Daud

Esin

Prof.

Improving Forecast Accuracy Using Combined Forecasts with Regard  to Structural Breaks and ARCH Innovations

Seda

Assist. Prof.

Mehmet

Gülin

Since ancient times, the world has struggled with epidemics, and COVID-19 is the latest epidemic the whole world is still fighting. As with other epidemics, countries have invented new vaccines, changed and transformed themselves socioeconomically, and had to take new preventive actions. Working from home, curfews, vaccinations, protections, liquidity supports, health expenditures, and other government expenditures are among the most important actions countries have taken. Although no objective judgment or objective comparison exists about the ranks or importance levels of these measures and actions, they are considered to be important in the fight against COVID-19.This study, first objectively examines the importance of these criteria in G20 countries’ fight against COVID-19. Of the obtained criteria weights, the number of cases, the number of deaths, and the amount of liquidity support are seen to be the most prominent criteria with the highest values. The CRITIC method has been used to obtain criteria weights using the data collected for Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey. The European Union (EU) as the other member of G20 countries has been omitted from the study to avoid using duplicate information, as the EU already contains some of the countries that were already mentioned. The dataset has been gathered from the World Health Organization (WHO), Our World in Data, Worldometer, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) databases and contains the most up-to-date data shared according to the data release calendar.The other objective of this study is to rank the countries according to their criteria and criteria weights. The process of ordering is known to be defined along the set of real numbers (e.g., a sample of [1, 5, 9] are considered ordered just because 1 ≤ 5 and 5 ≤ 9). Other terms require the operations ordering and ranking to have perfectly defined binary comparison operators such as ≤, &lt;,&gt; and ≥. On the contrary, a sample in higher dimensions such as (1, 3), (5, 7), and (7, 1) cannot be ordered or ranked in as unique a way because the binary comparison operators are not defined for dimensions of p ≥ 2. Consequently, an infinite number of orderings can occur for the observations in such cases.A multiple criteria decision-making method (MCDM) defines an exclusive ordering or ranking measure for ordering or ranking multivariate data with respect to predefined criteria, criteria weights, optimization directions, and a decision matrix. From this perspective, obtaining a mathematical ranking of countries with respect to a set of criteria is an ordering problem with an infinite number of solutions over a multi-dimensional space.This study ranks countries according to the selected criteria. Due to the unique ranking process for each single method, more than one method is used to compare results. TOPSIS, COPRAS, ARAS, WASPAS, MOORA, and MABAC are the wellknown and widely applied members of the MCDM methods family in the relevant literature. Each single method results in similar but different rankings based on how the comparisons are defined. These differences regarding MCDM methods complicate how results are interpreted. For example, according to the MOORA and MABAC method, Japan ranks highest, but ranks as the second most successful country according to the TOPSIS method, fourth according to the COPRAS method, third according to the ARAS method, and second according to the WASPAS method. While all of these methods give the idea that Japan’s has had quite high success, they also pose an obstacle to forming a complete ranking.The COPELAND method has been used to combine and interpret all the results obtained by the different methods. The COPELAND method is a summary measure that combines the results of many MCDM methods by performing pair-comparisons of the rankings. One of the most important findings of this study is the acknowledgement that Australia, Japan, and China have bene the most successful countries in the fight against COVID-19. When ranking countries’ success rates, Australia, Japan, and China are followed by Germany, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa were identified as relatively less successful countries in the fight against COVID-19. Turkey ranks 14th in the general ranking obtained with the COPELAND method. When separately evaluating the results obtained from the methods, Turkey’s rank is seen to vary between 12th and 15th place.Important findings were also achieved by comparing the country rankings obtained using the MCDM methods with the results obtained using the COPELAND method. The rankings obtained using the COPRAS, ARAS, WASPAS, and MABAC methods are highly correlated to the ranking obtained using the COPELAND method, whereas TOPSIS and COPELAND have a relatively weak correlation coefficient of 74%. When examining the reported correlation matrix, the results are observed to be highly correlated, with none of the methods achieved an unexpected ranking due to the nondiagonal elements being quite far from zero.The country rankings as obtained in this study can be a guide for other countries, and even the methods of successful countries can be adopted for fighting the pandemic in the future. Consequently, this study has also revealed the most prominent factors in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic and contributes to the literature in terms of providing a comprehensive analysis by having the model include financial data, current statistics, health data, and vaccination rates. The fact that the different MCDM methods ranked the countries differently is an important limitation for the study, and a summary measurement (i.e., COPELAND) was used to combine the rankings. Future studies may be able to obtain a final common ranking by including more methods and criteria in their analyses.&nbsp;

G20 Ülkelerinin Covid-19 Pandemisi ile Mücadele Performanslarının  Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Canberk

Burcu

Finansal Zaman Serileri Tahmininde Hibrit Yaklaşımlar: Bir Hisse Senedi Piyasası  Uygulaması

Oğuz

Assoc. Prof.

Global Uncertainty and Exchange Rate Volatility

Sevda

The relationship between nominal interest and inflation and the direction and size of the relationship are important for countries’ macroeconomic policies concerning price stability. Explicit Inflation Targeting (IT) is one of the primary monetary policy strategies applied to ensure price stability. Explicit IT intervenes upon the nominal interest rate to eliminate the deviations in the targeted inflation rates; traditionally, the nominal interest rates are raised, and the inflation rates are reduced to the targeted values. Accordingly, there is a negative relationship between the nominal interest rate and inflation; however, the economic developments that emerged, especially after the 2008 Global Crisis and the studies of Neo-Keynesian economists, have revealed a positive relationship between interest and inflation in the short term. Through discussions based on Neo-Classical and Neo-Keynesian views, the validity of the traditional Fisher Effect (which claims that there is a positive relationship between the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate and that the direction of the relationship is from inflation to interest) has come under scrutiny.Most theoretical-applied studies on explicit IT and policy implementations in practicing countries have shown a positive relationship between interest and inflation rates; however, the direction of the relationship is from nominal interest to inflation. The positive effect of interest on inflation began as the Neo-Fisher Effect in the literature; thus, the direction of the relationship between the two variables has become important for academics and policymakers.This study econometrically examines the direction of the relationship between nominal interest and inflation, which is important in terms of price stability. For this purpose, econometric analyses are made using monthly data from January 2006 to August 2021, when Turkey applied explicit IT. In line with the findings, this study examines whether the Neo-Fisher Effect is valid. The second part of this study is handled in three parts; explanations are made about the literature concerning applied studies examining the interest-inflation relationship. The third chapter first discusses the data set and method used in the research, and then the results of the analyses are presented and interpreted. The last part provides general evaluations and policy recommendations.To determine whether the nominal interest-inflation relationship is valid based on the Neo-Fisher Effect, this study uses monthly data on government domestic debt securities interest rates and CPI/inflation variables from January 2006 to August 2021, when the deficit EH was applied in Turkey. The year 2003 (2003=100) is the basis for the CPI, representing inflation. The interest rate includes fixed-rate cash borrowings realized through the auction method and shows the monthly average cost of domestic cash borrowing (compounded % per year). The moving average method is used to adjust the seasonal effects of this study’s main variables.In addition, shadow variables (K), related to the structural break periods determined by the Bai–Perron test, are created and added to the estimation equations. The inflation and nominal interest rate variables are given a value of 1 for June 2009–November 2017 and June 2015–November 2018, and 0 for other months. Furthermore, this study investigates the existence of the relationship between nominal interest and inflation using econometric analysis methods. This study’s main analysis methods are unit root (Ng–Perron), multiple structural break (Bai–Perron) and cointegration (Johansen) tests, Dynamic EKK regression estimation, and VEC causality analysis.Since the test statistics for MZ, MZt , MSB, and MPT tests are smaller than Ng and Perron’s critical values, the basic hypothesis of “There is a unit root” is rejected; the first difference [I(1)] values of interest rate and inflation–CPI variables become stationary. The Bai–Perron structural break tests show two breaks in this study’s variables, and the Johansen cointegration tests indicate that the variables act together in the long run.Dynamic OLS regression findings with a structural break dummy variable show that a 1% increase in the inflation rate, in the long run, leads to a 0.67% increase in the nominal interest rate; however, the positive effect of the increase in the interest rate on inflation is statistically insignificant. Similarly, the VEC causality analysis results show that there is no unidirectional causality running from the nominal interest rate to inflation, and therefore the Neo-Fisher Effect is not valid in Turkey. Dynamic OLS and VEC causality analysis results indicate that savers demand more interest to protect their actual earnings as inflation rates rise in Turkey during the explicit IT period. Based on the analysis results, it is possible to say that it would be appropriate to use inflation actively and consider other basic macroeconomic indicators to manage the real value of public debt in Turkey.&nbsp;

Açık Enflasyon Hedeflemesi Döneminde Neo-Fisher Etkisi’nin  Geçerliliği: Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Yakup

Chasing Volatility of USD/TRY Foreign Exchange Rate:  The Comparison of CARR, EWMA, and GARCH Models

Emine

Cihan

Financial and money markets developed in the 15th century, and financial crises are not a new concept as they have occurred unexpectedly since then. Financial crises have been dominant for centuries and still continue to manifest and spread in countries today. Crises happen much more often than people realize and are not specific to certain historical periods or emerging market economies (Gorton, 2017, p. 45).In general, when globalization gained momentum in the 1980s, many crises have served as the basis for both macroeconomic imbalances and deterioration of financial indicators. A financial crisis represents a sharp deterioration of a group of financial and economic indicators, an imbalance between money supply and demand, a fall in asset prices, and failure of financial institutions such as banks (Raluca &amp; Witowschi, 2010, p. 33). Financial crises manifest standard features such as the overvaluation of exchange rates, withdrawal of foreign capital, inability to close short-term debts, domestic credit crunch, and savers withdrawing deposit funds from banks and buying securities from capital markets (Furman et al., 1998, p. 1).International capital movements are one of the factors that negatively affect a country’s financial equilibrium. Capital goes to the country where it will appreciate the most as a result of its free movement within the economic system, and this provides an opportunity to support that country’s economic growth. However, when international capital movements are unstable, the economy of the country the capital has entered can be seriously affected. In particular, portfolio investments both increase consumption by facilitating access to credit and may cause a divergence between domestic and foreign demand as a result of the overvaluation of the local currency. This state of the country’s economy may cause the macroeconomic balance to deteriorate and result in the economy’s vulnerability to sudden changes regarding the global risk appetite to increase. As a result, negative aspects may occur in terms of both macroeconomic and financial equilibrium. Sudden capital outflows occur based on these types of developments within the country’s economy.The academic literature shows the reversal of capital inflows to be called a sudden stop (SS). Dornbusch et al.’s (1995) study expressed the concept of SS for the first time during their evaluation of capital outflows from Mexico with regard to the Latin American and Mexican crises, thus revealing the first occurrence of SS in the literature. Rodrik and Velasco (1999) also referred to SS as capital account reversal. The SS phenomenon has also been used as a method for determining financial crises (Radelet &amp; Sachs, 1998, p. 43).The aim of this study is to determine the SS periods in equity and debt flows for Turkey using monthly data over the January 2010-December 2021 period and to investigate the effect of global and local variables on the occurrence of these periods with respect to both equity and debt flows. In this context, the second section of the research involves a literature review, and the third section describes the data and methods. The fourth section presents the empirical findings, and the fifth section discusses the results of the study and makes recommendations for policy makers. This study is the first in the literature to examine SSs in equity and debt flows regarding the case of Turkey using monthly data.The results of the study determined three SS periods to have occurred regarding equity flows (June-July 2013, January 2020, and December 2021) and two SS periods to have occurred regarding debt flows (June-July 2015 and March-May 2018). When examining the effect from the variables on SSs, sudden stops in equity and debt flows are only meaningful to a certain extent with regard to global variables; however, more meaningful results are obtained when local variables are included in the model.As a result of the study, although global variables are seen to be effective in the formation of SSs, the main effect emerges when local variables are put into play. When looking at these results, a developing country like Turkey should have its own solid economic foundations, from which the country should have financial and price stability, low risk levels, and a balance of all factors that are able to affect local variables. In short, an environment of trust should be provided for both international investors and local investors in order for them to invest. Future studies can compare this one with Turkey and/or other developing and developed countries, can increase the number of independent variables, or diversify the data by taking daily data as the frequency range instead of monthly data.&nbsp;

Uluslararası Sermaye Akışlarında Ani Duruş: Türkiye Örneği

Hüseyin

Res. Assist.

Nimet

Buğra

Increases in food and commodity prices in recent years have accelerated throughout the world, and the concerns of economists and policy makers regarding food accessibility have also grown because of these increases. The continuous increases in agricultural commodity prices since 2006 has led policy makers to discuss issues such as global food shortages and inflationary pressure. This increase in global food prices is also a relatively new phenomenon. According to Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO, 2021) Grain Supply and Demand Summary Report, expectations regarding global grain production for 2022 indicate that it will decrease for the first time in the past four years compared to the record production rates of 2021. The effect of this supply-side decline may eventually put pressure on food prices. Many studies have been carried out recently on how to bring this pressure on food prices under control, on the need to make policy recommendations, and on revealing the factors affecting the changes in food prices. Multiple researchers have additionally examined the possible causes and consequences of fluctuations in different commodities in recent years. The increases in oil prices have been revealed to have an indirect effect on global food prices for various reasons. Due to how the increase in crude oil prices increases production costs, producers will either restrict their production to reduce the cost of items or reflect these costs onto their prices. In this case, the issue of accessibility to food emerges due to a shortage of supply or high prices. Moreover, this effect is not limited only to the production stage of food products but also causes higher energy costs as well as higher food processing, packaging, and distribution costs. When considering increased costs, an increase in oil prices causes an increase in food import costs in food importing countries and accordingly an upward pressure regarding the domestic prices of foodstuffs. Therefore, predicting how much of a greater impact the positive changes in crude&nbsp;oil prices will have compared to negative changes is important for policy makers in preparing the appropriate macroeconomic policies regarding such fluctuations.This study examines the short-term and long-term dynamics among food prices, the exchange rate, and oil prices in Turkey between January 2003-December 2021 using the non-linear autoregressive distribute lag (NARDL) method. Compared to other linear techniques, the NARDL method decomposes the changes in oil prices and exchange rate into their partial sums and then provides separate estimates for the impact changes in these variables have on food prices. This study focuses on the nonlinear relationship among food prices, oil prices, and the exchange rate in Turkey and reveals the effects from oil prices and exchange rates on food prices by taking into account the asymmetric effects. The empirical results from the NARDL method, which allows decomposition of the effects from positive and negative changes, reveal the presence of a long-term cointegration relationship. While using the NARDL method in the study, the positive and negative components in oil prices and the exchange rate were seen to decompose in different ways. The study uses the Hodrick–Prescott (HP, 1997) filter alongside this method to decompose the independent variables (i.e., oil prices and exchange rate) into their positive and negative components. The study first extracted the trend component of the variables using the HP filter then constructs the variables according to the positive and negative components regarding this trend. The results from the NARDL model have revealed the estimated food prices to be sensitive to changes in the exchange rate and oil prices, the positive and negative changes regarding the long-term trend to not have the same effects; therefore, asymmetric effects are present regarding food prices. Positive changes regarding the long-term trend in oil prices and the exchange rate were additionally concluded to have a greater effect on food prices compared to the negative changes. The fact that positive changes in oil prices are more dominant than negative changes is an expected situation in oil-dependent countries such as Turkey. Other additional reasons why the positive shocks in the exchange rate are higher than the negative shocks result from the inputs used in food production processes (including oil) being obtained through imports and from foreign exchange income being dependent on tourism revenues and short-term foreign direct capital rather than high technology product exports. The effects from positive shocks on the explanatory variables used in the analysis can be said to generally have deeper impacts on food prices in Turkey compared to negative shocks.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Gıda Fiyatları, Döviz Kuru ve Petrol Fiyatları Arasındaki  Asimetrik İlişki

Muhammet

COVID-19 has affected the whole world economically in addition to human health. The measures taken have completely changed social and economic life, with many sectors having been forced to stop or slow down due to restrictions. Turkey is one of the countries whose economy has most felt the effects of the global pandemic. These effects were observed to manifest in different ways with regard to the line of business and sector. While some branches of activity have experienced expansion, others may have experienced contraction. These changes have also had global as well as local effects. When considering that the disease came to the fore in the world as of the end of 2019, examining 2020 in comparison with 2019 will allow the first effects of the crisis to be seen.This study aims to take a different view of the changes experienced by the Turkish economy due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on the number of workplaces and the number of employees with compulsory insurance with respect to province for the years 2019 and 2020. Turkey has regions with different characteristics due to its geographical and economic structure. The economic activity structure of each province may differ, and the local effects are thought to be revealable by examining the provinces.This study uses the statistical data analysis and data mining techniques of multidimensional scaling and clustering analyses with the support of data visualization as the research methods. The cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISPDM) model was used in the design of the study’s method section. The steps of CRISPDM are as follows: 1) define the problem, 2) understand the data, 3) prepare the data, 4) set up the model, 5) evaluate and select the model, and 6) apply the model.The study’s dataset consists of the variables of the number of workplaces in the economic operating segments and the number of insured workers with respect to each of Turkey’s provinces. The study used the data published by the Republic of Turkey Social Security Institution (SGK) for the years 2019 and 2020. When comparing the data from the two years, the numbers of workplaces and employees with compulsory insurance are seen to have increased overall.The steps taken while preparing the data for analysis are as follows: Because some provinces have no workplaces regarding certain operating segments, missing data were first arranged. For this purpose, the data for the operating segments were first obtained without omitting any of these areas by collecting the information for the segments where data were available in each province. In addition, operating segments with missing data were deleted and a data set was obtained with the remaining 47 operating segments. Because the aim of the study is to examine the changes that occurred in the operating segments due to COVID-19’s impact, new variables were obtained by transforming these datasets and dividing the 2020 values with the 2019 values. The new datasets obtained with these ratios were used in the multidimensional scaling and clustering analyses.Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a multivariate data analysis approach used to visualize similarities and uniqueness between samples by turning units into points and plotting them on k-dimensional graphs. The MDS algorithm takes as input data a similarity or differences/dissimilarity matrix representing the distances between pairs of objects. In cases where this matrix (i.e., the distance matrix) can be obtained, metric scaling can be performed. In metric scaling, the original distances between objects and the distances on the map that have been calculated by scaling are scaled the same. This study has preferred the Euclidean Squared distance metrics.Cluster analysis is a method that aims to group objects or variables in the data matrix according to the values they take. When clustering, the distance or similarity matrix is firstcreated using the distance and similarity measures from the data matrix. Clusters are then created using the determined clustering method. Clustering methods are divided into hierarchical and non-hierarchical. In non-hierarchical methods, the number of clusters is determined in advance, and a single optimal clustering result is obtained according to the number of clusters determined using distance or similarity measures. This study uses the k-means algorithm, which is one of these methods. The Euclidean Squared distance metric was used as the metric distance. In this way, the study aims to use the outputs from the two analyses by overlapping them.The analyzes were interpreted through visual mappings obtained in 2-dimensional space. In addition, the findings were made more understandable by comparing them with the values in the data set. According to the analysis findings, the pandemic has had a striking impact with regard to operating segments. The numbers of workplaces and employees were observed to have decreased with regard to the operating segments that are based on mobility or that had been prohibited due to pandemic restrictions and measures. The measures that were taken were determined to have caused high increases in postal and cargo operations as well as home care operations.&nbsp;

Ekonomik Faaliyet Kollarında COVID-19 Pandemi Etkisinin Çok  Boyutlu Ölçekleme ve K-Ortalamalar Kümeleme Analiziyle  İncelenmesi

Hatice

Özlem

Association Rules Mining on Retail Data

Neslihan

This study investigates the relationship between environmental degradation and democracy in 37 OECD countries. The dataset covers the period of 1995-2018. The literature on environmental degradation can be classified as follows: The first group of studies investigates the relationship between environmental degradation and its economic indicators, and the second group focuses on the relationship between environmental degradation and its political indicators. While some of these studies state democracy to increase environmental degradation, other studies argue opposite, with democracy decreasing environmental pollution.&nbsp;No consensus is observed to exist regarding how democracy impacts environmental degradation. Using this motivation, this study focuses on the political determinants of environmental degradation, unlike the existing literature which has mainly focused on the economic determinants of environmental pollution. This study examines the relationship between democracy and greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 37 OECD countries over 1995-2018 the period using the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator.Many studies are found to have examined the determinants of environmental degradation. A significant portion of these studies has analyzed the impacts of economic factors such as economic growth, trade openness, and globalization on environmental pollution. While some of these studies (Jalil &amp; Mahmud, 2009; Lau et al., 2014; Destek et al., 2016; Doğan &amp; Turkekul, 2016; Shahbaz et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017; Pata, 2019; Ling et al., 2021; used carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental degradation, a second group of studies (Ahmed et al., 2019; Apaydın et al., 2021; Apaydın, 2020) used the ecological footprint index. However, very little research is found in the literature regarding political determinants on environmental degradation, such as democracy. While some of these studies have argued democracy to positively affect environmental degradation, others have argued a negative relationship to exist between democracy and the environment. Studies such as those from Binder and Neumayer (2005), Li and Reuveny (2006), Bernauer and Kaubi (2004; 2009), Romuald (2016), and Hotunluoğlu and Yılmaz (2018) have shown democracy to reduce environmental pollution. However, a few studies such as those from Brenna (2015), and Gallagher and Thacker (2008) have argued democracy to have a positive or negligible impact on the environment.The results from the cointegration test show a long term relationship to exist among the variables. According to the CCEMG results, democracy has a positive and statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Alongside this, the study also uses renewable energy consumption, income per capita, and urban population as control variables. The results show the impacts of income per capita and urban population to not be statistically significant, while also showing a negative and significant relationship to exist between democracy and renewable energy consumption.This study investigates the impact of democracy on greenhouse gas emissions per capita over the period 1995-2018 for 37 OECD countries. The results show democracy to be positively related to greenhouse gas emissions per capita. An increase in democracy levels increases greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Meanwhile, democracy leads to environmental degradation. On the other hand, an increase in renewable energy consumption levels decreases greenhouse gas emissions per capita in OECD countries, as expected. An increase in the percentage that renewable energy makes up overall energy consumption increases quality of the environment. Therefore, countries with high renewable energy consumption are able to provide a sustainable solution to environmental problems. According to the other important finding from the study, an increase in democracy increases the amount of greenhouse gas emissions per capita. This result supports the approaches claimed by studies such as those from Drzek (1987) and Bernauer and Koubi (2004), which showed democracy to increase environmental degradation. Therefore, regulatory institutions are able to reduce the negative impact that democracy has on environmental quality by limiting the power lawmakers have to permit excessive resource use. An ecological constitution may also be prepared in order to ensure the sustainability of environmental policies as well as to prevent the problem of political myopia.&nbsp;

OECD Ülkelerinde Demokrasinin Çevresel Bozulma Üzerindeki Etkisi

Nazan

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Due to financial liberalization processes, capital flow has gained an international attribution since the 1980s. Based on the developments in information and communication technologies since 2000s, the access to financial instruments has become easier and the range of assets in financial markets has continued to expand.According to Markowitz’s (1952) modern portfolio theory, which marked a milestone in the history of modern finance, investors make decisions based on risk and income preferences within the diversity of financial markets. Measuring the risk and uncertainty levels of financial assets is explained through the term volatility. Volatility is defined as the upward and downward movements in the prices of financial assets (Hepsağ, 2013, p. 3). The reason for volatility regarding financial assets is not always just a result of fluctuations in their own prices but is also a result of other financial markets due to volatility spillover. Volatility spillover defines the interaction levels financial markets have with each other and shows a significant increase in times of crisis in particular.During periods of uncertainty, the first instrument that investors prefer both in the world and in Turkey is gold, and this is related to its attribute as being the most well-known and trusted asset in society. In addition to gold, the increasing trend sees investors also preferring to diversify their portfolios in commodity markets and other main investment instruments such as the stock market and the foreign exchange market in order to increase income and decrease risk. Examining the interactions of financial instruments in terms of volatility spillover mechanisms is crucial when diversifying a portfolio.Meanwhile, the analysis of financial market interactions is one of the indicators that policy makers should follow, with great emphasis on the stability of financial systems. This study aims to investigate the interaction and volatility spillover effect among the foreign exchange market, the gold market, and the stock exchange in Turkey. The study has chosen the post-2000 period as global crises and regulations regarding monetary policies as well as the banking sector have occurred during this period. The research uses daily data between January 17, 2000 and August 31, 2022.&nbsp;The study examines the volatility spillover effects among the US Dollar, the Euro, gold, and the BIST 100 using Diebold and Yılmaz’s (2012) approach. This model was introduced to the literature through Diebold and Yılmaz’s (2009, 2012) articles.According to the obtained findings, the volatility spillover index was found to be 46.9% among the US Dollar, the Euro, gold, and the BIST 100. During the post2000 period under discussion here, the lowest volatility level occurred in 2012, an immediate increase occurred in 2013, and an increasing trend in the volatility spillover effect has been occurring since 2017. Due to the global pandemic, the increase in spillover effect has been ongoing since 2020.The US Dollar has been observed to function generally as a volatility transmitter financial asset; namely, increases and decreases in the volatility of the US Dollar affect other markets. The Euro was seen to be a volatility transmitter financial asset until the 2008 global crisis; between 2008 and 2013 it functioned as a volatility receiver then became a volatility transmitter asset after 2014. The volatility of Gold is seen to usually be affected by the volatility of other financial assets. Recently, the volatility of gold was concluded to affect the volatility of other financial assets and to have functioned as a volatility transmitter financial asset due to the increases in the price of gold. The BIST 100 Index was observed to be a volatility receiving financial asset in general. It was effective in regard to the volatility of other financial assets between 2008-2013. In terms of bilateral interactions nearly throughout the whole period, gold was determined to have been affected by the volatility of the US Dollar; the US Dollar was determined to have affected the volatility of the BIST 100 except for the 2008-2013 period. Meanwhile, a spillover effect occurred from gold toward the BIST 100, especially in recent years. Among the volatility interactions of the examined financial assets, the volatility of the BIST 100 can be said to be the one with the least effect.The research findings have revealed the interactions among the US Dollar, the Euro, gold, and the BIST 100 in the post-2000 period as well as the volatility spillover effect in Turkey. Determining the spillover effect can be used as a warning system against economic crises. In addition, the study has empirically shown how financial stress negatively affects stability. Within this scope, investors will be able to minimize their losses by diversifying their portfolios.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de 2000 Yılı Sonrasında Altın, Borsa, Döviz Kuru Piyasaları  Etkileşimi ve Volatilite Yayılım Etkisi

Müge

Fama (1970)’s efficient market hypothesis argues all the information that occurs in this market to be instantly and correctly reflected in the prices of financial assets, with no investor able to obtain abnormal returns. According to this view, no asymmetric use of information occurs, and all research on efficient market theory is concerned with whether prices fully reflect certain subsets of information. Market efficiency is a theory that has been the subject of much debate and study in the finance literature.This study analyzes market efficiency in accordance with the information taxonomy, which is categorized into three increasingly inclusive subsets, with the first considering the weak form of market efficiency, in which the information reflected in the prices consists of already observed historical prices. In this market type, an investor investing in the market is argued to be unable to expect abnormal returns in the future using historical data because the prices already reflect all that information, and it doesn’t provide a framework for any systematic abnormal returns. The second taxonomy considers the semi-strong form of market efficiency, in which prices reflect all past and current available information. As such, the information set is extended by including things such as current firm announcements and analysis reports into the precious information set. The third taxonomy conducts the strongform efficiency test to statistically prove or disprove whether investors with access to private or insider information are able to systematically achieve abnormal returns.This study will test weak form efficiency by analyzing whether the BIST1000 stock market index complies with the random walk process. The data range covers the period of October 2011-October 2021, with the data being composed of the closing index values at daily, weekly, and monthly frequencies.This study conducts the runs test, variance ratio test, traditional linear unit root test, structural break unit root test, nonlinear unit root test in order to test whether the series complies with the random walk hypothesis. The linear unit root and stationarity tests include the augmented Dickey-Fuller (1981), Phillips-Perron (1988), and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS, 1992) tests, while the unit root tests with structural breaks include the the Perron (1989), Zivot-Andrews (1992), LeeStrazicich (2003), and Kapetanios et al. (2003) nonlinear unit root tests. The runs test deals with whether the residuals are positive or negative, with the assumption that the residuals are independently distributed. The variance ratio test is used to test whether a random walk occurs in a series that is robust in terms of both constant variance and non-constant variance. The study uses the programs RATS (Regression Analysis of Time Series), EViews, and Stata for the tests.According to the results, the price series at each frequency contain unit roots, and the variance ratio and runs tests support the unpredictability of the returns. As a result, analysis of the Bist100 index at daily, weekly, and monthly frequencies reveal&nbsp;the market to have a structure that supports the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis. Although this study found no difference in the results regarding different frequencies, no surprise would be had if divergent results were observed even for the same time series, as has been discussed in the literature. The ups and downs within each month were not observable due to the closing daily observation at the end of month being recorded as a monthly BIST100 data point. For example, the Perron test allows for a unit root with a structural break and revealed the BIST100 to exhibit its lowest reading as well as a structural break on March 23, 2020, which also coincides with the official start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.For this reason, having individuals deal with the frequencies of the price series according to the maturity structure they have planned while investing would be a good decision. In this way, investors will be able to measure return and risk more accurately in the portfolios they have created. Investors who are unable to find a profitable opportunity in an efficient market can choose their investment preferences using an analysis that will detect the deviations in the price series with regard to their shortterm investment strategies. Checking the dynamics of international stock markets as well as BIST100 stocks would be additionally useful. Moreover, this study believes that future research should focus on nonlinear situations in the stock markets of other developing countries in order to better understand the extent to which information plays a role in portfolio strategies. The fact that investors in stock markets that do not comply with the random walk process and therefore do not provide the efficient market hypothesis are able to benefit from profitable opportunities in these markets through the arbitrage process is also worth mentioning. In summary, the results show that investors are not likely to systematically make profits using historical information on the BIST100; therefore, investors should base their investment strategies on this assumption.&nbsp;

Etkin Piyasa Hipotezinin Yapısal Kırılmalı ve Doğrusal Olmayan Birim  Kök Testleri ile Analizi: Borsa İstanbul Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Burak

Derya

Ebru

Prof. Dr.

Ensuring the academic achievement of all students has now become necessary to satisfy the increasing demands of the global economy and improve people’s welfare. According to long-standing research, family is the most reliable predictor of a student’s academic and future achievement. Researchers commonly focus on socioeconomic inequalities regarding academic achievement. Socioeconomic inequalities generally explain differences in students’ reading and mathematics achievement across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Many empirical studies have demonstrated that students with low socioeconomic status perform worse academically. Based on the findings, students with high socioeconomic status tend to outperform students with low socioeconomic status. In this framework, education systems are supposed to provide an equitable opportunity to students with low socioeconomic status by developing policies that deal with socioeconomic inequalities. The percentage of students in Türkiye with low socioeconomic status has been observed to exceed the international average. For these reasons, identifying the factors that influence the mathematical achievement of students with low socioeconomic status in Türkiye is critical for the education system and policymakers. This study aims to identify the variables that influence the mathematics achievement of students from low socioeconomic status in Türkiye using the modeling and small sample size flexibility provided by the Bayesian approach. For this purpose, data have been employed from the 2019 International Survey of Mathematics and Science Trends (TIMSS) eighth-grade mathematics assessment.&nbsp;The Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach is used to determine what variables should be included in a model when employing large-scale educational data. This approach takes into account model uncertainty in addition to parameter uncertainty. BMA considers the uncertainties in the model format and assumptions and incorporates them into inferences about the unknown parameter being studied. The BMA approach solves the problem of how to choose a model by incorporating multiple competing models into the estimating procedure. This study considers the BMA approach as a solution to the model uncertainty problem.&nbsp;According to the analysis results, the strongest predictors of mathematics achievement are the number of books at home, students’ academic expectations, sense of belonging at school, attitudes toward mathematics, absenteeism, and exposure to bullying. The variable that most increases student performance is observed as the number of books, which as an indicator of home education resources. As expected, the frequency with which the test language is spoken at home is also found to have a positive and significant effect on mathematics achievement. The findings indicate the variables of academic expectation and positive teacher expectation to also be important in explaining mathematics achievement. In accordance with previous studies, these variables have been identified as the most influential factors increasing the performance of students with low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, having a positive attitude toward mathematics has been reported to positively influence student achievement, whereas having a negative attitude negatively influences student achievement. The findings show that having a negative attitude toward mathematics is the most harmful factor affecting mathematics achievement. On the other hand, the study suggests a student’s sense of belonging to school to decrease mathematics performance because of negative school-related thoughts. Increases in the frequency of homework and exposure to bullying (e.g., name calling) are shown to have a negative effect on students’ mathematics performance. Another important finding involves the mother’s level of education not being a significant factor in students’ mathematics performance, while having a father with a higher level of education is shown to increase those student’s mathematics performance. The fact that only the father’s education level has an impact on student performance demonstrates the presence of a gender effect. Overall, the results indicate that students with low socioeconomic status are impacted by the components of inequalities inside and outside of school.&nbsp;

Düşük Sosyoekonomik Statüye Sahip Öğrencilerin Başarısını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi: Bayesyen Model Ortalama Yaklaşımı

Kamel

The Impact of Sectoral Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Algeria using Static Panel Data Models

Onur

Çağlar

Ferhat

Interaction Between Stock Exchange And Interest Rate in Turkey: A Hidden Cointegration and Asymmetric Causality Analysis

The statistical feature that distinguishes financial time series from economic time series is that financial time series show a leptokurtic distribution. Volatility clustering and positive excess kurtosis are known to occur in leptokurtic distributions. The number of outliers in financial time series is higher than in normally distributed series. This is why, when examining the probability density function graph, the tail parts of the distribution in these series are thicker than the normal distribution. Based on the reasons for these explanations, financial series are known to not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, the use of tests based on the assumption of normal distribution regarding analyses of series that do not have a normal distribution (e.g., financial series) will negatively affect the obtained results.As such, other methods are used in cases of normal non-dispersion that also give effective and reliable results. The normality assumption is also important in unit root analyses performed over financial series. In order for the obtained results to provide effective estimates, residuals related to auxiliary regression models are required to have normal distributions. The studies of Meng et al. (2014) and Meng et al. (2016) applied unit root tests based on the residual augmented least squares (RALS) method cases where the normality assumption was not provided, and the residuals related to auxiliary regressions that showed a leptokurtic distribution also deviated from normality as a result of asymmetry or nonlinearity. The RALS method has reasons related to the deviation of the higher-order moments of the residuals belonging to auxiliary regressions that do not show a normal distribution. Therefore, this study uses this method and the second and third moments of the residuals to attempt to resolve the problem of the normality assumption.&nbsp;This study considers the efficiency hypothesis, which is defined as the inability to use modeling to predict the prices of securities. Therefore, prices can not be predicted because they exhibit a random walk (Champell et al., 1996, p.22). When the prices for securities bought and sold on a securities market reflect all the information and prices respond quickly or without deviation to new information, such markets are generally interpreted as being efficient (Deckman &amp; Dale, 1986, p.5).This study uses traditional and current econometric methods to examine the stock market index values of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and to test the validity of the efficiency hypothesis over financial markets. Due to the leptokurtic distribution of the financial series, the empirical part of the study uses unit root tests based on the RALS method, which is widely used in cases where the residuals do not comply with normal distribution, as well as unit root tests based on the assumption of normal distribution. To test the efficiency hypothesis over the stock market index values of 19 OECD countries, the study uses the Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests with one and two structural breaks and RALS-LM unit root tests, which are unit root tests based on the RALS method. According to the practical results from the Schmidt and Phillips (SP), LM and RALS-LM tests based on the assumption of normal distribution, the residuals from auxiliary regressions of the SP and LM unit root tests were observed to not show normal distributions. Therefore, the residuals related to the financial series under consideration have been shown to not support the normality assumption. Additionally, when examining whether the series shows a unit-rooted process, the RALS-LM unit root tests reject the unit root hypothesis for more country market indexes than the SP and LM unit root tests.

Finansal Piyasalarda Etkinlik Hipotezi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Fatih

Coffee beans are graded on criteria such as coffee taste and aroma quality as well as visual factors such as the appearance, size, and color tone of beans. Various taste and aroma profile tests have been developed to evaluate coffee quality. Factors such as quality control factors, sustainability, working conditions during production, processing and storage of coffee beans are also considered.Many standards have been setup in numerous organizations at the international and national level. For example, the International Coffee Organization focuses on many areas such as establishing and implementing quality standards in coffee beans, supporting and guiding coffee producers, developing sustainable coffee standards, and establishing hygiene rules.Coffee quality institute (CQI) develops and trains cupping protocols used in coffee tasting to assess coffee quality and establish a reference for coffee tasting notes around the world. As of May 2023, more than 8,000 CQI certified grading members (CQI Graders) evaluate coffee in many countries of the world according to CQI standards.Because of the prevalence of using CQI for grading coffee quality, this study is based on the CQI standard..Cupping standards developed by CQI are used to evaluate coffee quality. Cupping is a standardized method of tasting coffee.&nbsp;CQI’s cupping standards cover the evaluation of aroma, flavor, aftertaste, acidity, body, balance, uniformity, clean cup, and sweetness.&nbsp;Apart from the tasting taste grading, imperfections in coffee quality are undesirable properties that can occur in coffee beans during processing or storage and classified as category one and category two defects.The first category of defects are primary defects that can be detected visually. Category Second defects are defects that are inconspicuous and can only be detected by taste.Indicators of coffee quality are available in the CQI database. This database includes a unique ID number assigned to each coffee, type, origin, farm name, production altitude, harvest date, grading date, processing technique, and tasting scores.The data of each type of coffees are kept on separate pages by using an ID number. The web scraping technique was applied to achieve rapid data collection as the data were kept on separate pages for each coffee. Network scraping was performed using Python 3.10.5. The content of the written Python program is presented in APPENDIX-1. Furthermore, web scraping files and data are available at GitHub Platform (GitHub, 2023).The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used for ranking according to coffee grading. This method is an efficient method that is preferred in finding the ideal one in multiple preferences.Cost attributes have a negative effect on the decision. “Aroma”, “Flavor”, “Aftertaste”, “Acidity”, “Body”, “Balance”, “Uniformity”, “Clean Cup”, “Sweetness”, “Overall” attributes, which are referred to as taste scores in the dataset, have a positive effect. However, “Category One Defects,” “Category Two Defects,” “Quakers” have a negative effect. In the obtained data set, a total of 207 observations and 13 characteristics of the mentioned coffee quality indicators are presented.In this study, two calculations were made with the entropy weighting method, in which the attributes have equal importance.The aforementioned methods were used, and the best choices were suggested using the TOPSIS method according to the coffee quality. A general criterion was presented with the sum of the tasting scores, but this study suggests that a calculation method that considers tasting scores separately and accounting for the error qualities could considerably improve grading.&nbsp;

Kahve Çekirdeği Kalitesi Sıralamasında TOPSIS Yöntemi Yaklaşımı

Fatma

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Trade Balance, Real Exchange Rate and Trade Policy Uncertainty in Türkiye: Evidence from the SVAR Approach

Bouazza

Sidi

Algeria’s Path to Sustainable Economic Development: Is it on Track or Not?

Aycan

The purpose of this study is to examine the growth performance of firms in Türkiye’s manufacturing industry, taking into account firm characteristics, firm capacity, and human capital indicators. Data from the “Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey” conducted jointly by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank for the 2018–2020 period are used. The study included only surveys conducted in 2019. A total of 395 Turkish manufacturing firms with increased sales revenues between 2016 and 2018 were examined. Firms’ growth performance can be measured in various ways. In this study, it is measured by calculating the change in sales revenues, which is a widely used method in the literature. Firms’ growth performance is calculated using the formula [(sales revenue (sales revenue-2)) / sales revenue-2 × 100]. After calculating the change in sales revenues, firms whose sales revenues increased are included in the study. We focus on some firm characteristics, firm capacity, and human capital that can have an impact on growth performance. Firm age is used from firm characteristics. Meanwhile, firm capacity is measured using the capacity utilization rate and the weekly working hours. For the human capital indicator, the variables of how many years of experience the manager has in this sector, the rate of personnel working in nonproduction activities (the rate of employees working in units such as management, sales, etc.), and the rate of employees with university degrees are used.The quantile regression method is used in the study to examine the growth performance of firms in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Koenker and Basset (1978) proposed the quantile regression method as an alternative to the classical one (Koenker and Halloc, 2001). The quantile regression method ignores the assumptions that must be satisfied in the classical regression method. When the error terms are not normally distributed, quantile regression parameter estimates are more effective than classical regression parameter estimates (Ünvan ve Demirel, 2020, s. 200). Furthermore, the quantile regression method solves the outlier problem and can be used when the data set contains outliers (Yavuz ve Aşık, 2017, Cameron ve Trivedi, 2005, s. 85). This study has outliers in the dependent variable. Except for the manager experience variables, all independent variables have outlier values. The quantile regression method produces more accurate results in the presence of outliers (Çınar, 2019). This method produces different coefficient results for different quantile points and provides various regression models (Chen, 2005; Koenker, 2005). Allows for the interpretation of growth performance at various levels.As a result of the study, it is seen that the increase in the firm age negatively affected the growth performance of firms in the manufacturing industry in Türkiye. An increase in firm age leads to a decrease in growth performance, regardless of the level of growth performance. The capacity utilization rate of a firm has a positive and statistically significant impact on the growth performance of firms in the 0.70th, 0.80th, and 0.90th quantiles. It has been observed that increasing the capacity utilization rate increases growth performance. Another study finding indicates that the firm’s weekly working hours have no statistically significant effect on growth performance at all quantile levels. Furthermore, it has been estimated that senior management experience in the sector has a negative and statistically significant effect on firm growth performance in the 0.20th, 0.30th, 0.40th, and 0.50th quantiles. Increasing the experience of senior managers in the sector reduces growth performance. When the level of growth performance is high, senior management experience in the sector has no statistically significant effect on growth performance. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of nonproduction employees in the 0.10th, 0.20th, 0.30th, and 0.40th quantiles resulted in improved growth performance. The rate of employees working in management and sales have a statistically significant and positive effect on the growth performance of the companies in the manufacturing industry sector. Therefore, by strengthening their management and sales units, these firms will increase their productivity and thus their growth performance. Similarly, it is concluded that the rate of employees with university degrees at the 0.10th quantile positively and significantly impact growth performance.&nbsp;

Türkiye’deki İmalat Sanayi Firmalarının Büyüme Performanslarını Etkileyen Kriterlerin Kantil Regresyon ile Belirlenmesi

Bengü

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Murat

Human migration, which expresses the geographical movement of human communities for social and economic reasons, dates back to the early periods of history. However, international human migration has increased significantly, especially in the last 50 years with the effects of globalization, and the causes and consequences of migration as a concept have changed greatly. The number of international migrants, which had been 84 million in 1970, reached 153 million in 1990 and 281 million in 2020. The increased number of international immigrants, who made up 3.6% of the global population as of 2020, has caused social and economic transformations for both the origin and destination countries. Long-term data on international migration reveal it to not have a uniform structure all over the world but rather to be shaped by economic, geographical, and demographic factors. This study was developed to examine the determinants of international migration. It tests the validity of the Neo - Classical approach to migration, which claims economic factors to be the main determinant for deciding to migrate, and investigates the relations among the variables by taking into account various economic indicators as well as terrorist incidents.&nbsp;The study was developed within the scope of the 20 countries to have received the most immigrants in the world and examines the migration movements from the countries that have sent the most immigrants to each destination country using the multidimensional panel gravity model approach with five-year datasets from 1995 to 2020. The study uses the number of immigrants from the origin countries as the dependent variable and economic indicators such as income levels, unemployment, and inflation rates of origin and destination countries; the distance between countries; common languages; common borders; and terrorist incidents as independent variables. Model estimation was performed using the multidimensional Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimator.The findings show income levels in destination countries to negatively affect migration movements, while terrorist attacks and inflation rates in origin countries to positively affect international migration movements. In addition, origin countries’ income levels and unemployment rates were determined to not statistically significantly affect migration movements.&nbsp;In parallel with the findings, Neo - Classical migration theory was determined to not be valid for the countries covered in the research and the factor of security to be more important regarding the decision to migrate. International migration movements have brought about remarkable changes in countries’ economic and social structures. As of 2020, the world had 26.4 million refugees, and in 2020 alone, 3,900 deaths and missing persons had occurred due to migration movements. This study discusses the determinants of international migration, as it has important economic and social consequences. The study aims to use the findings from the empirical analysis to provide data for projecting how to reduce the social and economic costs of migration and to contribute to the existing literature.&nbsp;

Terörist Faaliyetler Bağlamında Uluslararası Göçün Belirleyicileri: Panel Veri Analizi

Hamza

Sezin

When economic growth is sustained, it improves the welfare of the country’s citizens by increasing per capita income. As a result, the sources of growth or factors that increase growth have been a topic of interest from the past to the present. Along with an increase in production factors, technological development is one of the most important sources of growth. Some indicators influence technological development. These indicators also include total factor productivity and R&amp;D expenditures.Total factor productivity, defined as the increase in productivity across all production factors, is the primary source of longterm growth. In order to achieve development by ensuring stable growth, firms must increase resource e technology, particularly in developing countries. Technology is discovered and developed in the economy due to R&amp;D activities. R&amp;D activities are regarded as the foundation for the production and dissemination of new information; technological advances obtained in this manner also positively impact economic growth by increasing the efficiency of production factors and lowering production costs. Indeed, because R&amp;D activities incur costs, spending is required to cover these costs. The ratio to gross national product of this size, technically expressed as “R&amp;D expenditures,” is regarded as one of the most important indicators of countries’ importance on science and technology today.&nbsp;In the literature, the number of studies on Turkey, particularly in recent years, on the relationship between total factor productivity, R&amp;D investments, and growth has been increasing. However, studies on the relationship of these two factors with growth have been conducted separately. The effect of R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity, which are two interrelated concepts on economic growth, has never been studied. In this context, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by empirically revealing the relationship between these three variables in the Turkish example.The Granger causality method is used in the study to test the effect of R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity on growth using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The improved Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test assesses its stationarity. The vector autoregressive model is established after performing other necessary tests, such as autocorrelation, stability, and heteroskedasticity tests. Moreover, the existence and direction of the causality relationship between the variables are investigated using the Granger causality test.According to the Granger causality test, the prediction results for the three models are examined separately. The relationship between R&amp;D expenditures, growth, and total factor productivity with other variables as dependent variables is analyzed, respectively. The following analysis results were obtained regarding the direction of the relationship between R&amp;D expenditures, growth, and total factor productivity: R&amp;D expenditures and growth have a unidirectional causality relationship. The direction of this causality relationship is from R&amp;D expenditures to growth. In this context, the study findings are comparable to those of Altın and Kaya (2009), Korkmaz (2010), Genç and Atasoy (2010), as well as Duman and Aydın (2018). Meanwhile, R&amp;D expenditures and total factor productivity have a unidirectional causality relationship. The direction of this relationship is from R&amp;D expenditures to total factor productivity. This result is consistent with the results of Guellec and van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie (2001), Voutsinas and Tsamadias (2014), as well as Aydın and Yalçınkaya (2016). There is no evidence of a causal relationship between total factor productivity and growth. This result is consistent with the studies by Aksu (2017) as well as Bozkurt and Toktaş (2018).&nbsp;This study’s results reveal that R&amp;D expenditures increased growth in Turkey during the period examined. Similarly, R&amp;D expenditures positively affected the total factor productivity. In this context, it can be inferred that Turkey’s increase in R&amp;D expenditures during the specified period had a positive impact on growth and total factor productivity.Today, R&amp;D studies are one of the most important tools for countries to gain a competitive advantage. The primary requirement for conducting R&amp;D studies is the availability of the necessary financial resources. Another critical issue is the training of qualified personnel in this field. Therefore, social awareness about the importance of producing and developing technology should be raised and well-equipped personnel in the field of R&amp;D should be trained. Subsequently, the necessary resources should be allocated for R&amp;D, with increasing the amount of this resource from year to year becoming one of the primary goals. In this context, although it is encouraging that Turkey’s R&amp;D expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product have recently increased above 1%, it is still quite low compared to developed countries. To increase this share even further, the government should try to provide the necessary resources and incentives and regulations so that the private sector can participate in R&amp;D activities more effectively

Ar-Ge Harcamaları, Toplam Faktör Verimliliği ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Ampirik Analiz

Atilla

The right to unionize is recognized as one of the most important indicators of modern democracy. In this context, the most important factors are the unionization rate, defined as the ratio of the number of unionized workers to the total number of employed workers, and collective bargaining coverage rate, defined as the ratio of the number of workers benefiting from a collective bargaining agreement to the number of workers earning wages. This study aims to determine the economic factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage rate in Turkey. The study uses the following independent variables: the share of industrial sector value added in GDP, inflation rate, and per capita income, to discuss the effects of market conditions on collective bargaining coverage rate.Unionization is generally associated with legal and social factors. Görmüş (2020) and Mülayim (2023) investigated the factors affecting the collective bargaining coverage rate, namely, unionization rate, level of collective bargaining agreements, and incentive scheme. However, few empirical studies investigate the relationship between unionization and economic variables. Oswald (1982) argued that an increase in unionization will raise wages, leading to decreased employment and output. Blanchard and Summers (1986) concluded that a high unionization rate increased the natural unemployment rate in the 1980s. Ramjas (1989) found that an increase in the unionization rate negatively impacts worker productivity. Bean and Crafts (1995) reported that an increase in the unionization rate negatively affects total factor productivity. De Groot (2001) found that unions will increase the general wage level and inflation if the wage increase cannot be compensated by productivity increases. Meanwhile, Daveri and Tabellini (2000) analyzed the economic effects of taxation processes, finding that if excessive taxation is passed on to workers, labor costs and unemployment increase and union density decreases. Van Reenen (1996) and Wrigles (2002) argued that while creative enterprises pay higher wages, competitive enterprises have a low general wage level. Here, unions become stronger and resources cannot be allocated to research and development activities, resulting a slowdown in growth. Turnbull (2003) found that unionization slows down GDP growth, while Baker et al. (2005) identified a significant relationship between collective bargaining coverage and unemployment. Murtin et al. (2014) found that if the collective bargaining coverage rate is higher than the unionization rate, wages will become rigid and harm employment. Barbier-Gauchard et al. (2023) found that nominal wages and employment fall when unionization is weak, putting downward pressure on inflation. Empirical studies generally associate unionization with the labor market. In contrast, this study examines unionization and collective bargaining coverage from a broader, macroeconomic perspective.This study uses the Johansen cointegration test and ARDL bounds test to determine the long-term relationship between variables. To apply the cointegration test, all variables should be stationary of the same order. In this framework, the stationarity of the variables is investigated with conventional and structural break unit root tests. Moreover, long-term parameters are estimated and the effects of each variable on the collective bargaining coverage rate are decomposed. Finally, an error correction model is constructed to analyze the short run.According to the results, a 1% increase in the share of industrial value added in gross domestic product (GDP) increases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 2.19%. This result is natural considering that unionization tendency is generally higher in the industrial sector. Meanwhile, a 1% increase in inflation decreases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 0.19%; the increase in inflation decreases real wage and employment level. The increases in enterprises’ input costs are expected to be compensated by the pressure on wages and collective bargaining agreements. In countries with weak collective bargaining power, the inflationary process results in a decline in real wages and distorts income distribution. This framework can explain the negative impact of the inflation rate on collective bargaining coverage. A 1% increase in per capita income decreases the collective bargaining coverage rate by approximately 0.77%. Evaluating this result along with the functional income distribution structure in Turkey is important. Increasing the rate of collective bargaining coverage is important for workers’ rights and democratization. Based on this study’s findings, a structural change in favor of the industry will increase the rate of collective bargaining. High inflation is among today’s most important problems. Nowadays, the fight against inflation is carried out by turning expectations into positive and reducing economic risks. The study finds that a decrease in inflation will increase the rate of collective bargaining coverage. Additionally, the implementation of economic policies aimed at improving income distribution will also increase the collective bargaining coverage rate. Moreover, spreading economic growth to all segments of society is important for ensuring economic stability. To this end, this framework indicates that regulations to prevent the erosion of wage incomes, tax policies in favor of labor incomes, and the fight against inflation should be implemented.

Türkiye’de Toplu İş Sözleşme Kapsama Oranını Etkileyen İktisadi Faktörler: Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı

Berna

Sema

Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being embraced for their easy implementation and effective outcomes, particularly in financial predictions. In financial applications, these algorithms have emerged as potent tools forinformation processing and analysis, particularly in trading strategies,price predictions, and portfolio management. Deep learning algorithms excel in creating high-performance classification models, especially in complex datasets. Decision tree algorithms are suitable for solving classification and regression problems, whereas genetic algorithms have emerged as optimal methods for addressing complex problems, optimization, and modeling systems related to randomness.We aim to produce high-accuracy buying and selling signals in the cryptomarket, operating continuously 24 ha day. The approach combines MACD parameters, optimized with a genetic algorithm in the cryptocurrency market, machine learning methods, and technical analysis indicators. Machine learning algorithms are essential tools that transform datasets into models. We compared the performances of different machine learning algorithms.&nbsp;Furthermore, we examine the results obtained by optimizing the performance of these algorithms using genetic algorithms. The data collection process commenced by obtaining candlestick data for ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT assets through the API of Binance Crypto Exchange.A 1-h candlestick chart was used for the analysis, spanning November 9, 2021, to November 22, 2022. Each candlestick data item includes information such as transaction time, opening, closing, high values, low values, and trading volume. The candlestickdata were separated into optimization and test data. The optimization data were created by adding CMF, RSI, Z-SCORE, ATR, BOP, CMO, and CC INDICATOR signals during the strategy generation phase. Next, thisdataset was dividedinto machine learning training and test data. Long and short trading signals were established based on MACD and Signal line crossovers, and a decision column was added.During the optimization phase, the parameters of the MACD indicator were optimized using a genetic algorithm. The MACD indicator uses the default parameters of 12, 26, and 9. Employing the NSGA-II genetic algorithm, the optimal parameter values for the MACD indicator were calculated over 25 cycles. Subsequently, optimized MACD parameters were identified for ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT based on the test results. Backtesting was performed using the optimized MACD parameters to obtain gain and profitability ratios. Upon examining the accuracy rates of various machine learning algorithms,deep learning exhibitedthe highest accuracy rate.The optimized MACD parameters, training data of the most suitable machine learning algorithm, and the test data were consolidated.The test data were evaluated by backtesting, employing optimized MACD parameters and trained machine learning algorithms;this process revealedthe profit rate and profitability. The results indicate a high gain ratio and profitability in the LTCUSDT asset when optimized MACD parameters and a deep learning algorithm were employed. However, for the ADAUSDT asset, the combination failed to generate a profit. This highlights that the success of certain combinations of assets and strategies may vary depending on market conditions. Therefore, for effective implementation of the proposed model, each asset’sstrategy needs careful evaluation.In backtests focusing on ADAUSDT and LTCUSDT cryptocurrency pairs, long–short trades using optimized MACD parameters yieldedhigher profits thantrades executed with nonoptimized settings. The default MACD parameters typically involve three parameters: a fast period of 12, a slow period of 26, and a correction period of 9. However,the averages obtained from the optimization process deviatednoticeably from these standard values,suggesting that investors engaged in cryptoasset trading maybenefit from an indicator responding rapidly to market dynamics.&nbsp;Additionally, owingto the volatile nature of cryptoassets, the applicationof machine learning algorithms poses challenges in accurately determining profits and losses before ensuring a clear data separation. This underscores the risk of exposure to sudden price fluctuations in cryptoassets. In conclusion, this study found that long–short trades using optimized MACD parameters do not always yield optimal results. However, profitability can be enhancedby leveraging machine learning algorithms to filter out data leading to losses. Notably, the developed model demonstrated better compatibility with the LTCUSDT pair than the ADAUSDT, showcasing a profit of 93.55% in the LTCUSDT pair. These results underscorethe potential advantagesof integrating machine learning and technical analysis in the cryptocurrency market.

Kripto Piyasalarında Genetik ve Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmaları ile Performans Karşılaştırması

Furkan

A New Proposal for the Measurement of Criterion Weights in the Scope of Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Somer’s D-DEMATEL based Hybrid Approach (SDBHA)

Sait

A Sectoral Application for Green Vehicle Routing Problem Optimization with Capacity Constrained and Heterogeneous Fleet

Ahmet

Server

Money is a fundamental economic element and a vital tool for the economy and its functionality. Money’s functions can be summarized as being a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Among these functions, money serving as a medium of exchange has primary importance. This function is the main pillar of trade, production and other economic components. While its other functions (i.e., unit of account and store of value) are related to preserving wealth, whereas its function as a medium of exchange is a pure money function. Dollarization is simply a matter of money. In dollarization, foreign currencies substitute or replace the functions of local currency. Understanding and measuring dollarization is possible by observing these functions. The more a foreign currency takes over these functions, the more an economy is subject to dollarization.Dollarization has emerged as a phenomenon for mostly developing countries consisting of South American, Middle Eastern, North African, and Far East Asian countries. In the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the transition economies of Eastern Europe also joined these developing countries. Therefore, dollarization records can be collected from numerous countries all over the world. The countries that deal with dollarization have also had to deal with some other macroeconomic issues such as exchange rate fluctuations and their related crises, inflation, unstable economic growth, and unemployment, and Türkiye is one of these countries. Since the beginning of the financial liberalization that took place in the early 1980s, dollarization has become particularly visible in Türkiye. The 2001 financial crisis occurred as a milestone for the Turkish economy after years of economic turbulence, high inflation, and political instability. This crisis helped establish the many essential regulations that would lead the Turkish financial system to successful years later on. However, that the financial system needed to heal was obvious, with some weaknesses still remaining and currently troubling the country’s prosperity.&nbsp;Far from being an isolated issue, dollarization has effects on every aspect of economics. Firstly, this issue creates difficulties for money authorities. The more that foreign currencies replace the functions of a local currency, the more difficult implementing effective money policies becomes. Central banks lose control of money when the money supply shifts to a dollarized structure. Secondly, exchange rates are related to dollarization. A high level of dollarization causes a local currency to depreciate, which in turn furthers dollarization. Individuals and firms nationwide see exchange rates as an indicator of economic resilience. Dollarization and exchange rate fluctuations that oscillate together indicate a confidence issue. Thirdly, dollarization in many cases becomes related to inflation. In open economies, general price levels are directly tied to exchange rate fluctuations due to foreign trade. The link between exchange rate and inflation indicates the importance of dollarization regarding general price levels.&nbsp;Dollarization in Türkiye has attracted academic studies that have mainly focused on the factors causing dollarization and the consequences of a dollarized economy. These studies have stated the primary factors causing dollarization to be inflation, nominal and real exchange rates, and local currency depreciation. Studies have additionally stated consumer sentiment index, current account deficit, credit default swap (CDS) premium, and deposit interest rates as other causing factors, with the primary consequences being inflation, exchange rate instabilities, and further dollarization. While the consequences seem to be macroeconomic indicators, the main threat is how it weakens money policy tools. The solution to this risk involves money authorities taking rapid and decisive actions.&nbsp;This study examines the nexus between dollarization and the real exchange rate in Türkiye, as these chosen factors reflect a historical reality. Dollarization in Türkiye has had a long record of accompanying the various economic crises, with volatile exchange rates and dollarization having played significant roles in every crisis. Furthermore, the real exchange rate is another significant element, because it is a combined reflection of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. The study is based on data between January 2003-December 2023 and conducts the Fourier term unit root and cointegration tests. The findings of these tests are then used in the Granger causality test, with the results showing that the interaction between dollarization and real exchange rate works in one direction: Dollarization causes the real exchange rate, while the real exchange rate does not cause dollarization.According to the results of the study and the nature of dollarization, policy makers should firmly keep their eyes on the dollarization issue, as it causes long-term macroeconomic weaknesses. Dollarization on its own also causes further dollarization. Money policies become less effective over time through dollarization. Controlling inflation also becomes less likely with ineffective policy tools. In conclusion, money authorities should take the dollarization trend under control quickly and early using every tool possible. With the help of a speedy intervention, dollarization will hopefully be prevented from deepening before it causes any more harm on the economy, and this approach will be for the benefit of each actor in the economy

Türkiye Ekonomisinde Dolarizasyon ve Reel Kur İlişkisi

Mücella

Turgut

In this study, forecasting analysis is performed on the basis of different panel data structures and different estimators. The panel data model built within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve is constructed for the period 1990-2020 by taking the G20 country group as heterogeneous panel data and the G8 country group as homogeneous panel data. Then, fixed-effects forecasting, random-effects forecasting, and combined forecasting methods are used to obtain out-of-sample forecasts their performances are compared. In this study, out-of-sample forecasts are estimated for 1 year, 3 years a average. Forecast performances are evaluated using the mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that homogeneous forecasters perform better in line with the studies in the literature. It is also observed that the prediction obtained with the fixed effects estimator outperforms the prediction obtained with the random effects estimator in the homogeneous panel data structure and the prediction obtained with the random effects estimator in the heterogeneous panel data structure. In the homogeneous panel data structure, combined forecasting outperforms obtained with the random effects estimator in the heterogeneous panel data structure, obtained with the fixed effects estimator performs worse than combined forecasting. Another perspective of this study is to examine the performance of the combined forecasting method under different conditions in terms of heterogeneity and endogeneity.In the analysis of the study, stationarity analysis of the variables used for the environmental Kuznets curve panel data models for the G20 and G8 countries was performed. Then, it is determined that the model for the G20 country group is heterogeneous and that the panel data model for the G8 country group is homogeneous. Since it is aimed to compare the forecasts of fixed effects estimator, random effects estimator combined estimator as forecasting estimators, panel data models are estimated with these estimators and then out-of-sample forecasts are estimated by estimating in 1-year and 3-year samples.In this study, G20 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United States, United Kingdom) covering the period 1990 - 2020 are considered as the heterogeneous panel data model, while G8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United States, United Kingdom) with the same time dimension covering the period 1990 - 2020 are considered as the homogeneous panel data model. For both G20 and G8 country group panel data, one-year (2020) and three-year (2018, 2019 and 2020) forecasts are made for the combined forecasts developed with the within-group fixed effects estimator, the generalised least squares random effects estimator then the combination of fixed effects and random effects estimators. These forecasts are compared with the MSE and RMSE performance criteria.&nbsp;The contribution of this study to the literature can be expressed as the comparison of forecasts by considering homogeneous and heterogeneous panel data structures separately. In addition, this study examines the performance of the combined forecasting method proposed by Huang (2019), which emerged as a different forecasting method, in these different panel data structures and analyzes the performance of the forecasts obtained with fixed and random effects estimators in cases of heterogeneity and endogeneity.The aim of this study is to compare the performance of the prediction values by estimating the models with different panel data estimators and to analyse the performance of the forecasts of the random effects and fixed effects estimators as well as the combined forecasts in the presence of heterogeneity and endogeneity. The second section of the paper presents the panel data model used, the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and reviews related studies. The third section presents the literature on forecasting methods with panel data and the results of these studies. In the fourth section, panel data estimators and forecasting theory are presented, and in the fifth section, environmental Kuznets curve panel data model estimations and findings obtained from forecasts are explained. In the last section, forecasting performance comparisons and evaluations obtained from the application are presented.&nbsp;

Panel Veri Modelleri İle Öngörü Performans Kıyaslaması: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Analizi

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Halim

Operational Implications of Time Window Relaxation in Vehicle Routing  Problems

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Tuğba

Gökçe

Nowadays, there are many investment tools in the financial markets to assess the savings of individual investors. The diversity of investment instruments in the market makes it difficult for investors to make decisions about evaluating savings. Furthermore, developments and uncertainties in the economy affect the individual investor’s investment decision. In the economy, individuals use part of their income for consumption expenditures and savings. Individuals who make savings are evaluated byvarious investment instruments in order to make a profit. In this process, the main objective of investors is to obtain the highest return with minimum risk. Investors evaluate their savings in investment instruments with a certain expectation of return. The existence of many investment instruments in the economy reveals the issue of which investment instrument the investor should use. A balanced distribution of investor accumulation in multiple investment instruments instead of a single investment instrument will provide protection against fluctuations in the markets. Throughout the history of finance, studies have been conducted on how markets affect individual investment preferences. Investors follow the political, economic and social situations in the markets to make the right investment decision. There are many investment tools for transferring the idle resources to the financial system. Financial investment instruments provide the opportunity for individuals who make savings to protect their capital and earn money. For this reason, financial decisions are important in the efficient functioning of the market. All future financial decisions include uncertainty. The uncertainty of the future makes investors’ decision difficult. The financial decisions of investors who wish to use their savings in various investment instruments are important in the efficient management of funds in the economy. Decisions have a significant impact on financial markets. Monetary loss or profit as a result of the investment makes it difficult for investors to make decisions. Individual investors aim to achieve the highest risk with the lowest risk in financial investment decisions. If the risk of a financial investment instrument is high, the expectation of high return on this investment instrument increases. Traditional finance theories are based on the principle that individuals make decisions by acting rationally. Individual investors make a rational choice of financial investment instruments in their investment decisions and strive for maximum return on their savings. Since investors are rational, they analyze decisions in financial investment instruments rationally. However, in this process, the investor encounters many factors affecting the investment decision in the market. The decisions taken affect the outcome of the investment either positively or negatively. Therefore, the evaluation of the criteria affecting the investment decision has been included in many academic researches.&nbsp;In this study, the importance of the criteria affecting the investment decisions of the investors trading in financial markets is analyzed. The aim of this study is to compare the criteria that the financial investment decision makers take into consideration in the decision-making process. The criteria included in the study; Global Markets, Domestic Financial Indicators, Investment Instrument Characteristics and Analysis Techniques Used. The aim of this study is to reveal the economic, social, investment instrument characteristics and analysis techniques that are useful in the process of evaluating the savings of individual investors in financial investment instruments. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective by evaluating the relationships between the criteria affecting investment decision with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. In addition to the support from the literature, my financial work experience contributed to my study in the process of determining the criteria included in the study. In this study, the Fuzzy DEMATEL method was used and the opinions of 10 experts responsible for financial decisions were taken. As a result of the findings obtained from the opinions of the experts based on the criteria, the most important criterion among the criteria was revealed to be Technical analysis. Investors pay attention to past price movements of investment instruments in decision-making. The second criterion that was given importance among the criteria was Global markets. After the financial globalization, all the information related to the economic and political situation of countries affect the values of the investment instruments in the market.

Belirsizlik Şartlarında Yatırım Karar Analizine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Bulanık DEMATEL Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

Gökhan

Mustafa

Öğretim Görevlisi

As a result of the convergence hypothesis that the growth rates of developing and underdeveloped countries will be higher than those of developed countries, underdeveloped and developing countries will catch up with developed countries. In other words, the real gross domestic product of all countries will be equalized after a certain period of time. This idea is basically based on the law of decreasing yields. As a result of the capital increase of developed countries, which have reached the saturation point in terms of capital, the output increase rate is below the output increase rate as a result of the capital increase of underdeveloped and developing countries, which are insufficient in terms of capital. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Until Solow’s work, an acceptable theoretical explanation could not be given to this phenomenon, which was voiced by many theorists prior to Solow. The basis of the convergence hypothesis is based on Solow (1956). Moreover, most of the growth models are directly or indirectly based on the Solow model. There are multiple types of convergence tested in the literature. Earlier models did not distinguish between old and new technology, and looked at both old and new technology with one vision. The introduction of technological progress means that there is a difference in the efficiency of old and new technology. Thus, the model means that only physical capital accumulation cannot bring about growth per capita or increase the amount of production. In particular, given a microeconomic specification of technologies and preferences, the per capita output in an economy will approach the same level, regardless of initial capital (Timakova, 2011). When comparing different economies, it means that for economies with the same technologies and preferences, the difference in production per capita will be temporary.The Solow growth model is the first to present convergence. It has deeply influenced the way economists conceptualize long-term relationships between macroeconomics. According to this hypothesis within the neo-classical growth theory approaches, the income of the less developed countries will reach the level of developed countries after a while. That is, the exact definition of convergence is to achieve the same fixed income level. Convergence hypothesis studies generally use external theory (Rivas ve Villarroya, 2017). Because the concept of convergence emerged, if different countries have the same preferences and technology, it can be said that the poorer countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries, especially in the presence of accumulated factors, particularly the decrease in marginal returns in capital use. Each country will reach its own stable state, but the differences in the per capita income will be reduced. When the rich and poor countries reach the same fixed income level, another possible solution can be seen. The hypothesis of convergence of incomes of underdeveloped countries to incomes of developed countries is a hypothesis frequently tested in the literature. Different types of convergence hypothesis can be tested in terms of econometrics. In this study, the convergence of annual income series of the EU member countries, covering the period of 1960-2018, was examined and the stochastic convergence hypothesis, one of the convergence types, was tested with panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests based on SUR models. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests are second generation panel unit root tests. The ADF and KSS panel unit root tests take into account the cross-sectional dependency and allow for an explanation of each unit separately. In this study, using SURADF and SURKSS unit root tests, the convergence status of the EU member countries to the group average of the EU was examined, and results were given about whether the convergence hypothesis is valid for each country separately.

AB Ülkelerinin Yakınsaması: Suradf ve Surkss Birim Kök Test

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Kevser

Selay

This study evaluates the relations between economic performance, democracy index and economic freedoms, which are widely discussed in economic theory. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of democracy index and economic freedoms on economic performance. The study was conducted with the data of 45 European countries for 2017. Data from countries with insufficient information was excluded from the analysis. Data on the economic freedom variable The Heritage Foundation, from the link: https://www.heritage.org/index/ explore?view=by-region-country year &amp; u = 636967067347971774), also contains data on the democracy index variable. The democracy index report published by the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) can be found at the link: https://pages.eiu. com/rs/753-RIQ 438 / images / Democracy_Index_2017.pdf). Data for the economic performance variable were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) database. The concept of freedom can encompass many different definitions of the idea of economic freedom. Some of these definitions are as follows: Economic freedom consists of a combination of property rights and the protection of individuals, the right to make individual choices and the freedom to compete (Gwartney ve Lawson, 2003, p.406). The concept of economic freedom therefore can be understood to mean that people voluntarily engage in consumption and investment activities at any time without the control and restrictions of the state, that their rights are under state protection and that they participate in the labor force (Şenalp, 2018, p.319). When democracy is defined as a political system, it is a regime in which all adults have the right to vote, where candidates in the election can freely compete, and through periodic elections, decision makers come to power with strong authority (Huntington, 1984, p.195). Democracy also provides freedom and the possibility of self-determination (Schwartz, 1993, p.552). A two-stage approach was used to determine the consistency of the data used in the study with the research hypotheses (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988). In the first step,&nbsp;the measurement model was tested to determine whether the observed variables in the model accurately measured the latent variables to which they belong. This stage of the analysis is considered as Confirmatory Factor Analysis. If the indicator variables that make latent variables measurable do not accurately measure the constructed structure, the next step, the structural model, will not need to be tested. For this reason, the measurement model must meet the requirements for compliance. The second stage includes the testing of the structural model (Huchting, Lac and Labrie, 2008, p.543). When the model was evaluated according to the obtained t-values, there was a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index, and between democracy index and economic performance, while no direct relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. This suggests that the index of democracy may be a mediating variable. In order to evaluate the mediation effect, a significant relationship was found between economic freedom and economic performance. When the index of democracy is included in the model, the value of the path coefficient between these two variables decreases and the path becomes meaningless. In this case, it can be said that the index of democracy fully mediates the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance. In other words, the relationship between economic freedom and economic performance is indirectly realized through the democracy index. The fact that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom and democracy index and democracy index and economic performance supports the mediating effect (Judd and Kenny, 1981, pp. 605-606; Baron and Kenny, 1986, p.1176-1177). This study shows that economic performance and economic freedom, which are the determinants of the institutional structure for European countries, can be increased with economic performance and economic freedoms in order to improve democracy. For sustainable economic performance, countries should strengthen and add importance to their institutional structures. Countries aiming to increase their economic performance should set policies to increase their democracies and economic freedoms. Since the findings obtained belong to a certain group of countries, they cannot be generalized for all countries of the world. In future studies, analyses can be made for different country groups and time periods. The results obtained by using different analysis programs and different estimation methods can then be compared. The sub-components of economic freedom affect the environment and functioning of the market and contribute to the development of democracy, with the effect it has on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, individual commercial activities positively affect economic performance.

Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Özgürlüklerin Ekonomik Performansa Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Mücahit

Purchasing power parity (PPP), which is one of the subjects of interest in international finance and economy, is defined as a rate of change that equalizes the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating price level differences between countries (TURKSTAT, 2008). In other words, the theory of purchasing power parity states that the nominal exchange rate between the two currencies is determined by the purchasing power of each country’s currency. This means that the exchange rate between the two countries must be equal to a fixed level of goods and services basket price of the two currencies. While economists generally doubt the validity of PPP in the short term, they agree that it is necessary to investigate whether PPP is valid in the long term because price differences between countries are not sustainable in the long term (Acaravcı and Öztürk, 2010). Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) evaluated the importance of purchasing power parity in terms of both traditional and new approaches to open economy macroeconomics for policy purposes. According to the traditional approach, the validity of PPP is valuable information for policy-makers who want to evaluate the effects of devaluation since the effects of devaluation under PPP on competitiveness will be eliminated in the long term. In open economies with new approaches, PPP is a necessary condition for equalizing market integrity and marginal utility. Empirical studies use cointegration tests, variance ratio tests, and quantitative regressions for nominal exchange rates and prices, and unit root tests for real exchange rates, to assess the validity of PPP. (Chortareas and Kapetanios, 2009; 391). The estimation of PPP exchange rates is very important for practical purposes. These objectives are; (i) determining the degree of deviation from the nominal exchange rate, ie determining whether the exchange rate is low or not. (ii) making appropriate policy decisions; (iii) adjusting currency parities; (iv) an international comparison of national income levels; and (v) a comparison between domestic price and foreign price (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). Whether PPP is valid or not should be examined. Where PPP is not valid, PPP cannot be used as a criterion for international income level comparison and estimation of real exchange rates, and where applicable, it can be used as a criterion for the level of development comparisons and the reliability of all economic decisions (Güriş et al. 2016). . In this study, the validity of purchasing power parity was examined using Fourier unit root tests for Turkey for the period 1992:01-2018:12. In order to make a comparison, two different recently developed unit root tests were used in the study. The study is expected to contribute to the current literature in terms of the method used. The studies for Turkey is as follows; Gurbuz and Hasgur (1997), Telatar and Kazdagli (1998), Erlat (2003), Yazgan (2003), Alba and Park (2005), Aslan and Kanbur (2007), Ozdemir (2008), Kalyoncu (2009), Lightning and Lightning (2012), Sener et al. (2015), Güriş et al. (2016), Rock and Steel (2018). In cases where series do not have a linear structure, nonlinear unit root tests give more powerful results than linear unit root tests. In the literature, there are unit root tests examining stationarity structures of nonlinear series. In this study, Güris (2018) and Ranjbar et al. (2018) non-linear Fourier unit root tests were used. Firstly, the linearity of the calculated real exchange rate series was examined and it was found that it does not have a linear structure. In the second part of the empirical analysis, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of Fourier unit root tests. The obtained results indicate that Turkey has a stationary structure in the real exchange rate series. Accordingly, it is seen that the PPP hypothesis is valid for Turkey. In other words, the analyzed period, the real exchange rate being stationary and Turkey coming to the real exchange rate shocks are temporary. The validity of PPP means that the prices of goods expressed in the same currency are the same anywhere in the world. Therefore, PPP is expected to play an active role in the monetary policy decision for Turkey.

Satın Alma Gücü Paritesi Hipotezi Geçerliliğinin Fourier Birim Kök Testleri ile İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.

Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır. Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır. Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Cabells Journalytics

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@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Relations Manager

Ethics Editor

Editorial Assistant

Technical Specialist

Publicity Manager

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

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EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics yılda iki kez olmak üzere, her 6 ayda bir yayınlanmaktadır.Dergimiz ölçme, tahmin, test, tahmin ve politika analizi konularını kapsayan, ekonomi ve ilgili konularda olmak üzere yeni ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanması ile ilgili yüksek kaliteli makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlamaktadır.Ekonometrik tekniklerin dikkatli ve titiz bir şekilde uygulanması ile elde edilen sonuçların uygun yorumlanması üzerinde durulmaktadır.Makalelerde ekonomik içerik üzerinde vurgu yapılmalıdır.EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics başta Ekonometri, istatistik ve Yöneylem Araştırması olmak üzere yüksek kaliteli araştırmalar yayınlamaktadır.Uzmanlık alanlarına deyinen, ulaşılabilir teknikleri içeren ve diğer araştırmacılar tarafından kolayca tekrarlanabilen, ekonomide yenilikçi, niceliksel araştırmalar için bir çıkış sağlamaktır.Tüm gönderimler farklı hakemler tarafından inceleme sürecine tabidir.EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics 2005'ten bu yana altı ayda bir &#34;hakemli dergi&#34; olarak yayınlanmaktadır.Derginin dili İngilizce ve Türkçedir.Çeşitli ekonomik sorunlara uygulanabilir istatistiksel yöntemleri tanıtan katkılar amaçlanır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science – Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR DizinProQuest CentralDOAJERIH PLUS <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/ekoist.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">RePEc IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istekoist/" target="_blank">RePEc EconPapers </a><a href="http://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=Ekoist:%20Journal%20of%20Econometrics%20and%20Statistics" target="_blank">SOBIAD</a>Cabells Journalytics

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve GönderimiAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir. Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu yazar(lar) tarafından ıslak imzalı olarak taranıp pdf formatına dönüştürüldükten sonra sisteme yüklenmelidir.<ol><li style="text-align: left;">&#65279;Çalışmalar, <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist/page/12738" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist/page/12738</a> sayfasındaki makale şablonuna uygun şekilde hazırlanmalıdır. </li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalar 4500 - 8500 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazarlar tarafından sisteme yüklenen word dosyalarında yazar isim ve kurum bilgileri bulunmamalıdır. Tam metin dosyasının üzerinde sağa tıklayıp &#34;özellikler, ayrıntılar, özellikler ve kişisel bilgileri kaldır, aşağıdaki özellikleri bu dosyadan kaldır&#34; komutları izlenerek yazara ilişkin bilgilerin dosyadan silinmesi gerekmektedir. </li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergimize gönderilen Türkçe makalelerde Giriş bölümünden önce 200-250 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz (abstract) ile Türkçe makalelerde 600-800 kelime içeren İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. İngilizce makalelerde ise, yalnızca İngilizce öz (abstract) yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3-5 İngilizce, 3-5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. versiyonu kullanılmalıdır. APA 6 stili hakkında bilgi için; http://ekoist.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/yazarlara-bilgi/kaynaklar sayfasını ziyaret edebilir veya Yazarlara Bilgi’nin Kaynaklar başlığı altında ilgili açıklama ve örnekleri inceleyebilirsiniz.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Tablolara ait başlık üstte, Şekiller’e ait başlık altta yer almalıdır. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren kapak sayfası gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergi Yazı Kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine dergi gönderilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce lütfen Yazım Kuralları’nı okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D6F99DA5E4E1495899D8CAEC33175E6B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ekoist</a>  </li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıEKOİST Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyonu hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6457DE12A1C843DD826BC8AAF9767B86" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1E033FB7101F402FAD661EB2D81D4A4E" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4B4F9DC35E854DED9953C603868BF903" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5BC458EAD3554E249EC7C7A89071D85A" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası </a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/06CFB2D57B124994B0235C3AC979D295" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B198D02C87C34D5792BD82E2F9FF0D31" target="_blank">Mizanpaj Şablonu</a>

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