheim implied the static position of nature throughout history while society changes and evolves (Durkheim, 2010; Gross, 2000; Jarvikoski, 1996). Durkheim separated the concept of evolution, originated from ecology and biology, from nature and integrated it into the social sphere (Durkheim, 2014). Furthermore, he put a sharp distinction between human society and animals, as they lack of morality and collective consciousness (Durkheim, 2010) and they are static unlike human societies (Durkheim, 2014). Although sociological theorists Durkheim, Weber, and Marx did not directly examine society-environment interaction; their studies indirectly included this issue (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5). Hence, Durkheim should be comprehended through the extensive framework of human-nature systems instead of narrow anthropocentricism (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). In fact, Durkheim did not deny the importance of biological and physical parameters in sociology (Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim followed the example of natural science during the exploration of social reality (Durkheim, 2016). Despite a strong and common prejudice in traditional sociology, Durkheim’s studies involve many references to the environment. However, the methodological dictum of Durkheimian scholars reinstructed sociology (Catton, 2002), resulting in Dunlap and Catton, two founders of environmental sociology, strongly criticizing the Durkheimian theory. Contrarily, the limited prevalence of social facts and the emphasis on the environmental parameters in Durkheim’s studies are important objections to their critique (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). Çelebi (2007, p. 159) highlighted the importance of the balance between population and land as social facts that affect society. Durkheim considered the effects of the position of sun and the condition of the atmosphere to people, and his social morphology notion had other environmental insights like the use of land (Gross, 2000). He also implied the coevolution of nature and society in his work of Pragmatism and Sociology (Foster, 1999). According to him, nature is not the reverse of society, but a part, the highest representation, and complex form of nature (Durkheim 2010; Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim (2016) implied similarities between “physical environment” and society and defined society as part of nature. Durkheim often referred to nature in his classical study of totemism. Tribe members lean toward plants, animals, and rocks in understanding their society. They imitate animals in their religious rituals. Safety and domination of nature make up their religion (Durkheim, 2010). Durkheim often used biological terms like species, population density, and resource scarcity in his explanation of social evolution and solidarity concepts (Buttel, 2002). He implied that division of labor exists in all living organisms, and transfers society from nature (Durkheim, 2014). On the other hand, his notion of competition and division of labor undermined environmental concerns like pollution and resource scarcity in urbanization (Lenski, 1984, as cited in Buttel &amp; Humprey, 2002). This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of societyenvironment interaction. The construction process of sociology as a distinct discipline excluded environmental parameters. However, urbanization and industrialization in the 1950s have caused environmental concerns and movements in Western societies.&nbsp;The foundation of environmental sociology was challenged in the 1970s by the methodological dictum of Durkheim. Although some of his studies strongly separate society from environment like social facts, he often referred to environmental concepts like population, balance, organism, and resource scarcity. Durkheim also implied metabolic interaction between society and environment, and that society is a complex part of nature.

Society-Environment Interaction in Durkheim: Exclusion of Social Facts versus Environmental Potential

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Eric

Durkheim and the Nation

Bjørn

From Holism to Participation: Three Phases in Durkheim’s Work

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Manuscript submission system of the journal is Istanbul University Online Publishing Management System.

Published by the Istanbul University Department of Sociology, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology has held an important place in the development of sociology as a scientific discipline in Turkey. 

First published in 1917, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology was the first sociology journal written in Turkish. In its roughly 100-year history, the journal has become the most pioneering and prominent publication within the discipline. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, French and Germany. The print version of the journal has been stopped as of 2022; the publication continues as an electronic only journal.

İstanbul University Journal of Sociology is an open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed, international journal focusing on the publication of research and studies covering all aspects of the social. The journal’s goal is to aid and facilitate both international and interdisciplinary scientific communication, to strengthen the links between scientific research and society in Turkey, and to stimulate and enhance the quality of debate. Representing an interdisciplinary forum for the exchange of recent data and expert opinions, it reflects the importance of a comprehensive approach to resolving the social problems in Turkey.
İstanbul University Journal of Sociology publishes peer-reviewed research reports on sociology, bringing together research conducted within a variety of different disciplines. Articles include theoretical, philosophical, political essays, research papers, research on social behaviors, and historical research related to any social activity. In addition to original research, the journal features both articles and book reviews.
Studies that clearly contribute to the current knowledge of sociology are given priority. Scholarly commentaries on topical issues and systematic reviews are also encouraged.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/iusd/information/policies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

ProQuest

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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İstanbul University Journal of Sociology

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Section Editor

Editorial Relations Manager

Statistics Editor

Ethics Editor

Book Review Editor

Methodology Editor

Publicity Manager

Editorial Assistant

Technical Specialist

Language Editor

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The journal’s goal is to aid and facilitate both international and interdisciplinary scientific communication, to strengthen the links between scientific research and society in Turkey, and to stimulate and enhance the quality of debate. Representing an interdisciplinary forum for the exchange of recent data and expert opinions, it reflects the importance of a comprehensive approach to resolving the social problems in Turkey. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology publishes peer-reviewed research reports on sociology, bringing together research conducted within a variety of different disciplines. Articles include theoretical, philosophical, political essays, research papers, research on social behaviors, and historical research related to any social activity. In addition to original research, the journal features both articles and book reviews.

Aim & Scope

<ul><li>Web of Science Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR-Dizin </li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate​</li><li>EBSCO SocINDEX (with Full Text) </li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ProQuest CSA Sociological Abstract</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

İstanbul University Journal of Sociology is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

İstanbul University Journal of Sociology adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABCAC0D48F9844D0B211AD7D55559C54" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor is responsible for the content and overall quality of the publication and must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only editor has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.&#65279;

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. Editor-in-Chief provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.​ The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

General Formatting Requirements<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=formatting_guidelines1.pdf" target="_blank">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts to be submitted to İstanbul University Journal of Sociology </a>Font: The font used in the entire manuscript should be Times New Roman, font size 10. For tables and figures, see below.Page Layout: Page margins for bottom, top, right, and left should be pre-set as 2.5 cm (0.98 inch). Text should be justified with no hyphenation breaks in words at the end of a line. Text should be typed as a single-column document. Paragraphs and headings should not be indented, but aligned with the main text.Paragraph Format: Paragraph indents should be pre-set in the tabs section as follows:before and after: 0.6 nkline spacing: 1.5.Page Limit: Manuscripts prepared in compliance with the guidelines should not exceed 20 pages.Manuscript SectionsTitle: Article titles should be boldfaced and centered. If the study has been submitted before or extracted from a project or a thesis, an asterisk (*) should be placed at the end of the title and an explanation provided as a footnote. (Please refer to the sample).Author (s)’s Names: Author’s names should be written in bold. Authors’ full names, titles, institutional affiliations, postal addresses, and contact details such as e-mail addresses should be mentioned.Abstract: Abstracts should be between150–200 words. No citations should appear in the abstractKey Words: 5–8 words representing the manuscript should be given as keywords.Main Text: Qualitative and quantitative studies should contain the following sections: Introduction, Method, Findings, and Discussion. The Methods section must include Sampling/Study Population, Data Collection Tools,and Procedure as sub-sections if an original research method has been used.Literature reviews should elaborate on the problem, analyze the relevant literature, emphasize the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature, and discuss actions toward solving these problems.Other types of studies can allow slight variations in sections, but they should not contain too many details and sub-sections that could distract readers’ attention and compromise readability.Başlık* Title in TurkishÖz* Öz (Abstract in Turkish) should be between150–200 words. No citations should appear in the “öz”Anahtar Kelimeler* 5-8 Turkish words representing the manuscript should be given as “anahtar kelimeler”Uzun Özet* A 1000-1500 word extended abstract in Turkish that provides the main points of main textReferences: Both in-text citations and references should comply with the APA guidelines as provided in the Publication Manual of American Psychological Association(APA) (6th edition).<ul><li>“Başlık”, “Öz”, “Anahtar Kelimeler” and “Uzun Özet” will be supplied by İstanbul University Journal of Sociology translation office for authors whose native language is not Turkish</li></ul>Tables, Figures, and AppendicesTables and Figures: Tables, figures, pictures, graphics, and similar aspects should be embedded in the text, and not provided as appendices.For tables and figures, use Times New Roman, font size 9.Under the Paragraph tab, ensure that the indentation is as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 0</li><li>Spacing: Single</li></ul>Tables and figures should be left aligned, and the text wrapping feature should be turned off. Please refer to the sample below for tables.Appendices: Each appendix should be displayed on a separate page after the references section.

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=formatting_guidelines1.pdf" target="_blank">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts to be submitted to İstanbul University Journal of Sociology</a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/ABCAC0D48F9844D0B211AD7D55559C54" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=iusd_title.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3987D117ECEB471BB87B0B638CAF14C1" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a></li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li><a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=iusd_title.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a></li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

İstanbul University Journal of Sociology complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. 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İstanbul University Journal of Sociology

VOLUME 42, ISSUE 3, 2022

The Quest for Synthetic Science: Carl Heinrich Becker’s Reflections on University Reform and the Institutionalization of Sociology in Germany

Alarmism and State-Society Interplay in the Turkish National Identity: The Case of Belen, Hatay

The Difference Between a Hammer and a Screwdriver: The Social Effects of the Transformation of TAF After the American Military Aid

Research-Oriented Management Approach in Universities: The Case of Istanbul University

Panel Data Analysis on the Socio-Economic Determinants of Corruption in the D-8 Countries

The Validity and Reliability of The Turkish Version of The Social Curiosity Scale

The Mental Health of a Society in Crisis: Complaints of Depression and Anxiety

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