Adem

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Hüsniye

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Even though the periods when the space was occupied by squatting in Turkey have now come to an end, the conversion of agricultural lands to different urban uses continues to a significant extent in the plains declared as “Agricultural Protected Area” such as Iğdır. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the historical change of population growth and distribution across the space as well as the periodic changes in the geographical appearance of the city of Iğdır, which was established in the south of the Iğdır plains. The problems associated with the growth and development of the city have been discussed from various perspectives with regard to the spatial change of the city. The historical and spatial development of the settlement in Iğdır was investigated across certain periods: 1828-1920, 1920- 1950, 1950-1990, and finally post-1990. This periodization was based on the historical, social, and economic developments, which had a profound effect on the region. First of all, different monographic sources (theses, articles, books, etc.) were reviewed to investigate the historical and urban development process of the settlement. Iğdır was a part of Russia until 1920, therefore the demographic statistics provided in the annals of the Кавказский Календарь (Caucasian Calendar) were used for the first period between 1828-1929. The population and demographic data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) were used for the years after 1927. Furthermore, the investigation for the purposes of the present study included various sources, such as travel books about Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) and its surroundings written in different centuries, books based on exploratory trips, official reports about Iğdır (especially subsequent to the establishment of modern Turkey), and biographies of public officials. Accordingly, a spatial development map and land use graphs of the settlement were produced based on long-term geographical observations, maps made in different years, and spatial analyzes of the satellite images of the study area. Satellite images taken on different dates and from different areas between 1977 and 2018 were used in the preparation of the abovementioned map and the graphs. There are a variety of problems in connection with spatial use in the city of Iğdır, similar to the other urban centers established on the agricultural plains, including the Bursa, Malatya, Adapazarı, Adana, and Samsun provinces in Turkey. Originally founded on fertile agricultural lands over the alluvial depressed plains, the Iğdır settlement maintained a limited spatial reach until the 1990s. However, especially after the 1990s, the population has increased rapidly, leading to the start of the spatial expansion, due to the migration of people mostly from rural areas and different provinces, including Ağrı and Kars. As a natural result thereof, new neighborhoods emerged and certain villages were integrated with the city. The push and pull factors in the rural areas and Iğdır, respectively, played an important role in the foregoing. Furthermore, the fertile agricultural areas have been transformed for new urban uses. In Iğdır, the ratio of residential areas has increased; it was approximately 3% in 1977, which increased to 6% in 1989, 11% in 2000, 23% in 2010, and approximately 24% in 2018. The fertile agricultural lands were forsaken for the benefit of housing, service, recreation, and other uses. As a natural result thereof, the geographical appearance of Iğdır, which was known as “Green Iğdır,” has started to change significantly. In conclusion, the spatial expansion and population growth in the city of Iğdır, located in the south of the plain, continues unabated with the effect of various dynamics, despite the fact that the Iğdır Plain was declared as a “great plain conservation area” in 2016 upon the decision of the Council of Ministers.&nbsp;

Urban Development and Spatial Changes in Iğdır

Burak

Arzu

Prof. Dr.

Many environmental concerns arise as the world’s population grows, as well as the natural repercussions of urbanization, industrialization, and the increase in the number of vehicles. Air pollution is one of the most serious of these issues. Air pollution emissions are rising as a result of both human and natural forces. Air pollution not only causes diseases and deaths in humans, but it also harms the ecosystem and other living creatures. To reduce and prevent the effects of air pollution on individuals, it is critical to monitor and assess air pollution. The goal of this study was to look at the seasonal, temporal, and spatial changes in air pollution. The change in air pollution in the city of Kocaeli was evaluated for this purpose by studying the years 2008, 2014, and 2019. Kocaeli, which is located in the Marmara Region, was focused on because it is one of Turkey’s most important industrial cities. The study examined the PM10 and SO2 air contaminants. The concentration values of pollutant parameters in the form of hourly and daily averages from stations in certain regions of the cities are presented via the website thanks to the national air quality monitoring network established by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change of the Republic of Turkey. Data on the PM10 and SO2 concentrations for Kocaeli were obtained as an hourly average from 12 stations which measure Kocaeli, via the national air quality monitoring network. The data produced has been presented as hourly averages, daily averages, monthly averages, and finally seasonal averages. For those places where measurements could not be made from the available data, the interpolation approach was used to generate concentration values. One of the interpolation methods employed was the inverse distance weighted technique (IDW). Pollution maps for the winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons of 2008, 2014, and 2019 were produced for Kocaeli by providing data continuity with the produced values. For a simplified reading of the maps, the values of the same season of each year were reclassified with the same concentration ranges. The change in air pollution in Kocaeli from 2008 to 2019 may be easily interpreted with these maps. The maps were compared to the European Union’s and nationally-determined pollutant limit values. Temporal variation maps were produced using geographic information systems technology and overlay analysis. Via overlay analysis, arithmetic operations can be carried out between data in two raster forms. Variation maps were obtained by extracting the 2008 map from the 2014 map and the 2014 map from the 2019 map. The variation maps include negative and positive values where negative pixel values and positive pixel values indicate the concentration value has been reduced or increased respectively as a result of this process. As a result, using the newly constructed maps, 2014 was rated according to 2008, and 2019 was rated according to 2014. The locations where the concentration rose or decreased from 2008 were identified in 2014. Similarly, regions, where concentrations rose or fell in 2019 compared to 2014, were identified. Although there was a general decline in concentration values from 2008 to 2019, it was discovered that some places exceeded the European Union and national pollutant concentration limit values in 2019. The PM10 limit of 40 µg/m3 was surpassed in 156188.50 hectares in the winter, 186623.25 hectares in the spring, 490.75 hectares in the summer, and 135603 hectares in the autumn of 2019. The SO2 parameter in 2019 exceeded the 20 µg/m3 limit value calculated on an area of 2799.5 hectares only in the autumn season, according to the findings. With this study, it was demonstrated that GIS technology can be used to detect the temporal and spatial variations in air pollution and that the maps developed may be used to plan for air pollution prevention, take required precautions, and improve inspections.&nbsp;

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Main Air Pollutants and Their Concentrations in Relation  to Meteorological Conditions in the Industrialized City of Kocaeli

Semra

Assoc. Prof.

With the increase in average global temperatures observed since the beginning of the 20th Century, an increase has reportedly been observed in the vegetation periods in the medium and higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The changes in the vegetation growth season (phenology) are crucial factors that help us understand the reactions to climate change shown by terrestrial ecosystems, which in turn could help us understand changes in ecosystem dynamics in the future. This is why the vegetation period, the start and end dates, and the changes and trends in them need to be investigated. Although many studies have been made in Turkey examining global warming, climate change, and their impact, particularly in recent years, with their results predicting changes in vegetation periods, very few studies have been made that directly examine the vegetation period, trends and changes in its start and end dates, and their connection with climate change. Our study aims, therefore, to reveal the changes and trends in the vegetation periods in the Aegean Region, changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start and end dates, and their connection with average temperatures. To do this, the author obtained average daily temperature figures recorded by 12 selected meteorology stations in the Aegean Region for the period between 1960 and 2019 from the Turkish State Meteorological Service. The study considered temperatures of 5°C and 8°C as the threshold values for determining the vegetation periods and included those days when the average daily temperature was an uninterrupted 5/8°C or higher in the study. The start and end dates of vegetation periods have been determined. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the year-long changes and trends in both the vegetation periods and the beginning and ending dates of the vegetation period, and to test their statistical significance. The non-parametric Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship between the average temperatures in the study area and the vegetation period, as well as the changes in the beginning-end dates of the vegetation period. Based on the temperature thresholds in the Aegean Region, the shortest average vegetation period at 5o C was observed in Kütahya (200 days) and the longest being in Izmir (305 days). At 8o C, the shortest average period was again in Kütahya (170 days) and longest in Muğla (277 days). On examination of the timelines of the 12 meteorological stations for the vegetation periods at the 5o C threshold value, all stations appeared to show an upward trend in vegetation periods. According to the Mann-Kendal test, this upward trend was significant in Akhisar, Bergama, Denizli, Izmir, and Ödemiş, with 95% probability (α=.05). There was a statistically non-significant upward trend seen at the other stations. At the 8o C threshold value, an upward trend was observed in Afyon, Denizli, İzmir, and Kütahya, again with a 95% probability (α=.05), while a statistically non-significant upward trend was found at the other stations. The data from the 12 meteorological stations in the Aegean Region included in the study showed that at the 5o C threshold value, the vegetation period began on average on March 12 (day 71) and ended on average on November 27 (day 331). When we examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start dates (at the 5o C threshold value), we see that the vegetation period in the Aegean Region has begun on average four days earlier (March 8, day 67) over the past 30 years. According to the Mann-Kendal test, these changes in the start date of the vegetation period are statistically significant. When we then examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period end dates, we see that this has been occurring a day late (November 28, day 332) over the past 30 years, but this change is not statistically significant. In conclusion, the vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 5o C threshold value is now five days longer on average. The vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value begins on March 31 (day 90) and ends on average on November 14 (day 318). When analyzing these changes and trends, we again notice a statistically significant change and trend in the vegetation period start dates and no statistically significant change or trend in the end dates. In conclusion, going by the long annual average for the past 30 years, we found that the vegetation period starts two days early and ends two days late. This shows that the vegetation in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value is now four days longer on average.&nbsp;

Changes and Trends in the Vegetation Period and the Start and End Dates of the Vegetation  Period in the Aegean Region

İhsan

Berna

Metehan

The district of Dosemealti is located in the Mediterranean Region, north of the city of Antalya, between 36° north latitude and 30° east longitude. The district is bounded on all sides by the Western Taurus Mountains, and the Dosemealti Plain has a slightly rugged terrain in the north and west. The Kirkgoz spring water is the most important water source in the area.The research area’s vegetation consists of a forested area surrounded by pine trees. It has the province’s richest forest areas in terms of plant and tree species, as well as fauna. In terms of climate, the research area is dominated by the Mediterranean climate, which has hot summers and rainy, warm winters. However, due to average temperature differences of 4-5 degrees Celsius compared to the city center of Antalya, it has slightly cooler air and lower humidity. Although plateau climatic qualities are not effective in general, some towns, such as Dagbeli, have plateau climate characteristics.Cotton, olive, wheat, barley, corn, oat, sesame, onion, citrus, and other types of vegetables and fruits have been the source of livelihood in the research area, which has had an agriculture-based economy for many years. Ovine and cattle breeding, as well as Dosemealti carpet weaving, provide additional income. However, because the region has been zoned today, agricultural lands have been reduced, and with the establishment of the Organized Industrial Zone, the workforce has migrated in this direction.Rural settlements and housing are one of the most controversial problems in human geography, with definitions, names, and characteristics that vary little over lengthy time periods, yet greatly over short distances. Rural settlements and housing with similar purposes and qualities can occasionally be found with small differences in naming from region to region. Turkey serves as an excellent example in this regard. These distinctions should be documented in the literature with local studies to be conducted.The hovel settlements in the research area are one of the most important examples. Shepherd’s huts, also known as “hovels”,’ are structures that are used year round and are built in locations where grasslands are widespread, similar to corrals in other parts of Turkey, far from agricultural areas outside the villages, and used in order to rear sheep and cow. The aim of this study is to illustrate how people’s relationships with the natural and cultural surroundings are represented in the settlements and dwellings by evaluating the general characteristics of the hovel settlements. In the field studies conducted, it has been determined that the local residents’ knowledge of the local geography, and the cultural accumulation and experience from the past have been effective in the functional characteristics of the “hovel” settlements, the factors influencing the selection of the establishment site and the materials preferred during the construction phase.The study used qualitative research methodologies, including field research, interviews, and document analysis. Between November 2020 and September 2021, visits were made to monitor how the “hovels” were made, where they were placed, and how much attention was paid during these trips. Hovel owners who have active in cattle breeding for a long time were interviewed. The function of the parts that make up the hovels, as well as how they were made and with what materials, were explained in light of their regional names.The study emphasizes recommendations for solutions to the problems determined in the hovel settlements. It is critical to develop incentive investments and projects in order to maintain local livestock, which is one of the fundamental dynamics of rural development, to develop and protect their socioeconomic and socio-cultural characteristics, and to protect and evaluate cultural heritage in rural tourism.

An Evaluation of Ovine Shelters and Hovels in terms of Settlement and Rural Housing in Dosemealti District of Antalya

Fatih

Orhan

In hydrologic modelling, precipitation is an important component in maintaining the atmospheric balance. The magnitude of precipitation has been intensified in most regions of the world by the recent global warming caused by the water content increase in the atmosphere as indicated by both climate model simulations and observations. Consequently, precipitation values higher than all previously observed extreme precipitation values are also increasing with climate change. This situation makes it more important than ever to predict extreme weather events with the worldwide increase in the frequency and intensity of water-related disasters like floods and droughts and dwindling water supplies. Gaining knowledge of the climate variation and predicting the probable extreme precipitation values is also very essential in efficiently preventing potential natural disasters. Proper design of water structures and prevention of loss of lives and environmental damages are directly associated with accurate calculation of design rainfall. Due to these reasons, hydrological design and water resources management studies should consider the changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes. A two-dimensional periodic behavior is generally observed in hydrologic data because of the seasonality associated with the hydrologic cycle. Precipitation generally shows significant variations throughout the year, but the observations in the sub-periods (months, seasons, etc.) tend to be in a definite range. In Turkey, minimum precipitations are generally observed in July-September (summer) period varying in a low range while the highest precipitations are experienced within the November-January (winter) period. The uncertain, nonstationary and sometimes chaotic behavior of precipitation makes the observation, quantification, estimation and forecasting of precipitation challenging even though the behavior is generally seasonal. Polynomial regression is a powerful tool that can be used to describe trend curves to model complicated patterns of sorted temporal data. It can be visually observed that the time series graphs of sorted monthly total precipitation series generally depict a nonlinear behavior and the slope of the curve always increases towards the higher values. As a result, polynomial regression was selected as the method to estimate the future extreme values based on this property of sorted precipitation series. In this study, future extreme precipitations were predicted for each month of the year at a 95% confidence level by using the precipitation data of 66 stations in Turkey. In the context of the developed method, the observed precipitations of each station for each month are sorted in ascending order and the best polynomial fitting to the data is determined, then the expected extreme precipitation values higher than all previous observations are determined by extrapolation. The prediction bounds for each monthly series are determined by using a 95% confidence level. The observations are located on two-dimensional matrices where months are in rows. The results of the software developed for predicting the expected maximum precipitation values by determining the degrees and coefficients of the best-fitting polynomials for each month at each station show the months and regions at risk of extreme precipitation and flooding. The forecasted extreme precipitation values have values exceeding all previous observations and provide crucial information, especially for consideration in water resource management projects. Also, maps showing the predicted monthly extreme precipitation events throughout Turkey were generated for each month. The presented method has a flexible structure in that new observations can be easily appended to the existing input dataset and the best-fitting polynomials might be updated accordingly. This allows for consideration of non-stationary precipitation series. According to the obtained results, excessive precipitation might be expected in the Aegean and Mediterranean shorelines in January, February and March; in the Western Mediterranean in April; in Hatay, Ağrı and the Western Black Sea Region in June; in Hatay, Hakkari, Western Black Sea and Northern Marmara Regions in July, in Istanbul, Mid- and Western Black Sea and Southern Marmara Regions in August; in Marmara and Western Aegean Regions in September; in Marmara, Western Aegean and Western Mediterranean Regions in October and western Marmara, Aegean and the whole Mediterranean Regions in November and December. These findings provide important temporal and spatial estimations of extreme precipitation events in Turkey. One of the precipitation events confirming the results of the study occurred on August 10th-11th, 2021 in Bartın (Western Black Sea Region) which was recorded as an all-time high event. The PolReg software developed as part of the study is freely presented together with the manuscript to readers of the journal.&nbsp;

Prediction of Maximum Precipitation in Turkey with Polynomial Regression

Betül

Hurşit

Sedat

Migration, that is the process of replacement in terms of location, is based on political, economic, cultural and social reasons. Climate change and variability is also one of these reasons. Especially since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gases, the concentration of which has increased in the atmosphere, have caused significant changes in climate events on both the global and local scales. This in turn leads to migrations and conflicts in places which are underdeveloped and vulnerable to climate changes. While climate-related migration has been an ongoing process that started long ago, its effects have increased because of the rising pressure of global warming today.The aim of this study is to present the effect of climate change and variability on the issue of migration, which has a very complex and dynamic structure. Moreover, another aim is to explain that this situation is a factor that can start armed conflicts in disadvantaged areas like the Middle East as its unstable climate forms a threat to food, agriculture and water security. The study also addresses the negative effects of drought on socio-economic activities that emerged in Diyarbakır and Siverek in southeast Turkey between 2007-2010. The towns of Siverek (in the Şanlıurfa province) and Diyarbakır, which are located in Southeast Turkey, are among the regions at risk in terms of the potential negative effects of global warming. The fact that water sources are weak in many parts of the region decreases its biological productivity and causes ecological deterioration. Due to their vulnerability to climate change and variability, Diyarbakır and Siverek are the main focus areas of this study.&nbsp;For this study, academic articles, international conference outputs and research reports were examined and an extensive literature review was conducted. Drought analysis was performed with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) using the monthly rainfall data of Siverek and Diyarbakır stations from General Directorate of Meteorology. In the study area, data of population and livestock farming from Turkish Statistic Institute (TÜİK-2020) were used in order to demonstrate whether there were any changes in demographic and economic features related to the drought.&nbsp;One of the most important results of climate change and variability is drought, especially for countries with limited access to fresh water. While this process puts the security of food production at risk, the degree to which it can cause direct conflicts and migration remains controversial. However, the indirect effects of drought cannot be ignored. The results of related studies conforms with this situation. For instance, the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC indicated that the effect of climate change on migration is intenser and faster compared to previous expectations. Moreover, in the World Bank Groundswell Part 2 report (2021), it is expected that by 2050, 216 million people will experience internal migration due to climate change-related reasons.&nbsp;The losses in agricultural lands and the decrease in biological productivity due to drought has a higher effect on societies living under the pressure of conflicts and anti-democratic governments. For example, although it is debatable whether there is a relationship between the severe drought that took place between the years 2007 and 2010 and the ‘Arab Spring’ that started in North Africa in 2010, and the civil war that broke out in Syria in 2011, the internal migration triggered by the drought process in Syria and accordingly, the increasing population pressure in the immigration-receiving cities has been accepted as an indirect contributing factor to the conflicts. In other words, areas experiencing climatic stress and drought are likely to fuel anti-government protests.Turkey experiences the negative effects of climate change and drought from time to time in its semi-arid regions. Especially Siverek and Diyarbakır experienced widespread severe meteorological drought in 2007-2008. According to the results of statistical analysis, it was observed that the annual total precipitation in 2007 and 2008 occurred at the α=0.05 statistical significance level, well below the lower confidence limit. In addition, according to the drought analysis made by calculating the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), it was determined that very severe and extraordinary droughts were experienced in Siverek and Diyarbakır in 2008/2009. The livestock sector, which has an important economic return in the region, was also greatly adversely affected by these dry years and sharp decreases were experienced in the number of animals. The population and population growth rates in Siverek and the rural settlements of Diyarbakır are examined by years, as a result, it has been determined that there was an abrupt change in the years 2007-2008. In the same period, there were sudden increases in the population and population growth rate of Diyarbakır. This demonstrates the rural-to-urban migration caused by the drought.&nbsp;In conclusion, climate change and variability undoubtedly cause migration and this trend will continue in the upcoming decades. However, data from unstable regions often contain contradictions and therefore should be analyzed carefully. Numerical analysis and evaluations are difficult to perform in this situation. Consequently, although it is not yet known to what extent a severe and prolonged drought that triggered internal migration may have contributed to the civil war, it is obvious that it had indirect effects.&nbsp;

The Role of Climate Change and Variability on Local Migration And Conflict:  The Case of Siverek-Diyarbakır (Karacadağ Territory)

Pelin

Ebru

When considering the European Union’s (EU) current principles regarding rural development policies, a paradigm shift has clearly occurred in rural development. As the world changes, rural areas are no longer just seen as areas where agricultural activities are primarily done but as areas that have evolved to fulfill the demands of consumers living in urban areas and places where relevant economic activities are performed. The EU has various support programs within this scope for both candidate and member countries, one of these being Component V of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), which was designed to implement rural development and is known as Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance on Rural Development (IPARD) supports. The IPARD program aims to overcome imbalance between regions by diversifying and improving economic activities in rural areas, to inhibit migration from rural areas to urban areas, to improve quality of life, and to also assume EU Acquis in rural areas (Mehter Aykın &amp; Gürsoy, 2011).Türkiye has been an EU candidate since 1999 and thus can benefit from the funds and supports the EU has generated for candidate countries. IPARD applications in Türkiye are run by the Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (ARDSI), which was established in 2007 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. This program takes into account criteria such as GDPs, immigration rates, economic assets of rural areas, geographical properties (Uçar &amp; Vuran, 2016; Özkul &amp; Bozkurt, 2019) and has chosen 42 of the 81 cities in Türkiye as beneficiaries of IPARD grants. ARDSI allows IPARD funds to be utilized through invitations to projects it periodically determines. The data analysis shows 12,989 projects in Türkiye to have been supported as part of IPARD between 2011-2020.The aim of the article is to analyze how the EU’s IPARD program, which came into effect in 2007, is utilized in candidate countries and to investigate homogeneity by studying the distribution of grant amounts and grant regions in Türkiye. In this context, the article focuses mainly on answering two questions. Firstly, the study inquires into how the grants that are given as part of IPARD are distributed in terms of amount and location in Türkiye and then analyzes all the IPARD I (2011-2015) and IPARD II (2016-2020) projects. Secondly, the article investigates whether or not inequalities exist in terms of the distribution of and access to IPARD grants. To answer these problems, the study first conducts a literature review of the IPARD supports before using quantitative research techniques to compile and analyze the data obtained from ARDSI regarding the approved IPARD I (2011-2015) and IPARD II (2016-2020) projects.This study’s analysis of how the supports are distributed shows that a focus to occur on certain cities and subjects. Predominantly only cities’ powerful sectors are supported, and not all cities benefit the same amount regarding access to the program. Another point to consider is that people with a certain level of education are the ones who access these grants, as most locals are unaware that such grants even exist. In addition, being able to write a project proposal is critical for accessing these grants. At this point, the study recommends forming and customizing a solution with the help of local actors to be key rather than just heading in one certain direction. In other words, IPARD grants are important tools for rural development, and innovative solutions are needed to stop them from causing other inequalities among regions. Meanwhile, when examining the types and distribution of the supports, the supports provided to individual initiatives that fail to develop a local holistic rural approach may cause inequalities in that rural region as well as between regions. Therefore, the primary focus should be on local development strategies. In conclusion, this paper argues that IPARD grants on their own are insufficient for rural development and that the existence of such grants triggers local initiatives regionally.&nbsp;

Examining the Spatial Distribution of IPARD II Supports for Agriculture and Rural Development in Türkiye

Mucip

Determining where to install solar panels and power plants is a very complex and difficult to analyze spatial decision-making problem series. In order to solve this series of problems, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods integrated into Geographic Information Systems software have been preferred in recent years.&nbsp;In the research, raster and vector format raw data were obtained from various open sources for the AHP analysis of the determined criteria that affect the location selection of areas with solar energy production potential in Kars province. Based on the results, the potential areas for solar energy installation in the Kars province were determined in the GIS environment.In line with the main purpose of the research, seven main criteria were determined by considering the literature studies and the results of the projects implemented in the research field. A preliminary decision questionnaire was created by using an importance scale with values ranging from 1 to 9, suggested by Saaty for AHP analysis based on binary mixing among the determined criteria. This decision questionnaire was submitted to the scoring of three expert decision makers who carried out implementation projects in the field, and the final decision weight questionnaire was created by taking the averages of the results obtained. By applying this questionnaire on the interactive software developed by Goepel, a pairwise comparison matrix was created and thus the weights of the research criteria were determined.&nbsp;The consistency rate of the criteria considered for the study was calculated as CR = 0,061 and the (CR) baseline for such studies is below the 0,1 limit value. This shows that the research is appropriate in terms of reliability and pairwise comparisons are acceptable. As a result of the pairwise comparison matrix, it was determined that the Land Cover and Use Condition criterion had the highest weight with 35.3 % and the temperature criterion with the lowest weight with 2.4 % for Kars province.According to the results, an area of 54,581 km2 is very suitable for solar power plant installation in the Kars province, and these lands constitute 55 % of the province’s surface area with a total surface area of 10,193 km2 . Most of the provincial land is reserved for agriculture and animal husbandry activities. Although it consists of high class soils, the amount of areas where solar power plants can be established is significantly high due to the low slope of the land and the possibility of establishing facilities in meadow and pasture areas.1048 km2 , constituting 10 % of the 9860 km2 area, which has the potential for the establishment of solar power plants in the Kars province, is very suitable, 44.2 % of it is suitable 4480 km2 of which 44.2 % is suitable, 4332 km2 of which 42.8 % is less suitable, and 263 km2 of which 2.7 % is unsuitable.The lands that have the potential for solar power plant installation in the Kars province show a heterogeneous distribution, and most of the lands with this feature are located in the Aras valley within the borders of the Kağızman district, where the relatively sloping lands of the province are located and the energy transmission lines are concentrated.Since there are 8 district centers and 383 village settlements in the Kars province and these settlements show a homogeneous distribution, energy transmission lines also show a very homogeneous and frequent distribution in accordance with this distribution. Due to this situation, the distribution of energy transmission lines does not constitute a restriction in the location selection of solar power plants to be built in Kars.54,581 km2 , constituting 55 % of Kars province’s surface area, has a very suitable and suitable potential for solar power plant installation. However, this potential is almost never used, since only autoproducer commercial enterprises are allowed to be produced by EIAS, except for residential roof applications.According to the Soil Conservation and Land Use Law No. 5403, “for solar energy production; absolute agricultural lands, special crop lands, planted agricultural lands, irrigated agricultural lands, irrigated-dry I, II, III, IV. Class agricultural lands and the surrounding lands should not cover the areas that disrupt the integrity of agricultural use”. The majority of the lands found to be suitable for GES installation in this research conducted for the province of Kars, taking this provision as a criterion; pastures, natural meadows, sparsely vegetated lands. Despite this, in these areas where livestock activities are carried out in the province, based on natural and economic realities, the installation of SPP is not very suitable. For this reason, it is thought that it would be more appropriate to continue the SPP production in the province with panels to be installed on the roofs of industrial facilities and residences.

Determination of Areas with Solar Power Plant Installation Potential in Kars Province by Using GIS Analysis and AHP Method

Serhat

Res. Assist.

Taner

Countries need access to and use of digital technology in order to transition from traditional industrial society to the information society. Societies deprived of the possibilities of this technology are doomed to stay out of the developed world system. Although the exclusion in question has tried to be explained by socio-economic structure and cultural reasons, the root of the problem is based in geography. While the most obvious geographical dimension is the global digital divide, which represents the gap between developed and developing countries, persistent digital inequalities exist even within developed countries. The global digital divide was examined in the early 2010s with subscription criterion to the Internet. Although the Internet spread to the less developed parts of the world towards the 2020s, the digital divide has not been resolved. Digital inequalities are increasing as today’s digital economy and digital entertainment require high-speed Internet and high-performance computers. A similar gap exists between cities, between the rural and the urban, and between regions and genders. In order to reveal these digital inequalities, it is necessary to refer to criteria such as fixed broadband internet connection, internet speed, fibre connection subscription and computer access. In order to contribute to the gap in the literature, this study aims to reveal the geographical digital gap in Turkey, which targets Industry 4.0, based on global digital differences. This article aims to map the geographical digital divide in Turkey by using data about internet access, internet speed, computer ownership, and internet cafe access from the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, TurkStat, Speedtest, Information Technologies and Communications Authority, and Google Earth. As a result of the findings, four geographical dimensions of the digital divide in Turkey have been reached. First, in the global digital divide, Western European and North American countries have developed digital infrastructure, while developing countries such as Turkey fall short in fibre connection and fixed broadband internet. Secondly, there are sharp digital disparities between cities in west and east Turkey. Third, the difference in digital development between cities also exists between regions. While Internet and computer access is high especially in industrialized cities, internet speed is very low in rural areas. Finally, in the eastern regions where education levels are lower, women’s access to computers is extremely inadequate compared to men. The low level of education, income and social life quality of the provinces, especially in the Eastern Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions, is also reflected in the digital divide. As a result, in Turkey, which is behind developed countries in digitalization, there are increasing digital inequalities between urban-rural and regions due to insufficient infrastructure and income. The fact that women have less access to digital technology compared to men shows that the digital divide problem in Turkey has not only an economic but also a cultural dimension. The results of this study show that the geographic digital divide is not only caused by low income levels, but can occur within cultural boundaries as well. This is particularly evident in the eastern regions, where women’s digital participation rates are low and women have limited access to the public sphere. Finally, it is clear that geography still matters in digitization. Access to quality Internet and computers is deeply conditioned by one’s location, and this is a reflection of wealth and power relations. The long-standing hierarchy of core and periphery is also very evident in cyberspace, as is the gap between developed and less developed countries or cities and rural areas. Many factors combine to produce the unequal spatiality of digital transformation. Differences in income, education, gender relations and telecommunications policies inevitably create a multi-scale geography of cyberspace. At this point, digitalization turns into a crucial social development problem as both the cause and the result of the unequal geographical order. National policies are needed in order to not exacerbate the inequalities brought by digitalization to the social inequalities that lie in issues such as economy, education, culture and social life. Otherwise, the unequal geographical texture of digitization may deepen inequalities in other areas. Moreover, this article contains innovations for the field of geography. The importance of geographical research and techniques in addressing social problems has also been demonstrated by addressing the issue of digitalization in Turkey for the first time from a geographical perspective. For further studies between geography and digitalization, quantitative and qualitative research methods can be developed on the basis of intra-city districts and neighbourhoods.&nbsp;

The Geographical Digital Divide: Urban-Rural, Regional and Gender Inequalities of Digital  Transformation in Turkey

Dilek

Şakir

Serkan

Yunus

Res. Assist. Dr.

The Havran Lagoon, an ecologically valuable wetland covering an area of approximately 1 km2, is located at the mouth of the Havran Stream, the Havran district of Balıkesir, on the Aegean Sea coast. The lagoon is open to the anthropogenic effects of the Havran Stream basin and the coastal region. The Edremit–Havran region is characterized by intensive agriculture, industry, and settlement activities. There are agricultural areas dedicated to olive, citrus, and pulse production, as well as factories processing olive products, solvent factories, and mines around the lagoon and in the Havran Stream basin. Summer residences, which have increased rapidly in recent years, have surrounded the lagoon. This study hypothesized that increased anthropogenic activities in the region would cause ecological risk by increasing the metal accumulation in the lagoon sediments.The study aimed to investigate the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution in the lagoon sediments as a result of the rapidly expanding agriculture, tourism, settlement, mining, and other industrial activities in the region. In this context, a 34 cm-long core was obtained and divided into 2 cm slices. Then, chlorophyll degradation products (CDP) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis were performed to determine their role in the transport processes of the elements. Elemental analyzes were performed with ICP-MS at the Bureau Veritas Analytical Laboratory, Canada. The natural/anthropogenic sources of the elements were determined using the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The toxic risk index (TRI), ecological (mER), and potential ecological risk (mPER) indices were used for ecological risk assessment. Elemental sources were identified by multivariate statistical analyzes and GIS-supported land use maps.The average concentrations of the elements (ppm) were as follows: Fe (25700) &gt; Al (15000) &gt; Mn (980) &gt; Ti (500) &gt; Zn (60) &gt; Cu (33) &gt; Pb (32) &gt; Cr (31) &gt; As (27) &gt; Ni (22) &gt; Mo (2) &gt; Cd (0,18) &gt; Hg (0,05). According to mean values, the enrichment factor for the elements is in a decreasing order of: As (2.31) &gt; Cd (1.92) &gt; Ti (1.58) &gt; Mn (1.57) &gt; Mo (1.53) &gt; Fe (1.16) &gt; Hg (1.09) &gt; Cr (1.03) &gt; Pb (0.99) &gt; Zn (0.96) &gt; Ni (0.95) &gt; Cu (0.92) &gt; Al (0.90). Based on mean data, As shows moderate enrichment. However, the minimum and maximum values reveal that Mo, Ti, Mn, and Cd were moderately enriched and As was significantly enriched in different parts of the core, suggesting that these specific elements were affected by anthropogenic activities.The toxic risk index data was shown to be at a moderate level due to high As contamination in the deep part of core. The toxic risk index values also decreased due to the decreasing As concentration on the surface of the core. According to the mean data, the toxic risk in the lagoon was low. As was identified to be responsible for 51.33% of the toxic risk in the lagoon, while Ni explained 12.35% of the toxic risk.The following values were obtained based on mean values of ecological risk analysis (mER) data: Cd (57.48) &gt; Hg (43.79) &gt; As (23.08) &gt; Cu (7.66) &gt; Pb (4.58) &gt; Ni (4.81) &gt; Cr (2.06) &gt; Mn (1.02) &gt; Zn (0.99). According to these data, Hg and Cd account for a moderate ecological risk, while the other elements did not. According to the potential ecological risk index data, there was a moderate ecological risk hazard in the lagoon. The agricultural lands make up an important area in the river basin. The increases in mER values are thought to be related to the fertilizers used in agricultural areas.Findings of the research indicated that Havran Lagoon has experienced ecological problems in terms of Mo, As, Tiand Hg due to discharges in the past years. Today, Mn and Cd produce moderate enrichment and continue to pose an ecological threat. Cd especially causes a moderateto-significant ecological risk in the lagoon due to its high toxic effect. In addition, the rapidly increasing CDP and TOC concentration in recent years indicate organic pollution. In order to eliminate this risk, discharge of organic pollutants into the lagoon ecosystem should be prevented.Increasing primary production indicators towards the surface of the core indicate that domestic waste inputs are increasing. Preventive measures should be taken to prevent the input of domestic waste. It is recommended to take the necessary measures to control the increase in elements associated with agricultural activities carried out in the region.

Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)

Hasan

Prof.

Abdullah

Flood hazard analysis is obtained by evaluating flood depths and velocity because combining these two features of floods increases the hazard size for people and structures. To obtain the depth and velocity of the flood water most accurately, the surface topography and the structures should be represented in the base data. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which contain this information, are the primary data used in the hydraulic modelling of floods and checking their accuracy. The present study aims to reveal the variability of the hazard at the base of the Ulus settlement (Bartın) by performing flood hazard analyses with different source and resolution DEMs, which are used in global and local scale studies as primary input data. For this purpose, DEM data, discharge data, and hydrodynamic model selection constitute the main components of the study. Six different data sets with different resolutions were used in this study. These are: MERIT DEM (90m), FABDEM (30m), TopoDEM (10m), DEM5 (5m), LiDAR DEM (1m), and UAV DEM (0.1m). The first two of these datasets (MERIT and FABDEM) are global datasets produced by Yamazaki et al. (2017) and Hawker et al. (2022), respectively. TopoDEM and DEM5 are national datasets, while LiDAR and UAV data are produced by project-based high-resolution data. The TopoDEM was generated from topographic contours scaled at 1:25000 using the TopotoRaster function in ArcGIS Pro. The DEM5 data was produced by the General Directorate of Mapping from the stereo photos taken in 2013, with ±3m vertical accuracy. The LiDAR and UAV data generation steps are provided in Figures 4 and 5. Since there is no gauge data in each tributary converging in the Ulus settlement, the SWAT (The Soil &amp; Water Assessment Tool) model was used to obtain the data to simulate the hydraulic model. The SWAT rainfall-runoff model is a physical-based and semidistributed model and overlays the digital elevation model (DEM), land-use, soil, and slope to obtain the Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) level and force the model via weather data based on the water balance equation at HRU. The precipitation (mm), minimum/ maximum temperature (o C), and relative humidity (%) of the Ulus weather station (17615) between 1970 and 2020 and the gauge data of Emirce-Ulus station (D13A088) between 2016 and 2020 were used in the model (Figure 1). The sensitive parameters model was manually calibrated based on the suggestion of Abbaspour et al. (2015), with the NSE value being found to be 0.3 on a daily scale, which is sufficient to use in the model. For steady flow simulation, the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution includes three distributions. Namely, Gumbel, Frèchet, and Weibull were fitted to simulate each probability (return period) based on the annual maximum series (AMAX). Finally, the 500-year flow data was produced for the steady-state flow simulations (Fig. 6). We ran simulations for the 500-year flow data for four main tributaries using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model LISFLOODFP to produce flood depth and velocity data. While modeling is done by distributing the 500-year flow of river tributaries to the back of the basin with Shreve order (1966) in MERIT, FABDEM, TopoDEM, and DEM5 data. The LiDAR and UAV DEMs-based modeling was performed with point-source flow data about 1 km behind the Ulus settlement. The results indicate that flood modeling studies, especially in areas where settlements spread up to the upper basins, are best to make modeling studies and hazard analyses involving the river networks in the entire basin instead of settlement based. However, the cost of acquiring data and difficulties and increases in computational power from low resolution to high resolution in flood modeling (Table 1) make it difficult to carry out these studies with high resolution across the entire basin. The flood extent of the 500-year flow has decreased 50% from the MERIT to the UAV data (Figure 9). Although the maximum depth values vary between 4.4 and 7.7 m, the increase in maximum velocity is more due to the increase in resolution. The high flood hazard class is distributed over a large area in flood hazard analyses, based on MERIT, FABDEM, and TopoDEM data with low resolution and no riverbed form. In the DEM5, LiDAR, and UAV data, where the bed form started to occur, there was a decrease of up to 50% in the areal distributions of this class. This situation has made the number of buildings exposed to floods and intervention more acceptable in the building-based flood hazard analysis, especially in the very high hazard class, from 152 buildings in the MERIT data to 2 and 0 buildings in the LiDAR and UAV data, respectively (Figure 10). As a result, flood hazard analyses vary depending on the area to be studied, the data detail, and computational power. It should not be forgotten that the results will vary depending on the characteristics of the projects or academic research and that evaluations and risk studies should be carried out within the resolution framework.&nbsp;

The Effects of Spatial Resolution Variability of Digital Elevation Models on Flood Hazard  Analysis

Neslihan

Öğretim Görevlisi

Tolga

Uncertainties Related to Scale and Sampling Window Size in Defining Macro Landforms

Barbaros

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

İsmet

Assist. Prof.

Merve

Burcu

Mehmet

A Bibliometric Analysis of Mountain Research Literature on Journal of Mountain Research and Development: Current Situation and Future Directions

Yasin

Cemile

Koray

Slow City and Tourism Coexistence

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Gülcan

Kadir

Yolcu

There is a common rhetoric among those who have been living in Istanbul for a relatively long time: these areas used to be fields or swamps. This sentence is of key importance in making sense of the urban development of Istanbul. Indeed, the inclusion of a new district or municipality in the urban area in Istanbul can happen in only a short period of time in a human lifetime. For these areas, the beginning of the story often happens in a similar way and for similar reasons. Intense migration, industrialization and informal settlement are the most frequent reasons. However, as the narrative progresses, different processes and conclusions for each place are listed one after the other. This is reflected above all in the spatial fabric of the related sites. Therefore, the analysis of the fabric of the city is very important for interpreting both the development of these areas and their current problems. With this approach this study focuses on Bağcılar, a settlement area with one of the most problematic spatial structures in the urban area of Istanbul.&nbsp;In this context, two different data sources have been used in the study. The first source is comprised of images with sub-meter resolution obtained by remote sensing techniques. They provide an adequate framework for an object-oriented interpretation of the city’s texture and evolution. The second data type is comprised of positional information of recently closed and currently existing enterprises. The enterprises have been spatially coded and the representative texture of both closed and existing enterprises have been analyzed. Thus, the association between the perceived shape of the city from a given height and the utilization under that structure has been established.&nbsp;The findings of the study can be collected under four different categories. The first is that the oil stain growth, which has been the basic course of development in Istanbul until this period, has been relatively ineffective in Bağcılar. The development of the Bağcılar urban area initially started in the form of sprawling. Every area in the district was covered with buildings within a short time, so much so that in many places the land cover is comprised only of buildings and roads. Therefore, the phenomenon of sprawling is limited to a short-term effect. The second category includes change in the forms of housing presentation and their asymmetrical appearance. Gecekondu, which were widespread in the urban area of Istanbul until the 1980s, have been partially interrupted in Bağcılar and replaced by apartment buildings. At the beginning of the 2000s, luxury housing presentation forms became widespread in the district. Some stand side by side and are often in zoned areas for various sectors, while others are found irregularly dispersed among industrial plants. When they all converge, spatial conflicts increase. The third is the transformation observed in various parts of the city in recent years, especially in large industrial buildings. These structures are being replaced with Istanbul’s favorite projects. However, this change does not mean that the industrial sectors of both Istanbul and Bağcılar are on the decline. While large enterprises are dispersed in various parts of Istanbul, small facilities still dominate the spatial outlook of Bağcılar. The last textural feature is based on the distribution pattern of enterprises. The positional information indicates that enterprises have chosen a location in the city according to their wishes, except for a few restricted zones. This means that even discordant sectors are located side by side and on top of each other. The fact that the enterprises which are closing down have the same distribution pattern as the existing ones is a reflection of the recurrence of the problems. In short, the irregular structure formed by the buildings deforms their utilization.&nbsp;In conclusion, the premature evolution of Bağcılar has caused a problematic structure in its existing texture. Although today there are some attempts to regulate the texture of the city, it is not easy to realize this in one of the busiest settlements of Istanbul. Even the ratio of the site that is planned to be restructured is as high as 70%. In short, Bağcılar faces a pathological problem. This problem has resulted in the residents of the district leaving the area. Indeed, the population of the district has started to decrease for the first time in the last few years.

The Cellular Dimension of the City: An Essay on Bağcılar (İstanbul)

Diyar

Mesut

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed in the study. Quantitative data: In the light of the bulletins published by Directorate General of Migration Management and based on the data regarding the students in various age groups who attended schools in 2018- 2019 academic year in Şanlıurfa province by districts and schools obtained from PICTES Department of Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate for National Education, the neighborhoods where the schools are located were determined and distribution maps for the districts and neighborhoods were prepared. Qualitative techniques: In-depth interviews and participant observation techniques were used with 20 Syrian families to determine the situation of Syrian refugees. The questions were prepared for participants in advance, but additional questions were also asked in the course of interviews. Unique contents of the obtained data were adhered to, and the analyses were made based on the citations from the statements of participants. In order to obtain more realistic results from the study, snowball sampling or the chain sampling technique was used in neighborhoods where spatial clustering was intense.Şanlıurfa is one of the provinces affected most by the civil war in Syria. Determination of the number of Syrian students attending schools in various age groups, determination of the spatial clustering of Syrian refugees in the Şanlıurfa province, determination of the relationship between the spaces where distribution is intense and socio-economical structure, being able to make integration plans by age groups, and socio-economical, cultural and spatial influences of Syrian refugees on the city are the factors that make this study significant.Obtaining important results at the end of the face-to-face interviews made with Syrian refugees regarding their status before migration, migration processes, their nutrition and sheltering, their belonging, relationships with local community and repatriation after the war are other factors which make this study important.The distribution of Syrian students in the Şanlıurfa province by districts and neighborhoods helped us gain insight about the distribution of Syrian refugees in the province. Accordingly, it was observed that the refugees prefer to settle in the Akçakale, Ceylanpınar and Suruç districts as they are located on the border, and in the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts as there are more employment opportunities, possibilities and a chance to have an urban life-style in these districts. The number of Syrian refugees in the Birecik and Viranşehir districts is higher than that of the Bozova, Halfeti, Hilvan and Siverek districts because they are located on the historical Silk Road. Bozova, Hilvan and Halfeti are socio-economically underdeveloped districts and consequently, the distribution of Syrian refugees in these districts is not high.&nbsp;The distribution of Syrian refugees by neighborhoods is shaped depending on the socio-economical structure. While the distribution in rural neighborhoods is low, the areas in the cities where there are central working areas and where the home rental prices are low are preferred. In the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts where the distribution of refugees is high, the highest distribution of refugees is observed in Devteşti, Bağlarbaşı, Süleymaniye, Ahmet Yesevi, Cengiz Topel, Bamyasuyu, Şehitlik, Yeşil Direk, İmam Bakır, Şair Nabi, Sancaktar, Hayatı Harrani, Eyüpkent, Direkli, Akşemsettin, Eyyüpnebi, Muradiye, Akabe, Topdağı, Haleplibahçe, Kurtuluş, Onikiler and Hakimdede neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods constitute the core of Şanlıurfa province, but squatting is rather high in some others as a result of migration from rural areas and people from low income groups are settled in them. For this reason, the Syrians who have economic difficulties are mostly distributed in these neighborhoods.Even though the consequences of businesses started by Syrians in business centers are positive in terms of supply and demand in Şanlıurfa, as in many other provinces, the local community shows individual and mass reactions to Syrians as they are regarded as low-cost labor and the number of unemployed persons in the province has increased. Even though social and spatial clusters formed by Syrian refugees have positive consequences in terms of having their own identity and culture, this seems to create problems in respect to their sense of belonging and social cohesion. As a matter of fact, it is observed that neighbor relations are weakened and exclusion has increased after 2017. Furthermore, the provision of healthcare and education services to Syrian refugees for free sets off reactions among the local community.One of the issues that makes it difficult for female Syrian refugees to fit into society is the perspective of the local community on female children or women. Seeing Syrian women as a purchasable and sellable commodity, having them as second wives, getting them to marry with old persons for money make it difficult for female refugees to fit into the community.As a consequence, Syrian refugees have become one of the most important problems for our country. Although the local community exhibits some exclusionary behaviors against the Syrians, the majority of the participants are not considering going back to Syria for security reasons.

Spatial Analysis of Syrian Refugees: The Şanlıurfa Case

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Hüseyin

A coast is a geomorphological unit with unique characteristics representing a landform in-between a body of water (marine, lake, river) and a land environment (Turoğlu, 2017a). Due to its widespread use in this study, the water body is referred to here as the “Sea”. The “Marine Coastal Borderline” is the sea-side border of the coast and the “Terrestrial Coastal Borderline” represents the border of the coast on the land side. The area between these two borders is a landform, a geomorphic unit, termed a “Coast”. The line formed by the points where the sea water touches the land is defined as the “Shoreline” (Erinç, 1971; Turoğlu, 2017a). The Nearshore, Foreshore, and Backshore are all parts of a natural coast (Erol, 1991; Turoğlu, 2017a). The parts of a natural coast are determined based on geomorphological, hydrographic, biogeographical and sedimentological evidence (Edwards, 2001; Bird, 2008; DavidsonArnott, 2010; Erginal &amp; Öztürk, 2010; Karunarathna, 2012; Avcı, 2017). Artificial coasts arise from filling of the sea either legally or illegally for various reasons (Anthony, 1994; Kelletat, 1995; Hudson, 1980; Szabó, 2010; Kobayashia, 2015; Li et al., 2017; Turoğlu, 2019). Problems are experienced in construing the geomorphological definition of an artificial coast along with its planning and usage, property issues, etc. In order to solve these problems, Turkish Coastal Law was taken as the basis of this study and expert opinions were obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that different assessments have been made of similar problems.This study aims to provide a geomorphological description of artificial coasts in which the natural shore, natural coastal parts and boundary features are discussed as well as their meaning and significance in the legal framework of artificial coastal geomorphology. The geomorphology of the Diliskelesi (Koceli, Turkey) coast was selected as the case study area because it has examples of typical artificial coastal features. The subject was investigated working with 1:18000 scale aerial photographs from 1962 and 1976, current Google Earth images, a 1:25000 scale topography map dated from 1972, old photos, bathymetry data, and ArcMap 10.2 software. The evaluation results were tested and verified with field observations.“Diliskelesi coast” as a geomorphologic unit is described as having artificial coastal geomorphology. From the 1962 aerial photographs, it is understood that the geomorphology of the study area was a natural coast consisting of “Narrow-High Coast” and “Large-Low Coast” types. In the early 1960s, during the construction of a railway line and tunnel, the sea was filled with excavated material, representing the first stage in Diliskelesi becoming an artificial coast. In the following years, filling the harbour/port along with dock construction continued and the current artificial coast was formed. The area and dimensions of the artificial coast were determined by evaluating drilling data and old photographs. The thickness of the artificial filler, depth of marine sediments, bedrock depths and drilling locations were used as the determinative data.&nbsp;As a result, the coast was transformed into the current geomorphological unit. Indicator evidence defines the coast as being shaped and developed under the influence of current morphodynamic factors and processes. The coast now being artificial may cause differences in the activity of current morphodynamic factors and processes but does not change the reality of the “current coast” from the geomorphological perspective. Morphodynamic factors and processes continue to affect erosion, transportation and accumulation based on the characteristics of man-made artificial coastal geomorphology, maintaining the shape of the new artificial coast. The previous natural coast is now an old (paleo) coast, and has geomorphologically lost its coastal nature. The usage of artificial coasts and property problems are different aspects of the issue and should be evaluated within the framework of legal regulations.

Geomorphological Identification of Artificial Coasts: The Case of Diliskelesi (Kocaeli, Turkey)

Meral

Evaluation of the Vegetation Period According to Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study in the Inner West Anatolia Subregion of Turkey

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.

Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Geography

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Humanities Source</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

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Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>  ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Geography adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editors evaluate manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They provide a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication. They ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editors are responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. They must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers evaluate manuscripts based on content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. They must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The reviewers are not allowed to have copies of the manuscripts for personal use and they cannot share manuscripts with others. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be with 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>The manuscripts should be 25 pages at most and the page numbers should be at the top right.</li><li>The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in Turkish and English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, three keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; expanded abstract, sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Research article sections are ordered as follows: “Introduction”, “Aim and Methodology”, “Findings”, “Discussion and Conclusion”, “Endnotes” and “References”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “Introduction” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “Discussion and Conclusion” section followed by “Endnotes”, “References” and “Tables and Figures”.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EB29E1A6F34743F2A2ADC50EDCF584DA" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The scientific and legal responsibility for manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/30DBAA73222D4B83BAD8FE0EAB0533B3" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIt is essential that the manuscripts submitted to the journal must use American Psychological Association (APA) style 6th edition. Authors must indicate the citations in the text and references section, in accordance with the APA style. The guidelines for APA Style 6th edition can be found at <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a> Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. doi:10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. doi:10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/41318388BA7845C3A00B7E29F8BB9BFC" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7A1F24BFBF8C44559111708FF064FD44" target="_blank">Author Form​</a> <ul></ul>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C1F33D2E99AA4BCA80CC91A3DCA75339" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in Englishü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in Englishü    Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in Englishü    Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in Englishü    Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)ü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Barbaros Gönençgil
Cover (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)

Journal of Geography

ISSUE 46, 2023

Urban Development and Spatial Changes in Iğdır

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Main Air Pollutants and Their Concentrations in Relation to Meteorological Conditions in the Industrialized City of Kocaeli

Changes and Trends in the Vegetation Period and the Start and End Dates of the Vegetation Period in the Aegean Region

An Evaluation of Ovine Shelters and Hovels in terms of Settlement and Rural Housing in Dosemealti District of Antalya

Prediction of Maximum Precipitation in Turkey with Polynomial Regression

The Role of Climate Change and Variability on Local Migration And Conflict: The Case of Siverek-Diyarbakır (Karacadağ Territory)

Examining the Spatial Distribution of IPARD II Supports for Agriculture and Rural Development in Türkiye

Determination of Areas with Solar Power Plant Installation Potential in Kars Province by Using GIS Analysis and AHP Method

The Geographical Digital Divide: Urban-Rural, Regional and Gender Inequalities of Digital Transformation in Turkey

Temporal Change in The Ecological Risk Level of The Havran Lagoon (Balıkesir)

The Effects of Spatial Resolution Variability of Digital Elevation Models on Flood Hazard Analysis

Uncertainties Related to Scale and Sampling Window Size in Defining Macro Landforms

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