Hüseyin

Res. Assist.

DECISIONS OF THE POWERFUL CAPITALISTS AND UNCERTAINTY: A  RATIONAL EXPECTATION APPROACH

Gülden

The crisis of 2007-2008 was the largest financial crisis since the 1930s and is characterised by being the deepest, most large scale and severe crisis of its predecessors. Davis and Karim (2008) suggested that the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 was revealed as a surprise for both most of the market participants and policymakers. In the early years of 2007, financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), BIS and the IMF couldn’t anticipate the severity of the crisis or its scope of the international. The recent financial crisis has triggered significant debates concerning economic theory and policy. The most important discussions focused on the question ‘why was the crisis not foreseen?’. In this context, the question that why the global financial crisis in 2007-2008 is not foreseen is considered in three different perspectives. The first view is that the crisis could not be predicted by economists in general and that the recent financial crisis emerged as a surprise for most of the academicians and policy makers. In this respect, the most important criticism towards the question “Why wasn’t the crisis predicted” is directed to the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models. These models include real sector variables except for money supply and interest rates. Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models provide detailed predictions about the real economy. Moreover, the equations that composed in these models do not include finance and banking sectors despite the fact that their failures may turn the general economy upside-down. Therefore, It is indicated that by their nature of these models don’t have the appropriate tools in order to struggle with the financial crisis and a suitable structure that cover the dynamics of the crisis. Considering that the long-term stagnations were due to the balance sheet problems partly in the financial sector as a result of the collapse of asset prices since the late 1980s (Bezemer, 2009: 19), necessitate the inclusion of financial markets to these models. Existing deficiencies in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models emerged along with the global crisis. Thus, since 2016, The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) began to use a new macroeconomic model called MARTIN (Macroeconomic Relationships for Targeting INflation) in its policy analysis and forecasts. In this respect, the study provides a discussion of the methods used by economists in analysing the economy and formulating their proposals. Within this scope, two explanations can be given to the question of why the 2008 global financial crisis could not be predicted. The first was that the failure of economists to expand these models in a way to cover the risk of crisis or consciously prefer to do not so (Davies and McGoey, 2012). The second explanation is the fact that the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium models that widely used today keep the especially financial markets out of the model, underestimated the new financial system created by financial institutions and weaknesses in risk assessment techniques. Considering all these factors, it may help explain the question of why the 2007-2008 global crisis couldn’t be predicted. The second view is that the crisis was predicted by some of the economists, but&nbsp;these predictions were not considered and ignored. As mentioned above, the idea that “no one could foresee the crisis” is a widespread opinion among the public, policymakers, and economists in general. Contrary to this view, although the economist/finance managers who are predicting the crisis warned that predominantly financial globalization, the real estate market of the U.S. and derivative products have significant risks, the question of ignoring why these warnings can be answered with a tendency towards “strategic ignorance”. The last opinion is the approach that economics/economists do not need to predict the crisis. This approach explains in the framework of the efficient market hypothesis and rational expectations that economics or economist does not need to predict the crisis.

2007-2008 Discussions on Predictability of The Global Financial Crisis

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Gülşah

Can Google Search Data Improve the Unemployment  Rate Forecasting Model? An Empirical Analysis for Turkey

Mustafa

Sefa

Is China Growing Dirty? A Cointegration Analysis with Structural Breaks

Erdemalp

The Dynamics Affecting the Export-Import Ratio in  Turkey: A Hybrid Model Proposal with Econometrics  and Machine Learning Approach

Mürşit

Public Expenditures, Economic Growth and  Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from the  Commonwealth of Independent States

Salih

Assist. Prof.

Mervan

Testing the Weak-Form Market Efficiency for the Islamic  Market Indices: Evidence from Fourier Wavelet ADF  Unit Root Test

Ömer

Melike

In the last two centuries, the world has gone through a period in which attempts to achieve economic, social, and political integration have been made, and international trade, cultural changes, and political integration have been experienced more than ever before. For this reason, the role of globalization in economic growth and development is considered among the important topics in the literature. In this respect, it is important to evaluate the energy consumption-economic growth relationship in the context of globalization and clarify the influence channels between these variables.The aim of this study, which is based on these approaches, is to handle the question of whether energy consumption, globalization, and economic growth are related to each other. This study examines the causality relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, globalization, and economic growth between 1990 and 2018 in 15 emerging market economies that need globalization and increased energy use to achieve a high growth rate.&nbsp;Although the effect of fossil-based energy use on growth has been discussed for many years, it has frequently been found that renewable energy sources have been included in recent models. With this in mind, both renewable and non-renewable energy consumption were added to the model of the study as variables. Another variable considered in the model is the globalization index. Dreher (2006), based on the idea that globalization has social and political characteristics in addition to its economic nature, first created a composite index that includes economic, social, and political elements to measure globalization. The globalization index, which was developed at various stages, was based on these three dimensions. Other variables included in the model are GDP, labor, and capital, which represent economic growth.In the literature, it is seen that many empirical studies have been conducted based on different models and produced from the variables of energy consumption, globalization, and&nbsp;economic growth. These studies, which are generally based on (i) energy consumption and economic growth, (ii) globalization and economic growth, and (iii) energy consumption and globalization relations, vary according to the way the subject is handled. In some studies, the effects of variables on economic growth, and in some studies, the effects on energy consumption have been taken into account. While the effects of non-renewable energy sources are mainly taken into account in the energy consumption variable, recent studies also take into account the effects of renewable energy sources. In the literature, the dimensions of globalization have been shaped over time. In earlier studies, trade and foreign direct investments were used as proxies of globalization, but the necessity of emphasizing not only the economic aspect of globalization but also its social and political dimensions made the globalization variable a multidimensional index that also includes economic, social, and political elements.In this study, in which panel data techniques were used, it was determined that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between both renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth, according to the findings obtained from the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test. This finding confirms the “feedback hypothesis” in the theoretical literature. Another finding is that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between globalization and economic growth.These findings show that generally renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, globalization, and economic growth are the causes of each other. The economic growth that emerges as a result of the production activities carried out in the specified period for the 15 emerging market economies also needs the energy input used in these production activities to a large extent, and the energy input used also increases the output and triggers economic growth. The ability of these emerging market economies, which have an average income of 8,500 dollars, to reach the levels of developed countries depends on their rapid economic growth. In this case, it is possible to predict that fossil-based energy consumption will continue. However, it is essential for sustainable economic growth that these countries switch to renewable energy by supporting the sectors operating in the field of green and clean energy. Fossil-based energy sources have a certain period of use.At the same time, this study supports the idea that globalization is also related to economic growth. From this point of view, it would not be wrong to say that integrations in economic, social, and political fields establish a tight network with economic growth and energy consumption. The policy proposal that can be drawn from this study is to continue to consume non-renewable energy at certain levels - for continued economic growth- provided that the weight of use of renewable energy is increased in a planned and gradual way in emerging market economies.&nbsp;

The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Globalization, and  Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis for Selected Emerging Market  Economies

Hatime

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Happiness  and Socioeconomic Conditions: Differences Across  Countries and Individuals' Personality Traits

Halil

Fatih

The COVID 19 pandemic has adversely affected the economic structures of almost all countries. Quarantine measures taken to prevent the spread of the pandemic are one of the reasons why economies are negatively affected. In this period, governments took measures to suspend some commercial activities to reduce the effects of the pandemic. The measures taken have led to a decline in global demand, bringing production, transportation, manufacturing, and other economic activities to a standstill in most economies.The quarantine measures taken to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic also adversely affected the macroeconomic indicators of the countries. During this period, GDP in the European Union decreased by more than 6% compared to last year (EUROSTAT, 2021). Similarly, with the effect of the measures taken, great supply shocks were experienced, and the global trade volume contracted. This has led to a decrease in employment and an increase in unemployment rates. In 2020, when the pandemic was most intense, the unemployment rate in the EU was 7.1% on average. Likewise, tax reductions, credit facilities and subsidies to prevent companies in trouble in the short term have caused the budget balance in EU countries to deteriorate. The fact that the EU average in terms of budget deficit is 0.5% in 2019 and 6.9% in 2020 summarizes the emerging situation (EUROSTAT, 2021).Like the economic difficulties experienced by the EU member states, Turkey, which is in the process of joining the EU, has also been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has also caused supply and demand shocks in the Turkish economy. Due to the measures taken against the pandemic, the balance between public revenues and expenditures has deteriorated. Foreign capital outflow accelerated in 2020, which brought about an increase in exchange rates. The pandemic similarly affected macroeconomic indicators such as production, employment, current account balance, budget balance, and central government debt burden negatively (Adıgüzel, 2020, p.219). Turkey caught the pandemic at a time when the economy was in recession and structural problems were intense. Especially in the last four years, the low acceleration in the economy has put more strain on the macroeconomic balances. In the early stages of the pandemic in Turkey, measures were generally taken through semi-financial channels. Credit expansion on favorable terms through public banks and government credit guarantees were the leading ones. The difficulties Turkey has experienced in recent years in terms of monetary policy have increased with the pandemic. These developments resulted in the deterioration of economic performance.The development of multi-criteria decision-making methods has provided the opportunity to rank the economic performance of countries, to choose between alternatives and to classify countries (Karahan et al. 2021, p. 584). Multi-criteria decision-making methods are expressed as both an approach and a set of techniques aimed at making a general order from the most desired to the least desired among the options (Dodgson et al., 2009, p. 50). The purpose of multi-criteria decision-making methods is to improve the quality of decisions by making alternative criteria more clear, usable, and effective, and to provide decision makers with strong abilities to analyze, discover and compare a series of incompatible alternatives (Dinçer, 2011, p. 563).&nbsp;In this study, the economic performances of the European Union member states and Turkey were analyzed by Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS), one of the multicriteria decision-making methods, in 2020, when the pandemic was first seen, and its economic effects were most aggressive. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the economic performances of 27 member states of the European Union and Turkey in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began. COPRAS method, one of the multi-criteria decisionmaking methods, was preferred for performance analysis. To measure the economic performance, seven criteria consisting of the percentage of GNP Growth, GNP per capita in Euros, current account balance, budget balance/GDP ratio, unemployment rate, EU Defined General Government Debt stock/GDP ratio and inflation rate were used.According to the results of the study, the ranking from the highest to the lowest points in the context of the estimated data for the countries is: Slovenia, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden, Czechia, Austria, Spain, Belgium, Poland, Finland, Croatia, Ireland, Bulgaria, Portugal, Malta, France, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey. When the ranking made according to the COPRAS results and the country data are examined, it is observed that the countries in the first places generally have low inflation rates, low unemployment rates, and have current account surpluses. However, the shrinkage in the economy is at smaller levels in the first place. In the countries that are in the last place according to their score points, inflation is not very serious except for Turkey. Large current account deficits are given. Budget deficits are at high levels. Unemployment rates are very high. Public debt burden is high in countries other than Turkey.&nbsp;

Evaluation of the Economic Performances of the European Union Countries  and Turkey in the Covid-19 Process with the COPRAS Method

Güner

Server

The study obtained 399 observations over a 3-year review period between 2017 and 2019 for 133 consolidated companies. The study aims to provide a faster and more reliable model for producing results with regard to banks’ scoring/rating studies based solely on cash flow statements in terms of companies’ financial data. In essence, the XGBoost algorithm was used in the Python machine learning methods to attempt to show that companies can indeed perform a successful scoring study using their cash flow statements.With the increased competition in the banking sector, having banks maintain their assets with sustainable profitability is extremely important for both customer satisfaction and banks. Credit score analyses are a laborious, attention-gaining study process. Banks have been researching the most accurate credit risk assessment methods for many years. New methods have started being used alongside the developments in technology. One of these can be machine learning algorithms using the program Python.By abandoning the traditional statistical methods in the banking sector, a new model with modern methods has been presented to the banking and financial sectors that uses machine learning algorithms. With regard to the data set, the study has selected consolidated companies compiled from manufacturing, trade, and service sectors and excluding construction sectors. At the same time, the study has preferred consolidated companies because of the great importance group companies have with regard to the credit evaluation process. By developing a model in this context, the study intends to emphasize how important the consolidated (i.e., group company) credit score is in the credit evaluation process in the case of a balanced scorecard study.Firstly, the study will present the introduction and discuss the literature review and then talk about the concept of group companies and their credit evaluation process. The following sections of the study will address the three algorithms of extreme gradient boosting, gradient boosting, and neural networks, which are machine learning techniques used in credit scoring.The study’s pre-model preparation phase discusses the details of the dependent and independent variables and conducts pre-model data cleaning. Correlation analyses (featureto-feature correlations, feature-to-target correlations) were performed in this context, and the outlier values were determined for the data. The outlier values for the variables were not extracted from the data, as removing them from the data would reduce the number of observations. Instead, the Robust Scaler method, which is sensitive to outliers, was used to scale the data.During the phase of setting up the model, training and test set partitioning involved the following. A cross-validation analysis was performed on the training set, and the training set was divided into five subsets. As a result, the cross-validation training and test set accuracy score results were compared. The test results from the model were determined to have an 80% accuracy score in XGBboost (eXtreme gradient boosting), a 77.5% accuracy score for gradient boosting, and a 61.25% accuracy score for the artificial neural networks.The study has preferred the XGBoost algorithm model with its 80% accuracy score and 82% score for area under the receiving operating characteristics curve (ROC-AUC). The model’s ROC curve is shown in figure 12, and the area below the curve (AUC) is 82%. The XGBoost’s confusion matrix is also shown in figure 8 and reveals our model’s predictive performance power. In this context, the probability of success is estimated based on a 52% classification threshold using 80 observational test data with the model possessing the highest performance. Ratings of A, B, C, D, or E were given to the companies based on their probability of success.This study presents a model that is able to provide companies with a reliable scorecard/ rating model in a shorter time by taking only their cash flow statement in terms of financial data. In this way, banks can manage risk appetite with maximum optimization and provide extra customer satisfaction with faster analyses. This study involves rapid credit score rating and can at the very least provide solutions to companies’ short-term loan demands.&nbsp;

Credit Scoring on Cash Flow Table with Machine Learning: XGBoost  Approach

Ayfer

Relationship Between Inflation and Economic Growth in EU Countries

Tamerlan

Stock Market Price Forecasting Using the Arima Model:  an Application to Istanbul, Turkiye

Kübra

According to economic theory, firms postpone recruitment and investment, consumers postpone their durable goods purchases, and economic activities decrease in periods of increased uncertainty. In periods when uncertainty decreases after a period of high uncertainty, economic activity improves as it begins to adjust to the suppressed demand companies and consumers have for hiring, investments and consumption.Baker, Bloom and Davis (2013) developed a new economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index based on the frequency with which keywords related to economic policy uncertainty are published in newspaper articles. This index has contributed to a better analysis of the potential effects from uncertainty by comprehensively covering the sources of uncertainty. EPU indices aim to predict the uncertainties about who will make the economic policy decisions, which economic policy actions will be taken, and when the economic effects of policy actions and the economic consequences of non-economic political issues.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect the economic policy uncertainty indices (EPUs), have on European countries’ stock market indices as a representation of these countries’ national economic policy uncertainties. In addition, determining the relationship between countries’ economic policy uncertainty and stock market indices and having policymakers develop policies that are resistant to uncertainties will benefit financial market participants in terms of portfolio diversification.This study has investigated the relationship between European countries’ national economic policy uncertainty indices and their relative benchmark stock market index prices using the panel autoregressive distributed lag/pooled mean group (ARDL/PMG) estimator within the scope of a panel data analysis. Germany, Italy, England, France, and Spain are the five European countries that have been examined in this direction a panel data-set was created using these countries’ respective national economic policy uncertainty indices and benchmark stock market indices for the 2002 December-October 2021 period. The basic method used in the study is the panel ARDL analysis, which examines the short- and longterm relationships between panel data series. However, the study needs to examine the homogeneity assumptions and cross-section dependencies of the panel data series to be used in the analysis before testing this relationship. The study uses the first-generation of panel unit root tests for the stationarity analysis of the series without cross-sectional dependence and the second generation of unit root tests for the stationarity analysis of series with cross-section dependence. Therefore, in order to continue the analysis with the correct unit root test, the study needs to test the cross-sectional dependence between the series. The homogeneity, cross-section dependency, unit root, and cointegration tests that will be performed with the panel ARDL analysis constitute the econometric method of the study. The study uses the second generation of unit root tests and panel ARDL/PMG estimator in the line with this method.This research presents empirical results that support economic policy uncertainty in European countries to impact the indices of Europe’s leading stock markets. In the line with the study’s findings, short- and long-term significant negative relationships have been determined to exist between European countries’ national economic policy uncertainty and their stock market indices. The study’s findings have important implications for policymakers, financial market participants, asset managers, and international investors and reveal the need for policymakers to develop policies that are resistant to global uncertainties and shocks. Financial market participants and asset managers should monitor changes in economic policy uncertainty as well as the direction of these changes and position their portfolios in accordance with the changes in economic policy uncertainty that may have short-term and long-term effects on stocks. Meanwhile, the findings provide international investors with important information that will allow them to be able to obtain higher returns from their financial assets and diversify their portfolios with suitable assets.&nbsp;

Examining the Relationship Between National Economic Policy Uncertainty  and Stock Market Indices: An Empirical Analysis for Selected European  Countries

Ayşen

Yavuz

In today’s world, as in all areas of life, technological developments have caused significant changes in economic activities. The ever-increasing marginal cost of time necessitates that economic activities be completed quickly, as with many other issues. As a result, studies on electronic money have been carried out regarding how to complete, record, and monitor monetary movements more quickly and the use of e-money becoming widespread.A great deal of research on e-money has been conducted regarding how various e-money systems work. A significant number of articles have also focused on privacy and security issues related to e-money use. Apart from these, studies have also focused on the effect of e-money on the monetary system. More specifically, related studies have focused on whether e-money poses a threat to central banks’ ability to control the value of national currencies through traditional monetary policies and on the introduction of e-money for the future of central banks and monetary policy effectiveness as a whole.The technology acceptance model (TAM), which forms the basis of the study, is frequently used to examine the factors that affect the adoption of new technology. TAM was used in its first stage to examine the factors that affect the acceptance of a particular technology by people in a particular place or region. For example, learning the factors that affect the acceptance of users when computers are used for the first time in businesses is extremely important because a prolonged adaptation process will disrupt business processes and increase costs.TAM is composed of the variables of perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease-of-use (PEU), attitude (A), and intention to use (IU) and aims to examine the factors that affect user’s behavior intention (UBI) regarding the related technology. During the process, different researchers arranged the model, included exogenous variables suitable for the conditions of the time and the purpose of the research, and repeated the study.In addition to TAM, the research aims to understand the acceptance of e-money use in the market in addition to the cash currencies that are used and that have dematerialized in the digitalized world.In line with this purpose, a survey has been conducted with the participation of 165 individuals residing in Istanbul who have a master’s degree education level or higher, who are knowledgeable about e-money, and who work in companies operating in the finance sector. In the research process, data were collected in February 2022. The data analysis used the package statistics program Smart PLS and the variance-based structural equation model (SEM), a second-generation multivariate statistical analysis technique.The study results show mobile applications to have had a great impact on the selection of user-friendly interface software and e-money applications. Users declared choosing applications that are easy to use, understandable, user-friendly, accurate, and fast; that offer options; and that are safe to use and easy to benefit from. In addition, the results show that users who feel confident with mobile applications will recommend them to those in their surroundings, and will expand the use of mobile applications both in their social lives and in their work. Those who use mobile e-money applications developed for e-money are understood to be able to improve their user attitudes toward mobile application use through the determinations they make regarding the application’s perceived ease of use. Meanwhile, the variables determined within the scope of the study and the hypotheses of the established model are seen to have been verified.In addition, e-money mobile application users are understood to continue using mobile applications they consider to be beneficial, with their attitudes being focused on the benefits. When e-money application owners evaluate the benefits perceived by a mobile application’s other users, they may conclude an increase to have occurred regarding the intention to use a mobile application.In addition to the present study, the use of e-money is concluded to be currently possible using the technical devices people widely possess, and the creation of e-money applications can be used by wider masses due to the economic, functional, and protective features e-money provides that can be considered competitive compared to other currencies.&nbsp;

Examining Individuals’ Attitudes Toward Electronic Money in the  Framework of the Technology Acceptance Model

Abdullah

Do Interest-Free Financial Organizations Offer Fair  Prices to Their Customers?

Oğuzhan

Bülent

In this study, the short and long-term effects of the credit portfolio concentration level in the Turkish banking sector, where there is a dual banking system, are investigated on financial stability and performance in conventional and Islamic banking systems. In this context, two main research questions are examined in the study. These questions are as such:· “Does the level of credit portfolio concentration have an impact on the financial stability of conventional and Islamic banks in Turkey and does it lead to differentiation?” · “Does the level of credit portfolio concentration have an impact on the financial performance of conventional and Islamic banks in Turkey and does it lead to differentiation?”The results of empirical studies on how loan portfolio concentration/diversification affects financial stability and performance in the dual banking system differ from country to country. It is thought that this situation is caused by structural conditions such as the functioning of the banking system, legal infrastructure, sectoral differences, and the level of development of the country and the market. As a result of the literature review, it has been concluded that it is not possible to make a generalization in terms of the relationship between financial stability and performance and loan portfolio concentration. However, in the study, the relevant literature was examined in depth and prominent current studies were evaluated.In the study, the short-term and long-term effects of credit portfolio concentration on financial stability and performance in the dual banking system were investigated through cointegration tests. In the analysis made with monthly data for the period of January 2005 and December 2021, the Z score representing the risk of bankruptcy for financial stability and the return on assets ratio (ROA) for financial growth were used as dependent variables. In the models, credit portfolio concentration index, leverage ratio, bank size, liquidity coverage ratio and management quality are added to the models as independent variables.&nbsp;According to the unit root test results of the variables, long and short-term effects in conventional banking system were analyzed with ARDL method and in Islamic banking with FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods together with Johansen Cointegration Test.According to the results of the analysis, although the credit portfolio concentration in the conventional banking system has a significant and negative relationship with the bankruptcy risk, which represents financial stability, in the long run, no effect of the concentration on financial performance was observed. Among the independent variables, only the liquidity coverage ratio affects positively to the bank performance. The short-term error correction coefficients of the models have significant values between 0 and -1. This indicates that short-term imbalances converge to the long-term equilibrium level over time. In addition, it has been observed that some of the short-term lagged values of the independent variables, especially the loan portfolio concentration index, have significant positive or negative effects.In the Islamic banking system, there is no evidence that the credit portfolio concentration has any effect neither the financial stability nor financial performance in the long run. On the other hand, in the long run, it has been concluded that bankruptcy risk and ROA value is determined by the management quality, leverage ratio, liquidity coverage ratio and bank size. When short-term relationships are examined, vector error correction coefficients take significant values between 0 and -1, similar to conventional banking models. In addition, it has been found that although loan portfolio concentration has a positive effect on financial stability in the short term, it has no effect on financial performance.In summary, it has been concluded that the loan portfolio concentration differs in terms of financial stability in the dual banking system in the long run, but does not differ in terms of financial performance. In the short run, negative effects in conventional banking and positive effects in Islamic banking at the same lag levels in terms of bankruptcy risk can be considered as an indicator of differentiation. From the perspective of financial performance, it is striking that credit concentration does not have a serious effect in the short run.&nbsp;

The Effect of Loan Portfolio Concentration Level on Financial Stability and  Performance: A Comparatıve Analysis in Dual Banking System

Seyed

Mahsa

Mehdi

Trade Liberalization and Environmental Pollution in Iran

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Hasan

Tariff Disadvantages of SMEs in International Trade

Şule

Öğretim Görevlisi

Elifcan

Ahmet

In the globalized world market, the developments made in the fields of trade and industry are of great importance for countries to achieve economic growth. With this movement, the liberalization of trade positively affected the course of international trade in general. As a result of international trade becoming a competitive factor between countries and companies, logistics attracts attention. In line with these developments, the logistics sector gains a strategic dimension and acts as a lever in the economy in order to ensure the sustainability of international trade in the desired dimensions. The logistics sector is one of the most important sectors that attracts intense attention with its investments in the country’s economy, employment and national income, and the development of it through globalized trading networks. In particular, enterprises and countries aiming to increase their competitiveness have been making significant investments for the development of the sector and have great expectations about the possible returns of the sector. As a result of the investments and the expectations, manufacturing sectors are highly affected by the logistics parameters. In addition to this, the investments made for logistics directly affect the commercial formation of businesses or countries in a positive way and increase the trade volume.The importance of logistics for companies and countries in terms of global trade develops and eventually becomes vital. The importance of logistics may vary for the countries in terms of geographies and logistic opportunities. Especially for the countries who have a coast side and can ensure sea transportation efficiently may gain greater profit. Otherwise, it can be observed that the countries in the same region have similarities in terms of economics and global trade. In this study, the common point in logistics activities and the economic point of view are similar to each other. In order to examine the economic magnitude of the countries and the effect of logistics activities on the economic magnitude of the countries concerned, The impact of the logistics sector on the economies of the 15 Mediterranean coasts was analyzed for the period 1980-2018 using the logistic performance index and gross domestic product values with panel data analysis. The results of the analysis covering the years 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 revealed a moderate positive relationship and 32% of the changes in the gross domestic product could be explained by the logistic performance index. On the other hand the strongest relationship between the gross domestic product and logistics performance index is observed Turkey and Albania. Changes in the value of gross domestic product in Turkey and Albania is explained by the high proportion of logistics performance index. This situation shows the importance of logistics activities in the economic magnitude of the two countries concerned. In addition, it is determined that if countries concentrate heavily on “Infrastructure” and “Customs” activities among the activities constituting the logistic performance index, they may have higher gross domestic product.

The Relationship Between Logistics Activities and the Economy of Mediterranean Countries

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Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the publication of Istanbul University Center for Practice and Research in Economic Policy . It is an open access, peer-reviewed, international, scholarly journal published biannually in January and July. The manuscripts submitted for publication inthe journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.

Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi aims to publish articles of high quality dealing with issues in economic policy which impact on national and global economies. The journal provides an international forum for economic theory and practice and aims to publish highly selective, widely cited articles of current relevance that will have a long-term impact on economics research.

Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi covers analytical, interpretive, and empirical studies in a number of areas—including political economy, monetary theory and policy, fiscal policy, labor economics, development, micro- and macroeconomic theory, international trade and finance, financial economics, transport economics and social economics.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Prof.

RePEc IDEAS

RePEc EconPapers

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

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@METRIC_ISSUES

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Journal of Economic Policy Researches

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Responsible Manager

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi aims to publish articles of high quality dealing with issues in economic policy which impact on national and global economies. The journal provides an international forum for economic theory and practice and aims  to publish highly selective, widely cited articles of current relevance that will have a long-term impact on economics research.Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi covers analytical, interpretive, and empirical studies in a number of areas—including political economy, monetary theory and policy, fiscal policy, labor economics, development, micro- and macroeconomic theory, international trade and finance, financial economics, transport economics and social economics.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Business Source Ultimate </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>  ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.

Ethics

Journal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F5F89BC14F7B438A9F9868CB9C978265" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and American English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/jepr/home" target="_blank">https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/jepr/home</a>. It must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8B20DEB62CBF403F814A12C0F208F32B" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist), a cover letter. Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2007 and upper versions. In addition, a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F5F89BC14F7B438A9F9868CB9C978265" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5 format.2. Footnotes, figures and tables should be placed as much as possible within the page in which they are referred or within the following page. The notes below the figures or tables should be aimed to make these materials understandable without returning to the main text. Tables and Graphics should not be computer output and must fit to A4 paper size.3. Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 200-250 words both in English and Turkish. Extended abstract is not required for articles in English. The abstracts should concisely present the aim or the purpose of the study, the methodology, the results, and the conclusion remarks. The abstracts must not contain abbreviations or acronyms. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English.4. Submitted manuscripts must involve three JEL code (Journal of Economic Literature) at two digit level (i.e., Q11). For the JEL codes which should be chosen according to the subject of the manuscript, the JEL list given in the web address of <a href="http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html" target="_blank">http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html</a>  can be used.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title in English and Turkish, abstract in English and Turkish and keywords in English and Turkish; extended abstract (if the article is in Turkish), sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “Introduction”, “Aim and Methodology”, “Findings”, “Discussion and Conclusion”, “Endnotes” and “References”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “Introduction” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “Discussion and Conclusion” section followed by “Endnotes”, “References” and “Tables and Figures”.7. Submitted manuscript should contain Turkish and English title of the manuscript, Turkish and English abstracts, Turkish and English keywords, JEL Classification, the main body of the manuscript and references. All should be submitted in one 2007 word document.8. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8B20DEB62CBF403F814A12C0F208F32B" target="_blank">Title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and authors’ information (affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number and ORCID). See The Submission Checklist.9. The responsibility of the articles published in the Journal of Economic Policy Researches belongs to the author.10. In the manuscripts in Turkish, the orthography and writing rules of Turkish Language Association (TDK) should be followed. For detailed information, please go to the web site of TDK: <a href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/" target="_blank">www.tdk.gov.tr</a>. Instead of foreign words, usage of Turkish words should be preferred. In case of using new or unfamiliar Turkish words, the English equivalent can be provided in parenthesis in the first occurrence.11. All manuscripts submitted in English language, and all English parts of the Turkish manuscripts should be edited professionally before submission.  Apart from its content, some of the manuscripts which are poor in language usage are returned/ rejected.12. Communication regarding manuscript submission and evaluation procedure is done via e-mail.13. For information regarding citations and reference format, please see References section.

Author Guidelines

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained. Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economic Policy Researches - İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi complies with APA (American Psychological Association)  style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F5F89BC14F7B438A9F9868CB9C978265" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=titlepagetemplate_jepr.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8BFBB25D979E48EABE10B7FB4A99D013" target="_blank">Author Form</a><ul></ul>

Ensure that the following items are present:● Cover letter<ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>CV(s) of the author(s)</li><li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”. </li><li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li><li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F5F89BC14F7B438A9F9868CB9C978265" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>● Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=titlepagetemplate_jepr.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li><li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in Turkish and in English</li><li>Key words: 5 words both in Turkish and in English</li><li>JEL code: 3 JEL codes</li><li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (if the article is in Turkish)</li><li>Main article sections</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul>

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