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DOI :10.26650/B/LSB37LSB23.2024.022.06   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB37LSB23.2024.022.06    Tam Metin (PDF)

Microcystins: Occurrence and Human Health Effects

Franca M. BurattiMaura ManganelliMeriç AlbaySimona ScardalaEmanuela Testai

Microcystins (MCs) are among the most widespread and studied cyanobacterial toxins. More than 300 different MCs congeners have been identified so far, of which MC-LR is the most well-known and is considered as one of the most acutely toxic. Chemically, MCs are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases by a number of different cyanobacteria. Microcystin-containing ‘blooms’ occur worldwide and have caused numerous cases of animals poisoning (many of which were lethal) and a small number of well-evidenced non fatal cases of human poisoning. While acute fatal human intoxication would require ingestion of unlikely high amounts of scum, long-term effects from repeated exposure to low doses (e.g. contained in drinking or recreational waters, in food and feed) can be anticipated. Based on the increasing occurrence of cyanobacteria due to climate change, MCs can be considered an emerging risk for animal, human and the environment and represent a good example of the One Health approach. Here we give a critical review of information on MCs’ producing organisms, biosynthesis and genes encoding it, occurrence and toxicological profile, with a focus on kinetics, systemic toxicity, mode of action and human health effects, including the derivation of limit values for their concentration in water to which humans are exposed and recommendations by International Organizations and/ or regulatory limits across the globe.



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