Sedat

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

This article examines the relationship between the phenomenon of aging and discourses on aging through the possibilities and limitations of typification as a methodological activity. The research question is based on the extent to which a particular discourse on aging can encompass the phenomenon of aging. By demonstrating the semantic gap between the triad of phenomenon-concept-discourse, the article addresses how discourses on aging that have been ideologically, politically, or scientifically constructed or reproduced can restrict the phenomenon of aging. The article argues the phenomenon of aging to be multidimensional and able to appear differently from different perspectives. For example, while chronological aging can be viewed as a loss of functionality, it may also be interpreted as mastery in terms of social memory or as wisdom in a moral or religious context. This diversity shows aging to not only be a biological process but also a phenomenon that is manifested through social and cultural codes. Therefore, discourses on aging compress this phenomenon into specific meanings through type concepts. While the article emphasizes how typification is necessary even for everyday language and important for making sense of the phenomenon of aging, it also warns against the possibility that typification limits the diversity of the phenomenon. The article argues typification to play an important role not only in scientific research but also in everyday linguistic practices. The phenomenon is conceptualized in everyday life through different typifications of aging that are shaped by socially accepted norms and values. The article also argues these typifications to often have an ideological and political background and therefore to perhaps be incomplete or inaccurate representations of the phenomenon of aging, with a similar structure applying to scientific discourses. For example, the literature on gerontology often treats aging as a demographic issue, and the discourse attempts to explain aging only in numerical and measurable terms. However, aging is a process each individual experiences differently, and many of these experiences may not find a place in such discourses. In this case, the problem is related to the function of the typification mechanism as a methodological construction. A discourse represents a phenomenon by means of concepts. However, these representations are often incomplete, because concepts tend to have generalizing and simplifying properties. For example, while the process of aging can be associated with the concept of decrepitude, it can also be expressed by the concept of wisdom. This contrast shows how limited the discourses on aging can be. The two main mediators of typification are temporality and individuality. This article emphasizes how aging can lead to temporally and individually different experiences, making the process of typification a challenging task. For example, in the context of temporality, aging can be viewed as both a physical and mental decline. However, this&nbsp;&nbsp;discourse is only valid if one thinks of aging as the entry into the official age of retirement (e.g., at age 65). However, aging is a complex lifelong process. Individuality makes this process even more complex because each person experiences aging differently according to their own physical and mental capacities. Of course, discourses on mind-body dualism also come into play here. From a physicalist point of view, which reduces the individual to the body, aging means a physical collapse and, of course, a collapse of mental capacities. From an idealistic point of view, however, one can argue that the soul, mind, or consciousness matures with age relatively independently of what happens to the body.&nbsp;Aging is not just an individual process; it is also a social phenomenon. The article discusses how relations of power, wealth, and authority shape the aging process and how older people are socially positioned in this process. Modern societies often socially exclude the elderly due to their loss of productivity, resulting in a widespread phenomenon called agism. This is also a consequence of the importance capitalist societies place on productivity. Therefore, the real opposition is not between youth, which capitalism considers risky and vulnerable, and old age, which capitalism considers dysfunctional. Nevertheless, the elderly who are dysfunctional in terms of both consumption and production have the most disadvantaged position in these social dynamics compared to other age categories, and this situation is also manifested in the discourses on old age. A research practice that is indifferent to critical conceptual studies (regardless of the intentions of the researchers) risks reproducing this position of the elderly, even if it produces content that ostensibly contributes to social policies. The article concludes with some examples of the discourses that have addressed the phenomenon of aging in different periods and cultures in order to test the issues and types listed. In this context, one example each from the mythological, philosophical, and scientific discourses will suffice. In ancient Greek mythology, aging is generally treated as a negative process and projection of social and political problems. The philosophical discourses of Plato and Cicero viewed aging as a process that brings wisdom and as something to be endured or praised. The scientific discourse of Aristotle, who personally viewed old age negatively, viewed it at best as a potential for moral wisdom, basing this on the distinction between epistemology and ethics.These observations also reveal the dualism of age-friendly tradition and agist modernity in the literature to be meaningless. This article argues for a more critical and multidimensional approach to the phenomenon of aging, as this critical approach can improve the quality of studies on aging and help one better understand the social position of older people.

The Phenomenon of Aging and Discourses on Old Age in the Context of Typification  and Stereotypes

Bengü

Assist. Prof. Dr.

This article problematizes the representation of older disaster survivors in the disaster management strategy after the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake. This strategy has not allowed older people to cope with the problems they’ve encountered after the disaster. According to official data, after the earthquake in which more than 48,000 people lost their lives, the planning and services considered all older people as vulnerable and ignored the resilience mechanisms and various needs and demands of the older disaster survivors in rural areas. A false representation of disaster survivors was created, and all intervention and recovery activities were based on this representation. This strategy homogenized the experiences of disaster survivors, viewing all of them as dependent human beings (Uyan-Semerci, Durmuş et al., 2023, p. 528), thus rendering the contributions that individuals can make towards increasing social resilience after the disaster invisible. The disaster management strategy, which standardized the experiences and needs of older disaster victims, ignored the relationship between social stratification and disaster impact levels. However, “vulnerability (i.e., disaster vulnerability) is socially constructed” (Duruel &amp; Avşar Arık, 2023, p. 106). Therefore, the effects of disaster on the older population should be evaluated where social positions such as economic class, age, immigration, marital status, and gender intersect. Poverty, being female, lack of education, social isolation and loneliness in tent cities, and prejudices against older populations affect older people’s disaster vulnerability levels in different ways (Duruel &amp; Avşar Arık, 2023, p. 107; Akçakaya &amp; Kim, 2020, p. 4). Disaster management plans define the concept of resilience as opposite of vulnerability. Resilience is defined as the goal of planning and services for reconstructing social order after a disaster. However, the pre disaster vulnerabilities of older people in rural areas prevent them from accessing the support, and services provided in the post-disaster period. In addition, older people in rural areas can benefit from their cultural values, knowledge, social roles, material and social capital, and gender to implement tactics that will reduce their level of disaster vulnerability in post-disaster reconstruction processes. Therefore, when focusing on the differing experiences and needs of the older population in relation to disaster management and recovery, not all older people are considered equally vulnerable. Developing a sociological and anthropological approach focused on the processes of social interaction after a disaster will allow one to understand how disaster governance reproduces or transforms social inequalities, as well as the tactics individuals develop to increase their own resilience. This article proposes a new theoretical approach for analyzing the interactions in daily life that are considered unimportant and unquestioned in the processes of disaster management. The tactics older individuals in rural areas use to make sense of the post-disaster world are important for showing how individual 155 society relations have been transformed after a disaster and for making disaster planning&nbsp;&nbsp;that is inclusive and well-suited to the structure of older people’s resilience. The article will first present a theoretical perspective on interpreting the post-disaster daily life interactions of older disaster survivors, their place in disaster planning based on the pre-disaster social structure, and the resilience tactics they develop by making use of Michel de Certeau’s concepts of strategy and tactics and Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodological approach. The article will then give reference to anthropological studies in the relevant literature, NGO reports, and media news about older disaster victims to explain the power and authority relations that affect the daily interactions of older people living in rural areas after the disaster, their spatial memories, changing roles, perceptions of old age, and the daily resistance tactics they’ve developed at the intersection of cultural values.Method&nbsp;This article uses thematic analysis, a qualitative research design. “Thematic analysis is the general name given to qualitative data analysis methods consisting of the processes of creating patterns (themes) over qualitative data, making sense of these patterns and reporting them” (Hınız and Yavuz, 2023, p.398). This method aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding and explanation of the research topic and to develop a new perspective to explain social reality. This method, in which the researcher critically interprets the data, determines certain codes and themes and reveals new meaning can also be defined as “the process of creating meaning between the data, the researcher and the reader” (Hınız and Yavuz, 2023, p.393). It makes possible to both detect similarities and differences in the data and develop new perspectives on the research topic (Çarıkçı et al., 2024, p.137). Thus, it might be useful to develop a theory that explains the experiences in a specific context. It also aims to provide a detailed explanation of the research topic and develop a new perspective on it. This article aimed to develop a new theoretical approach to the experiences of older disaster survivors in rural areas by correlating the core category of the phenomenon of old age and disaster in rural areas with disaster planning and the everyday interactions of older disaster survivors. This article evaluates the Kahramanmaraş earthquake and the phenomenon of old age in rural areas in its own social context and proposes a new theoretical perspective on interpreting their daily experiences after the earthquake. Studies in literature, the reports of civil society organizations, and public institutions, and political documents on the disaster management are used to select categories and themes on topic. The article identified important themes such as the daily interactions of older disaster survivors in rural areas, the power relations between different actors, spatial memory, cultural values, and changing social roles. These themes are used to develop an alternative theoretical approach for explaining the local meanings of the 156 disaster phenomenon for older people in rural areas.&nbsp;Findings Earthquake Resilience and Everyday Life&nbsp;This article has attempted to interpret the daily interactions and resilience levels of older disaster survivors in rural areas by synthesizing two theoretical approaches that focus on how individuals act in daily life: Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology and Michel de Certeau’s strategy-tactic distinction. In accordance with Garfinkel’s agency approach the disaster management strategy assumes that everyone in society has a common stock of knowledge and background about older people and that all actors responsible for disaster management use the same representation, one that views older people as vulnerable and dependent. A common perception of older people’s post disaster vulnerability was created through the typification of older disaster victims, and this typification is used to provide services and to initiate communications and interactions. However, de Certeau stated that this planning strategy and daily interactions are not independent of social stratification and power relations in society. Therefore, the fact that older disaster victims in rural areas have been excluded from planning, intervention, and recovery processes is not a coincidence. However, de Certeau also stated that older disaster survivors in rural areas are able to increase their level of resilience by developing certain tactics against the disaster management strategy. During a disaster, individuals reevaluate their stock of knowledge, regulate their interactions, and develop new tactics to cope with existing problems after an earthquake.&nbsp;The Tactics Older People in Rural Areas Use in Daily Life for Fighting Disaster&nbsp;Social Structure, Power Relations, and Daily Interactions in the Disaster Manage ment Process in Rural Areas&nbsp;When looking at the daily interactions of civil society organizations, public institutions, and the muhtars [village headmen] who took part in the relief efforts after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake with older people in rural areas, older refugees and disaster survivors living in rural areas were seen to encounter more discrimination about accessing food and health services. While services facilitated the access of older people living in tent cities to shelters, toilets, water, food, medicine, and medical devices, these services ignored the unique demands and needs of older people living in rural areas and older refugees. The effects of the disaster on older refugees and older people living in rural areas increased their vulnerability levels, which resulted in the reproduction of pre-disaster social stratification and inequalities. The background prejudices and perceptions that guided the interactions with these marginalized older groups negatively affected their access to aid and services in rural areas.&nbsp;Spatial Memories and Resilience of Older Disaster Victims in Rural Areas Contextual assessments enable us to understand how individuals construct their own disaster survivor identities through the memories they create in their daily lives regarding before, during, and after the disaster. These older individuals might nurture hope in their daily lives for reconstructing the space and their routines through their memories on the disaster. After the Kahramanmaraş earthquake of February 6, 2023, older people in rural areas resisted the government’s disaster management plan by insisting on living amidst the destruction; by not abandoning their villages, animals, and fields; and by creating a local alternative memory related to the space through the details of their daily lives in the post-disaster space. The older people who refused to leave their villages and move to tent cities did not abandon their animals or agricultural f ields. They also did not accept being moved to nursing homes in different provinces. They demonstrated individual resilience against the effects of the earthquake through the spatial memory they had established amidst the destruction.&nbsp;Older Disaster Survivors in Rural Areas, Cultural Values, New Roles, and ResilienceConducting new studies that examine the new active roles of older individuals regarding the post-earthquake processes in rural areas is essential in the context of Turkey. These studies will demonstrate how older people in rural areas, who are objectified in the disaster management plan, actively participate in the processes of disaster management. Studies should investigate how the elderly in rural areas guide the community based on their past knowledge, their experiences in search and rescue operations, how they join to the distribution of aid, and which new roles older individuals have undertaken in recovery processes (e.g., childcare, dispute settelement). These studies will reveal the daily interactions of older disaster victims in rural areas as active subjects who are able to reduce the negative effects of a disaster on rural community. For example, the interview conducted with the Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık ASHB District Directorate shows that many older people lived alone in rural areas and that these older disaster survivors did not want to be sent to a nursing home (65+ Older People Rights Association, 2023a). The argument has been made that elderly care should be undertaken by families due to traditional values in rural districts. Another case expressed the desire for older individuals to be placed in nursing homes to reduce the number of people in households that increased due to migration from urban to rural areas after the disaster in Şehitkamil, Gaziantep (65+ Older People Rights Association, 2023b). Therefore, the disaster experiences of older individuals should be contextualized, and disaster planning should consider how the social status, cultural values, and internal migration pattern of older individuals in rural areas affect these experiences.&nbsp;Conclusion and Discussion&nbsp;&nbsp;In Turkey, the disaster planning strategy represents all older disaster survivors as dependent and vulnerable. The services that are provided are based on this typology and ignore older people’s disaster experiences, needs, and demands, which vary based on their social status, living space, and social and economic capital. Based on this typology, the services provided after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake have aimed to increase the resilience of older people in tent cities and container homes in city centers by meeting basic needs such as evacuation, shelter, health, and food and providing them with psychological support. The limited services provided in tent cities (e.g., toilets, bathrooms, food, medicine, psychological support) were also not provided in an age-friendly manner. In addition, the disaster management plans did not include the unique needs and demands of older disaster survivors in rural areas and ignored their resilience levels, which differ from the resilience levels of older people in the city. Thus, the pre-disaster socioeconomic structure, power, and authority relations in society have affected older people’s levels of vulnerability and resilience in post-disaster reconstruction processes in society. Garfinkel’s ethnomethodological approach to how individuals construct society in their daily interactions with reference to the concepts of contextuality and agency and Michel de Certeau’s sociological approach to everyday life regarding the potential of individuals to transform strategy through their daily tactics allows one to make sense of the complexity of the experiences of disaster survivors and to make inclusive disaster planning. Thus, disaster planning should consider the active roles played by older people in rural areas in post-disaster intervention, recovery, and reconstruction processes; the discrimination they encounter in their daily interactions; and the tactics they develop. If the planning is not designed in accordance with the resilience levels of older people in the context of disaster, social inequalities will be reproduced, and intervention plans that represent older people as vulnerable human beings will fail.

Disaster Gerontology and Daily Life in Rural Areas

Mustafa

Büşra

Res. Assist. Dr.

This study examines the impact of urban regeneration on neighborhood attachment and analyzes how different types of interventions shape this relationship. The research is based on the data obtained within the scope of the project “Urban Regeneration and Aging in the Metropolis: The Case of Istanbul” supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK). The study focuses on the rapid urban transformation processes in Istanbul and how older people have been affected by this process. The literature has stated urban transformation in general to negatively affect neighborhood attachment, with older residents experiencing the loss of areas to which they feel a sense of belonging. Displacement and physical changes are among the negative impacts of urban regeneration, which weakens social networks and damages relationships people have with place. For example, state-led projects in Istanbul usually apply extreme interventions such as demolition and reconstruction and target poorer areas. While displacement cases do occur in such projects, centralized organizations such as TOKİ build mass housing areas and offer limited options to beneficiaries. State-led projects have been said to lack participatory mechanisms and to be developed with a centralized approach that does not involve those affected in the process. These projects also have problems involving low compensation rates, loans, and property transfer. Mixed model and market-led transformations are mostly implemented in areas where the middle class lives. For example, transformations were carried out in neighborhoods (e.g., Fikirtepe neighborhood of Istanbul’s Kadıköy district) with private contractors after state-led planning. Such projects may yield more positive results if social and physical elements are handled in an integrated manner. Approaches such as aging in place, age-friendly cities, and lifelong neighborhoods stand out among policies that will improve older people’s welfare regarding urban transformation. Strengthening accessibility, cleanliness, safety, and social networks are important for ensuring that older people are not negatively affected by urban regeneration. Moreover, strengthening physical and social infrastructure can mitigate the perceived negative consequences of transformation by supporting local identity and neighborhood attachment. As a result, addressing the social and physical dimensions of urban regeneration projects in a balanced manner plays a critical role in maintaining older people’s neighborhood attachment.Method Study DesignThis study was conducted to test the assumption that older residents’ neighborhood attachment levels decreased after experiencing the state-led urban transformation. The study uses the quantitative method and benefits from face-to-face survey data. The study data were collected from the project titled “Urban Transformation and Aging in the Metropolis: The Case of Istanbul” as carried out by the Istanbul University Sociology Research Center in 2018-2019. This study formed a suitable dataset for its question based on the project’s dataset before carrying out the quantitative analysis.SampleThe population of the study consists of 912,042 people aged 65 or over living in Istanbul (7.5% of the total population; Turkish Statistical Institute [TurkStat], 2017). The above-mentioned project had calculated a minimum sample size for Istanbul as N = 1,818, with a 5% margin of error at a 95% confidence interval. Using the stratified sampling technique, the project then distributed the sample proportionally according to the distribution of older people in each district. The project next used the purposive sampling method to determine the districts and related neighborhoods according to the type of urban intervention (i.e., state-led, market-led, mixed) and distributed the sample in accordance with the distribution of the older population. Because the current study targets older people living in places that have experienced or are planned to undergo state-led and/or market-led urban transformations, the sample size was reduced to 959 by creating a second sample from the original quantitative dataset of individuals aged 65 or older who’ve experienced urban transformation and live in neighborhoods where a transformation is about to take place. Accordingly, 10.4% of the sample consists of people who have experienced state-led or mixed model interventions, 54.6% of the sample are expected to experience a state-led or mixed model intervention, and 35% are expected to experience a market-led intervention.&nbsp;Data Collection ToolsThe study benefitted from the dataset of the project titled “Urban Transformation and Ageing in the Metropolis: The Case of Istanbul” (author/s, year). Accordingly, while the type of intervention is the independent variable, neighborhood attachment level is the dependent variable. Details about the variables are given below.Type of Intervention&nbsp;This study involves those who have experienced or are candidates for experiencing urban transformation in Istanbul’s districts and has categorized the participants according to the type of intervention they have faced or expect to face. Intervention types are state-led, market-led, and mixed model. Accordingly, the participants are grouped into three categories: (1) those who are experienced in state-led or mixed model urban regeneration, (2) those who are inexperienced in state-led or mixed model urban regeneration, and (3) those who are inexperienced in market-led urban regeneration. This study is based on the assumption that state-led urban regeneration practices have a negative impact on neighborhood attachment. From this point of view, comparing these to market-led urban regeneration areas is important and why it is one of the participant categories.&nbsp;Neighborhood Attachment ScaleThis study adapts the four-item Neighborhood Attachment Scale (Fornara et al., 2010) to the case being addressed herein and has added some new items (see Table 2). Participants indicated their agreement or disagreement using a 5-point Likert-type scale. The Neighborhood Attachment Scale developed in the study has two factors. The first factor is neighborhood attachment, which consists of a sense of belonging to the neighborhood, identification with the neighborhood, and physical attachment, while the second factor is neighborhood relations, which has the subdimensions of security and sociability. The total explained variance has been measured as 47.7%. A reliability analysis of the scale was also conducted, with an alpha coefficient of 0.75 (α = 0.75) being found. In order to understand the changes in neighborhood attachment levels before and after the intervention, three steps were taken. Firstly, the study separated the areas the state had already transformed from the areas that will be transformed and examined the differences between the scores from the Neighborhood Attachment Scale. Secondly, the people who’d experienced state-led urban transformation were asked “How has your neighborhood attachment changed. Has it decreased, increased, or not changed?” Thirdly, all participants were asked about their perceptions on whether the urban transformation had increased or decreased the physical and social components of neighborhood attachment (e.g., frequency of meeting with neighbors, housing durability, safety in housing, comfort of living, street safety, neighborhood safety, regional prestige).Data Analysis/Processing Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS quantitative data analysis software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed over the variables of neighborhood attachment and type of intervention, with eta-square values and frequency tables being used to calculate effect sizes.&nbsp;Results This study has examined the impact of urban transformation on neighborhood attachment and questioned the effect of state-led transformations on neighborhood attachment. According to the results from the one-way ANOVA, significant differences were found between neighborhood attachment scores according to different intervention types and urban transformation experiences. The neighborhood attachment levels of the groups under the threat of state-led transformation were found to be higher than those whose neighborhood had not experienced transformation but were expected to undergo a market-led transformation. However, the effect size was found to be low (ɳ2≅ .01). The survey results show that of the older people who’d experienced state-led transformation, 65.5% stated that their neighborhood attachment levels had not changed, 19.5% stated that their levels had increased, and 14.9% stated that their levels had decreased. This indicates other factors to be present that affect neighborhood attachment. However, the levels for public familiarity and the frequency of encountering familiar faces decreased, with 67.8% of older people reporting having encountered unfamiliar faces and 46% reporting a decrease in physical familiarity. The frequency of meeting former neighbors had decreased or was expected to decrease, but relationships with family members generally remained unchanged. In areas undergoing state-led transformation, differences were noted according to housing type. For example, 21.8% of older people live in family apartments and are able to maintain their social networks. For those in slums, transformation offers a more comfortable and secure life. The increase in living comfort and improvement in housing security contributed to the preservation of neighborhood attachment. While 60.6% of older individuals stated that their living comfort had increased after the transformation, 60% of those expecting to undergo the transformation think that their living conditions will improve. The difference between security expectations and post-transformation reality is striking: 40.4% of those who’d experienced the transformation stated that street security had increased, while 65.1% of those who are waiting for the transformation stated expecting security to increase. This difference shows that the transformations are not handled in an integrated manner with environmental arrangements.Lastly, 71.7% of those who’d experienced state-led urban transformation and 78.6% of those who are expecting to experience a mixed-model transformation stated their neighborhood prestige to have increased. The increase in prestige was emphasized as being related to the expectation of economic gain, with neighborhood attachment being correlated to this perception.&nbsp;Discussion and Conclusion&nbsp;This study has tested the assumption that state-led urban regeneration projects have a negative impact on neighborhood attachment and found that, contrary to what was predicted, neighborhood attachment did not decrease in state-led urban regeneration practices. The findings contradict previous studies (Atkinson, 2000; Cin &amp; Egercioglu, 2016; Fu &amp; Jiang, 2024; Lomas et al., 2021; Shamsuddin &amp; Ujang, 2008; Slater, 2010; Torres, 2020) that had suggested urban regeneration to damage neighborhood attachment by damaging social familiarity, physical familiarity, and the associated relationship with place. Meanwhile, other previous studies (Casakin &amp; Neikrug, 2012; Kleinhans et al., 2014; Lewis et al., 2022; Mehdipanah et al., 2013; Phillips et al., 2005; Sha, 2023) have shown older residents’ satisfaction levels to increase when certain social and physical conditions are met in urban transformation, with this positively affecting psychological well-being and neighborhood attachment. Therefore, evaluating the social and physical dimensions of transformation that give meaning to a place will be important for better understanding the findings (Lewicka, 2011). Accordingly, the first striking finding is that the majority of the participants who’d experienced state-led urban transformation stated social familiarity (67.8%) and physical familiarity (46%) to have decreased. Therefore, this supports the literature on urban transformation that shows social and physical familiarity levels to be reduced; despite this, however, the study did not show the predicted decrease in neighborhood attachment to have occurred. This points to the presence of other factors that ensure neighborhood attachment. The literature (Lewis et al., 2022; Sha, 2023) has shown that, despite the significant change, perceived outcomes of urban regeneration improve when adequate social infrastructure is provided. Some other noteworthy findings in this study point to conditions that preserve neighborhood attachment. First of all, the vast majority of participants who’d experienced state-led urban regeneration reported their relationships with their children (82.8%), grandchildren (75.9%), and neighbors (59.6%) to have remained unchanged. As Rubinstein and Parmelee (1992) stated, the sense of belonging to a place is related to one’s life course, particularly for older individuals. In this regard, conditions such as the facts that a significant percentage of older people in the current study’s sample live in family apartment buildings specific to the urbanization of Türkiye and that state-led transformations are collective in nature may have enabled older individuals to experience urban transformation without a significant change to their social networks. In addition, when considering how older people perceive themselves as being quite sensitive to changes in their physical environment and functional structure (Temelova &amp; Slezakova, 2014), going from living in poorer quality buildings for years in Istanbul then starting to live in more comfortable and safer earthquake-resistant buildings may have had a positive effect on the psychological well-being of the sample and their relationship with a place. In fact, most of the participants who’d experienced state-led urban transformation stated that their comfort of living (60%), street safety (40%), and regional prestige (71%) had increased. Previous studies (Burns et al., 2012; Michael et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2020; Yung et al., 2015) have shown the relationship of older people who live in urban areas with their place is related to neighborhood design, a clean pleasant physical environment, safety, and various social characteristics. Therefore, according to the findings obtained in this study, elderly residents who have experienced state-led urban regeneration in Istanbul can be claimed to have evaluated the changes in social and physical dimensions in relation to the life course and to have (re)made sense of their relation to place accordingly.Some findings that are intriguing for further research are also noteworthy. The first of these is that the respondents who’d experienced urban regeneration (40%) have a weaker view toward urban regeneration improving street safety compared to those who are expected to undergo this (state-led inexperienced = 65.1%; market-led inexperienced = 58.9%). Accordingly, one important research question may be whether urban regeneration has the promised effect in solving security-related problems. The second intriguing finding is the strong perception that urban regeneration increases neighborhood prestige. All three groups that were formed according to the type of intervention had a strong perception that urban regeneration increases neighborhood prestige (state-led experienced = 71.7%; state-led inexperienced = 78.6%; market-led inexperienced = 78.6%). The relationship between the perception that urban transformation will increase the prestige of a region and the economic benefit to be obtained from the urban transformation, as well as its relationship with neighborhood attachment, seems worthy of further research.

The Relationship of Urban Transformation with Neighborhood Attachment in Istanbul:  Types of Intervention and Older People

Abdüsselam

The concept of savings plays a central role in capital accumulation, especially in developing countries where financing investments domestically is essential. The presence of a robust financial system can have a significant impact on individuals’ ability to save and is further enhanced by having a variety of financial instruments that are available. In recent years, the Private pension system (PPS) has emerged as an important savings tool within the Turkish financial ecosystem, benefiting both individuals and the broader economy. This study aims to explore the characteristics and importance of the PPS in Türkiye by examining its impact at the personal and societal levels and its integration into the Turkish economic landscape.&nbsp;Theoretical FrameworkSince the industrialization era, the combined effects of rising retirement ages, declining public pension support, and an aging population have led developed countries to increasingly rely on private pension funds. In response, individuals have sought ways to bridge potential consumption gaps during retirement. PPS allows individuals to save a portion of their earnings in their active working years and to invest these savings in long-term instruments in order to support a stable standard of living during retirement. In addition to promoting personal financial security, PPS also benefits economies by increasing long-term capital reserves. This study draws on theories such as the life-cycle hypothesis to understand how the PPS enables consumption smoothing, allowing individuals to balance spending throughout their life.Historical Development of the Private pension systemThe first recorded introduction of an individual pension scheme was done by the American Express Company in 1875 and was later extended to both the public and private sectors. However, structural adjustments were required due to issues such as partial or no payments to retirees during certain periods, leading to significant pension reforms in the United States under President Ford in 1974. Similarly, European countries such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland gradually evolved their systems to include broader categories of workers and improved pension protection. In Türkiye, the Private pension system (PPS) was officially introduced in 2001 with the enactment of Law No. 4632 and became operational in 2003. Supported by the government, Türkiye’s PPS is a voluntary system that complements the state social security structure to provide additional retirement income.	&nbsp;Structural Dynamics of Türkiye’s PPS&nbsp;In Türkiye, workers who participate in the PPS make periodic contributions that are managed by professional pension funds. Each participant can select a portfolio based on personal risk preferences with an aim for long-term returns. The Turkish government introduced a 25% state contribution in 2013, significantly boosting system participation. However, recent economic volatility has hindered this growth, leading to an increase in withdrawals from the system. Despite these challenges, the PPS remains a crucial mechanism for economic stability by providing individuals with an alternative savings avenue and supporting the financial market’s liquidity.&nbsp;Impact of the PPS on Individual and Societal SavingsAt the individual level, the PPS offers several benefits such as income security in retirement and stable consumption levels, where savings accumulated during active working years help maintain living standards in retirement. In addition, the PPS provides tax benefits that incentivize saving and contribute to financial security and literacy. The system promotes financial discipline by encouraging individuals to plan their budgets more responsibly. At the societal level, the PPS has a positive impact on economic growth by encouraging capital accumulation, increasing overall savings rates, and promoting the development of capital markets.&nbsp;PPS’s Contribution to Economic Stability and the Social Security SystemOne of the PPS’s most important contributions is how it supports Türkiye’s social security system, a system that is under increasing pressure from an aging population. By reducing reliance on public pensions, the PPS eases the burden on the social security system. The PPS also contributes to financial security throughout society by reducing the risk of poverty in old age and increasing financial independence. Tax incentives and financial inclusion initiatives within the PPS help bridge income gaps, promote a more equitable distribution of income, and support overall social welfare.Conclusion and EvaluationThe PPS offers broad benefits at both the individual and societal levels. By encouraging long-term savings, it provides economic security for individuals in retirement while benefiting the Turkish economy through increased capital reserves and market stability. Although challenges remain due to economic fluctuations, the PPS continues to play an essential role in Türkiye’s socioeconomic landscape by contributing to financial literacy, economic resilience, and social cohesion. Ultimately, the PPS is a multidimensional system that promotes sustainable development by supporting the financial security of individuals and the economic and social well-being of the nation.

A Review of the Private Pension System and the Current Situation in Türkiye

Faruk

Öğretim Görevlisi

The worldwide increase of the older population in the 21st century has become an important demographic trend due to the decline in birth rates and the increase in living standards. According to the United Nations’ 2022 report, individuals aged 65 and over constitute 10.5% of the world population, and this percentage is expected to increase to 25.5% by 2050. Aging is defined as a physiological process that develops through the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors, and social aging brings many issues such as health problems, economic difficulties, and social isolation. This study examines the problems caused by loneliness and social isolation in older individuals. Social isolation is defined as an individual feeling excluded from society and experiencing limited social interactions. This situation can cause various issues for older individuals such as health problems, depression, and low quality of life. Homecare services are an important support system that aims to improve the quality of life of older people and reduce social isolation. However, social isolation can negatively impact the effectiveness of these services and make the care process more difficult. The main problems caused by social isolation include increased health problems, psychological effects such as depression and loneliness, failure to meet care needs, and decreased quality of life. The increase in physical health problems in old age, lack of social support, and transportation challenges can trigger social isolation. The feeling of loneliness is also associated with individual and environmental factors such as loss of a spouse, chronic diseases, and sensory losses. Homecare services are critical for older people to lead an independent and safe life in their own homes. These services aim to meet the physical and mental health needs of older people while focusing on strengthening social support systems and optimizing environmental factors. Gerontologists play an important role in planning and implementing services to improve the quality of life of older individuals in this process. The study analyzes the status of an individual living alone and in need of care and the reasons for the lack of necessary interventions by focusing on a case discovered by chance within the scope of the One from Home Project (Evden Biri Projesi). The study uses this case to discuss the shortcomings of the current system regarding old age, care processes, and the aspects that need to be improved.MethodThis study uses the qualitative research method in order to understand in depth the problems older individuals experience related to homecare services. The reason for preferring the qualitative method is that it provides data that will provide a detailed understanding of older individuals’ life experiences. The research has adopted a case &nbsp;study design due to it being an effective approach for analyzing specific situations and making generalizations about common situations. The case of M.S. represents a concrete example of older individuals’ common issues such as social isolation and health problems and can be a guide for similar studies in the future. The participant of the study is an 82-year-old woman named M.S., who was identified within the scope of the Evden Biri Project carried out by Süleyman Demirel University Eğirdir Vocational School of Health Services. M.S. was selected as a typical example representing problems specific to old age such as chronic health problems, social isolation, and care needs. The typical case sampling technique was used to identify the participant. The Evden Biri Project is a voluntary initiative that aims to increase older individuals’ access to homecare services and to improve their quality of life. Within the scope of the project, elderly individuals are visited in their homes; their health status, social needs, and care requirements are assessed, and regular support is provided. Observation and in-depth interview techniques were used for collecting the data. The observation technique is used to analyze the living conditions, health status, and social support systems in M.S.’s home. The observations revealed that inadequate personal hygiene, neglected home maintenance, and long-term bed dependency have led to health problems. The in-depth interviews were used to provide a detailed analysis of M.S.’s health history, activities regarding daily life, food consumption habits, and social support systems. When analyzing the data, the study used qualitative data analysis methods to evaluate the data obtained from the observations and interviews and then classified and analyzed the findings under themes. Notable connections were established, especially between themes such as social isolation and health problems. The research was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines, and approval was obtained from M.S. The study adheres to the principle of confidentiality and obtained the necessary permissions from the Eğirdir District Social Service Center. Case&nbsp;The 82-year-old female patient, M.S., was treated during the evaluation carried out in the Eğirdir District of Isparta Province within the scope of the Evden Biri Project carried out by Süleyman Demirel University Eğirdir Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Health Care Services. This project is a voluntary initiative that organizes the care services provided in older individuals’ homes. Within the framework of the project, M.S.’s health status and living conditions were meticulously examined, and several critical health problems were identified.&nbsp;With regard to M.S., she is lonely, comorbid, and in need of care. She had previously been visited at her home through a notice, but because no official guardian could be appointed, she had practically been abandoned to her fate. Assessment and Intervention&nbsp;During her general status assessment, the project team observed M.S. to be asleep, her living space to be dirty with rotten bread, stool in a bag, and some money brought by her tenants next to her bed. M.S.’s health data were reported as follows:- Blood pressure: 90/60 mmHg- Fasting Blood Glucose: 53 mg/dL- Pulse rate: 64 bpm- Sats: 90 mmHg Grade 2 pressure sores were detected on the hips and elbows due to long-term bed dependence. A significant decrease in daily living activities was observed, and the patient’s first intervention involved her being given a glass of sugar water, a bed bath, and wound care and dressing and her living area was cleaned. Due to the unusable condition of the patient’s kitchen and the risk of infection, soup was brought from a restaurant, and the team helped the patient eat.Social Services and Legal Aspects&nbsp;This section discusses the legal and social services aspects encountered while placing M.S. in a care center. During the interviews with the Eğirdir District Social Service Centre, M.S. was inadmissible to the care center due to the lack of her own consent and the absence of a guardian. However, Article 83 of Social Service Law No. 2828 emphasizes the responsibilities mukhtars (village headmen) and other individuals have to notify about persons in need of protection and care. As a result, M.S.’s consent was obtained, and the placement process was initiated. According to the Regulation on Nursing Homes and Elderly Care and Rehabilitation Centers (Official Gazette No. 24325, February 21, 2001), older individuals in emergency situations can be admitted with the approval of the local administrative authority. Accordingly, M.S. was first placed in a health institution and then in a care center. During this process, gerontologists holistically assessed her health and social and environmental needs and developed a sustainable care plan. Gerontologists also facilitated her placement in the care center by providing information and support about the legal processes. Such interventions aim to improve the quality of life of older individuals by taking into account their needs in all areas of life. The role of gerontologists is critical in the planning and implementation of care processes.&nbsp;Discussion and Conclusion&nbsp;Loneliness and lack of care in old age can create serious problems at both the individual and social levels. The case of M.S. provides a concrete example of how these issues can turn into larger problems. Complications due to late intervention, especially dehydration and malnutrition leading to loss of consciousness, worsened the effects of social isolation. Social isolation is defined as an individual being disconnected from social connections and having limited social interactions, and this negatively affects older individuals’ social and psychological status.The consequences of loneliness include health problems, hygiene deficiencies, and malnutrition. Hygiene issues for older persons who live alone can negatively affect their general health by increasing the risk of infection. Similarly, malnutrition can lead to a weakened immune system and increased health problems. These situations both reduce their quality of life and create an additional burden on the health system. The case of M.S. illustrates the consequences of lack of care and late intervention. The legal and social service problems encountered during her care process at the center disrupted her care services for reasons such as lack of consent and lack of a guardian. However, legal regulations have been enacted on admitting older individuals to care&nbsp; centers in emergency situations. During this process, gerontologists created an effective care plan by holistically assessing her health and social needs. The study emphasizes the importance of care needs and social services in old age and draws attention to the need for early intervention systems for high-risk individuals. The case of M.S. shows that the effectiveness of social services should be increased and that the timely provision of care services directly affects older people’s quality of life. Society needs to develop stronger social policies and care services to support older persons. Legal barriers and cultural factors such as the refusal to appoint mukhtars as guardians can disrupt care services. To deal with such problems, flexible and holistic approaches should be adopted, and social services and legal regulations should be made more effective. The case of M.S. demonstrates that meeting one’s care needs in old age in a timely and effective manner contributes to human rights and social solidarity. Improving social services and legal support also plays a critical role in improving older individuals’ quality of life.

The Effects of Loneliness and Social Isolation on Older Individuals: A Case Study

İlknur

A Reading on the Theoretical Foundations of Biography-History Interaction

Elif

A Different Method for Determining Old Age: “Prospective Longevity A New Vision of Population  Aging”

Engin

Yaşam ve Ölüm / Life and Death

Murat

Prof.

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.

The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life.

Within the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews.

Manuscript submission system of the journal is Istanbul University Online Publishing Management System.
Please click to submit your manuscript: https://editorial.istanbul.edu.tr/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

ERIH PLUS

DOAJ

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Senectus

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Editor in Chief

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life. SCOPEWithin the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews, especially concerning (although not limited to):<ul type="disc"> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The relation between aging/old age and social, political, economic, legal, and technological changes</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The effects of individual and demographic aging on shareholders such as local and national government, NGOs, universities, and field workers</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The proposals for solutions regarding care, policies, and social policies towards older people, as well as analyses of current solutions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Physical and psychological changes occurring as a result of aging, behavioural and social transformations, age-related health developments (tracking, treatment, and prevention)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Public debates regarding aging societies</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Historical and contemporary evaluations of old age/older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Economic behaviours of aging people and old people-oriented sectors</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Employment, retirement, income, and consumption habits in older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Lifespan approach</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Intergenerational relations and transitions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The experience of aging and family relations</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Loneliness and social ostracism</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Social rights and inequalities (such as the right to live, the right to access basic services, and the right to political representation)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Comparative analyses based on national and international databases</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Proposals for good practices in Turkey</li> </ul>

Aim & Scope

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.Double Blind Peer-ReviewAfter plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University and Darülaceze Foundation. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Senectus is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Senectus adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1743CD2DF65843B5A147828EBF5C5E20" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6E4A747F9A4A445BBB0870370FF76A2F" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;text-decoration: underline;">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts</a> ​<div style="text-align: center;">General Formatting Requirements</div>Font: The font used in the entire manuscript should be Times New Roman, font size 10. For tables and figures, see below.Page Layout: <ul><li>Page margins for bottom, top, right, and left should be pre-set as 0.98 inch. </li><li>Text should be typed as a single-column document. </li><li>Text should be justified with no hyphenation breaks in words at the end of a line. </li></ul>Paragraphs and headings should not be indented, but aligned with the main text. Paragraph Format: Paragraph indents should be pre-set in the tabs section as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 6 pt</li><li>Line spacing: 1.5</li></ul>Page Limit: Manuscripts prepared in compliance with the guidelines should not exceed 25 pages (10.000 words).Manuscript SectionsTitle: Article titles should be boldfaced and centered.Author(s)’s Names: The main document is used for peer-review, which may include the title, abstract, key words, main body, references, figures and tables and supplementary materials. The names of all authors and their institutions should not be included in the main document.Abstract: Abstracts should be between 150–200 words. No citations should appear in the abstract.Keywords: 5–8 words representing the manuscript should be given as keywords.Main Text: Qualitative and quantitative studies should contain the following sections: Introduction, Method, Findings, and Discussion.The Methods section must include Sampling/Study Population, Data Collection Tools, and Procedure as subsections if an original research method has been used.Literature reviews should elaborate on the problem, analyze the relevant literature, emphasize the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature, and discuss actions toward solving these problems.Other types of studies can allow slight variations in sections, but they should not contain too many details and sub-sections that could distract readers’ attention and compromise readability.References: Both in-text citations and references should comply with the APA guidelines as provided in the Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6th edition).Tables, Figures, and AppendicesTables and Figures: Tables, figures, pictures, graphics, and similar aspects should be embedded in the text, and not provided as appendices.Under the Paragraph tab, ensure that the indentation is as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 0</li><li>Spacing: Single</li></ul>Tables and figures should be left aligned, and the text wrapping feature should be turned off.Appendices: Each appendix should be displayed on a separate page after the references section.Format for Five Levels of Heading1st Levef of Heading: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading2nd Level of Heading: Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading3rd Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (In a lowercase paragraph heading, the first letter of the first word is uppercase and the remaining words are lowercase.)4th Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.5th Level of Heading: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. More than five levels of headings are not advisable.Table and Figure Headings: Table and figure numbers should be typed as “Table 1” or “Figure 1” Table and figure headings should be in italics.Other GuidelinesEmphasis: Do not use boldfaced characters in text. Emphasis should be expressed using quotation marks (“”) or italics.Listing: Lists in text should be horizontal and not vertical. Further, the list should use Roman numeral [(i), (ii), and so on], not Arabic (1, 2).Direct Quotations: Direct quotes should be left-indented from the main text and typed in 9-point font. They need not be italicized. Please refer to the sample manuscript for examples.</div>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E8602C265D37407A8DB045C370F9EBBD" target="_blank">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts </a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/25174B09585C4A00B847B7E6191D400D" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/39D72AE6714E4766AC908A220F3DFAD1" target="_blank">Author Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EC55A6FCAFF5450BAF01EB690A04EA18" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Copyright Agreement Form</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Author Form</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Title page</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Senectus complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

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Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Murat Şentürk
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Senectus

VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2, 2024

The Phenomenon of Aging and Discourses on Old Age in the Context of Typification and Stereotypes

Disaster Gerontology and Daily Life in Rural Areas

The Relationship of Urban Transformation with Neighborhood Attachment in Istanbul: Types of Intervention and Older People

A Review of the Private Pension System and the Current Situation in Türkiye

The Effects of Loneliness and Social Isolation on Older Individuals: A Case Study

A Reading on the Theoretical Foundations of Biography-History Interaction

A Different Method for Determining Old Age: “Prospective Longevity A New Vision of Population Aging”

Yaşam ve Ölüm / Life and Death

INFORMATION

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