Murat

Prof. Dr.

Emine

Assist. Prof.

From the ancient thinker Heraclitus to Benjamin as one of the thinkers of the last century, youth and old age have either been excluded or included when dealing with the objectivity and historicity of the subject. Youth and old age can be said to be accepted as direct indicators of the temporality of the subject that has been drawn in the intelligible sphere within the process, and therefore they accompany the history of philosophy by being excluded or taken to heart. This is because Being young and being old signify being in the rupturing power of time, which not only brings everything but at the same time takes everything away (Heidegger &amp; Fink, 2006, p. 188). For this reason, many philosophical theories are seen to exclude youth and old age when addressing the subject’s objectivity and to include these when addressing the subject’s historicity. According to Heraclitus (88th Fragment, n.d.), who claimed that everything is subject to the flow (panta rei), the law regarding life transforming into death is the one and the same law of youth turning into old age. According to Plato, an aged person is one who has achieved a measured and wise spirit by remaining away from temporary whims such as passion and desire (2010, p. 328e). With regard to Aristotle (1997, p. 123), however, youth and old age are studied together through experience, and the reason why a youth who knows geometry and mathematics cannot be rational is that they lack the experience of old age. Therefore, youth and old age have been ontic and ontological subjects in terms of the subject design that would be constructed regarding formation and decomposition throughout the history of philosophy, because for the design of the modern subject, mortality is as resistant to thought as it is to the idea of immortality (Adorno, 2016, p. 337).During antiquity when philosophy was accepted as wisdom, due to man being subject to time like all other beings, man did not constitute a subject in the intelligible field. Alongside man’s subjection to time not constituting a problem for the thinkers of antiquity, the passage of time and aging were even seen as conditions for wisdom as intended by philosophy. According to common belief in the thoughts of antiquity, the relationship between man’s way of knowing and wisdom progresses naturally due to the purpose and function of a thing being intertwined. For this reason, the thinkers of antiquity from their point of view did not consider epistemology and ethics, which question the possibility of knowing and the source of knowledge, separate from one another. Man naturally has the ability to know and is both a social and ethical being with no categorical distinction existing between the two. On the other hand, philosophy is an activity that on one hand researches the principles of coexistence and that which is designed to keep something alive while on the other hand attempting to distinguish the various characteristics and abilities of humans from other beings. However, the methods and sources of knowledge that change and transform with the process also transform the disciplines that create this struggle, such as how humans have transformed the ways of understanding and explaining nature, the universe, the world, and themselves.&nbsp;While the holistic perspective of philosophy had shaped scientific methods during antiquity when philosophy was determinant, the objectivity of the sciences has shaped the methods of philosophy in the age when the science of the nature of mathematics is determinant. One of the processes through which this transformation can be traced is the transformation of man into the subject as established in the intelligible sphere and thus guaranteeing its objectivity. This has become possible by suspending the structure of man that is subject to time and the individual experience one gains over time. In the modern period where man is conceived as the subject and human existence is affiliated with the ability to think, temporality has begun being recognized as the most significant obstacle to objective knowledge. This is because in modern thought where the purpose of philosophy is the possibility of objective knowledge instead of wisdom, the reference point of objectivity is the subject that has been established in the intelligible sphere as conscious existence. Due to being established in the intelligible sphere, the modern subject is no longer a human subject to time or able to age (to be experienced): It is objective and immortal. Modern philosophical theories that aim to design man as an objective being in the intelligible sphere attempt to eliminate the elements that are subject to time by analyzing them and to ascertain the aspects that remain unchanged and that enable objectivity. This approach, which had started with Descartes and reached its zenith with Kant, began being criticized again in the modern period because eliminating historicity from the analysis of experience, experience being the basis of subject analyses, is seen to be impossible, and the possibilities of the objective design that gave room to historicity and that could establish its legitimacy are being challenged.Walter Benjamin was the thinker who noted the interest of this debate that modern philosophy had conducted as a problem of method in the form of objectivity and historicity through how the concept of experience itself had been constructed and through which concepts it was expressed. According to Benjamin, the basic question of modern thought is whether experience will be handled as the sum of lived experiences and attributed to man, or if experience will be attributed to the subject by designing it in the intelligible sphere. Benjamin drew attention to the fact that the concepts used for experience by Kant and Hegel, the defining names in the debate on objectivity and historicity, were not accidental, pointing out that Kant preferred Erfahrung [journey], whereas Hegel preferred Erlebnis [to live]. Stating Erfahrung to imply youth, which implies the dynamism and permanence contained within, and Erlebnis to imply experiential knowledge and old age, which can only be achieved by living, Benjamin presented a critical perspective that encapsulated the problem of modern objectivity and historicity.&nbsp;This study attempts to show how youth and old age had been included as indicators of human historicity and also been accepted as what molds knowledge in antiquity, when experience was addressed as the sum of all that has yet been experienced. However, the study indicates that the subject in the modern era, where experience has been designed as an objective and universal plane in the intelligible sphere, has been designed not as an aging, experiencing creature but as an immortal being and also indicates why and how temporality has been excluded on account of objective knowledge. The importance of youth and old age for the current study and for a philosophical reading is the meaning their having been excluded through a modern approach carries due to them not being accidental elements that just indicate the physical and mental changes of individuals as singular beings but also being indicators of the temporality of the subject as established in the objective sphere. For this reason, aside from defending the criticisms of Walter Benjamin and Kojin Karatani regarding how the subject cannot be a project that is able to be designed and completed in the intelligible sphere, the study also supports the argument regarding how the still-current philosophy Cicero had put forth regarding old age and the interests of philosophy should preserve the holistic view of human beings instead of the view that eliminates the historical structure and does not allow objectivity. The study attempts to make this defense by rethinking modern theories using the idea of experience, which philosophy in antiquity had revealed as the love of wisdom and in which the human being had been considered as a whole. For this purpose, the study will point out theories that involve youth, which signifies the structure of the subject that is subject to formation and decomposition (i.e., time), and that in particular involve old age, which signifies that which has been experienced and temporality; the study will also reexamine from this perspective the texts of Plato and Aristotle, which are accepted as the founding texts of philosophy, and point out how the need for a holistic view of human beings (similar to the other humanities) is still relevant in terms of philosophy by referring to Cicero’s theories on old age and experience.&nbsp;

Rethinking Youth and Old Age in Terms of the Historical Objectivity of the Subject

İlknur

Öğretim Görevlisi

Mehmet

Prof.

The percentage of the elderly population has increased dramatically in Turkey (Turkish Statistical Institute [TurkStat], 2022a), as in the rest of the world (World Bank [WB], 2022). The most important differentiation in the aging process are the differences in life expectancy with regard to gender. When associating this case with marital status as frequently encountered in Turkish society (TurkStat, 2022b), this situation means that women have years that need to cope with on their own after the death of men. For this reason, the concept of widowhood emerges as a significant conceptualization for elderly women in particular. In fact, the percentage of males aged 65+ who are widowed in Turkey is 11.4%, while this rate rises to 47.4% for elderly women (TurkStat, 2022a).The place where life is maintained comes to mean the cultural values, norms, rules, and a life balance for the individual. The experience of aging is also linked to the locale, habitat, and the economic, social, and political relations that occur in a way that is tied to the locale (Şentürk, 2015). Rural to urban migrations have increased through the influence of the modern world (Arun &amp; Çakıroğlu, 2011), and the percentage of the elderly in rural areas where living standards have not improved has increased (Arslan et al., 2018). Being in a rural area provides elderly individuals with advantages (Shenk &amp; Christansen, 1997) and disadvantages (Coles, 2001).As another topic emphasized in the study, social relation is the bond established through mutual interactions that creates meaning between those interacting (Canatan, 2016). The bonds that are maintained through relations between people of all ages are called social networks (Litwin, 2001). Social networks have positive contributions through many aspects such as individuals’ well-being (Barett &amp; Lynch, 1999), quality of life, health status (Antonucci, 1986), life satisfaction (Anderson, 1983), and preservation of independence (Barett &amp; Lynch, 1999; Kneale, 2012). A circular and hierarchical diagram is used when showing social networks and support relationships. The individual is at the center of the system formed from three concentric circles. Others find themselves placed in the circles according to the relationships they have with the individual. The closest circle is limited to the few people who are the hardest to do without (Kahn &amp; Antonucci, 1980). The individuals in the middle circle, while not very close to the person of focus, are still important to them (Antonucci, 1986). Even if those in the outermost circle are not the first to come to mind, they are people who are valuable to the individual. The relationships with those people are likely to be roledependent and short-term (Nadoh et al., 2004). This mapping provides significant convenience in understanding social support relationships and the other social support models used in the literature. The research benefits from the convoy, task specificity, and hierarchical encounter models in order to understand the support networks of elderly widows who’ve been repositioned in society by having their old roles changed.&nbsp;Being old (Turner, 2017), being a woman (Sevak et al., 2003), being a widow (Osorio-Parraguez, 2013), and living in a rural area (Butler, 2002) have generally been associated in the literature with disadvantages such as neediness, dependency, poverty, vulnerability, and limited access to opportunities. Therefore, understanding the social worlds of elderly widows in rural areas is important. This research aims to analyze the perspective these individuals have toward their social networks, what they expect from the networks, and the effects social networks have on their lives. By examining social relations and understanding social expectations, coping, and social support, a cultural view is revealed regarding the interactions elderly widows in rural areas have with their surroundings. The research uses the qualitative research method as well as the phenomenological research design in order to understand the expressions of the individuals participating in the research. The research was carried out between June 4-29, 2019 in the Çandır and Sarımehmetler villages of Sütçüler District in Isparta province with 30 widowed women between the ages of 59 to 90 who were reached using the maximum diversity sampling technique to achieve the desired diversity. A semi-structured form was used in order for the participants being in-depth interviewed to be able to comfortably express themselves. The duration of the interviews varied between 15-45 minutes, and the finding were interpreted using descriptive analysis.The main themes in the research are the relationships with family and neighbors, who are the people closest to the individuals in the contexts of kinship and distance. The sub-themes formed within the main theme of family relations focus on the participants’ relationships with their children, grandchildren, and siblings. The family can be said to largely shape the individuals’ social positions. Some participants mentioned having good relations with their elderly parents. Their relationships with their parents who are not in need of care continue at the social, economic, and psychological levels. The participants are seen to have actively established relationships with their adult children socially, psychologically, economically, and physically. The two parties can be argued to be sources of support for one another as well as ones who make decisions about each other’s lives. The children can additionally be said to be the first to take responsibility for their elderly parents. Their relations with their grandchildren are seen to be interpreted as generally good. Many of the participants were observed to answer this question smiling. The participants can be said to want be a part of their grandchildren’s lives, although they have few conversations and phone calls with the grandchildren than with their own children. Relationships formed through blood ties such as children and grandchildren are not easy to replace. Still, it’s also not impossible. Severed ties can be substituted, especially with other children or grandchildren. Sibling relations tend to decline with age. Individuals who transfer their energy and resources to their children or grandchildren generally have psychosocial relations with their siblings. Siblings are an alternative source of support in times of crisis and stress. Inheritance and dividing up property are the main problems in sibling relations.The social environment involves neighbors who, while not family members, still have more or less of an influence on the individual’s life. Long-term neighborly relations in rural areas can be argued to mean a shared history with these people. Neighborly relations can be said to be affected by various life events and daily relationships. Cases where these relations are not good can be stated to cause unhappiness in terms of the individuals. These relations can be claimed to continue at the psychosocial support level, as in relationships with siblings. Despite having hierarchical ties, however, a strict stratification can be claimed to not be possible when dealing with family and neighbors. As a result, the elderly widowed female participants who live in rural areas can be said to want to continue being a part of their social networks by doing their part.Individuals can be said to take good relationships as a reference while forming relationship hierarchies. Again, the relationships that people who are further from the individual in the relationship circle have with the individual can be claimed to be impacted by the attitudes of those who are closer to the individual. Different arrangements of the relationship circles are also observed to have been made. Despite the relationship circle being functional, it cannot provide detailed information. Unique relationship circles should be created for individuals instead of just writing a three-part descriptions for everyone. Individuals should establish their relationship hierarchy on their own. Therefore, the presence of expanding multiple circles needs to be mentioned again by emphasizing on more time that the circles are centered around the individual.Parent-child relationships are prominent in matters that require more energy and sacrifice, such as with care and economics. However, grandchildren, siblings, and neighbors are sources of support for tasks that can be paid right away. Therefore, the one being called for help varies in accordance with the topic, as stated in the task specificity model (Cantor, 1979). The person being called may also vary according to the situation, environment, or time in addition to the task. Therefore, the concept of the situation-specific relation model can be used in place of the task specificity model for a broader conceptualization.&nbsp;

One of the Parties of Social Relations: The Old Widow in the Countryside

Berfin

Assoc. Prof.

The subject of aging is one of the most studied subjects in a number of scientific fields such as medicine, sociology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and political science, and the reason is that the world population is rapidly aging. Aging is a subject that is studied at macro and micro levels and can be addressed individually and socially, with the social positioning of the physically and physiologically aging body being of interest to many social scientists, especially sociologists. Age represents two basic processes in the lives of elderly people. First of all, age reflects the physiological aging process. Certain chronic health problems occur with advancing age, and many activities decline with age due to increased frailty. Secondly, aging is associated with various social, cultural, and economic changes. Changes in social roles with advancing age are mainly due to social, cultural, and economic changes rather than just physiological. The habitus also transforms in the aging body, which is faced with social, economic, cultural, and physical losses. For this reason, how the aging body is perceived by the elderly individual and society also shapes the individual’s sense of self. This study discusses the approaches of biomedicine and the sociality of aging, two areas that have adopt opposing approaches to the aging body, and what these two approaches’ positions are regarding the aging body. The study will firstly address the biomedical approach in light of Michel Foucault’s criticisms of it, then it will examine the body as an agent and identity as well as its sociality through Bourdieu’s basic concepts of habitus, types of capital, and field. The study centers on the following argument: The aging body, which in a sense needs biomedicine to maintain life and diagnose and treat diseases, is trapped between biomedicine and the sociality of the body.Biomedicine studies the body in terms of two states: healthy or ill. In parallel with this, the aging body according to biomedicine is seen as a machine in need of correction. Things exist that medical professionals need to do for the aging body, just like how a machine that does not work properly needs to be repaired. Professionals have adopted a medical view that allows them to be objective when examining and treating patients (Giddens, 2012). However, this medical view also has its drawbacks. First of all, biomedicine considers aging as a pathological problem and ignores the basic social and behavioral processes of aging. Therefore, biomedicine does not fully consider the individual’s culture, socio-economic status, social position, gender, or values. Michel Foucault criticized biomedicine’s approach to the body and the aging body. According to Foucault (1977), the body is not natural but is produced and reproduced through medical knowledge. The discourse of medical power plays a dominant role in managing social relations and medical power, which allows individuals to be categorized as ill or healthy. Medical power is produced and reproduced by medical knowledge during every diagnosis and treatment. On the other hand, medical professionals as the subjects of biomedicine manage power relations using established discourses in their own language. Foucault’s criticisms of biomedicine also focus on this point. Foucault questioned how the power inherent in scientific discourse shapes how one sees the world and how people relate to others and themselves. He criticized the way bio-power (or bio-politics) directs societies with the help of technology. He also problematized the power of having a say in matters such as birth, death, reproduction, fertility, and life span, as well as in the regulatory and controlling power of society.According to Bourdieu’s (1986, 1997, 2005) point of view, the habitus of the individual and one’s types of capital become resources in the social struggles carried out in different social areas. One of these struggles is aging. Individuals can overcome the disadvantages of old age that result from society’s negative view toward old age by using their habitus and cultural, economic, social, and symbolic capital. However, the opposite is also possible. While aging, an individual may experience a decrease in these types of capital. A decrease in economic capital due to increased poverty, as well as a decrease in social capital due to loneliness and exclusion are both possible. In addition to these and in connection with the four types of capital, habitus also determines the place of the individual in society within the aging process. Habitus also changes through the new experiences gained with old age and the increase in cultural capital, and biomedicine needs to consider all these changes in its approach to the aging body.&nbsp;

The Aging Body Trapped Between Biomedicine and Sociality of Aging: An Evaluation  from the Perspectives of Foucault and Bourdieu

Saliha

“Guest worker” migration from Turkey to Germany had its 60th anniversary on October 30, 2021. It began in 1961, and in the recruitment of workers based on the Rotation Principle, the residence period in Germany was determined to be one or two years. Neither migrant workers nor the German society imagined that the migrants would choose to remain in Germany.This study was carried out on first generation immigrants of Turkish origin who traveled to Germany from Turkey, eventually reaching old-age there. With the secondary analysis method, the existing literature was investigated and the research on the first generation in various fields were analyzed. With the data obtained, the living situation of the first generation has been discussed from perspectives, such as demography, health, economy, need for help, and elderly care. With the findings obtained, this study aimed to produce a situation analysis and situation assessment of the first generation of Turkish migrant workers in Germany.The annual patrol of the Labor Agreement between Turkey and Germany was celebrated on November 30, 2021, with the President of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, organizing an invitation at the Bellevue Palace on September 10, 2021, on the occasion of the “60th Anniversary of the Labor Agreement with Turkey.” Citizens of Turkish origin from many professional groups participated in this event. President Steinmeier began his speech by reading German translations of the following lines of the song “Gurbet” Song composed by Özdemir Erdoğan in 1972 about those who went abroad:“What should I do when I am abroad? Tell me if it’s possible to live far away from the yard.”In addition to the fact that the labor agreement reached 60 years as of 2021, the preparation process of this study also coincides with another very special process in Germany. The ruling German government has accelerated its efforts to enact a new citizenship and dual citizenship law, which is planned to be passed by the parliament in the first months of 2023. This law is part of the coalition agreement made by the coalition government. In the event that this law is passed, many immigrant groups in Germany, who have been regarded as “guest workers” until now and considered as “foreigners” who do not have the necessary conditions for obtaining citizenship, will have the right to obtain German citizenship.According to this new law, the possibility of dual citizenship for them will not be subject to any major conditions. For example, while knowing written and spoken German well was a very important condition for obtaining citizenship before, with this law, it is sufficient for the first generation to express themselves in an understandable&nbsp;language. It was stated that migrant workers over the age of 67 already fulfill the requirements to obtain citizenship.Before moving to the labor migration agreement between Germany and Turkey and when the migration from Turkey to Germany began, it is necessary to briefly mention the Marshall plan that led to migration to Germany and the developments it brought for the country.In short, after the end of the Second World War, economic problems began to emerge in Germany. After a harsh winter, food, energy supply, and transportation collapsed in the country. With the help of the United States and Great Britain, greater disasters were prevented from occurring in Germany. The Marshall Plan is the name of the development plan that was made under the leadership of US Secretary of State George C. Marshall to compensate Europe for the economic collapse that occurred after the Second World War and to develop the economy of European countries.&nbsp;With the financial aid sent from the USA in 1948, Europe, and especially Germany, entered a period of rapid development. The largest part of these aids was sent to West Germany which had rapid growth as a result of these aids.This rapid growth has been called the “Wirtschaftswunder” or “Economic Miracle”. Since there was not enough labor force in the country for the production realized at that time, employment agreements were made with various countries.The “Guest Worker” migration, which began with the employment contract between Italy and Germany in 1955, was followed by contracts made with Spain and Greece in 1960. As stated above, a contract was signed with Turkey on October 30, 1961 (Aydın, 2019). Further agreements were made with countries such as Morocco in 1963, Portugal in 1964, Tunisia in 1965, and the former Yugoslavia in 1968 (Düzgün, 1996: 34).Following the Labor Migration Agreement signed in 1961, a one-year contract was signed with 400 workers from Turkey to work in a mine, with 55 of these workers arriving in Germany on November 27, 1961. The plans of the first generation who immigrated to Germany from Turkey were to work as hard as possible in Germany during the planned two years, to save as much as possible, and to make an investment in Turkey with these savings. For some, this investment was to buy a house or own a tractor, while for others, it was to buy a shop and carry on their previous work without paying rent.The employers’ and workers’ unions in Germany soon concluded that employment based on the rotation principle should be abolished and the incoming workers should remain in the country. As a result, the principle of rotation was abandoned and a new agreement was signed with Turkey on September 30, 1964, with the two-year residence restriction subsequently being lifted. Despite the abolition of the rotation principle,migration, which the first generation imagined to complete with a definite return after a few years of work, was postponed due to economic, social, and political issues experienced in both countries. For these reasons, the first generation, who delayed their return, brought their wives and children to Germany through the Family Reunification Act of 1974, after hiring was canceled in 1973. The number of immigrants of Turkish origin in Germany has continued to increase through family reunification. With the arrival of the families, the idea of returning was not abandoned. The thought shifted to returning to their homes with their children and spouses after gaining financial savings that would facilitate their families’ lives in Turkey.Although the first generation were generally male workers, women were given priority in recruitment after 1968. Women recruited from Turkey after 1968 were primarily employed in the electrical industry, helping in the production of precision mechanics. Women’s hands were seen as more suitable for working in this field due to their smaller size and more delicate nature. As such, priority to recruit women was given for the new wave of workers from Turkey.Migration from Turkey began with the guest worker migration in 1961 and continued with the migration of family members in the 1970s. This was followed by political refugee migration in the 1980s, and further by the migration movements triggered by the fight against terrorism in the 1990s. It has been observed that two more forms of migration have been added to this since the 1990s: student migration and highly skilled labor migration (Aydın, 2019). Qualified labor migration still continues, with the law planned to be enacted in 2023 potentially making it easier to come from Turkey to Germany in the coming years.Today, Germany is one of the countries with the largest immigrant population in Europe. About 60 years ago, only one percent of Germany’s population consisted of foreign nationals. The group of Turkish “guest workers” who arrived in 1961 comprised one percent of the total population of all foreigners.With a population of 22.3 million foreigners as of 2021, immigrants constituted 27% of the total population (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2022). Today, 2.85 million immigrant citizens with a background from Turkey live in Germany. Citizens of Turkish origin living in Germany constitute 24.4% of citizens with a migrant background. Accordingly, 3.5% of the total population in Germany consists of citizens of Turkish origin (Schührer, 2018, s. 14), making up the largest demographics of foreigners in Germany (Destatis, 2017).Living status of senior citizens with Turkish origin in GermanyThe biggest difficulty in describing the living situation of senior citizens in these 60 years is the limited data which exists. The current literature analysis provides limited information on the living conditions during the migration years. Until the 2000s, there are no long-term studies in this area that can be considered as a precedent. For this reason, the opportunity to analyze the complex factors that determine the living situation of immigrants in old age remains limited. Although research has begun on the living conditions of the elderly with immigrant backgrounds after the 2000s, it is not sufficient to make a satisfactory due diligence on the living conditions of the elderly with an immigrant background.With the available data, immigrants of retirement age in Germany are struggling to survive in the economic, health, and social areas at this stage of their lives. It is seen that the elderly immigrants of Turkish origin are faced with many health problems in their later years due to the living conditions specific to immigration. Again, the difficulty of working conditions negatively affected the health of immigrants physically and psychosomatically, and as a result, early retirement became inevitable. Early retirement also means receiving less pension. Although the need for help and care in old age is high among the elderly with an immigrant background, only one out of ten people can receive professional help and care in old age. The needs of the older migrant elders are balanced by intergenerational cooperation. However, due to the changing living conditions in the lives of the second and third generations, it is seen that the need for the care and assistance of the elderly people with an immigrant background cannot be met with intergenerational solidarity in the future. For this reason, it is necessary to open the way of professional/institutional assistance and care in old age to elderly people of Turkish origin.Elderly people of an immigrant background, who were considered to be “guest workers” for Germany until a short time ago, are now considered an indispensable part of the country. The new citizenship bill, which is currently being prepared and is considered to be passed by the parliament in the first months of 2023, enables immigrants over the age of 67 to new and dual citizenship, considered as a “thank you” for their efforts for Germany. In the years when the 60th anniversary of the migration is left behind, it is accepted that the first generation has contributed to the development of Germany and is a part of the German society. The question of “when will they return” has long been set aside.&nbsp;Still, the living conditions of these citizens of immigrant origin, who have contributed to Germany’s development, need to be improved by providing them with the same living opportunities as the citizens of German origin, by offering other rights and opportunities, just as the country is planning on granting the right of dual citizenship. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine the needs of the immigrant elderly and to ensure that the relevant institutions provide the service that can meet the demands of this group who has proven to be important to modern German history.&nbsp;

The First Generation of Turks in Germany in the 60 Years of Immigration

Feruze

Çilem

The World Health Organization (WHO) established a policy framework in 2002 in order to promote healthy and active aging for adapting to the changes brought about by demographic aging and urbanization worldwide. WHO launched the age-friendly cities project in 2005 as a continuation of the active aging policy. Age-friendly cities are those that provide access to every conduit of the aging society and transform their existing structures and services in order to meet their needs. The Hague Municipality became the first city in the Netherlands to become a member of WHO’s age-friendly cities network. The Hague Municipality aims to be a city where senior citizens continue their lives happily, actively, and with dignity and put the Actieprogramma Haags Ouderenbeleid [Action Plan for the Hague’s Senior Citizen Policy] into practice for this purpose. The aim of the action plan is to preserve senior citizens’ independence, strengthen their personal identity, and increase their self-confidence. Projects are also being developed within the framework of the action plan for individuals with dementia. The current study evaluates the Haags Ontmoeten [The Hague Meeting] as an exemplary project. The Hague Meeting project was developed for senior citizens and their informal caregivers by Stichting Xtra in 2017 with funding from the Hague Municipality. Many different institutions that senior citizens frequent visit, participated in the project. Senior citizens are able to participate in a variety of activities in their own neighborhoods by meeting at the project partner institutions. Professionals and volunteers provide senior citizens and their caregivers with information, assistance, and support at various time using different methods. This project makes all the services senior citizens and their caregivers need easily accessible. Program coordinators have an important role in developing a social infrastructure focused on senior citizens. The project’s primary target audience are vulnerable senior citizens (i.e., the frail elderly). Frailty in senior citizens involves a process where deficiencies regarding physical, psychological, and social functions accumulate, and this increases the likelihood of adverse health consequences such as functional limitations. 19,800 vulnerable senior citizens were covered by the first phase (2017-2019) of the project in the area served by the Hague Municipality. The number of registered volunteer caregivers in the Hague for the elderly is 8,064. The exact number of voluntary caregivers with a migrant background is unclear. The main reason for this situation is that they do not describe themselves as caregivers. According to 2017 data, 1,558 senior citizens and 246 caregivers received services within the scope of the project. This number was targeted to double by the end of 2019. Another condition for the use of the funds allocated for the project is the development of a quality standard for the services provided within the scope of the project. All institutions involved in the project had to achieve these standards of quality within the specified time.According to 2017 data, 1,558 elderly individuals and 246 caregivers people received services within the scope of the Hague Meeting project. According to the fund’s terms of use, this number was targeted to double by the end of 2019. In 2019, 2,903 senior citizens and 604 informal caregivers received services, and the goal was reached. No official data exists regarding how many of the people receiving services within the scope of the project have a migrant background. Observations regarding the applications are that older people with a migrant background do participate in these activities, but some groups such as Turks and Moroccans are underrepresented. Although these groups need these services, Turks and Moroccans do not sufficiently benefit from the provided services. When addressing the caregiver dimension of the issue, caregivers with non-Western immigrant backgrounds are also seen to not make enough use of the provided services. This is mainly because they do not see themselves as caregivers and are not familiar with the term mantelzorg [informal care].During the project’s implementation, internal employees came together at the meetings that were held every three months. Different meetings were held for each region, and the employees shared the developments that were important for the project. Despite reducing the number of project coordinators having been previously requested, the number of project coordinators has not yet changed. Three program coordinators continued to serve in 2021, and the number of venues included in the Hague Meeting project also increased to 50 in 2021. More venues for people with a migrant background have been added to the project, so more people with a migrant background are being served. The share of the people who play a key role in spreading this service is important.The Hague Meeting policy was evaluated in 2019, and positive results were seen to have been obtained; however, qualitative improvements were required on some issues. Among these issues are adapting spaces and developing stricter standards of quality so that social citizens with loss of control can benefit from them more frequently. Due to the target being reached, the Hague Meeting has been included among the basic structural services of the Hague Municipality since 2020.The project generally obtained positive results, but the same results could not be obtained for Turkish or Moroccan senior citizens. This study recommends that the project coordinators invest in key people so that the Hague Meeting project reaches the immigrant senior citizens.&nbsp;

Age-Friendly Cities: An Example of Good Applications from the Hague

Hatice

People associate old age with a decline in productivity, abilities, and independence in all aspects of life. In today’s capitalist societies, the accumulation, education, and experience of the elderly are ignored, and the elderly are discussed in terms of their role as consumers and their economic burden. These false beliefs negatively affect the integration of the elderly with society and benefit from social welfare services. As a result of all these issues that elderly individuals may face, ageism emerges and they might be exposed to discrimination in their social and social lives. When the literature on discrimination against elderly people was examined; it was seen that studies are being conducted in various countries to determine attitudes toward the elderly among various professions and student groups. When the literature on students studying in different fields is examined; it has been seen that studies are showing that students have negative attitudes toward older individuals and studies show that they have positive attitudes.The attitudes of gerontologists, who are among the primary professionals involved in the provision, planning, and organization of services for the elderly in our country, are among the factors influencing the quality of service to be provided to the elderly. They work with the elderly in a bio-psycho-social aspect and are expected to have the fewest stereotypes and prejudices toward the elderly, as are all professionals in the field of elderly welfare. However, as it affects the forms of relationships established with the elderly, which brings age discrimination with it, stereotypes such as avoiding spending time with the elderly, not wanting to communicate, and not spending effort to get to know and understand the elderly are often internalized without realizing it. As a result, it is both a human and professional responsibility to conduct the necessary studies to identify discriminatory attitudes and behavior, as well as stereotypes that may cause discrimination, in order to develop basic strategies and approaches to combat discrimination, in collaboration with gerontologists who must practice their profession without any discrimination. It has been observed that there are few studies in the relevant literature that directly address the age discrimination levels of the students of the gerontology department. The fact that students in the Department of Gerontology have more positive attitudes than other students supports the idea that education focused on science and care of the elderly can change negative stereotypes and prejudices. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that differentiate the age discrimination levels of the students of the Gerontology Department of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Health Sciences.The age discrimination levels of the students of the research gerontology department; is a quantitative design study using a descriptive type of relational survey model, which aims to predict socio-demographic characteristics and characteristics related to elderly individuals. The main research question of the study is What are the factors that differentiate the age discrimination levels of the students of the department of gerontology? in this context. The study sample consisted of 208 undergraduate students studying at the Gerontology Department of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Health Sciences, who voluntarily accepted to participate in the research. Personal Information Form and Fraboni Ageism Scale were administered to the students who agreed to participate in the study.The total mean score of the individuals participating in the study on the Fraboni Ageism Scale was found to be 60.95±9.78, with the lowest score on the scale being 41, and the highest score being 96. The mean stereotypes subscale score of the scale was 32.25±5.87, the lowest score was 16, and the highest score was 49; the mean score of the avoidance subscale was 17.96±4.70, the lowest score was 10, and the highest score was 32; The mean discrimination subscale score was 10.74±2.91 points, with 6 being the lowest score, and the highest score was 19 points. In this regard, it was found that the attitudes of gerontology department students toward age discrimination were generally positive. These results are also similar to the results of the research in the literature showing that the attitudes of the students of the gerontology department, faculty of nursing, faculty of medicine, and elderly care program towards the elderly are positive.When the mean scores of the students from the Fraboni Ageism Scale were evaluated based on their descriptive characteristics, the gender of the students, the place they lived the most, their family type, the status of the students who have previously lived in the same house with their elders, the duration of living together; it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of age discrimination according to where their grandparents currently live and whether they want to live with their parents in the future. It was found that as the education level of the students of the Department of Gerontology increased, their average scores on the Fraboni Ageism Scale decreased significantly and their positive attitudes increased. According to the literature, the higher the grade level of students studying in various departments, the more positive the students’ attitudes toward older individuals. It is expected that as the education and training level of the individuals increase, they will develop more positive attitudes towards the elderly and old age, as well as a different perspective toward the rights and lives of the elderly.The content of the education of the students of the Department of Gerontology focuses entirely on the field of aging; it is seen that they have a multidisciplinary field that includes social work, sociology, psychology, biology, health, social care, and social policies. The fact that the attitudes of the students of the Department of Gerontology have a more positive attitude supports the view that education focused on the science and care of the elderly can change negative stereotypes and prejudices. In the literature, studies were showing that the attitude toward ageism is less in society or among individuals who receive old age education and have awareness of old age. According to the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis research on the prevention of ageism; it was determined that the students developed positive attitudes toward elderly individuals as a result of the training provided to them and their interaction with the elderly individuals. These initiatives have been shown to reduce the negative consequences of ageism significantly. It is believed that the students of the Department of Gerontology have positive attitudes toward ageism because these students complete their applied courses in different areas such as nursing homes, care centers, and elderly living centers, which necessitate constant contact and communication with the elderly person and that this experience has a positive effect on the knowledge and attitudes they have gained.&nbsp;

Determination of Gerontology Students’ Attitudes towards Ageism

Furkan

Aging and Old Age in Various Contexts

Ayşe

Detailed Examination of Aging Studies in Different Countries

Sultan

On the Praise of Old Age

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.
The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life.
Within the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews.

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Senectus

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Editor in Chief

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Statistics Editor

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Senectus is a peer-reviewed international journal published biannually in September and March by Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Sociology Research Center with the support of the Darülaceze Foundation.The purpose of the journal is to publish theoretical and applied academic studies on topics related to aging process and late-life experiences applying a multidisciplinary perspective. In this context, it aims to follow on the continuity and change in studies on old age and aging and primarily publish studies examining the demographic, economic, historical, legal, psychological, anthropological, and sociological elements determining them. Our mission is to provide a platform for dialogue for researchers from various disciplines related to the field, as well as for policymakers and practitioners. Moreover, we hope that the journal will serve as a source of knowledge useful for scholars and institutions dealing with this topic in Turkey and, consequently, will have a share in the development of proposals for the betterment of living conditions for its aging population. As such, we prioritise intra- and interdisciplinary works which not only exhibit methodological excellence but also provide a fresh and unique contribution to the ongoing debate on aging and late life. SCOPEWithin the scope of the field of aging/old age studies, the journal is open to works evaluating the international developments in this field from the local perspective and comparative studies. We also welcome articles aiming to introduce the changes and new perspectives abroad to the Turkish literature, as well as ones which aspire to share the recent developments in Turkey and its historical record with the international audience. Within this framework, we will publish articles, case study analyses, research notes, and book reviews, especially concerning (although not limited to):<ul type="disc"> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The relation between aging/old age and social, political, economic, legal, and technological changes</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The effects of individual and demographic aging on shareholders such as local and national government, NGOs, universities, and field workers</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The proposals for solutions regarding care, policies, and social policies towards older people, as well as analyses of current solutions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Physical and psychological changes occurring as a result of aging, behavioural and social transformations, age-related health developments (tracking, treatment, and prevention)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Public debates regarding aging societies</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Historical and contemporary evaluations of old age/older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Economic behaviours of aging people and old people-oriented sectors</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Employment, retirement, income, and consumption habits in older people</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Lifespan approach</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Intergenerational relations and transitions</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">The experience of aging and family relations</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Loneliness and social ostracism</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Social rights and inequalities (such as the right to live, the right to access basic services, and the right to political representation)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Comparative analyses based on national and international databases</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Proposals for good practices in Turkey</li> </ul>

Aim & Scope

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication.PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%.Double Blind Peer-ReviewAfter plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University and Darülaceze Foundation. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;text-align: justify;">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive.The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Senectus is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Senectus adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1743CD2DF65843B5A147828EBF5C5E20" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6E4A747F9A4A445BBB0870370FF76A2F" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;text-decoration: underline;">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts</a> ​<div style="text-align: center;">General Formatting Requirements</div>Font: The font used in the entire manuscript should be Times New Roman, font size 10. For tables and figures, see below.Page Layout: <ul><li>Page margins for bottom, top, right, and left should be pre-set as 0.98 inch. </li><li>Text should be typed as a single-column document. </li><li>Text should be justified with no hyphenation breaks in words at the end of a line. </li></ul>Paragraphs and headings should not be indented, but aligned with the main text. Paragraph Format: Paragraph indents should be pre-set in the tabs section as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 6 pt</li><li>Line spacing: 1.5</li></ul>Page Limit: Manuscripts prepared in compliance with the guidelines should not exceed 25 pages (10.000 words).Manuscript SectionsTitle: Article titles should be boldfaced and centered.Author(s)’s Names: The main document is used for peer-review, which may include the title, abstract, key words, main body, references, figures and tables and supplementary materials. The names of all authors and their institutions should not be included in the main document.Abstract: Abstracts should be between 150–200 words. No citations should appear in the abstract.Keywords: 5–8 words representing the manuscript should be given as keywords.Main Text: Qualitative and quantitative studies should contain the following sections: Introduction, Method, Findings, and Discussion.The Methods section must include Sampling/Study Population, Data Collection Tools, and Procedure as subsections if an original research method has been used.Literature reviews should elaborate on the problem, analyze the relevant literature, emphasize the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature, and discuss actions toward solving these problems.Other types of studies can allow slight variations in sections, but they should not contain too many details and sub-sections that could distract readers’ attention and compromise readability.References: Both in-text citations and references should comply with the APA guidelines as provided in the Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6th edition).Tables, Figures, and AppendicesTables and Figures: Tables, figures, pictures, graphics, and similar aspects should be embedded in the text, and not provided as appendices.Under the Paragraph tab, ensure that the indentation is as follows:<ul><li>Before and after: 0</li><li>Spacing: Single</li></ul>Tables and figures should be left aligned, and the text wrapping feature should be turned off.Appendices: Each appendix should be displayed on a separate page after the references section.Format for Five Levels of Heading1st Levef of Heading: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading2nd Level of Heading: Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading3rd Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (In a lowercase paragraph heading, the first letter of the first word is uppercase and the remaining words are lowercase.)4th Level of Heading: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.5th Level of Heading: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. More than five levels of headings are not advisable.Table and Figure Headings: Table and figure numbers should be typed as “Table 1” or “Figure 1” Table and figure headings should be in italics.Other GuidelinesEmphasis: Do not use boldfaced characters in text. Emphasis should be expressed using quotation marks (“”) or italics.Listing: Lists in text should be horizontal and not vertical. Further, the list should use Roman numeral [(i), (ii), and so on], not Arabic (1, 2).Direct Quotations: Direct quotes should be left-indented from the main text and typed in 9-point font. They need not be italicized. Please refer to the sample manuscript for examples.</div>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E8602C265D37407A8DB045C370F9EBBD" target="_blank">Formatting and content requirements for manuscripts </a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/25174B09585C4A00B847B7E6191D400D" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/39D72AE6714E4766AC908A220F3DFAD1" target="_blank">Author Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EC55A6FCAFF5450BAF01EB690A04EA18" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The category of the manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Copyright Agreement Form</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Author Form</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Title page</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Abstracts (150-200 words) both in the language of the article and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Key words: 5-8 words both in Turkish and in English</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for articles which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Main article sections</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">References</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Senectus complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Please ensure the following:<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">The title page was prepared according to the journal rules.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">This manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript has been checked for English language.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript was written in accordance with the full-text writing rules determined by the journal.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The manuscript has an abstract of 150-200 words and the number of keywords should be 5-8.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Extended Abstract (1000-1500 words) in English (only for manuscripts which are not in English)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The references are in line with the APA6th edition.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Copyright Agreement Form has been filled in and is ready for submission together with the manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Author Contribution Form has been  filled in and is ready for submission together with the manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Permission for previously published copyrighted material (text,figure,table) has been obtained if used in the present manuscript.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">The Ethics Committee Report (if necessary) has been obtained and ready for submission  together with the manuscript, and the ethics committee report date and number have been given in the manuscript text.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Review of the journal policies.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.</li> </ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/71526E07F53B4696A3A88656C3D98EE1" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/FC97D0AD79A44202BB49C3601899110B" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C7FB5243D3064B2EBC1B520D83FE7824" target="_blank">Title Form</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Murat Şentürk

Senectus

VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1, 2023

METRICS