Eyüp

Emre

Prof.

Training Courses for the Protection from Poisonous Gases and Legal Regulations between the Two World Wars in Turkey

Derya

Training of Ottoman Naval Soldiers to be Employed in Airplanes

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Pauline

The Eastern Telegraph Company in the Ottoman Empire  at the End of the Nineteenth Century: A History of  Imperial and Foreign Technology

Semiha

Assist. Prof.

Aram Margossian was born in Istanbul in 1853. He completed his university education at the École des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris in 1878. Upon completing his degree, he returned to Ottoman Turkey and worked in the Ministry of Public Affairs as an engineer, where he was later promoted to the director of the railway administration. Concurrently with his post in the ministry, he lectured at the Hendese-i Mülkiye, the school of civil engineering, and published his lecture notes. Not only had Margossian been a civil engineer, a bureaucrat, and a university professor, he would also become a distinguished amateur mathematician later in his life. His book on magic squares, Contribution à l’Étude des Carrés Magiques: De l’Ordonnance des Nombres dans les Carrés Magiques Impairs (1908) was published in France and became the key to his fame. In this authentic book, Margossian extended various known methods for generating magic squares.In addition to his book, the current study has identified three articles he wrote on Euler and Latin squares. In the first article from 1912, Margossian tried to solve an open problem known as Euler’s officer problem. The first part of the current paper will discuss the significance and repercussions of this work and attempt to show why his solution to the problem was incomplete. Margossian published this article in the review journal Sphinx-Œdipe in a separate supplementary issue. This journal was edited and hand-written by André Gérardin. Also, Margossian’s name appeared on the cover of the 1921 issue of Sphinx-Œdipe as one of the founders of the magazine. In 1921, Gérardin and Kraitchik formed an international mathematical circle called Les Amis des Nombres. As a Belgium engineer and mathematician, Kraitchik was instrumental in making Margossian’s methods a household item by referring to them extensively in his book (Kraitchik, 1930). Margossian also became a member of Les Amis des Nombres in 1921. Through his active participation in various mathematical circles and his continuing involvement with his alma mater, Margossian was able to integrate with the French intellectual milieu.In 1909, he became a member of the Ottoman Society for Architects and Engineers, one of the most important scientific and professional societies of the period. Between 1908- 1910, the majority of its members were engineers from the Ministry of Public Affairs and/or university professors from Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi. Margossian (1909, 1910) published two opinion articles in the Journal of the Ottoman Society for the Architects and Engineers. In the first opinion piece, Margossian defended the use of Western symbols and Western scientific terminology over the Ottoman/Arabic symbols and terminology that were currently in use. His second article bore the title “Some Remarks on Statistics” and differed from other articles in the same journal in terms of its technical sophistication. The second part of this paper will analyze that article in detail and attempt to establish what Margossian had been trying to do by filling in some details.In his article on statistics, Margossian showed the importance of statistical inference in all fields of knowledge where data analysis is of utmost importance. Margossian started by showing how a collection of numbers obtained from tables of logarithm values can be analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test as well as how their probability distribution can be inferred. His first scientific example involved chemistry and the well-known historical controversy on calculating the oxygen content of water. By implicitly invoking the Law of Large Numbers, he pointed out that the number of observations that had been made were insufficient to infer an accurate conclusion about the mean value of the data. His second example, from social sciences, involved the Parretto Law for the distribution of wealth. To deduce this law for a specific society, one needs a sophisticated version of the least square line fit. By showing the mathematical skills that are required to deal with these problems Margossian supported his claim that engineers, especially those educated in the West, were the best candidates to learn and apply statistical inferences in all fields of daily life. Margossian further claimed that positions should exist in each ministry for such people.Margossian was an Ottoman Armenian who probably became unemployed after 1909. His interest in trying to define new employment opportunities for the engineers of his period is perfectly understandable. 1909 is believed to have been a turning point in his life, one where he had been transformed from a civil servant in the Ottoman Empire to an amateur mathematician in France. The article published in 1912 is believed to have played a key role in this transformation. Margossian died in Strobl near Austria in 1931 and had probably left the country during World War I.&nbsp;

A Civil Engineer and an Amateur Mathematician: Aram  Margossian’s Views on Statistics

Res. Assist.

The journal Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman / Ceride-i Emâkinü’s-Sıhha was published between 1887 and 1897 by Spiridon Mavrogeny Pasha, the private physician of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) and studied by Feza Günergun in 2002. This article is an addendum to Günergun’s article in light of the newly opened periodical collection at Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé [Interuniversity Health Library] in Paris, France and the documents kept in the Ottoman Archives in Turkey. Currently, no library is found to hold a complete collection of the journal. The journal was censured due to the articles Dr. David Pardo had written and was discontinued due to funding restrictions. Subsequently, it continued to be published in line with the Gazette Médicale d’Orient, the official publication of the Cemiyet-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane [Imperial Medical Society] in Istanbul. Gazette des Hôpitaux was the first bilingual (French and Turkish) medical journal to be published in Ottoman Turkey. Its originality could not be maintained after being censored, and its publication was suspended despite Dr. Mavrogeny Pasha’s continued efforts. This article contains the French and Turkish index of the 26 issues of the journal (in addition to Günergun’s article) as well as the testimonial account of Dr. David Pardo about the death of Dr. Marko Pasha’s wife and children from diphtheria in its appendix section. The Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman was a dramatic case that witnessed the effects of Abdul Hamid II’s repressive rules on medical publishing, which made publishing a journal not in allegiance with Abdul Hamid II’s Yıldız Palace impossible. Publications were also controlled by funding restrictions and censorship. Dr. David Pardo had attempted to draw attention in his articles to the inadequate measures that were being taken during the cholera epidemic, the scandalous decisions taken at Toptaşı Asylum, the failures in epidemic management, and the infrastructural problems of Istanbul. During the period when Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman was published and censored, the scientific activities of the Cemiyet-i Tıbbiye-i Osmaniye [Ottoman Medical Society] in Istanbul were also being impeded. The sessions the Society held were banned because the government had deemed them to be unsuitable, and the Society’s function of supervising and encouraging scientific publications had been transformed into one of inspecting publications that were deemed harmful. The Society functioned as a censorship commission until the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, when it almost entirely lost its actual function.&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover, physicians during this period were not allowed to create associations. According to the Ottoman archival documents, the Ottoman Medical Society did not have enough linguistically qualified officers to supervise the suitability of medical works for publishing (i.e., to perform its censorship function). While this did impede the publication of medical works, it also prevented the publication of many pamphlets, booklets, books, and journals in other languages in Istanbul. Therefore, many authors lost a great deal of time, spending their efforts all in vain. Another medical society, Cemiyet-i Tıbbiye-yi Şahane [Imperial Medical Society] had also been subjected to various pressures in the same period. Important testimonies occurred about the pressure exerted on the Society as well as on sleuthing and whistleblowing activities in Istanbul. Additionally, authorities tried to put the Imperial Medical Society in a difficult situation by reducing its financial aid and even delaying it payments of the reduced aid. This article presents documents regarding what these pressures had led to. Mavrogeny Pasha also appears to have been subjected to various incidents during the period in which he’d published the Gazette des Hôpitaux. He was followed by the Sultan’s sleuths, and reports were written about him. Mavrogeny Pasha was regularly prosecuted, and many investigations were conducted against him. During one investigation, a memoir written in Greek about Abdul Hamid II as well as other personal documents were found in the Pasha’s house. He was interrogated and news about his arrest began to appear in the foreign press. After this incident, Mavrogeny Pasha was forced to swear an oath of loyalty in the presence of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Neophytos VIII and two other witnesses. These events led the Pasha to lose his reputation. As a result of the absolute centralization of the reign of Abdul Hamid II, institutions such as Matbuat Dairesi [the Press Office] lost their authority, and applicants had to apply to the Yıldız Palace either directly or through intermediaries in order to republish journals that had been shut down or to publish new journals; applications needed to include certificates of good status, warrants of guarantee, and safety documents from the communities to which the applicant belonged, with the final decisions being left directly to the will of the Sultan. Journals and newspapers have been directly controlled through funds and censorship. According to archival documents, Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman was the only scientific publication among the journals and newspapers to have received financial aid from the government. Despite this privileged position the journal had, its publication and content seem to have been overshadowed by Mavrogeny Pasha’s private life and the sensationalist atmosphere of the period. Even today that medical phenomenon, deaths from epidemics, and the inadequate measures taken are well known to have been censored in various ways by those in power in various states. Thus the microhistory of Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman invites historical researchers to once again subject medical sources to a more careful reading.&nbsp;

Gazette des Hôpitaux Civils et Militaires de l’Empire Ottoman /  Ceride-i Emâkinü’s-Sıhha [1887-1897]: Newly Discovered Issues  and Reassessment

Hikmet

Throughout history, societies have experienced various disasters, one of these being cholera, an infectious disease that originated in India. Due to its ability to turn into an epidemic, cholera has caused great damage to many states including the Ottoman Empire. The first cholera epidemic in the empire broke out in 1822, with epidemics having ravaged the country since then at various intervals. The 1865 epidemic in particular caused great losses that urged the Ottoman administrators to take greater measures against its spread. The Meclis-i Umur-ı Sıhhiye [Council of Health Affairs] was established in 1838 in order to combat epidemics using modern medical methods. When a cholera epidemic broke out in Hamburg, Germany in 1892, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, worried about its spread to Istanbul, additionally decreed the establishment of an inspectorate of public hygiene in 1892. The chemist and pharmacist Charles Bonkowski Pasha, a Polish refugee who had previously studied the sewers of Istanbul and analyzed the drinking water of the city, was appointed as the chief inspector. This administration was first entrusted with the sanitary problems of Istanbul, as is indicated by the name Inspectorate for Hygiene for Dersaadet and Galata, Üsküdar, and Eyüp. In the same year, the inspectorate’s mission was expanded to include the entire territory of the empire, and its name was changed to the General Inspectorate for Public Hygiene.As inspector-in-chief of public hygiene, Bonkowski Pasha along with his team composed of doctors and disinfection officers, worked effectively against cholera epidemics in Edirne, Bursa, Trabzon, Izmir, Izmit, and especially Istanbul between 1892-1895. He was first given information about the state of infected cities, and he and his team would then visit these cities in line with this information to conduct inspections. During these inspections, Bonkowski Pasha would receive support from the governors, local administrators, military units, and&nbsp;other prominent people. Additionally, Bonkowski Pasha would form a health commission consisting of local people to discuss the measures to be taken against the epidemic. However, he was forced to face some hinderances from the Mayor Rıdvan Pasha in Istanbul, especially for the work to be done in the sewers of the city. In the end, though, the Sultan backed Bonkowski Pasha regarding this situation.Bonkowski Pasha had large-scale disinfections performed in the houses where cholera had broken out. He would have some items burned and immovable objects disinfected effectively. He also would have the remaining items washed and ventilated and the interior walls whitewashed. Streets and market places were cleaned, open toilets were whitewashed, sewers were covered, and rats were exterminated. Work was done to prevent contaminated water from being mixed with the drinking water.Bonkowski Pasha also attempted to prevent the spread of the disease by implementing large-scale quarantines. He ordered the belongings of passengers staying in the quarantine houses located on the important transit routes of the empire to be disinfected, which was important because passengers could spread the disease to other places after leaving the quarantine houses. Bonkowski Pasha provided detailed reports on the epidemic for the places he visited. He would send these reports directly to Abdul Hamid II, in which he detailed the problems he’d encountered and the work he’d done.The pasha sometimes acted in unison with the Council of Public Health when working in places where he’d been assigned. However, he mentioned in his reports that the Council did not always send the required officials to contaminated places, or if they were sent, their number was insufficient. Still, Bonkowski Pasha established good relations with the local peoples, took care to not disturb the people with the precautions he took, and tried to reduce the quarantine period in unaffected localities. The steps he took did sometimes cause problems between him and the Council of Public Health, and the council did not hesitate to warn Bonkowski Pasha about obeying the sanitation laws.The present article is essentially based on the sanitation reports Bonkowski Pasha had written that are kept in the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. These reports show the hygiene conditions in the Empire to have been poor, with open sewers, non-sanitary toilets, contaminated water being mixed with drinking water, and the unhealthiness of market places and streets being the main factors that paved the way for the spread of the cholera epidemic and that undoubtedly made Bonkowski’s mission difficult. These reports also provided information about the Ottoman administrators’ struggle against the cholera epidemic of 1893-1895.&nbsp;

Sanitary Measures Taken by the Inspector-in-Chief of Public  Hygiene Charles Bonkowski Pasha During the 1893-1895 Cholera  Epidemic in Ottoman Turkey

Ebubekir

The modern terms in philosophy, science, and technology that are used in Western languages began to enter Turkish at the end of the 18th century. The introduction of modern medicine into Turkey, the emergence of new issues in the fields of law and politics, and the translation of Western astronomical, geographical, geological, and economic terms into Turkish accelerated the process. The intensification of relations with the West and the beginning of translations from Western languages, especially after the Tanzimat, led Ottomans to recognize many new concepts of Western origin. Some of these terms also entered daily language through the press and textbooks. However, these terms either passed into Turkish as they were, or several different terms ended up being coined in Turkish by various individuals for one individual Western term. These made the books translated from Western languages very difficult to read and caused a number of semantic problems. For this reason, the need for a common philosophical and scientific language became one of the issues on which Ottoman intellectuals focused. This issue was formally discussed for the first time during the Second Constitutional Era. In 1913, the Istılahat-ı İlmiye Encümeni [Committee for Scientific Terminology] was established in order to decide how to find the Turkish equivalents for the many new terms and concepts in modern philosophy, science, and technology.The Committee for Scientific Terminology was established within the Ministry of Education under the chairmanship of Emrullah Efendi, a former Minister of Education. The Committee had to focus on coining Turkish terms related to fine arts, science, and technology, especially areas related to philosophy. According to the third article of the Committee’s regulations, the following branches of science were to be focused on for coining Turkish&nbsp;terms: philosophy, mathematics, physics, history, geography, natural sciences, medical sciences, law, politics, linguistics, military arts, navigation, literature, art, music, agriculture, engineering, technology, mechanical engineering, mining engineering, and industry. Experts from all branches of science took place on the Committee as members based on their fields of expertise.In the beginning, the committee met once a week in the Darülfünun [University] library, with members being paid one lira for each meeting. In addition, a bonus of half a lira would be paid to members for each chapter published. The committee met every two weeks after 1917. Changes in members of the committee were observed to occur over time for various reasons. The chairman of the committee was elected by a secret election among the members. One of three members who received the most votes in the secret election was appointed by the Minister of Education as the chairman of the committee. Members who did not attend three consecutive meetings were deemed to have resigned, and new members were appointed according to their fields of expertise.According to Rıza Tevfik, a member of the Committee for Scientific Terminology, the committee’s aim was to find Turkish equivalents for many scientific concepts and terms used in developed languages and to prepare a dictionary for Turkish scientific terms.The committee examined ancient works in order to determine whether pre-existing Turkish equivalents could be found for the terms of Western origin. The members of the committee grew in number over time, with new members also joining the committee based on their field of expertise. The committee also endeavored to find terms regarding the military arts and religious sciences. The studies the Committee for Scientific Terminology carried out should also be noted to involve important steps that were taken toward creating a common scientific language in Turkey. However, the results expected from the committee’s work were not obtained, and no common scientific language could be established.The Committee for Scientific Terminology continued its work without interruption until the beginning of 1919 and published three glossaries: one for philosophy, one for the arts, and one for general science. Why the committee did not publish other glossaries than the ones mentioned above is unclear. However, the committee members were known to be experts in all branches of science and to have deliberated on how to determine the scientific terms. The work of the committee officially ended on March 16, 1919.The Committee for Scientific Terminology prepared the following three dictionaries: a dictionary of philosophy terms; a dictionary of art terms, and a dictionary of general science terms including only those starting with the letter A.&nbsp;

The Committee for Scientific Terminology (Istılahat-ı İlmiye  Encümeni, 1913-1919) and the Introduction of Modern Terms in  Philosophy, Science, and Technology to Turkey

Özlem

Agricultural journals in Ottoman Turkey began being published in the late 19th century, with the number of publications gradually increasing in the years that followed. The first journal published in this field was Vasıta-ı Servet [Medium for Wealth] in 1881, which also included articles on veterinary medicine, followed by Ziraat Gazetesi [Journal of Agriculture] in the same year. Among later periodicals was the journal Felâhat [Farming], which provided information on agriculture, veterinary medicine, industry, and trade.No detailed research has been conducted on Felâhat; however, its dates of publication, aim and number of published issues are known. Copies of Felâhat are found in libraries in Ankara, Erzurum, and Istanbul, with this study benefitting from the issues stored in the Hakkı Tarık Us Collection of Beyazıt State Library, Istanbul.Felâhat was published in Istanbul every 15 days between March 28, 1913-February 1919 for a total of 67 issues, with issues being published less regularly after issue #33. The baş moharrir [publisher and editor-in-chief] of Felâhat was Sebuh İstepenyan, and its müdür [director] for the first three years was Ahmed Talat, followed by Leon as its director for the fourth and fifth years.Felâhat was an illustrated journal published in two columns in the dimensions of 20x27.5 cm. The subscription fee for the first two years was 15 kurus for six months and 30 kurus for a year, while the third year saw the annual subscription reduced to 10 kurus and the fourth year raised to 20 kurus. Felâhat was printed in the publishing houses Matbaa-i Hayriye ve Şürekâsı and Matbaa-i Orhaniye.The front cover of the first issue bore the names of the muharrir [editors] for agriculture and its sub-branches, industry and trade, veterinary sciences as well as the institutions where they worked. The editors included experts and administrators working in Ottoman state institutions based in İstanbul, İzmir, İzmit, Kastamonu, Thessalonica, and Skopje such as the Halkalı School of Agriculture in Istanbul, the School of Farming in Skopje, and the School of Horticulture and Viticulture in İzmir to name a few. Two editors were from Egypt, and one was an agricultural engineer at the British engineering company John Fowler &amp;Co.The purpose of publishing the journal was revealed in the first issue, under the titles of “Preface” and “Our Job.” The journal aimed to enlighten farmers through articles prepared by experts using a plain language to help farmers get acquainted with modern agricultural methods and soil cultivation, as well as to develop the country’s agricultural production. Felâhat’s issues included articles on poultry, field and horticultural crops, agricultural tools, animal breeds, diagnosis and treatment methods for plant and animal diseases, forestry, farming, industry, agriculture, minerals, trade, and apiculture. The journal also informed its readers about new scientific and technical developments from the world and the Ottoman Empire and published advertisements, illustrations, serialized texts, and announcements. The articles published in the journal covered a wide range of topics under various subjects such as agriculture, agriculture and animal husbandry in the Ottoman Empire and various countries, pest control, forests, and water wells. In this respect, the journal showed similarities to the other agricultural journals of the period in terms of both the purpose of publication and the wide range of covered topics. Information regarding the end of its publication life is unknown.Most of the articles bore their respective authors’ names, and while full names were given in the first two years, they were mostly abbreviated in the following period. The most prolific authors were Sina Kerim Istepenyan (The Director of the Kastamonu School of Farming), İhsan (Director of the Seydi Köy School of Viticulture and Horticulture at İzmir), Abdulhakim Hares, and Feridun. The affiliations of the two latter authors are unknown.In conclusion, Felâhat was published in line with the aims stated in its first issue, such as making the readership aware of new developments and improvements in agriculture, and the publishers attempted to follow the progress in industry, trade, and veterinary medicine and to convey to farmers the modern agricultural methods using a plain language with the help of experts.&nbsp;

A Farming Journal Published in Ottoman Türkiye:  Felâhat (1913-1919)

Abdüssamet

From Padua to Istanbul: Peregrinatio Medica of Joseph  Solomon Del Medigo (1591-1655) and Tobias Cohen  (1652-1729)

Adem

Taqi-al-Din’s Poem Urcuze li’l-Ceyb ve’d-Darb ve’l-Kısme on  Performing Multiplication and Division Using a Sine Quadrant

İbrahim

Hakan

Assoc. Prof.

An Archaeological Find from Ottoman Northern Arabia:  A Nabatean Sundial from Madā’in Sāliḥ”

Şeref

An Archeology of School Laboratories in Istanbul

Mehmet

From Péra to Kandilli: A 150-Year History of the (Istanbul)  Observatory with Assessments and Comments

The Three Lives and Death of Dr. Cevat Mazhar

Cevat

Bilgesu

Berennaz

İlker

The VIth Student Conference of the History of Science Club of the  Istanbul University’s Faculty of Letters (May 13, 2022)

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Nilüfer

Doctor Ömer Vasfı̇ Aybar and Türk Heki̇mi̇, the Medical Journal He Published in Ankara

Pharmacy Assistants’ Endeavours in Establishing Vocational Associations in Ottoman and Republican Turkey (1912-1949)

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An official publication of the Department of the History of Science, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (Studies in Ottoman Science) is a peer-reviewed bi-annual international academic journal. Founded in 1995, it is the oldest academic journal in its field in Turkey.

The journal Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları publishes peer-reviewed original research articles (in Turkish, English, French and German), review articles and articles in translation on the history of science technology and medicine. Research notes, addendum, book reviews and reports of scientific meetings in the field are also accepted.

The journal covers research on the history of science, technology and medicine especially dealing with the historical aspects of scientific institutions; the development of scientific disciplines and techniques; the transmission of scientific and technical knowledge among various societies; the translation of scientific and technical books; the science education; biographies of scientists and many other themes of the history of science. History of pharmacy is also included in the scope. Focus is given on the history of scientific activities in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire (14-20th c.) and occasionally during the Turkish Republic (beginning as from 1923). The historical studies dealing with science in former Ottoman territories such as the Middle East and the Balkans, are also welcomed.

Ayşe

Scopus

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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Studies in Ottoman Science

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

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The journal Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları publishes peer-reviewed original research articles (in Turkish, English, French and German), review articles and articles in translation on the history of science technology and medicine. Research notes, addenda, book reviews and reports of scientific meetings in the field are also accepted. The journal is published in January and July.The journal covers research on the history of science, technology and medicine especially dealing with the historical aspects of scientific institutions; the development of scientific disciplines and techniques; the transmission of scientific and technical knowledge among various societies; the translation of scientific and technical books; the science education; biographies of scientists and many other themes of the history of science. History of pharmacy is also included in the scope. Focus is given on the history of scientific activities in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire (14-20th c.) and occasionally during the Turkish Republic (beginning as from 1923). The historical studies dealing with science in former Ottoman territories such as the Middle East and the Balkans, are also welcomed.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

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Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct the editor will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research are not sufficient for being accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CD6036D23EAB4EA3BD0F169E2C40EFC2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuoba" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/oba/home" target="_blank">https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/oba/home</a> It must be accompanied by a <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=title-page-oba_637057788458910257.docx" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CD6036D23EAB4EA3BD0F169E2C40EFC2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The journal publishes manuscrits in Turkish, English, German or French. Preferably, the manuscript should not exceed 10,000 words (not including notes) and 120 notes.2. Manuscript should be written in MS Word format, double-spaced and in 11 point Times New Roman font. We kindly ask you not to send a pdf file. The title should be written with capital letters (12 point, bold), sub-headings in lower case letters (11 point, bold).3. For research articles; reviews, research notes and translations in English, an abstract of 100- 150 words (excluding keywords) in English is to be added to the first page of the article; optionally an abstract of 100-150 words (excluding keywords) in Turkish can be added as well. For non-English articles; an abstract of 100-150 words in the language of the article, an abstract of 100-150 words in English, and an extended abstract of 600-800-words in English should also be included. Maximum 10 keywords will be provided underneath both of the abstracts. Each keyword can include more than one word. No abstract and bibliography are needed for research notes, addendum, book &amp; scientific meeting reviews, and letters to the editor. While uploading addendum, book review and letter to the editor files on the DergiPark system, please enter the first paragraph of the article in the abstract section.4. Appendixes, with related bibliographical references,are placed after the main text, and before the bibliography. Their references should be included in the bibliography.5. Centuries and dates should be written in full: fifteenth century, 29 October 1923. For dates please use BCE and CE in English texts, AEC and EC in French texts, and MÖ and MS in Turkish texts.6. Short quotations should be given between double quotes within the paragraph. Long quotations (10 points) should have double indentation on the left (only), without quotes.7. Figures and images should include captions with related bibliographical references.Bibliographical references mentioned in the captions should be included in the bibliographyTheir captions should be incorporated within the text, and not be collected at the end of the manuscript. Also, they should be separately uploaded to DergiPark system. Captions of images and figures should be numbered separately. Captions should be in 9 points.8. Notes and bibliography must be in line with journal’s reference style based on Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).9. Notes (8 point) should be given at the bottom of every page, signalled by superscript numbers in the main text. Reference numbers should follow the punctuation marks (.35 ,23).10. Submitted manuscripts and abstracts should be conformed with the grammar and orthography of the language (Turkish, English, German and French) in which they were written. English and French language editing will not be provided by the editor. Non-English and non-French speaking authors are kindly invited to consult language editing services before sending their manuscript and abstract.11. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BAC922C39A0E4D9C9E6DB74FB429657E" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).

Author Guidelines

Studies in Ottoman Science - Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları has adopted the “notes and bibliography” documentation system preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, a bibliography. Authors who would send proposals to the journal are kindly invited to follow the examples given below when writing the footnotes and compiling the bibliography. These examples are borrowed from the Chicago Manual of Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html). A few more examples have also been added. Further information and numerous examples about the “notes and bibliography” system are available at the 14th and 15th chapters of the Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).A bibliography is needed at the end of research (original) articles, review articles and articles in translation. It should include all sources given in footnotes, captions and appendixes. The bibliography can include separate sections such as archival, manuscript, secondary, and/or electronic sources. Secondary sources are listed after the author’s name. When referring to archival material and manuscripts please note the name of the library and the collection, number and date of the document used if available.Authors who do not have surnames (i.e. Salih Zeki), should be listed according to their first names: Salih Zeki should enter the bibliography under the letter S. Authors with surnames are listed after their surnames (i.e. Adıvar, A. Adnan).Examples:fn (first note), sn (subsequent/short notes), bib (bibliography).Book, one authorfn Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.sn Smith, Swing Time, 320.bib Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.Book, two authorsfn Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015), 12.sn Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.bib Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015.Chapter or other part of an edited bookIn a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.fn Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.Sn Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.bib Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.fn John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177- 78.sn D’Agata, American Essay, 182.bib D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.Translated bookfn Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.sn Lahiri, In Other Words, 184.bib Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.E-bookFor books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).fn Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.sn Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 14.bib Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.fn Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.sn Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5.bib Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.fn Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.sn Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.bib Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.fn Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.sn Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23.bib Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.Journal articleIn a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that beginshttps://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.fn Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.sn Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.bib Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.fn Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.sn LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.bib LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.fn Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.sn Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.bib Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.fn Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465,https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.sn Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.bib Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/691233" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086/691233</a>.News or magazine articleArticles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.fn Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times, March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.sn Manjoo, “Snap.”bib Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.fn Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43.sn Mead, “Dystopia,” 47bib Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.fn Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox, April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.sn Pai, “History of Peeps.”bib Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.fn Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post, July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academicsn Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”bib Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”Book reviewfnMichiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, November 7, 2016.sn Kakutani, “Friendship.”bib Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016.Encyclopaedia entryfn Mogens Herman Hansen, “Athenian Democracy,” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996).sn Hansen, “Athenian Democracy.”Bib Hansen, Mogens Herman. “Athenian Democracy.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.Interviewfn Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.snStamper, interview.bib Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.Thesis or dissertationfn Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.sn Rutz, “King Lear,” 158.bib Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.Paper presented at a meeting of a conferencefn Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009).sn Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.”bib Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.Manuscriptsfn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 48a.sn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, MS T6833, 51b.bib Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 1a-70b.fn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 26a.sn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan, MS Ayasofya 3682, 23b.bib Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul,Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 1a-311a. Copied on 10 Rabi I 1135 (19 December 1722).Archival documentsfn Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA), Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS.) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1797).sn BOA, C.AS. 71/3352.bib Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA). Cevdet Askeriye (C. AS) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1920).fn Topkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA), E. 3202-2=597-2-7.sn TSMA, E. 3202-2=597-2-7.bibTopkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA). E. 3202-2=597-2-7.Website contentfnKatie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.sn Bouman, “Black Hole.”bib Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.fn “Privacy Policy,” Privacy &amp; Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.sn Google, “Privacy Policy.”bib Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy &amp; Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.fn “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.sn “Yale Facts.”bib Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.Personal communicationPersonal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.fn sn Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

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Ensure that the following items are present:Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.Confirm that final language control is done.Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with journals’s reference system based on Chicago Manual of Style.<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CD6036D23EAB4EA3BD0F169E2C40EFC2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> (will only be sent after the article has been accepted for publication)<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9449127C89E14B27A904F8929E7B8F60" target="_blank">Author Form</a>Permission for non-published material<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/848F635171AB4218922495C0C9DB3992" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü The category of the manuscriptü The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in Englishü All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country),e-mail addressesü Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü ORCIDs of all authors.● Main Manuscript Documentü Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript.ü The title of the manuscript both in the language of the manuscript and in Englishü Abstracts (150 words) both in the language of manuscript and in Englishü Key words: maximum 10 words both in the language of manuscript and in Englishü Manuscript body textü Acknowledgements, grant supports, conflicts of interest should be indicatedü References and bibliographyü All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title)

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