Hüseyin

Prof.

A coast is a geomorphological unit with unique characteristics representing a landform in-between a body of water (marine, lake, river) and a land environment (Turoğlu, 2017a). Due to its widespread use in this study, the water body is referred to here as the “Sea”. The “Marine Coastal Borderline” is the sea-side border of the coast and the “Terrestrial Coastal Borderline” represents the border of the coast on the land side. The area between these two borders is a landform, a geomorphic unit, termed a “Coast”. The line formed by the points where the sea water touches the land is defined as the “Shoreline” (Erinç, 1971; Turoğlu, 2017a). The Nearshore, Foreshore, and Backshore are all parts of a natural coast (Erol, 1991; Turoğlu, 2017a). The parts of a natural coast are determined based on geomorphological, hydrographic, biogeographical and sedimentological evidence (Edwards, 2001; Bird, 2008; DavidsonArnott, 2010; Erginal &amp; Öztürk, 2010; Karunarathna, 2012; Avcı, 2017). Artificial coasts arise from filling of the sea either legally or illegally for various reasons (Anthony, 1994; Kelletat, 1995; Hudson, 1980; Szabó, 2010; Kobayashia, 2015; Li et al., 2017; Turoğlu, 2019). Problems are experienced in construing the geomorphological definition of an artificial coast along with its planning and usage, property issues, etc. In order to solve these problems, Turkish Coastal Law was taken as the basis of this study and expert opinions were obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that different assessments have been made of similar problems.This study aims to provide a geomorphological description of artificial coasts in which the natural shore, natural coastal parts and boundary features are discussed as well as their meaning and significance in the legal framework of artificial coastal geomorphology. The geomorphology of the Diliskelesi (Koceli, Turkey) coast was selected as the case study area because it has examples of typical artificial coastal features. The subject was investigated working with 1:18000 scale aerial photographs from 1962 and 1976, current Google Earth images, a 1:25000 scale topography map dated from 1972, old photos, bathymetry data, and ArcMap 10.2 software. The evaluation results were tested and verified with field observations.“Diliskelesi coast” as a geomorphologic unit is described as having artificial coastal geomorphology. From the 1962 aerial photographs, it is understood that the geomorphology of the study area was a natural coast consisting of “Narrow-High Coast” and “Large-Low Coast” types. In the early 1960s, during the construction of a railway line and tunnel, the sea was filled with excavated material, representing the first stage in Diliskelesi becoming an artificial coast. In the following years, filling the harbour/port along with dock construction continued and the current artificial coast was formed. The area and dimensions of the artificial coast were determined by evaluating drilling data and old photographs. The thickness of the artificial filler, depth of marine sediments, bedrock depths and drilling locations were used as the determinative data.&nbsp;As a result, the coast was transformed into the current geomorphological unit. Indicator evidence defines the coast as being shaped and developed under the influence of current morphodynamic factors and processes. The coast now being artificial may cause differences in the activity of current morphodynamic factors and processes but does not change the reality of the “current coast” from the geomorphological perspective. Morphodynamic factors and processes continue to affect erosion, transportation and accumulation based on the characteristics of man-made artificial coastal geomorphology, maintaining the shape of the new artificial coast. The previous natural coast is now an old (paleo) coast, and has geomorphologically lost its coastal nature. The usage of artificial coasts and property problems are different aspects of the issue and should be evaluated within the framework of legal regulations.

Yapay Kıyıların Jeomorfolojik Tanımlaması: Diliskelesi Kıyıları Örneği (Kocaeli, Türkiye)

Taner

Sedat

Meral

Vejetasyon Döneminin İklim Değişimi Senaryolarına Göre Değerlendirilmesi: İç Batı Anadolu Bölümü Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Mbanga

Dingha

Wetland Dynamics, Trends and Environmental Implications:  Comparative Study in Bamenda II and III Municipalities, North West  Region, Cameroon

Mehmet

Along with globalization, cities have become living spaces where people work fast, live fast, consume more than they produce, and are not self-sufficient. Cities have turned into sites for people to move and work, rather than places where people live securely together. The idea of the unsustainability of the lifestylepromoted by popular culture has prevailed in people, and from this the slow movement started. The Cittaslow movement emerged for the first time in Italy in 1999 as a reaction to the uniform city model imposed by globalization with the intention of reducing its effects in every area. The Cittaslow movement has many purposes, such as maintaining sustainable urban development based on local resources, equalizing urban infrastructure services, providing spaces for city residents to have fun and rest, protecting the natural environment, promoting environmental attitudes among city residents, preserving the historical urban design, restoring historical buildings, emphasizing urban aesthetics, and promoting a culture of hospitality. Today, the borders of the Cittaslow movement have exceeded the European continent, with the number of member cities having increased to 283 in 32 countries as of 2022. The number of member cities soared in a short time in Turkey, which encountered the Cittaslow movement through the municipality of Seferihisar in 2009. Remarkable changes have occurred in most of the Cittaslow cities in Turkey once they gained Cittaslow city status.This study purposes to discover the advantages, disadvantages, and transformations that emerged in Cittaslow cities upon receiving this title, as well as the residents’ attitudes toward these changes. In this regard, the main purpose of the study is to reveal whether the criteria to become a Cittaslow have been preserved over time, what kind of differences have emerged in Cittaslow cities in terms of before and after receiving the Cittaslow title, what positive or negative effects has this title had on cities, and how has it affected the perspectives of the local people. The universe of the study involves the 19 Cittaslow cities in Turkey as of 2022, with the sample of the study consisting of seven Cittaslow cities located in different geographical regions of Turkey. The reasons for selecting these seven Cittaslow cities from seven geographical regions of Turkey are to reflect the characteristics of the universe of the study and to reveal the differences in the geographical localities. The data sources of the study consist of printed works prepared in various scientific fields and the surveys, focus group interviews, and on-site observations that were applied in the research area. During the field study, surveys were conducted within the scope of research by handing questionnaires to the residents of these cities. The qualitative and quantitative data that were obtained from the on-site observations and surveys were analyzed according to the distribution, connection and casuality principles of geography in order to reach the results.Having the Cittaslow status undoubtedly brings along some advantages and disadvantages. The research results have disclosed the Cittaslow philosophy to have not been adequately explained to the local people and the residents of the Cittaslow cities to view this process as a tool for tourism-oriented development. The revival of the tourism sector in the Cittaslow cities has created a public perception where the local people accepted the Cittaslow movement as an economic phenomenon. Although the Cittaslow status has not generally impacted the economic development of the Cittaslow cities in Turkey, many locals do think that it has increased the income levels of a particular segment of the local people. For instance, the local people in the cities of Seferihisar, Taraklı, and Halfeti think that the Cittaslow status has increased their income levels. According to the perspective of Cittaslow city inhabitants, the Cittaslow status has created an awareness among the local people about maintaining historical, touristic, and natural places, in addition to its significant contributions toward promoting these places. The inhabitants of Cittaslow cities also think that having this title has increased female employment and contributed to the local economy,Being designated a Cittaslow city also has caused adverse effects in addition to the favourable ones. The Cittaslow movement was expected to offer a cleaner environment and living space with reduced environmental problems; however, this protection hasn’t been provided in cities that host too many visitors despite Cittaslow’s environmental policies. Moreover, some Cittaslow cities have opened up agricultural areas to construction. Local public opinions have also exposed traffic jams originating from hosting visitors beyond the city’s capacity to be a big problem. Being designated a Cittaslow city has impaired the traditional food and beverage culture in some cities such as Gökçeada, Halfeti, and Seferihisar. In other cities such as Vize and Yalvaç that attract relatively few tourists and possess a historical-cultural identity, the traditional food and beverage culture has not been affected adversely. Perşembe and Taraklı attract more tourists, however, and have tended toward being dominated by fast food. Meanwhile, many local people have ignored some of the downsides caused by the Cittaslow status due to the economic gains

Slow City Inhabitants’ Attitudes Toward the Cittaslow Status

Abdullah

Assist. Prof.

Hasan

Instrumental observations in basins have an important place in understanding the spatial and temporal variations of river systems through processes such as sediment transportation, floods, and droughts. Furthermore, understanding the impact of climatic and anthropogenic changes in basins requires comprehensive and reliable data, because the processes for distinguishing whether something is climatic or anthropogenic in basins are so complex. However, observing reliable data for each basin is no easy task. Even if the positive trend for observational instruments such as gauges increases around the globe, obtaining data in some areas such as mountainous or densely forested areas remain quite difficult. For this reason, hydrological models that simulate all water balance parameters (e.g., runoff, evapotranspiration) are useful tools for modeling ungauged areas. However, these models still contain various types of uncertainties due to the many potential sources that result from things such as the internal structure of the models, observations, and scale factors. Although some observations made through remote sensing retrieve data from water balance parameters around the globe, even they need to be corrected by models. Therefore, hydrological models can help extract reliable information about earth system processes.This study models the Bartın basin, which has been exposed to many flood events at higher frequencies, in order to obtain low (drought) and high (flood) characteristics for ungauged basins. Based on the Advance Land Observation System 30-meter Digital Elevation Model (ALOS World 3D-30m DEM), 90 sub-basins have extracted for the whole area of the Bartın river system. Furthermore, hydrological response unit (HRU) was generated by overlaying many different datasets such as land-use, soil, and slope using the full multiple HRU definition, with 1901 HRUs being obtained within the Bartın Basin. Simulations were carried out based on the water balance at a daily scale using many meteorological data from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). The model parameters that are sensitive to high and low flows were calibrated using the SWAT-CUP calibration program. The calibration used the 1970-1986 period based on Station E13A031 data and used the 1987-2002 period for validation. The model results have been deemed sufficient for simulating the basin water balance based upon the evaluation criteria. After modeling the ungauged basin, many characteristics such as magnitude, frequency, duration, and timing with regard to low and high flows were calculated using the threshold values of the percentiles.A comparison of the flow metrics illustrates good coherence to be present between the modeled and observed data regarding the high flow and low flow characteristics in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, and timing. However, over- and under-estimations also occurred for some metrics such as timing, duration, and magnitude of the low and high flows, in particular for high flows. This situation may have emerged due to the many different sources of uncertainty, such as using scales from other data sources in the model, the number of the gauges/meteorological stations, and the number of calibration simulations. Moreover, the study has mapped different high and low flow metrics to distinguish spatial gradients in ungauged basins. The maps demonstrate the Kocanaz basin to vary in terms of timing, magnitude, duration, and frequency of the high and low flow characteristics compared to other sub-basins. In particular, the timing of the low and high flows in this basin explains the impact of topography (snowmelt) and different weather systems that can influence metrics.Using these kinds of hydrological models can also help understand future perspectives on the dynamic earth. For example, land-use change has immense impacts on rainfall-runoff relations in terms of hydrological modeling. Furthermore, climate change will also affect many statistical characteristics of climatic sub-systems. Adding parameters to hydrological models will make comprehending the changing world more sensible. In this context, hydrological models offer opportunities for planning and watershed management in terms of understanding climate change and land-use change.&nbsp;

All Models Are Wrong, But Some Are Useful: Determining the Low (Drought) and High  (Flood) Flow Characteristics in Ungauged Basins

Çağlar

The role of nature-based tourism in the tourism industry grows daily. A high level of environmental quality, an environmentally conscious group of nature tourists, and sensitivity in commercial nature-based tourism enterprises and other stakeholders are undoubtedly greatly needed for successful nature-based tourism. In order to plan the nature-based tourism market correctly, many issues such as tourist profiles, travel characteristics, natural area preferences, travel motivations, and nature-based tourism activities should be investigated very well and their reasons revealed. This study attempts to determine the demographic and some travel characteristics and nature tourist profiles of nature tourists living in Izmir who travel within the scope of nature-based tourism activities according to the Nature Tourism Scale. Bu ölçeğin hazırlanmasında faydalanılan bazı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Nature tourists in Izmir were specifically classified after the four basic nature tourist types used by Ziffer (1989) and Laarman and Durst (1987) to classify tourists participating in nature-based tourism events: “determined nature tourist,” “dedicated nature tourist,” “nature tourist following a certain current,” and “random nature tourist” (Lindberg, 1991, p. 3). On the other hand, the two main criteria used in the studies by Weaver (2005, 2001, p.2) and Page and Drowling (2002) to divide nature-based tourists into hard (active) nature tourists and soft (passive) nature tourists were used in the typological classification of nature tourists. The questions presented in the second and fourth sections to identify Natural Area Preferences and motivations were generated using the scale developed by Eagles (1992) to examine the travel motivations of Canadian ecotourists. In addition, the author prepared some other questions related to the scale.In addition, the study examines the relationships certain demographic variables have with motivation (a sub-dimension of the scale), the features sought in a natural touristic destination, the preferred natural area, and the preferred nature-based tourism activity preference. The study used the quantitative research method to apply nature tourism scale to 357 people participating in nature tourism activities. When considering that the population consists of approximately 4,000 people, the study determined that selecting 286 people would provide a 95% confidence interval with a 0.05 tolerance amount according to the simple random sampling method (Çıngı, 1994). The obtained data were analyzed using the program R-Project and the package program SPSS-26. In addition to descriptive statistics, the data analyses also involved Cronbach’s alpha of reliability analysis, CFA, and the Mann Whitney-U and Kruskall Wallis-H tests as nonparametric tests due to the data from the scale not being normal distributed.Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale and its sub-dimensions are 0.936, 0.820, 0.841, 0.843, and 0.924, respectively. According to the findings, the χ² / df = 3.116, which is within acceptable limits due to being between 2 and 5, and the AGFI is greater than 0.875. In addition, RMSEA was calculated between 0.08 and 0.10, which is also within the limits of moderate agreement. When examining the other fit indices, the values for GFI, AGFI, and TLI are all quite close to 0.9. Meanwhile, the CFA statistics show that all sub-items from the Nature Tourism Scale to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). According to the graphical structure obtained as a result of the CFA, the standardized load values for all items are seen to be greater than 0.38. Meanwhile, a p &gt; 0.05 on the Nature Tourism Scale, is understood to not show normal distribution. Therefore, the Mann-Whitney-U test and Kruskall Wallis-H test were applied in the analyses.This study has attempted to determine the tourist profiles and travel motivations of nature tourists living in İzmir within the scope of nature-based tourism, and its most important result is that interest in nature gains more importance in line with tourists’ ages, regardless of gender. In particular, the participation rate for the 25-year-old and younger group in nature-based tourism activities was seen to be lower. Due to a significant part of the tourists being in the middle-income level, tourism expenditures were seen to be 2,000 TL and below. Some activities required extra expenditures, which was effective in making these activities less preferred. Meanwhile, the education and cultural levels of nature tourists are understood to be quite high, with these tourists being conscientious nature tourists. Based on the scale’s results, nature tourists in Izmir were determined to generally make travel plans with their friends and families freely without engaging in certain patterns rather than purchase the package tour services tour companies offer. Therefore, more than half the nature tourists use private vehicles for their travels. However, the fact that tents came to the fore with regard to nature tourists’ accommodation preferences is the most important indicator that these tourists want to spend more time in nature. In addition, nature tourists were determined to stay an average of three days, based on the type of activity in the natural destinations being visited. Among the travel characteristics, while a significant number of the nature tourists in İzmir see themselves as soft nature tourists, more than half of them see themselves as close to the nature tourist class who are passionate and devoted toward nature. However, some nature tourists&nbsp;This study has attempted to determine the tourist profiles and travel motivations of nature tourists living in İzmir within the scope of nature-based tourism, and its most important result is that interest in nature gains more importance in line with tourists’ ages, regardless of gender. In particular, the participation rate for the 25-year-old and younger group in nature-based tourism activities was seen to be lower. Due to a significant part of the tourists being in the middle-income level, tourism expenditures were seen to be 2,000 TL and below. Some activities required extra expenditures, which was effective in making these activities less preferred. Meanwhile, the education and cultural levels of nature tourists are understood to be quite high, with these tourists being conscientious nature tourists. Based on the scale’s results, nature tourists in Izmir were determined to generally make travel plans with their friends and families freely without engaging in certain patterns rather than purchase the package tour services tour companies offer. Therefore, more than half the nature tourists use private vehicles for their travels. However, the fact that tents came to the fore with regard to nature tourists’ accommodation preferences is the most important indicator that these tourists want to spend more time in nature. In addition, nature tourists were determined to stay an average of three days, based on the type of activity in the natural destinations being visited. Among the travel characteristics, while a significant number of the nature tourists in İzmir see themselves as soft nature tourists, more than half of them see themselves as close to the nature tourist class who are passionate and devoted toward nature. However, some nature tourists&nbsp;&nbsp;According to the analyses made on the demographic variables and the sub-dimensions of the scale, significant differences were determined to exist for age with nature-based tourism activity preferences and the features sought in a natural touristic destination, for marital status and nature-based tourism activity, for gender and the characteristics sought in a natural touristic destination, and for the nature tourist’s income level with natural site preferences and motivation (p &lt; 0.05).Developing and ensuring the sustainability of nature-based tourism, especially in an area, are constantly criticized due to the negative effects of tourism. Therefore, if nature-based tourism is to be developed in natural areas, tourism types need to be developed that are compatible and complementary with that society’s resource values. Thus, protecting fragile nature systems and their surrounding society become possible in parallel with the development of sustainable tourism. In this context, tourism investments in areas that are the scene of nature-based tourism and the development of tourism activities and their diversity have great importance in investigating the relations enterprises in the tourism sector have with nature tourism marketing strategies and the attitudes of the local society, in addition to examining the preferences, profile characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, and motivations that push or attract these tourists to travel to natural areas. In this way, nature-based tourism in natural areas will have the opportunity to develop in harmony with the environment and society.

Determining the Motivations and Tourist Profiles of Domestic Tourists Involved in  Nature-Based Tourism Activities in Izmir

Dilek

İbrahim

Mücahit

Periodic Changes of Temperature Extremes at Some Selected Stations in Turkiye (1970-2018)

The last few centuries have seen important developments in human history. Humans are more powerful than ever. This new epoch is called the Anthropocene. Many problems have emerged regarding the exploitation of nature during the Anthropocene. Ecological crises and the risk of climate change have been reported in many studies as some of the most significant problems of the Anthropocene Epoch. These days, human activities are disrupting the ecological balance. As a result, the number of existing species and their diversity are decreasing, the climate is changing, and the balance of the ecosystem in general is deteriorating. Ecology involves various systems, and which ecological systems are in crisis needs to be understood well. For this reason, ecology needs to be examined by separating it into various planetary boundaries and revealing in which boundaries a crisis occurs more clearly and quantitatively. This approach is called the planetary boundaries framework. The main purpose of the planetary boundaries framework is to determine the safe zone for a healthier life for all living things, especially humans. One of the main goals of the planetary boundaries framework is to reform the existing system and reconcile it with nature. The planetary boundaries concept was put forward in 2009 by a group of scientists doing research on the environment. The leaders of this approach are Johan Rockström, Director of the Climate Impacts Research Institute in Germany, and Chemist Will Steffen, Director of the Australian Climate Commission.The planetary boundaries framework has currently determined nine categories. When the concept was first introduced in 2009, the ecological ceiling had been exceeded in two categories. As a result of the update made in 2015, four safe zones were reported to have exceeded. This approach aims to reach solutions to 11 social problems using nine planetary boundaries in the shape of a doughnut. The basic purposes of the planetary boundaries framework are to emphasize social inequality and offer suggestions for solving them, to support a sustainable economic model for sustainable nature, to emphasize the importance of implementing biopolitics, and to contribute to the ability to measure and predict environmental problems. The planetary boundaries framework allows the possibility of comparing the risk level of an ecological problem from the pre-Industrial Revolution to its current status. The important problems of the earth are revealed through the planetary boundaries’ doughnut chart. This chart is marked with various colors. Green areas indicate the event (boundary) to be in the safe zone, and thus the problem is not yet a high risk and remains under control. Yellow areas show the safe zone has not yet been exceeded, but the risk is increasing. Red-colored areas show that the ecological ceiling has been exceeded and the risk is now high. Controlling these problem areas is very difficult. In this context, the safe zones regarding carbon dioxide emissions, radiative forcing, loss of biodiversity, and the nitrogen and phosphorous cycles have been exceeded and the risk levels are indicated in red. For example, 350 ppm had been determined as the safe zone for CO2 levels, but currently this value has been exceeded and reaches around 400 ppm.The increasing risk level of categories in the planetary boundaries framework has been associated with pollutants from agriculture and industry, greenhouse gas emissions, and land cover changes. In this context, the destructive effects of current agricultural and industrial activities need to be emphasized. According to the planetary boundaries framework, adapting agriculture and industry is important for reducing the risk of climate change and ecological crises. According to the planetary boundaries approach, problems such as loss of biodiversity, climate change, land cover changes, and the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles have crossed their safe zones, are at great risk, and also negatively affect society.&nbsp;

A New Approach to Analyzing Ecological Problems: Planetary Boundaries

Derya

Assoc. Prof.

Bathymetric data for shallow waters are important for spatial planning and research on obtaining information about water depths and underwater topography in coastal areas of oceans and seas and in streams and lakes. Due to bathymetric data collection being difficult, time-consuming, and costly, the use of new technologies that provide quick economic results for bathymetric mapping has become increasingly common. This study created the digital bathymetric model (DBM) of Atikhisar Reservoir based on the Stumpf algorithm using Landsat-5 TM multispectral data from August 15, 2008 to test whether Landsat-5 TM images are suitable data sources for the bathymetric mapping of reservoirs. The study first processed the image, rectifying the Landsat-5 TM image using land reference points from a 1/5000 scale bathymetric map. The root mean square error (RMSE) was kept below 0.5 pixels during the rectification process. The nearest neighbor algorithm was applied to preserve the original pixel values during the resampling phase of the rectification process. After rectification, a radiometric calibration of the image was carried out, and the digital pixel values of the bands were converted to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflection values. The dark object subtraction (DOS) model was applied to the data that had been converted to TOA reflectance values for atmospheric correction.The water-covered area (the reservoir) was identified by integrating the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The Stumpf algorithm was applied using the blue and green bands of the Landsat-5 TM satellite image of the reservoir. The Stumpf algorithm uses an equation based on the ratio of the two bands to derive water depth based on the principle that water has different absorption properties at different bands. The Stumpf algorithm requires reference points of known depth to scale the ratio to the proper depth. This study obtained five different group training reference points by forming the length and cross-sections of the reservoir area. The training reference points were created as a point data layer in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment according to x, y position values, and the actual depth values and satellite image-based log-ratio values were added to the database as attributes by overlaying the 1/5000 scale digital bathymetric map with the Stumpf log-ratio image. Linear regression coefficients were generated using depth and log-ratio values for training reference points. According to the regression coefficients for the five different sample sets, depth values were obtained for the whole reservoir area, and DBMs were created. The coefficients of determination (R2 ) were calculated to validate the regression models. Additionally, RMSEs were calculated using 125 test points that had not been used during the training phase to evaluate the accuracy of the DBMs. The model that gave the best results was calculated to have an R2 value of 0.701 and RMSE of 2.1 m. To examine the extent to which the accuracy obtained from the study meets the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, the total vertical uncertainty (TVU) was calculated as 1.1 m at 20 m depths. The study results reveal potential to exist for using Landsat satellite images to determine bathymetry in shallow reservoirs. However, because the accuracy level did not meet IHO standards, this procedure should be used as a preliminary investigation and evaluation tool prior to time-consuming and costly high-resolution surveys of reservoir areas. This study’s model can also be used to monitor large changes over a long time.As a result, the DBMs derived from the Landsat satellite image using the Stumpf algorithm are promising for shallow waters provided that the models have been validated using accurate ground truth data. Developing countries in particular can use this as an alternative to on-site depth measurement techniques that require intensive labor and time for areas where bathymetric data are unavailable, incomplete, or costly to obtain and the accuracy level is sufficient.&nbsp;

Determining Atikhisar Reservoir’s Bathymetry from Landsat-5 TM Satellite Images Using the Stumpf Algorithm

Emine

Emre

(Non)Branding Cities and (De)Institutionalization Perspectives: A Case Study of Van, Turkey

Mustafa

Res. Assist.

Çetin

This study was carried out in and surround Yayla Lake, which is located 5 km west of the town center of Buldan in Denizli Province. Yayla Lake (1,150 masl) is located within the borders of Süleymanlı Village as an administrative border. The mountainous area of the Aydin Mountains in which Yayla Lake is located separates the Büyük Menderes, Gediz, and Küçük Menderes basins from each other. The aim of the study is to determine the modern pollen distribution characteristics of the surroundings of Yayla Lake. Modern pollen monitoring was carried out in different environments with tree density and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values for high, low, and open areas. The aim of the study was achieved using modern pollen data obtained from Tauber pollen traps, moss samples, and surface sediment samples. Modern pollen monitoring was carried out using Tauber pollen traps and moss samples in 3 different directions at different elevations, as well as on the lake shore and on the lake. The altitudes where the modern pollen monitoring was carried out in the study area range from 335-1,173 m. A three-year monitoring was conducted between 2018-2021 with the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples. Surface sediment samples were taken from nine different points of the lake in 2020 using the Glew corer sampler. The methodology determined by the European Pollen Monitoring Program Protocol (EPMPP) was followed for analyzing the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples. The surface sediment sample analyses used the classical method, also known as the fossil pollen analysis method.According to the modern pollen findings obtained from the Tauber pollen traps, moss samples, and surface sediment samples, the taxa with the high percentage and density (Pinus sp. Quercus evergreen, Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and Poaceae) were similar for the modern pollen distributions found between 2018-2021. However, the ratio of taxa varied according to the differences in source, elevation, and local vegetation. According to the modern pollen data for the three-year Tauber polen traps, Pinus sp. was present between 10.8%-96.6%, Quercus evergreen between 0.2-43.6%, Quercus deciduous between 1.3-35.7%, Olea europaea between 0-20.2%, and Poaceae between 0-21.2%. The total percentage of woody taxa (AP) varied between 42.3%and 99.4%. For the moss samples, the maximum and minimum percentage values of these taxa were determined as Pinus sp. At 63.4-83.7%, Quercus evergreen at 3.2-6.5%, Quercus deciduous at 1.6-7%, Poaceae at 2-14.2%, and Olea europaea at 1-3%. The rate of AP varied between 79.2-94%. For the surface sediment samples from the nine different areas of the lake, the rates were calculated for Pinus sp. as 63.4-83.7%, Quercus evergreen as 3.2-6.5%, Quercus deciduous as 1.6-7%, Olea europaea as 1-3%, and Poaceae as 2-14.2%. The AP rate varied between 79.2-94%. According to the modern pollen data, the three-year average percentage of Olea europaea was 18.7%near the olive trees and 6.1%in the lake. The average rate of Olea europaea in the surface sediment samples was 2%. Principal component analysis was carried out on the modern pollen data obtained from the surrounding of Yayla Lake and applied to the trap, moss, and trap-moss-surface sediment results; significant clusters were seen to have formed in accordance with differences in vegetation and to be similar to each other. However, no significant clusters occurred in the surface sediment samples.The modern pollen distribution characteristics of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp. forests are important taxa for Anatolian paleovegetation, and this study presents their representation in modern pollen results. In addition, information was obtained regarding the pollen distributions of Olea europaea taxon, which is one of the important indicators of paleo land use in the Mediterranean basin. In conclusion, this study presents 3-year modern pollen monitoring results from Yayla Lake and its surroundings, with the differences in vegetation and land use among the sample areas being reflected in the modern pollen results.&nbsp;

Investigating Modern Pollen Distributions of Yayla Lake in Buldan and Its Surrounding  Areas Using Trap, Moss and Surface Sediment Samples

Faruk

Throughout history, rapidly changing environments have always brought great challenges to human communities. In recent years, the threats have diversified and exceeded expectations. The tsunami caused by the 2011 submarine earthquake east of Tohoku, Japan had exceeded the sustainable level for which the global community was prepared. Faced with threats, not only academia but other international organizations as well are paying attention to resilience. In order to apply resilience indicators to every field beyond the level of conceptual research, studies on measurement methods are being conducted alongside policy studies. The 2011 Van earthquakes caused great damage and changes to the city. A decade after the earthquake, can one say that the city of Van has recovered? Although various studies have been conducted on the effects of earthquakes, no research yet exists that provides a quantitative answer to this question. Therefore, this research has two goals for answering this question. The first is to find a method for measuring the impact of earthquakes and the post-earthquake recovery process in terms of resilience. The second is to use these measurements to provide objective data indicating whether the city of Van has recovered from the 2011 earthquakes by taking into account its previous state. The spatial scope of the research targets the entire city of Van, especially the 42 neighborhoods in the downtown area that had been heavily damaged by the 2011 earthquakes. Population data, being the most basic data on human geography, was used to measure resilience. The time span involves 2007-2019, before the impact of COVID-19.This study presents a method for measuring resilience in terms of population by measuring the resilience of the local economy. The five variables this study proposes for measuring resilience in terms of population are: decline year, drop, rebound, resilience index, and slope change. Among these, rebound and resilience index have been examined from both short-term and long-term perspectives. As a result of the study, the decline year appeared as 2011 for both the city and district levels. At the neighborhood level, however, seven neighborhoods showed their lowest drop during the studied period to have occurred not in 2011 but in 2013. Due to these neighborhoods being mainly in the downtown area, this drop can be interpreted as the influence of urban regeneration and TOKİ. With regard to drop, İpekyolu, which had suffered the most damage during the earthquakes, was found to be the least durable, while Tuşba was found to be the most durable. At the neighborhood level, the analysis revealed the downtown neighborhoods where the population growth rates had been high before the earthquake to have low durability. As for rebound, Edremit and Tuşba had high values for 2012, and Edremit’s recovery rate was high for 2019. At the neighborhood level, the neighborhoods where TOKİ was building showed high recovery in 2012, and the neighborhoods with urban regeneration projects or TOKİ showed high recovery in 2019. The standardized resilience index value did not show the previous population growth rate to have recovered at the city or district level. At the district level, Tuşba showed relatively high resilience, İpekyolu showed low resilience, and Edremit showed the most improvement in resilience over the long run. At the neighborhood level, nine neighborhoods showed resilience in 2012, including Kevenli, Kavurma, and Bardakçı, but 29 neighborhoods, including those in the downtown area, showed negative values and did not escape the impact of the earthquake. As of 2019, the analysis showed 13 neighborhoods to have resilience, mainly those with TOKİ and those near the city center. On the other hand, 25 neighborhoods including those near TOKİ, showed low resilience. Looking at the slop change (ED) value, the city as a whole had not recovered to its pre-earthquake growth rate by the end of 2019; however, this value is expected to exceed 1 in all three central districts and recover to its previous growth rate over the long-term. At the neighborhood level, 19 neighborhoods showed a value of 1 or higher in 2019, indicating that the previous growth rate had been restored.Synthesizing the resilience measurement results in terms of population, the population growth rate for the overall city had not returned to pre-earthquake levels by the end of 2019. However, the population growth rates for the neighborhoods of Edremit and Tuşba had recovered from the earthquake, with only İpekyolu not having fully recovered. When measuring the resilience indicators at the neighborhood level, the neighborhoods where TOKİ had built and the neighborhoods part of the city center showed high resilience, while the resilience indicators for the neighborhoods near TOKİ were low. In conclusion, appropriate measures do not appear to have been taken from the perspective of the entire city of Van for overcoming the effects of the 2011 earthquakes.&nbsp;

The 2011 Van Earthquake s and Resilience in the Urban Population

Celal

Süheyla

Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of  Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative

Müjde

Introduction Human beings are constantly interacting with the environment and influencing the location. In addition to the responses of the people living in similar places, people living in the same years can behave similarly in terms of people reactions to the events. The most common method of categorizing generations as a specific group that shares important life events during birth years, age periods, place of residence, and critical development stages is to classify them based on their birth years. However, it is not correct to classify generations based solely on the time zones of birth. Indeed, identifying the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the communities that make up the generations also comprise important suborders in classifying them. In the study, generations were accepted as 1946-1964 Baby Boomers, 1965-1979 Generation X, 1980-1999 Generation Y, 2000-2020 Generation Z. Although this classification varies by country and culture, many studies have classified it based on these five generations.Data and Method The study covers the evaluation of quantitative data from women giving birth in Turkey, obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The time interval used in the study was chosen because recorded information was available by this date. The quantitative data is supported by charts, graphs and covers the detection of generations of women in Turkey’s childbirth from 2001 to 2021. The study recognized the generations as the 1946-1964 Baby Boom, the 1965-1979 X Generation, the 1980-1999 Y Generation and the 2000-2020 Z Generation. A classification literature scan is determined, with the most common classification periods taken into account.Findings From 2001 to 2009, it is believed that the number of infant boom mothers was particularly high after the age of 45, from 2001 to 2007, when their numbers began to decline after 2008, especially after the age of 48 and were below 300. In general, Infant Explosion reveals that mothers have fallen from 45 years of childbirth, that they do not want to be mothers as they grow older, but that they attend fewer births than in the past, even though they are of an age of the same age. From 2001 to 2021, all women between 22 and 55 are found to have been born in Generation X. Generation X mothers gave birth at a higher rate than mothers of the previous generation. This is because the youngest of the Baby Boom women is 37 years old and 22 the Generation X women. Mothers born in Generation Y gave birth to the highest number of children born in Generation Z. Generally; there were the highest birth rates for women born in Baby Boom and Generation X in 2001 and subsequent periods, with women in Generation Y occurring between 2012 and 2020. In Generation Y mothers with over 1.000.000 births, the highest rate of birth attendance was in 2017, when they were 18-37 years old. The mothers of Generation Z, who also fed their generation, were the youngest and most recent of the women who gave birth to Generation Z. From 2014 to 2021, it took place in 2021, when women aged under 15 were born, up to 21 years of age, most were born to Generation Z mothers. In Generation Z individuals, the number of births has also decreased over the years, with the number of women giving birth at age 19 in 2018 decreasing by more than 4.000 in 2021.Conclusion&nbsp;This study, which covers the number of women giving birth in Turkey from 2001 to 2021, as well as the age at which they become mothers, demonstrates that women’s birth trends have shifted. Women born during the Baby Boom generation are seen actively attending labor after the age of 40, whereas this trend is declining in Generation X. Women born in Generation X preferred to become mothers at a younger age, whereas women born in Generation Y were less likely to give birth in their early 20s, and had more children after the age of 28. As the total number of births in Turkey declined from 2001 to 2021, the age of childbirth started shifting and women preferred to become mothers later. There has been a significant decline in the last 20 years, particularly among mothers aged 18 and under and women aged 20 to 25.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Determining the Generations of Women in Türkiye Who Gave Birth between 2001-2021 and  Birth Propensity According to Generation

Ferdi

Füsun

This study focuses on transhumance as shaped by pastoral farming, rural cultural, rural economic, and geographic conditions. Transhumance culture is at risk of transformation due to global pressures and threats and forms the main problem of the study. This process is worth investigating because it will draw attention to the transformation and disappearance of this ancient culture from the face of the earth and as well as the emergence of new developments related to rural culture, rural economy, rural development, migration, food security, biodiversity, and natural and cultural ecosystems. In this context, the first aim of the study is to determine which subjects are involved in transhumance culture’s transformation in the world, the second is to reveal the factors that initiate this process, the third is to introduce efforts for protecting transhumance, and the fourth and final is to give examples from around the world. The study has been prepared as a thematic and descriptive compilation and is supported with spatial examples in order to add a geographical dimension. Transhumance currently faces many threats such as aging and urbanization in rural areas, failures in rural development, migration to and from mountains, climate change, and over tourism. In addition, green, circular, and digital technologies, as well as economic and political decisions, have opportunistic value for transhumance. In order to protect transhumance, international and national institutions have made many decisions and supported transhumance activities. As a result, this study can be expected to contribute some valuable implications for Turkey by looking at the transhumance transformation and the measures taken from a global perspective. Common global problems such as climate change, migration from mountains, the aging population, and abandonment of the shepherd profession indicate that transhumance in Turkey, which has been in great decline, should benefit from the world agenda.Data and MethodThe study uses the qualitative research method and obtained data sources by scanning the literature and dividing them into three groups: (i) Scientific works; (ii) publications from global institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the UN World Tourism Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); and (iii) works from national government agencies, networks, and associations. Thus, the study makes a compilation with references from different sources and embodies transhumance culture by presenting spatial examples. With these aspects, the study is a descriptive and thematic compilation, as well as a study of cultural geography. The study has been prepared under the following four main sections by looking at transhumance from a global perspective: (1) literature reviews and basic concepts related to transhumance, (2) the basic components and functions of transhumance culture in the world, (3) the factors that prepare the transformation of transhumance culture, and (4) protection measures and case studies. Thus, the study examines transhumance culture in the world in accordance with the principles of mutual interest, causality, and distribution.ConclusionAlthough the problems related to the transformation of transhumance culture in the world arise through different dynamics in developed or underdeveloped countries, the result is the same in all: the disappearance or alienation of transhumance. Seasonal migrations of herds in transhumance have a holistic structure, and the deterioration of this structure means the end of transhumance. Two of the most sensitive interlocking patterns are the loss of shepherds as a function and the loss of rural women as cultural transmitters with their skills and ancient knowledge. In addition, the routes of transhumance and its unique celebrations must be preserved as examples of cultural heritage. However, some strong threats such as the loss and aging of populations in mountains, the failures in rural development policies, rural poverty, migration, and climate change are reducing transhumance. Despite the negative aspects in this regard, rural communities in the mountains are recommended to transition to circular and green economies through protectionist decisions that are able to support transhumance. Therefore, policy, strategy, planning, governance, and monitoring are truly crucial to the future of transhumance. The pioneering works from international organizations such as the UN, FAO, UNESCO, and EU, as well as from non-governmental organizations, on protecting transhumance culture have great importance in terms of setting examples for central and local governments. Efforts to protect transhumance have multidimensional effects such as protecting rural women, shepherds, pastures, livestock, organic production, biodiversity, and rural culture, which are the basic symbols of this ancient culture. Turkey has been experiencing problems with transhumance similar to the rest of the world and should closely follow these decisions, measures, and projects that have been undertaken globally and nationally and should benefit from the relevant funds.&nbsp;

A Geographical Perspective on Transhumance Cultures in the World

Merve

There are many explanations for why people are drawn to the events, happenings, and objects around them in the natural and human world. Over time, among a wide variety of activities and interests, recreational activities have gained more and more importance from the individual to society. There are a wide variety of venues that serve the tourism activities carried out in many areas of the world. The purpose of people visiting these places is directly or indirectly related to their cultural backgrounds, wishes, and desires. This issue has revealed a situation that needs to be evaluated from three perspectives. The first is spatial diversity, the other is the historical traces created by temporal differences and the last one is the diversity and difference in human knowledge, interests, wishes, and desires. There are a wide variety of venues that serve the tourism activities carried out in many areas of the world. People’s purpose for visiting these places is directly or indirectly related to their cultural background, wishes, and desires. This issue has revealed a situation that needs to be evaluated from three perspectives. The first is spatial diversity, the other is the historical traces created by temporal differences and the last one is the diversity and difference in human knowledge, interests, wishes, and desires. Tourism activity is an economically based and diverse cultural activity, which is carried out by people with a mutually developed service concept. Tourism is known as a social phenomenon as well as an individual activity; it refers to a journey from one place to another to relax, spend time, have fun and learn. Since the beginning of humanity, it has attracted attention that people have been in a dynamic order. It is possible for humans, who have experienced both the beneficial and negative effects of change brought about by moving from one area to another throughout history, to occasionally abandon their daily routines and travel regardless of distance or closeness. On the other hand, the desire to be in various places that attract people’s curiosity to discover and see new places and to have different experiences has prepared the ground for the diversification of tourism. History is full of various stories created by both the natural structure and the human environment. The desire of people to learn the story of space and life has greatly enriched tourism activities. Tourism activities, which have developed as an added value from time to time in various periods of history, set the ground for it to be an economic activity over time.&nbsp;Demre, which we believe will provide a valuable example of camping/caravan tourism in the future, served as the foundation for the subject matter of our study. Demre, an administrative district of Antalya, is situated in a geomorphologically protected area surrounded on three sides by mountains. It is a popular destination for both domestic and international visitors since it has a mild, rainy climate with a Mediterranean impact and a hot, dry summer. Thus, the fact that Demre is on the route of an important cultural and trekking route the Lycian Way is an indicator of its value. Due to its natural features, it is one of the areas chosen for camping/caravan tourism in terms of alternative tourism. Nowadays, in addition to the 4 campsites that still exist, there are also camps outside the campsite. Making investments in this regard creates an opportunity that will ensure sustainability in alternative tourism planning, is compatible with nature, and has a high level of awareness. Because this field of activity has an important economic potential as in other alternative tourism opportunities.&nbsp;

Camping/Caravan Tourism in Changing Tourism Perception: The Example of Demre

Mihriban

Aygün

Unplanned urbanization most often results in destructive consequences for cities. The main purpose of spatial planning, which is the activity of regulating space at different scales, is to ensure that urbanization is managed appropriately. In this way, spatial planning enables the sustainable use of resources for food, drinking water, shelter, transportation, health, and recreation for a growing population. However, the increase in populations worldwide, neoliberal state policies, and the ideals of branding cities in the era of globalization have caused planning decisions for medium-scale cities and even small settlements to become unstable. The literature this study reviewed implies the effects of these to have mostly been seen in natural areas and on agricultural lands. In cities where interventions on agricultural lands are intense, “livability” as one of the basic principles of planning is seen to decrease. These lands provide important ecosystem services such as fresh air and food security, as well as act as a buffer against environmental pollution. In order to regulate and make guiding decisions for agricultural lands that remain under pressure by existing between dense urban land uses, the current situation first needs to be demonstrated through the case of actual plans.One of the most effective legal instruments in Türkiye after the 1950s was the authority granted to local governments for preparing, approving, and implementing planning activities in areas not restricted by special laws (e.g., tourism areas, urban transformation areas, and industrial areas) through Urban Planning Law No. 3194 that was enacted in 1985. The rapid population growth, especially after the 1950s, and the flow of populations from rural to urban areas caused planning to fall behind with regard to how cities were being shaped. As a result of neoliberal policies, the supply/demand for planning activities and road- and construction-oriented growth policies had increased, and cities began to develop rapidly due to the rising role of local governments by the 2000s until the centralization of their authorities in the following decade. Therefore, both local and central authorities adopted a process of increasing and distributing the urban rents on land. An accompanying legal tool for this process was ironically the Act of Soil Protection and Land Use, which was enacted in 2005.This study investigates the impacts of these policies and processes and the complementary urban rent interest on agricultural lands in the urban peripheries regarding the spatial plans for a middle-scale settlement. To this end, the study examines the 1/5000 scale Revised LandUse Plan and 1/1000 scale Revised Implementation Plan for Çukurçayır Settlement in Trabzon Province, both of which were approved in 2013. This investigation involves a singular case study of the plans from 2013, leaving out the plans of the settlement that were approved in previous years. Three main reasons exist for choosing this settlement. First, the population of the settlement in 2014 (18,884) was found to be about six times larger compared to its population in 1995 (average annual population growth rate between 2007-2014 of 18.9% according to Turkish Statistical Institute’s [TurkStat] data on the Addressed-Based Population Registration System [ABPRS]), which is in contrast to the scarce land resources of the Black Sea Region’s geography where it is located. Secondly, in contrast to the east-west expansion of the city of Trabzon, Çukurçayır settlement, which was left to the domination of the construction sector, was demanded to expand to the south where agricultural lands are found engaged in hazelnut production, a specialty crop peculiar to the Black Sea Region. Thirdly, the settlement went through eight spatial planning processes between 1989 and 2013, approaching areas partially in the north and south or completely; according to the calculations made from the satellite images, the increase in the settlement area was found to have changed from about 4 hectares in 2002 to 135 hectares in 2022. As a result of the examination, the study has determined the building density of Çukurçayır to have increased gradually after 2008 by means of high floor area ratio (FAR) values and the corresponding housing and public facility requirements for the increasing population figures having been obtained from agricultural lands according to the 2013 plan. As of 2021, the population of this medium-scale settlement near the city center of Trabzon was 31,937 according to TurkStat’s (2021) ABPRS data. This means that at the time of this article’s writing, the population of the Çukurçayır neighborhood had exceeded those in thirteen of Trabzon’s districts, which are eighteen in total. This indicates a critical misguidance of this settlement in terms of spatial planning decisions.Even if the methodology of the study should be implemented over the plans of a similar scale city anywhere else in Türkiye, the results are unlikely to differ as long as the approaches of the decision makers toward space remain the same. The scope of the study has been limited to the examination of a single settlement. Future studies can research more than one settlement in Trabzon or the settlements of a different city. Aside from studying the impacts of two-dimensional spatial plans on paper, in future, sociological research can be made regarding how planning decisions reflect on individuals, especially in the context of urban social structure. Another focus could be on researching the planning decisions for Çukurçayır between 2013 and 2022 using geographic information systems based on the current planning works that were approved after Trabzon gained the status of being a metropolitan municipality.&nbsp;

Planning for Stress on Agricultural Lands: The Case of Çukurçayır in Trabzon

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Gülcan

Kadir

Yolcu

There is a common rhetoric among those who have been living in Istanbul for a relatively long time: these areas used to be fields or swamps. This sentence is of key importance in making sense of the urban development of Istanbul. Indeed, the inclusion of a new district or municipality in the urban area in Istanbul can happen in only a short period of time in a human lifetime. For these areas, the beginning of the story often happens in a similar way and for similar reasons. Intense migration, industrialization and informal settlement are the most frequent reasons. However, as the narrative progresses, different processes and conclusions for each place are listed one after the other. This is reflected above all in the spatial fabric of the related sites. Therefore, the analysis of the fabric of the city is very important for interpreting both the development of these areas and their current problems. With this approach this study focuses on Bağcılar, a settlement area with one of the most problematic spatial structures in the urban area of Istanbul.&nbsp;In this context, two different data sources have been used in the study. The first source is comprised of images with sub-meter resolution obtained by remote sensing techniques. They provide an adequate framework for an object-oriented interpretation of the city’s texture and evolution. The second data type is comprised of positional information of recently closed and currently existing enterprises. The enterprises have been spatially coded and the representative texture of both closed and existing enterprises have been analyzed. Thus, the association between the perceived shape of the city from a given height and the utilization under that structure has been established.&nbsp;The findings of the study can be collected under four different categories. The first is that the oil stain growth, which has been the basic course of development in Istanbul until this period, has been relatively ineffective in Bağcılar. The development of the Bağcılar urban area initially started in the form of sprawling. Every area in the district was covered with buildings within a short time, so much so that in many places the land cover is comprised only of buildings and roads. Therefore, the phenomenon of sprawling is limited to a short-term effect. The second category includes change in the forms of housing presentation and their asymmetrical appearance. Gecekondu, which were widespread in the urban area of Istanbul until the 1980s, have been partially interrupted in Bağcılar and replaced by apartment buildings. At the beginning of the 2000s, luxury housing presentation forms became widespread in the district. Some stand side by side and are often in zoned areas for various sectors, while others are found irregularly dispersed among industrial plants. When they all converge, spatial conflicts increase. The third is the transformation observed in various parts of the city in recent years, especially in large industrial buildings. These structures are being replaced with Istanbul’s favorite projects. However, this change does not mean that the industrial sectors of both Istanbul and Bağcılar are on the decline. While large enterprises are dispersed in various parts of Istanbul, small facilities still dominate the spatial outlook of Bağcılar. The last textural feature is based on the distribution pattern of enterprises. The positional information indicates that enterprises have chosen a location in the city according to their wishes, except for a few restricted zones. This means that even discordant sectors are located side by side and on top of each other. The fact that the enterprises which are closing down have the same distribution pattern as the existing ones is a reflection of the recurrence of the problems. In short, the irregular structure formed by the buildings deforms their utilization.&nbsp;In conclusion, the premature evolution of Bağcılar has caused a problematic structure in its existing texture. Although today there are some attempts to regulate the texture of the city, it is not easy to realize this in one of the busiest settlements of Istanbul. Even the ratio of the site that is planned to be restructured is as high as 70%. In short, Bağcılar faces a pathological problem. This problem has resulted in the residents of the district leaving the area. Indeed, the population of the district has started to decrease for the first time in the last few years.

The Cellular Dimension of the City: An Essay on Bağcılar (İstanbul)

Diyar

Mesut

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed in the study. Quantitative data: In the light of the bulletins published by Directorate General of Migration Management and based on the data regarding the students in various age groups who attended schools in 2018- 2019 academic year in Şanlıurfa province by districts and schools obtained from PICTES Department of Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate for National Education, the neighborhoods where the schools are located were determined and distribution maps for the districts and neighborhoods were prepared. Qualitative techniques: In-depth interviews and participant observation techniques were used with 20 Syrian families to determine the situation of Syrian refugees. The questions were prepared for participants in advance, but additional questions were also asked in the course of interviews. Unique contents of the obtained data were adhered to, and the analyses were made based on the citations from the statements of participants. In order to obtain more realistic results from the study, snowball sampling or the chain sampling technique was used in neighborhoods where spatial clustering was intense.Şanlıurfa is one of the provinces affected most by the civil war in Syria. Determination of the number of Syrian students attending schools in various age groups, determination of the spatial clustering of Syrian refugees in the Şanlıurfa province, determination of the relationship between the spaces where distribution is intense and socio-economical structure, being able to make integration plans by age groups, and socio-economical, cultural and spatial influences of Syrian refugees on the city are the factors that make this study significant.Obtaining important results at the end of the face-to-face interviews made with Syrian refugees regarding their status before migration, migration processes, their nutrition and sheltering, their belonging, relationships with local community and repatriation after the war are other factors which make this study important.The distribution of Syrian students in the Şanlıurfa province by districts and neighborhoods helped us gain insight about the distribution of Syrian refugees in the province. Accordingly, it was observed that the refugees prefer to settle in the Akçakale, Ceylanpınar and Suruç districts as they are located on the border, and in the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts as there are more employment opportunities, possibilities and a chance to have an urban life-style in these districts. The number of Syrian refugees in the Birecik and Viranşehir districts is higher than that of the Bozova, Halfeti, Hilvan and Siverek districts because they are located on the historical Silk Road. Bozova, Hilvan and Halfeti are socio-economically underdeveloped districts and consequently, the distribution of Syrian refugees in these districts is not high.&nbsp;The distribution of Syrian refugees by neighborhoods is shaped depending on the socio-economical structure. While the distribution in rural neighborhoods is low, the areas in the cities where there are central working areas and where the home rental prices are low are preferred. In the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts where the distribution of refugees is high, the highest distribution of refugees is observed in Devteşti, Bağlarbaşı, Süleymaniye, Ahmet Yesevi, Cengiz Topel, Bamyasuyu, Şehitlik, Yeşil Direk, İmam Bakır, Şair Nabi, Sancaktar, Hayatı Harrani, Eyüpkent, Direkli, Akşemsettin, Eyyüpnebi, Muradiye, Akabe, Topdağı, Haleplibahçe, Kurtuluş, Onikiler and Hakimdede neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods constitute the core of Şanlıurfa province, but squatting is rather high in some others as a result of migration from rural areas and people from low income groups are settled in them. For this reason, the Syrians who have economic difficulties are mostly distributed in these neighborhoods.Even though the consequences of businesses started by Syrians in business centers are positive in terms of supply and demand in Şanlıurfa, as in many other provinces, the local community shows individual and mass reactions to Syrians as they are regarded as low-cost labor and the number of unemployed persons in the province has increased. Even though social and spatial clusters formed by Syrian refugees have positive consequences in terms of having their own identity and culture, this seems to create problems in respect to their sense of belonging and social cohesion. As a matter of fact, it is observed that neighbor relations are weakened and exclusion has increased after 2017. Furthermore, the provision of healthcare and education services to Syrian refugees for free sets off reactions among the local community.One of the issues that makes it difficult for female Syrian refugees to fit into society is the perspective of the local community on female children or women. Seeing Syrian women as a purchasable and sellable commodity, having them as second wives, getting them to marry with old persons for money make it difficult for female refugees to fit into the community.As a consequence, Syrian refugees have become one of the most important problems for our country. Although the local community exhibits some exclusionary behaviors against the Syrians, the majority of the participants are not considering going back to Syria for security reasons.

Spatial Analysis of Syrian Refugees: The Şanlıurfa Case

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Geomorphological Identification of Artificial Coasts: The Case of Diliskelesi (Kocaeli, Turkey)

Evaluation of the Vegetation Period According to Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study in the Inner West Anatolia Subregion of Turkey

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.

Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Barbaros

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Geography

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific and original work in Turkish or English.Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Humanities Source</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>  ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Geography adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editors evaluate manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They provide a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication. They ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editors are responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. They must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers evaluate manuscripts based on content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. They must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The reviewers are not allowed to have copies of the manuscripts for personal use and they cannot share manuscripts with others. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is both Turkish and English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be with 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>The manuscripts should be 25 pages at most and the page numbers should be at the top right.</li><li>The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in Turkish and English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, three keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; expanded abstract, sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Research article sections are ordered as follows: “Introduction”, “Aim and Methodology”, “Findings”, “Discussion and Conclusion”, “Endnotes” and “References”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “Introduction” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “Discussion and Conclusion” section followed by “Endnotes”, “References” and “Tables and Figures”.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EB29E1A6F34743F2A2ADC50EDCF584DA" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The scientific and legal responsibility for manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/30DBAA73222D4B83BAD8FE0EAB0533B3" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (only for Turkish articles)</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIt is essential that the manuscripts submitted to the journal must use American Psychological Association (APA) style 6th edition. Authors must indicate the citations in the text and references section, in accordance with the APA style. The guidelines for APA Style 6th edition can be found at <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a> Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. doi:10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. doi:10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. 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