Public Procurements in the Space Economy: Space Procurements
Yeliz Neslihan AkınWithin the scope of the space economy, which expresses a process economy, space activities are carried out on a global scale. Some criteria such as the number, quality, outputs of space activities, the importance given to these activities, financial resources, and time present a picture of States experiencing different processes in the field of the space economy. For this reason, there is no uniform financial and legal picture for each State. However, there is a certainty that space activities are gaining speed day by day, and this situation brings with it researches on the space economy. Parallel to this, an area of space law emerges in which the space economy forms its infrastructure. Space procurements take a central place in an examination of the space economy. Within the scope of space activities, it can be clearly determined that space procurements are at the centre of the space economy in the examples of NASA and ESA. Because ESA and NASA spend almost all of the budget allocated to space activities with space procurements. Turkiye’s space activities have gained momentum in recent years in the space economy process. In this context, at this point where the space economy process needs the most in the current situation, in terms of these activities, for a Turkish space strategy/policy to be formed under the leadership of the TSA, which is tasked and authorized, it has become very important to present the concrete situation with sample applications and to develop proposals for space procurements.
Referanslar
- Akel, Y. N. (2018a). 2886 sayılı devlet ihale kanunu’nda yasaklama kararları ve kararlara karşı başvuru yolları (1st ed.) [Prohibition decisions in State Procurement Law no. 2886 and remedies against these decisions]. İstanbul, Turkiye: On İki Levha Yayıncılık. google scholar
- Akel, Y. N. (2018c). İdarî usul ve ihale ilkeleri temelinde pazarlık usulü hakkında bir değerlendirme [An assessment about negotiated procedure based on administrative procedural and procurement principles]. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 6(11), 1-47. google scholar
- Akel, Y. N. (2017). Kamu ihalelerinin kamu bütçesine yansıyan sonuçları hakkında bir değerlendirme [An assessment about public procurements conclusions reflected on public budget]. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 350, 131-152. google scholar
- Akdoğan, M. (2014). Avrupa Birliği kamu alımları direktifleri ve türkiye uygulamasına yansımasının ilerleme raporları işığında değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the European Union’s public procurement directives and its reflection on the Turkish practice in the light of progress reports]. İÜHFM, LXXII(2), 683-702. google scholar
- Akın, Y. N. (2019a). Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları ışığında 2019 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı hedefleri açısından kamu ihalelerinde rekabet ilkesi hakkında bir değerlendirme [An evaluation about competition principle in public procurements in the context of the 2019 Presidential Annual Program according to the Constitutional Court Decisions]. Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi, 36(2), 63-109. google scholar
- Akın, Y. N. (2019b). 4743 sayılı kamu ihale kanunu’nda idarî başvuru yolları ve başvuru ehliyeti (1st ed.) [Administrative application ways and application capacity in Public Procurement Law no. 4734]. İstanbul, Turkiye: On İki Levha Yayıncılık. google scholar
- Akın, Y. N. (2018b). İlga hükümler çerçevesinde 2886 sayılı Devlet İhale Kanunu’nun düzenleme alanı hakkında bir değerlendirme [An assessment about arrangement field of State Procurement Law no. 2886 in the framework of abolished provisions]. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 12, December, 1-61. google scholar
- Balta, T. B. (1968/1970). İdare hukukuna giriş I [Introduction to administrative law I]. Ankara, Turkiye: Türkiye ve Orta Doğu Âmme İdaresi Enstitüsü. google scholar
- Bozkurt, İ., & Ercan, M. K. (2016). Kamusal bir sektör olarak uzay sektörü ve uzay sektörüne yönelik yatırımların değerlemesi [Space sector perceived as a public sector and valuation of the investment projects in the space]. International Review of Economics and Management, 4(3), 1-26. google scholar
- Code of Federal Regulations (Annual Edition). https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cfr/. (29.04.2021). google scholar
- Code of Federal Regulations, eCFR. https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/. (19.03.2021). google scholar
- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 1996 to Present. https://www.govinfo.gov/help/cfr. (17.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. About ESA’s procurement process. https://doing-business.sso.esa.int/#app. (22.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. 7 - Award and placing of contracts. ESA - 7 - Award and Placing of Contracts. (30.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Best practices explained. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/Best_Practices_ explained. (11.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Doing business with ESA. https://doing-business.sso.esa.int/#app. (27.02.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA Convention. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/ESA_Convention. (07.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure. https://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/ SP-1337/SP-1337_EN.pdf. 22.03.2021. (22.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA Convention pocket edition. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_ Monographs/ESA_Convention_pocket_edition. (22.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA facts. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_facts#:~:text=Us%20%2F%20 Corporate%20news-,The%20European%20Space%20Agency%20(ESA)%20is%20Europe’s%20 gateway%20to%20space,organisation%20with%2022%20Member%20States. (11.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. European Space Agency’s Industry Portal. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/European_ Space_Agency_s_Industry_Portal. (19.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. General Conditions of Tender for ESA Contracts, European Space Agency Procurement Regulations-ESA/ REG/001, Rev.5. https://download.esa.int/docs/LEX-L/Contracts/ESA-REG-001_rev5_EN.pdf. (19.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Glossary, European Space Agency Procurement Regulations-ESA/REG/001, Rev.5. https://download.esa.int/ docs/LEX-L/Contracts/ESA-REG-001_rev5_EN.pdf, (19.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA budget 2021. https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/ESA_budget_2021. (21.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA budget 2020. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/ESA_budget_2020. (22.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA budget 2019. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/01/ESA_Budget_2019. (22.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA budget 2018. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/01/ESA_budget_2018. (22.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA budget 2017. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2017/01/ESA_budget_2017. (22.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA’s invitation to tender system-EMITS. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/ ESA_s_Invitation_to_Tender_System_EMITS. (03.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA programmes and activities of interest to SMEs. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Small_ and_Medium_Sized_Enterprises/ESA_programmes_and_activities_of_interest_to_SMEs. (14.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. ESA-Star tendering. https://doing-business.sso.esa.int/#tendering. (14.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Expression of interest. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/Expression_of_ Interest. (07.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Intended invitations to tender. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/Intended_ Invitations_To_Tender. (20.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Latest business opportunities adapted to SMEs. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Small_ and_Medium_Sized_Enterprises/Latest_business_opportunities_adapted_to_SMEs. (03.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Member states & cooperating states. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Member_States_ Cooperating_States, (01.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Open invitations to tender. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/Open_ Invitations_to_Tender. (06.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Procurement. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ECSL_-_European_Centre_for_Space_Law/Procurement# Documents, (19.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Procurement policy on fair access for SMEs - The C1-C4 clauses. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_ with_ESA/Small_and_Medium_Sized_Enterprises/Opportunities_for_SMEs/Procurement_policy_on_fair_ access_for_SMEs_-_the_C1-C4_Clauses. (02.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Procurement review procedure. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/Procurement_review_ procedure. (22.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Registered SME list. https://esastar-emr.sso.esa.int/PublicEntityDir/PublicEntityDirSme. (16.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Small and medium sized enterprises. ESA - Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. (07.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Supporting documentation. https://esastar-publication-ext.sso.esa.int/supportingDocumentation/filter/all, (22.06.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Tender Regulation and Related Implementing Instructions. https://download.esa.int/docs/LEX-L/Contracts/ ESA-REG-001_rev5_EN.pdf. (19.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. The basic principles of ESA’s procurement approach. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/ How_to_do/The_basic_principles_of_ESA_s_procurement_approach. (17.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. The best practices ITTs published by “entities”. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_ to_do/The_best_practices_ITTs_published_by_Entities. (20.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. The ESA procurement department. https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/The_ESA_ Procurement_Department. (18.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. The ESA procurement process. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/The_ESA_ Procurement_Process. (02.04.2021). google scholar
- ESA. Welcome to the ESA-Star Publication System. https://esastar-publication-ext.sso.esa.int/. (04.05.2021). google scholar
- ESA. 2 - The initiation phase. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/2_-_The_Initiation_ Phase. (29.03.2021). google scholar
- ESA. 3 - Preparation of the invitation to tender / Request for quotation (ITT / RFQ). https://www.esa.int/About_ Us/Business_with_ESA/How_to_do/3_-_Preparation_of_the_Invitation_to_Tender_Request_for_Quotation_ ITT_RFQ. (29.03.2021). google scholar
- Faix, M., Hansen, R., Heinrich, O., Hobe, S., Hofmannova, M., Holdorf, J., Kerner, I., Mey, J. H., Plücken, M. A., Schwier, H., Sterkx S. & Wouters, J. (2011). A coherent European Procurement Law and policy for the space sector: Towards a third way. Stephan Hobe, S., Hofmannova, M. & Wouters, J. (Eds.), Cologne Studies in International and European Law, V. 22, Belin: Germany: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf. google scholar
- FAR chapter 18- National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2020-title48-vol6/pdf/CFR-2020-title48-vol6-chap18.pdf, (22.03.2021). google scholar
- Gözler, K. (2019). İdare hukuku, V. II (3rd ed.) [Administrative law]. Bursa, Turkiye: Ekin Yayınevi. google scholar
- Gözler, K., & Gürsel, K. (2018). İdare hukuku dersleri (20th ed.) [Administrative law courses]. Bursa, Turkiye: Ekin Yayınevi. google scholar
- Kamu İhale Kurumu. EKAP [EPPP]. https://ekap.kik.gov.tr/EKAP/Default.aspx. (10.03.2021). google scholar
- Kamu İhale Kurumu. Kamu alımları izleme raporu 2020, dönem 01.01.2020-31.12.2020 [Public procurement monitoring report 2020, period 01.01.2020-31.12.2020]. https://dosyalar.kik.gov.tr/genel/Raporlar/Kamu_ alimlari_izleme_raporu_2020_yilsonu.pdf. (14.05.2021). google scholar
- Kamu İhale Kurumu. Kamu alımları izleme raporu 2019, dönem 01.01.2019-31.12.2019 [Public procurement monitoring report 2019, period 01.01.2019-31.12.2019]. https://dosyalar.kik.gov.tr/genel/Raporlar/kamu_ ihale_kurumu_2019_12_aylik_kamu_alimlari_istatistikleri.pdf. (14.05.2021). google scholar
- Kamu İhale Kurumu. Kamu ihale mevzuatı [Public procurement legislation]. https://www.ihale.gov.tr/Mevzuat. aspx. (11.05.2021). google scholar
- Kutlu Gürsel, M. (2008a). Genel olarak ‘kamu ihalesi’ ve ‘kamu ihale sözleşmesi’ kavramları [The concepts of ‘public procurement’ and ‘public procurement contract’ in general]. Güncel Mevzuat, May, 4-5. google scholar
- Kutlu Gürsel, M. (2008b). Belediyenin veya belediye şirketinin kat karşılığı inşaat ihalesinin ve sözleşmesinin tabi olduğu hukuki rejim konusunda bir değerlendirme [An assessment of the legal regime governing the construction tender and contract of the municipality or municipal company in return for flat]. İzmir Barosu Dergisi, 1, January, 135-157. google scholar
- Kutlu Gürsel, M. (2006).’Kamu ihale süreci’nin hukuki açıdan genel olarak değerlendirilmesi [General evaluation of the ‘Public Procurement Process’ from a legal point of view]. Güncel Mevzuat, March, 22-25. google scholar
- NASA. About NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/about/index.html. (28.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. About the office of procurement. https://www.nasa.gov/office/procurement/about. (15.03.2021). google scholar
- NASA. Fiscal year 2020: Annual procurement report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ annual_procurement_report_fy20.pdf. (16.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2020 agency financial report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy2020_ afr_508_compliance_v4.pdf. (18.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2019 agency financial report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/afr19_508_tagged_ reassembled_v2.pdf. (18.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2018 agency financial report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy2018_afr_ tagged_fixed_v3.pdf. (17.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2017 agency financial report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/afr_fy2017_ final_11_15_17.pdf. (16.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2020 annual performance report. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2020_ annual_performance_report_20210320.pdf. (20.04.2021). google scholar
- NASA. FY 2021 budget estimates. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2021_budget_ book_508.pdf. (27.05.2021). google scholar
- NASA. Governing Statutes, Regulations & Standards. https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ocfo/references/govern. (12.03.2021). google scholar
- NASA. NASA procurement. https://www.nasa.gov/office/procurement. (15.03.2021). google scholar
- NASA. NASA procurement debriefing guide: a practical guide for conducting debriefings. https://www.nasa.gov/ sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_procurement_debriefing_guide.pdf. (21.03.2021). google scholar
- NASA. The state of NASA procurement, 2020: A year in review. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/ files/state-of-procurment-2020-year-in-review.pdf. (19.07.2021). google scholar
- NASA. The state of NASA procurement, 2019: A year in review. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/state-of-procurment-2019-year-in-review.pdf, (14.04.2021). google scholar
- Oder, B. (2017). Kamu ihale hukuku (3rd ed.) [Public procurement law], Günışığında yönetim [Management in daylight] (pp. 549-599). İstanbul, Turkiye: Filiz Kitabevi. google scholar
- OECD. The space economy at a glance 2014. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-space-economy-at-a-glance-2014_9789264217294-en;jsessionid=nkSWn8y7n33aZI63-4MyU7YN.ip-10-240-5-100. (18.03.2021). google scholar
- Özay, İ. H. (2017). Günışığında yönetim (3rd ed.) [Management in daylight]. İstanbul, Turkiye: Filiz Kitabevi. google scholar
- Özkan, G. (2014). Kamu ihale hukukuna egemen olan temel ilkeler [Fundamental principles that dominate public procurement law]. Ankara, Turkiye: Yetkin Yayınları. google scholar
- Özdemir, H. E. (2020). (8th ed.) Yıldırım T. (Eds.), Kamu İhale Kanunu'na göre ihale usulü [Tender procedure according to the Public Procurement Law]. in İdare hukuku [Administrative Law]. İstanbul, Turkiye: On İki Levha Yayıncılık. google scholar
- Title 48-Federal acquisition regulations system. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/cfr/2020/title48/ chapter18. (02.05.2021). google scholar
- Toprak, E. (2016). Kamu ihaleleri [Public procurements]. Ankara, Turkiye: Turhan Kitabevi. google scholar
- TUA. Milli Uzay Programı [National Space Program]. https://tua.gov.tr/tr/milli-uzay-programi/milli-uzay-programi-hakkinda. (04.05.2021). google scholar
- TUA. Neden Milli Uzay Programı? [Why National Space Program?]. https://tua.gov.tr/tr/milli-uzay-programi/ milli-uzay-programi-hakkinda. (04.05.2021). google scholar
- TUA. Kurumsal [Institutional]. https://tua.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal. (11.03.2021). google scholar
- TUA. Türkiye Uzay Ajansı 2020 yılı faaliyet raporu [Turkish Space Agency 2020 annual report]. https://cdn.tua. gov.tr/60c20badb43a1.pdf, (07.05.2020). google scholar
- TUA. Uzay teknolojileri [Space technologies]. https://tua.gov.tr/tr/projeler. (19.04.2021). google scholar
- TUA. 2020 yılı temel mali tablolar [Basic financial statements for 2020]. https://cdn.tua.gov.tr/60a20c6066a36. pdf. (17.05.2021). google scholar
- Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. Kamu İhale Kanunu tasarısı ve plan ve bütçe ve bayındırlık, imar, ulaştırma ve turizm komisyonları raporları [Public Procurement Law draft and plan and budget and public works, reconstruction, transport and tourism commission reports. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/ TBMM/d21/c082/tbmm21082047ss0794.pdf. (14.03.2021). google scholar
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. Merkezi yönetim kapsamındaki 5018 sayılı Kanuna ekli (II) sayılı cetvelde yer alan özel bütçeli idareler ile (III) sayılı cetvelde yer alan düzenleyici ve denetleyici kurumların (2021-2023) dönemi bütçe gelir ve net finansmanları [Budget revenue and net financing for the period (2021-2023) of administrations with special budgets in the schedule no. (II) attached to the Law no. 5018 within the scope of the central government and regulatory and supervisory ınstitutions in the schedule no. (III)]. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/3b-5018-Sayili-Kanuna-Ekli-ii-ve-iii-Sayili-Listelerde-Yer-Alan-idarelerinin-2021-2023-Donemi-Gelir-ve-Net-Finansman-Tablolari.pdf. (09.05.2021). google scholar
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2019 yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı [2019 Presidential Annual Program]. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2019_Yili_ Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf. (20.03.2021). google scholar
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2020 yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı [2020 Presidential Annual Program]. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2020_Yili_ Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf. (20.03.2021). google scholar
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2021 yılı diğer özel bütçeli idareler ekonomik kod icmali ile 2022-2023 gider tahminleri [2022-2023 expenditure estimates with the economic code review of other special budget administrations for 2021]. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2c-2021-Yili-Diger-Ozel-Butceli-idareler-Ekonomik-Kod-icmali-ile-2022_2023-Gider-Tahminleri.pdf. (09.05.2021). google scholar
- United States Government. Federal acquisition regulation. https://www.acquisition.gov/sites/default/files/current/ far/pdf/FAR.pdf. (20.03.2021). google scholar
- United States Government. Regulations. https://www.acquisition.gov/content/regulations, (20.03.2021). google scholar
- Uz, A. (2008). İhale konusu hukukî işlemler bakımından 4734 sayılı Kamu Ihale Kanunu’nun kapsamı ve gelir/ hasılat paylaşımı uygulaması: “İddaa” örneği [The scope of the Public Procurement Law and the practice of tenders based on profit sharing model: a case of “Iddaa. AÜHFD, 57(1), 183-223. google scholar
- Uz, A. (2005). Kamu ihale hukuku [Public procurement law] Ankara, Turkiye: Turhan Kitabevi. google scholar
- Üstün, Ü. S., & Çalış, H. S. (2018). 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanununa hâkim olan ilkelerin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the principles governing the Public Procurement Law No. 4734]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 111-147. google scholar