Funda

Assist. Prof.

Yunus

Although development is a multi-directional economic variable, its most important aspect is the increase in production and per capita income, or growth. It is also the economic, cultural, social, and political progress of societies as a whole. Variables such as poverty, income distribution, employment, and the ability to meet basic needs are more focused issues; however, the concept of growth has become an important development issue not only from a single economic point of view, but also with its human dimensions. Man is at the center of development; thus, the human development index obtained by combining indicators such as education, health, and income level are among the most important factors of human life. Growth is also an important tool for measuring the quality of individual life. Some studies show that there is a relationship between economic growth and human development, but the extent of this relationship has not been fully elucidated. In terms of the sub-categories of human development, indicators such as education, health, and income can offer different perspectives in terms of the relationship between the economy and growth.From this point of view, this study determines the relationship between the human development index and growth with the help of panel regression analysis in terms of developed and developing countries. Because human development has an effect on growth, there is a network of relations, in which economic growth will affect human development. The increase in the country’s gross national product is data that can positively affect human development. However, this situation is expressed as an equation that may change from country to country or the effect will not be at the same rate. This is especially relevant to the income distribution of countries. Imbalance in income distribution is a factor that directly affects the relationship between human development and economic growth.This study compares the two country groups by determining the relationship between the human development index and growth of developed and developing countries with panel regression analysis. Cross-section dependence and heterogeneity were obtained for both groups. First- and second-generation unit root tests were applied, and it was determined that the variables were stationary for the first-order difference. In this study, some statistical tests were applied to choose between models. The key question is whether data will be collected across countries and times, as all variables in the models can vary between countries and times. At this stage, the Chow test and Breush-Pagan were used. The Hausman test showed that the random effects model was suitable.The analysis showed that for developed countries an increase by 1 unit in the human development index increases growth by 38.7%. For developing countries, a 1-unit increase in the human development index leads to a 17.4% growth increase. Therefore, the contribution of human development to growth is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It is important that developing countries implement policies quickly to increase of human development.A more successful human development policy should follow and support the development policies to be formed, as well as the projects prepared by the United Nations in this direction. It should adopt a multi-faceted, sustainable human development approach. An economic growth strategy should be determined, in which people are included in the development in areas such as education, health, nutrition, and income distribution. In order to project the effects of human development into economic growth, per capita education and health expenditures should be increased. On the other hand, for individual development it is important to improve social conditions as well as economic conditions. Economies should adopt policies aimed at improving the quality of life of individuals.&nbsp;

İnsani Gelişmişliğin Büyüme Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve  Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Karşılaştırması

Hülya

This study examines whether financial institutions in Turkey revise target debt ratios when determining capital structures, in addition to investigating the speed of adjustment to optimal capital structure in the presence of adjustment costs. The trade-off theory of capital structure proposes that firms consider the costs and advantages of debt and equity prior to making a final decision on an optimal (target) debt-to-equity ratio. According to this theory, firms may deviate from the target debt level and then gradually return to this level due macroeconomic changes and financial and administrative decisions. When firms are over- or under-leveraged in terms of optimal leverage, they tend to adjust capital structures to the targets in the next period. Trade-off theory has been tested using both static and dynamic methods. The static approach assumes that current debt ratios are already optimal, whereas the dynamic approach asserts that optimal debt ratios can only be estimated, as they cannot be directly observed. The underlying assumption of dynamic trade-off theory is that firms cannot maintain optimal debt because of adjustment costs, as it takes some time for firms to adjust current ratios to optimal ratios. Some studies demonstrate that firms in Turkey follow an optimal debt ratio; however, such studies are mostly conducted on non-financial firms. This study attempts to fill the current gap by analyzing financial data from 114 financial institutions between 1996 and 2018. The dependent variable measures total debt ratios, whereas independent variables include lagged-values of total debt, profitability, the tangibility of assets, growth opportunities, and firm size. Blundell–Bond’s (1991) GMM-SYS approach was adopted as the estimation method. The findings indicate that financial firms in Turkey revise target debt ratios when determining capital structures and the speed of adjustment is 26%, with a half-life of 1.93 years. It takes almost two years for financial firms to adjust current debt to half of the target debt ratios. In contrast, the speed of adjustment was around 19% between 2007 and 2010, when the debt ratios plummeted due to the global financial crisis. The speed of adjustment was around 37% between 1996 and 2007, and 43% between 2011 and 2018. The findings also indicate that profitability, the tangibility of assets, growth opportunities, and firm size have no effect on when the lagged version of total debt is endogenized. In contrast, the estimated coefficients for profitability and tangibility seem to follow a pattern across different time periods. While profitability had a positive effect on total debt in all models, the effect was negative during the crisis. Conversely, the effect of tangible assets on total debt almost doubled during the crisis. Based on the results of analysis, it is reasonable to conclude that financial firms conduct balancing behavior around a target debt ratio to maintain optimal debt ratios when structuring capital, rather than making a hierarchical selection among alternative financing options. Due to missing observations in the data set, it was not possible to establish a model that would allow measuring the speed of adjustment during the 2001 economic crisis. The autocorrelation (AR(1) and AR(2)) and Hansen (1982) test results indicate that the models fit the data well. As the study is an exploratory endeavor to determine the speed of adjustment, the factors affecting the adjustment speed and the extent to which these factors increase or decrease adjustment speeds in different periods are beyond the scope of the study. Future research should consider institutional and macroeconomic determinants of adjustment speed to help advise firm executives about the optimal capital structures of their respective firms.&nbsp;

Dinamik Sermaye Yapısı Belirleyicileri ve Optimal  Kaldıraç Oranı Uyarlama Hızı: Türkiye’de Finans  Şirketleri Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Parla

From the 1820s, the development of finance capital has paved the way for large capital movements from the core to the periphery of the world economy. While these capital inflows are an important source of funding for economic growth in peripheral countries, reversal of capital flows often leads to crises in heavily indebted economies, and in some cases, it generates economic and social devastation. Sanction mechanisms, which are enforced following these crises, have played a significant role in the establishment of the core’s hegemony over the periphery and restructuring the global economy to align with core interests.Peripheral countries’ fall into debt crises, one after the other, like dominoes, in the 1980s had widespread repercussions worldwide. In the economics literature, scholars have turned to researching and understanding the effects of foreign debt generating international crises. The first groundbreaking article was presented by Eaton and Gersovitz (1981) to determine why countries pay their debts asserting that countries pay foreign debts out of concern for long-term reputations. In the event of a possible default, creditors evaluate debtors’ repayment records, and countries with good reputations are able to access foreign funds with lower risk premiums. Conversely, those with bad records are unable to secure funds, resulting in devastating defaults. In short, indebted countries would be able to determine their own future.Although the study received considerable attention, interest in the debt literature in the international arena declined until the late 1980s and early 1990s; however, the Mexican (Tequila) Crisis of 1994, the Asian Debt Crisis of 1997, the Russian default soon after, and even the European Debt Crisis of 2010 rekindled interest in the subject. The world was now witnessing the external debt crises of the peripheral countries in a systematic and cumulative manner; therefore, the sterile theoretical infrastructure that focused only on countries’ internal dynamics was extremely insufficient for explaining the functioning and effects of international credit mechanisms.This study aims to fill this gap in the literature and explores the economic and political dynamics behind peripheral countries’ external borrowing. To determine these dynamics, in the first section, the definition of debt waves is presented within the framework of theoretical arguments. In order to analyze the global development of borrowing and identify economic policy determinants. The second section examines the phases of these waves using an historical perspective, determining the main years wherein borrowing began to rise. Additionally, Turkiye’s indebtedness in these periods is discussed. In the third section, the determinants of falling the debt crisis were empirically tested by considering 21 developing countries between 1970 and 2017. While the findings confirm the significance of interest rates, they also indicate that other macroeconomic variables, such as GDP growth, short term debt to total reserves, and high inflation, which are among the other factors that trigger debt crises. Besides economic dynamics, the presence of a hegemonic power in the world economy is a major political dynamic behind debt cycles. In the presence of a great political power, creditors are better organized and able to impose heavy sanctions on indebted nations. Accordingly, the period of restructuring, which is the third and last phase of the cycle, lasts a very short time under these circumstances. In this context, we discuss contrasting views on the sustainability of external debt and whether it is possible for a heavily indebted economy like Turkey to escape recurring debt crises.&nbsp;

Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dış Borç Döngüleri:  Krizden Kaçış Mümkün Mü?

Muhammed

Travelogues are an important source for the history of economics, particularly for illuminating the period from the 10th to 15th centuries. Understanding Ibn Battuta’s travelogue, also known as the Rıhletü İbn Battuta, is important in terms of economic history, as this travelogue provides important information about the political, economic, and cultural structure of the contemporary Islamic world.The long name of Ibn Battuta, the great traveler of the Middle Ages, was Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Ibrahim Levati Tanji. In the year 725/1325, the great traveler, then a young man of 22, began his journey and came from the North African coast to Alexandria, intending to perform the pilgrimage. Ibn Battuta traveled from there to Cairo, where he remained for a time before traveling to Lebanon and Syria. The traveler also remained there for a while and then made his first pilgrimage to the Hijaz. Ibn Battuta journeyed to Shiraz from the Iraqi side, visited Cizre and Mardin, returned to Baghdad, made a second pilgrimage, and headed to Yemen via the Red Sea to commence his East African tours. He later went to Yemen and Oman and, after circumnavigating Iran via the Strait of Hormuz, returned to the Hejaz for Hajj. Following visits to Cairo, Gaza, and Latakia, he sailed to the port of Alanya and explored Anatolia. Thereafter, he went to the Crimea via the port of Sinop and passed through Deşti Kıpçak before returning to Istanbul. He subsequently returned to Deşti Kıpçak and reached the Delhi Sultanate via Khwarazm and Khorasan. After staying there for seven years, he went on to the Maldives and remained there for many years, before proceeding to China. He made a return journey via Sumatra to Java, then via Baghdad and Syria back to Egypt and the Hejaz. Ibn Battuta then reached Morocco via Egypt and Tunisia, carried on to Niger via Mali, and returned to Morocco in 754 by the order of the sultan. These journeys took 29 years.Although Ibn Battuta mentions various goods in his travelogue, this study concentrates only on those goods subject to international trade. Textiles played an essential role in trade during this period. As is clear from the travelogue, a wide variety of textile products existed, with linen, cotton, silk, wool, and even coconut&nbsp;fibers being used in fabric production. Ibn Battuta also notes that trade in agricultural products such as wheat, rice, dried fruit, and coconut was widespread. Although the traveler mentions various products that were subject to international trade, including milk, fish, and sheep, he devotes remarkable attention to the trade in horses and dried fish. Ibn Battuta also discusses the trade in timber, pottery, etc.Based on the information given in the travelogue, previous studies have noted that movement along trade routes was not only from east to west. Commercial activity also flowed from west to east, as is evident from the products analyzed in this study. The seyahatname also provides evidence for the timing of changes in the cultural and economic pursuits of Turkish migrants to Anatolia as they transitioned to a sedentary lifestyle. Ibn Battuta emphasizes that Greek women were active in cotton weaving while Muslims were active in wool weaving. This suggests that Turks living in Anatolia were still engaged in animal husbandry rather than agriculture in the 14th century. The travelogue also provides valuable insights into the production of goods and services subject to international trade and the diversity of products that passed along trade routes. Thus, a wide variety of goods, both finished products and raw materials, were used throughout the period.Ibn Battuta’s travelogue provides important information for the evaluation of early mercantilist international trade policies, helping to explain the diversity of raw materials, production, and final products, and the general patterns of international trade in that period.&nbsp;

İbn Battuta Seyahatnamesi’nde Uluslararası Ticarete Konu Olan Mallar

Kadir

Assoc. Prof.

Covid–19 Pandemi Döneminde Petrol fiyatı, Altın fiyatı ve VIX  Endeksindeki Oynaklıkların Türkiye BİST 100 Endeksi Üzerindeki Etkileri

Selma

Hakan

Hande

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Spillover Effects of Stock Markets in the COVID-19  Pandemic Period: Evidence From Central and East  European Countries

Tacinur

Res. Assist.

The Effect of Sectoral Bank Loans on Economic  Growth in Turkey

Shagea

Lecturer

Ekrem

Prof.

Impact of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)  on the Sustainable Development in Yemen during the Period from 2000 to 2018: An Empirical Study

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Hasan

Görkem

From Classical Economic Thought of the 18th century to today’s New Consensus, the science of economics has come a long way. There are various colors in the pallet of the discipline and they all represent different methodological frameworks. At this point in time, Neoclassical economics, which is the dominant form of theory building in the world of economics today bases its arguments on a positivist methodology, claiming its theories are universal, scientific and rational. However, the struggle for mathematical modelling which is one of the most profound features of the Neoclassical view, came with sacrifices. For instance, one can observe that in its pursuit of formalization, economics reduces relations in a society to mere man-object level, thus, mostly excluding the social side of economic transactions. An economic argumentation must encompass the relation of man to man, and man with the society. It is evident that under this quest for formalization lies the methodological understanding which has its roots in modernist thinking. That is the claim that humanity will be able to dominate its environment through positive analysis, which is one of the tenets of the enlightenment and hence modernism has an important place in the development of this perspective in economics. However, with this economic mentality, came some counter arguments, too. Because of the devastating wars, economic crises, poverty, inequality, famines etc. the reign of this modernist thinking was challenged from a number of points of view. It was seen that modernism was not the answer to the problems that are faced by humanity. Furthermore, it brought with it a new set of problems, some of them are still waiting to be solved. For once, the idea that the social environment of man could easily be manipulated From Classical Economic Thought of the 18th century to today’s New Consensus, the science of economics has come a long way. There are various colors in the pallet of the discipline and they all represent different methodological frameworks. At this point in time, Neoclassical economics, which is the dominant form of theory building in the world of economics today bases its arguments on a positivist methodology, claiming its theories are universal, scientific and rational. However, the struggle for mathematical modelling which is one of the most profound features of the Neoclassical view, came with sacrifices. For instance, one can observe that in its pursuit of formalization, economics reduces relations in a society to mere man-object level, thus, mostly excluding the social side of economic transactions. An economic argumentation must encompass the relation of man to man, and man with the society. It is evident that under this quest for formalization lies the methodological understanding which has its roots in modernist thinking. That is the claim that humanity will be able to dominate its environment through positive analysis, which is one of the tenets of the enlightenment and hence modernism has an important place in the development of this perspective in economics. However, with this economic mentality, came some counter arguments, too. Because of the devastating wars, economic crises, poverty, inequality, famines etc. the reign of this modernist thinking was challenged from a number of points of view. It was seen that modernism was not the answer to the problems that are faced by humanity. Furthermore, it brought with it a new set of problems, some of them are still waiting to be solved. For once, the idea that the social environment of man could easily be manipulated.

Modernizmden Postmodernizme İktisat

Harun

According to the basic principles of Islamic economics, an economic system should promote social solidarity and human wellbeing, prioritize the sharing of profits and losses over interest-based financial instruments, and envisage a just and equitable financial system. However, due to the changes having taken place in the modern period, these basic principles have not been adequately realized. The individualization of modern society has acted as a primary agent of such societal changes. Although the degree of individualization varies among countries, premodern solidarity has been compromised significantly due to such large-scale individualization. Owing to such transformation, activities previously fulfilled through social solidarity are now governed by welfare state institutions and the market system. Furthermore, the existence of a legal personality facilitates the dominance of the market, curtails the benefits offered by the financial system to the real economy, and causes social inequality. Commercial entities with legal personalities operate with the goal of earning unlimited profit by leveraging limited liabilities. Such an objective contributes to the development of financial capitalism and an acute shortage of materials; moreover, it raises the volume of debt-based financial instruments. This study aims to critically evaluate, from the perspective of Islamic economics, the institution of legal personality, a phenomenon that plays an essential role in the emergence of the capitalist system that, in turn, facilitates capital accumulation.We argue that financial crises and other such social adversities caused by financial capitalism stem primarily from the existence of commercial legal entities and the goal of unlimited profit as the mission imposed on them within the capitalist system, rather than incidental problems, such as lack of regulation and supervision. Hence, the legal personality exerts a significant influence on the financialization of the economy. The important assertion is that in the current scenario, it would be a rational decision for companies to pursue profits without considering the welfare of society, possess limited liabilities, and exhibit behaviors that might result in negative consequences. Although Islamic scholars have justified the validity of legal personality in Islamic law by referring to the mosque, waqf and state institutions, we argue that such an analogy not be used when evaluating commercial legal personalities. This is because the institutions referenced to legitimize the existence of the legal personality are either established for worship or as a means for Muslims to attain salvation (falah). For this reason, a controversial issue in Islamic law today is the status of the legal personality of corporations, which, as opposed to the legal personality in Islamic law, was established with the goal of obtaining unlimited profit, facilitating capital accumulation, and mitigating company owners’ risks.&nbsp;For this reason, as claimed by Timur Kuran, it is true that Muslim societies had not developed commercial legal entities; however, such absence of commercial legal entities was not owing to a shortcoming of Muslim societies but because of the establishment of “commercial legal entities” was deemed impossible by the Islamic morality that governs Muslim societies. Kuran’s basic assumption is that capital accumulation is essential for material growth in all societies. This modern understanding, which claims to be a universal truth, has been challenged, particularly in the post-modern period. Questions such as, “Should material and spiritual growth and development coexist with Islamic moral values?” and “If so, how can this harmony be accomplished?” are subjects that require research in reference to the basic sources of Islamic economics. The scope of this study is to demonstrate the incompatibility of the Islamic morality with the current economic system, which assumes that capital accumulation is a universally inevitable phenomenon and legitimizes the existence of the institution of legal personality as a means for achieving this accumulation. Such incompatibility results from the social consequences of the legal personality. It is argued that existence of the legal personality leads to an increase in financialization as opposed to facilitating actual production. Ultimately, it promotes individualism and contributes to the diminishment of essential solidarity and cooperation among individuals.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ticari İşletmelerin Tüzel Kişiliğe Sahip Olmasının  Sonuçları: İslam Ekonomisi Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Zühal

Türkiye’de İthalat Talebi ve Eşitsizlik

Fatih

Döviz Kurları Sektör Endekslerini Nasıl Etkiliyor? Borsa İstanbul  Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi

Bilge

In this study, it is aimed to examine the determinants of the industrial production index, which is necessary for sustainable growth. Even though the share of the industrial sector in the total output is around 20%, it is still significant as a precursor to the gross domestic product. The industrial production affects the economy in many ways. The increase in industrial production through both domestic consumption and exports is closely related to economic growth. The fact that industrial production is sensitive to both consumption demand and interest rates makes the industrial production index closely related to growth. The importance of the manufacturing industry sector, which has a weight of more than 80% in the industrial production index, is enormous. One of the first studies which reveal the impact of the manufacturing industry sector on economic growth is Kaldor’s 1966 study. The first rule accepted as Kaldor’s laws of growth reveals that the manufacturing industry is the main factor of economic growth. The increase in the share of the manufacturing industry sector, which has a high multiplier effect, will also increase the growth.When the literature on the industrial production index is examined, it is seen that the factors affecting the industrial production index and the analysis methods differ from each other. In this study, the relationship between the leading indicators of the industrial production index, which is one of the most important leading indicators of economic growth, is examined with the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) Model using monthly data between 2007 and 2020 in the Turkish Economy. In this model, electricity consumption, white goods production and manufacturing industry capacity utilization rate are used as independent variables to explain the industrial production index.&nbsp;According to the results of the study, electricity consumption and manufacturing industry capacity utilization rate are significant in explaining the industrial production index in the long run. The leading variable which is most effective in explaining the industrial production index is the electricity consumption. According to the results, 1% increase in electricity consumption increases the industrial production index by 1.2%. In addition, 1-unit change in the capacity utilization rate increases the industrial production index by 0.5%. On the other hand, in the short run, it is concluded that 1% increase in electricity consumption will increase the industrial production index by 0.6%. Also, 1% increase in white goods production will increase the industrial production index by 0.3% and 1- unit change in the capacity utilization rate increases the industrial production index by 0.6%. Since the error correction coefficient is significant and negative in the short-term model indicates that the system will return to equilibrium if there is a deviation from the long-term equilibrium. Accordingly, the error correction coefficient being -0.28 indicates that if there is a deviation from the long-term balance in the industrial production index due to a shortterm shock, the system will stabilize in approximately 3.5 months. In other words, it shows that 28.2% of the deviation that will occur in the long-term balance due to a shock in the short-term might be eliminated at the end of the 1-month period. Effect of white goods production, which had an impact on the industrial production index in the short term, disappeared in the long term. Furthermore, the effect of capacity utilization rate is very limited in both the long and short run.In future studies, the relationship of industrial production index with leading indicators such as exports, imports of intermediate goods and capital goods, manufacturing industry purchasing managers index (manufacturing PMI), automobile production can be analyzed.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Sanayi Üretim Endeksinin Belirleyenleri:  ARDL Modeli

Devran

Aziz

When the growth processes of countries are examined, it is known that some countries perform much faster economic growth than others. In current growth theories, human capital and technology have become factors explaining growth and income differences Keynesian models give notice that growth can be achieved not only by increases in factors of production but also by reallocating existing resources from the inefficient non-export sector to the more productive export sector. According to this traditional view, an increase in export volume will have a positive effect on growth. The mentioned effect is experienced through foreign demand created by the increase in exports, resource allocation, economies of scale, technology diffusion, increasing total factor productivity, and contributing to free trade. One step further, it is argued that high-tech industries are the sectors that contribute the most to the international competitive performance of countries and that world trade in high-tech industries stimulates growth much more than in other manufacturing industries. Diversification of exports from primary goods to high value-added technology-intensive goods will allow more technological spillover to sectors than traditional product exports provide and will contribute to decimating the technology gap between countries.This study aims to present new findings to the literature by analyzing the impact of high-tech(HT) exports on revenue using panel data methods in 49 countries and under both Cobb-Douglas and Translog production functions for the period 1988- 2017. The common point of previous studies is that they explain these relations under the Cobb-Douglas (C-D) production function. No other study has been found in the literature investigating the HT-Income relationship in the Translog production function. In this aspect, the current analysis is a pioneer study.&nbsp;&nbsp;Regression coefficients were estimated by the Driscoll-Kraay method, which produces robust standard errors in cases where OLS assumptions cannot be met. Furthermore, the existence of cointegration between the series was investigated by the stationarity of the residuals. The stationarity of the regression residuals indicates that the estimated regression coefficients are not spurious and the obtained statistics can be interpreted with confidence. Since the series are cointegrated, regression analyzes can be interpreted in the long term.According to the findings, the income elasticity of the physical capital contributing to the scale is 0.668; income elasticity of human capital was calculated as 0.584 and income elasticity of HT exports was calculated as 0.071. HT export-oriented technology-intensive policies will contribute positively to income.However, HT exports have been found to contribute to income per labor force, while human capital contributes to income per labor force along an increasing curve. The relationship between physical capital and income seems decidedly linear. When the substitution elasticities are examined, it is seen that the substitution relationship between physical and human capital is weak and there are complementary factors. Human capitalHT; physical capital-HT factors are factors that can be substituted for each other. These findings were tested for robustness with alternative regression methods in addition to the main models, and results compatible with the existing models were obtained.The fact that human capital contributes to income along a curve that increases non-linearly emphasizes the importance of this factor for countries. This characteristic of human capital as the determinant of the condition of increased returns on the scale and the dominant factor determining income shows that the policies to increase high-tech exports recommended to countries to get out of the middle-income trap can actually be a supporting element that complements human capital. Therefore, policies that will basically increase the quantity and quality of education will both stimulate income growth and contribute to the reduction of social problems such as gender inequality.&nbsp;Accordingly, policies must be designed for the establishment of technologyintensive free zones, the provision of the logistics infrastructure of these zones, encouraging foreign investment and trade, increasing institutional quality, etc.

Yüksek Teknoloji Ürün İhracatının Gelir Üzerine Etkisi: Translog Üretim Fonksiyonuna Dair Bulgular

Orhan

Globalization is a central concept that characterizes today’s economies. Globalization is extensive in scope, encompassing the cross-border movement of goods, capital, and individuals and thereby affecting almost all disciplines. The impacts of globalization are not limited to economics but extend to political, social, and cultural changes. During the period dominated by Keynesian economics, from World War II to the 1970s, the state’s role in the economy expanded and the view that demand-oriented government policies would increase welfare became widespread. After the 1970s, many countries around the world took steps toward radical changes in economics and politics. The idea that the welfare state, as identified in Keynesian economics, leads to inefficiency, wasted resources, and corruption in the public sector, started to take hold on political-economic grounds.The new world order that began in the 1970s focuses on a structure that differs from previous periods, reducing the role of the state in the economy, increasing integration across countries, and removing economic and trade barriers. International organizations under the control of developed countries, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, have tried to persuade underdeveloped and developing nations to benefit from globalization by opening up their economies. The Washington Consensus, proposed by John Williamson (1990), is a manifesto that specifies the reforms developing countries should implement in order to adapt to globalization. The impact of integrating with international markets on individual countries is not only economic; it also affects corruption, which is closely related to political decision-making and corporate governance. The theoretical literature in this field focuses primarily on the impacts of corruption on trade openness. However, trade openness itself influences corruption through various mechanisms. Optimistic views argue that&nbsp;trade openness reduces corruption by reducing monopolistic rents and the motivation to seek bribes. In contrast, those who argue that trade openness increases corruption state that the marginal utility of bribery for customs officers increases with openness, the control mechanism of commercial activities weakens, and there is an increased need for funds due to politicians’ concerns about being re-elected that leads to a rise in rent-seeking activities.Based on this framework, this study analyzes the impact of trade openness on corruption for a panel group consisting of Turkey and the MENA countries, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia, using data spanning the period from 1996 to 2018. The dependent variable is a control of corruption index, and the share of total exports and imports of a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is used as an indicator of trade openness. Other explanatory variables include a rule of law index, real GDP per capita, and public expenditures. In the first stage of the empirical analysis, the cross-section dependence test, homogeneity test, and unit root test are performed. The Augmented Mean Group (AMG) method developed by Eberhardt and Bond (2009) is used to reveal a long-term relationship between the variables. After determining this long-term relationship, Dumitrescu-Hurlin’s (2012) causality method is used to investigate the causality linkage between the variables. According to the AMG results, trade openness negatively affects the control of corruption in the panel countries. In terms of economic rhetoric, corruption increases with trade openness. In addition, the impact of other explanatory variables on corruption control is positive. Accordingly, we find that economic growth, the rule of law, and the increase in public expenditures reduce corruption by increasing the extent to which corruption is controlled.The causality test performed after the parameter estimation reveals different findings. We show there are bidirectional causality linkages between control of corruption and economic growth, control of corruption and trade openness, trade openness and economic growth, the rule of law and economic growth, and public expenditures and the rule of law. In addition, one-way causality relationships are found from public expenditures to control of corruption,&nbsp; The causality test performed after the parameter estimation reveals different findings. We show there are bidirectional causality linkages between control of corruption and economic growth, control of corruption and trade openness, trade openness and economic growth, the rule of law and economic growth, and public expenditures and the rule of law. In addition, one-way causality relationships are found from public expenditures to control of corruption,&nbsp;&nbsp;economic growth, and trade openness, and from trade openness and to the rule of law. Our findings are consistent with the pessimistic view that states trade openness increases corruption. The results offer various suggestions for policymakers in MENA countries and Turkey. When pursuing integration with the global economy, policymakers should develop policies to strengthen the rule of law, increase accountability and transparency, ensure political stability, improve regulatory quality, and make the public sector more effective to reduce the negative impact of globalization on corruption within the country. These countries should also implement policies that will improve institutional quality when integrating into the global economy. Therefore, beyond quantitative growth, qualitative development of the public sector becomes more critical.

Ticari Açıklığın Siyasal İktisadı ve Yolsuzluk  Üzerindeki Etkileri

Emrah

İlknur

Migration is the act of individuals moving within or between countries due to force majeure or to achieve personal goals. Multiple socioeconomic factors can trigger decisions to migrate, and new communities and social lives are formed in both the area of migration and abandoned area as a result of such individual or mass movement.The phenomenon of migration, which is high on the agenda of many countries across the globe, has a very important place due to changing living standards. The living conditions of abandoned regions of international or national human flows have been observed as more negative to human flourishing than the preferred region. At the same time, issues such as unplanned urbanization, increased crime rates, interpersonal communication challenges, and racism can arise in the migration from underdeveloped regions to developed regions.Concerning the attempt to maintain a balance in class relations between individuals in the same region, migration from irregular and underdeveloped regions results in income differences, particulary related to employment which are at the forefront of rising crime and incompatibility in a society defined by the rule of law.Hope of a better life, health, or employment opportunities is called internal migration. The first data on internal migration in Turkey was obtained by Turkstat in the 1970 general population census by asking the place of residence of the people in the previous year. The causes of internal migration in Turkey have over time. While immigration occurred for reasons such as job changes and marriage in the early years of the Republic, in the advent of technological development and industrialization, mobility from rural to urban areas and from city to city occured&nbsp;in the subsequent periods. In addition to various appealing factors, such as city’s zoning amnesty, terrorist incidents in the east of the country increased migration movements from east to west.As the Turkish economy evolved from agriculture to industry and service sectors, internal migration became prominent and attracted attention starting in the 1950s. In this context, migration from rural areas to city centers accelerated urbanization. As a result of internal migration movements in Turkey over the years, significant differences in interregional development and interregional population densities have emerged. Since the service standards offered by the cities are more attractive to individuals, there are now regional variations in health, environment, employment, social, and economic factors. Intense transitions occurred in the eastern parts of the country, especially to the Marmara Region. Among the main reasons for this circumstance are the rising mechanization of agriculture, increasing unemployment in villages, education opportunities in cities, and security.In this study, from perspective of the Todaro Paradox, the significant weakening of new employment opportunities in cities due to internal migration was tested using the ARDL limit test, examing internal migration and urban unemployment rates the years from 1988 to 2019 and the validity of the Todaro Paradox for Turkey. The findings revealed a significant relationship between the urban employment rate, rural population rate, and urban unemployment rate for 1988- 2019 in Turkey. The analysis demonstrates that the positive effect of increasing employment opportunities in Turkish cities in reducing the unemployment rate is diminished by internal migration. This result confirms the validity of the Todaro Paradox in Turkey between 1988 and 2019. In other words, continuous increase in employment opportunities in cities triggers rural migration to cities causing unemployment to become endemic.These findings are congruent with other studies examining the relationship between immigration to cities and unemployment in cities. It would not be incorrect to assert that urban immigration is related to multiple issues, such as population density, unplanned urbanization, insufficient infrastructure, and traffic&nbsp;complications. It is insufficient to develop policy packages based only on cities to address such changelles. Policies aimed at managing the problems experienced in cities should include regional aspect aimed at increasing employment opportunities and improving living standards in rural areas. When individuals do not face unemployment in the region in which they live and if they feel that education, health, and security are sufficient, they will tend to be more cautious and hesitant regarding migration. At this point, encouraging reverse migration with rural development policies is an important consideration for preventing internal rural-urban migration, which is triggered by low incomes and lack of living standards in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Türkiye’de İç Göç Olgusunun Todaro Paradoksu  Çerçevesinde Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı

Fatma

Petroleum and petroleum products are vital for the continuous operation of economic operations in countries around the world. Petroleum products are also an important foreign trade commodity that generates considerable income for oil-exporting countries, as well as an imperative production input of significant expenditure for oil-importing countries. These two opposing effects also represent an essential export/import commodity subject to trade between countries. Export revenue from petroleum products in the international market and import expenditure for petroleum products are among the critical variables that determine countries’ macroeconomic performance. For this reason, in the face of sudden shocks in global markets (e.g., oil supply–demand and exchange rate shocks), countries may face adverse conditions, such as stagnant economic growth, decreased foreign trade, and inflation, which can have negative effects on national welfare.The USD dollar, which has the uppermost share in international reserve currency status, has a major influence in the international trade of petroleum products, like many other products. Undoubtedly, fluctuations in the dollar exchange rate have differing effects on oil exporting and importing countries. An overvalued dollar exchange rate may cause more costly imports for oil-importing countries resulting in foreign trade deficits. Therefore, negative exchange rate shocks that occur in global markets may cause a decrease in countries’ foreign trade income or an increase in costs, affecting important macroeconomic variables such as inflation, savings, and economic growth in particular. In this sense, the important relationship between oil prices and exchange rates is followed closely by both policymakers and investors.&nbsp;The demand for petroleum and petroleum products, which are an essential production input for countries’ economic performance, is rising in Turkey, as well as on a global scale. Due to limited reserves, most of Turkey’s crude oil needs are met through imports. Consequently, determining the direction of causality between oil prices and exchange rates can provide vital information for policymakers and investors to better understand the dynamics of the relationship. This study investigates symmetric and asymmetric causality relationships between oil prices and real exchange rate variables using annual data for the period 1960– 2019 for Turkey. Both the relationship between crude oil prices and real exchange rate series and the causality relationships between positive and negative shocks of these series are examined using the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto method. The results show no symmetric causality relationship between oil prices and real exchange rate variables; however, a one-way causality relationship is revealed from positive oil price shocks to positive real exchange rate shocks, indicating that the increase in oil prices causes an increase in the real exchange rate in Turkey. According to these results, asymmetric effects should be considered when examining the relationship between oil prices and exchange rates in Turkey. Oil imports are crucial in the sustainability of economic activities in Turkey. In this sense, the increase in oil prices will increase Turkey’s import expenditure and thus foreign exchange demand. The increase in the demand for foreign currency puts pressure on the exchange rates in Turkey due to limited alternative income sources. Increases in the exchange rate adversely affect the macroeconomic balances of the country, principally, account deficit and cost inflation. In this sense, long-term policies to reduce dependence on petroleum products should be developed and strongly advocated. It is recommended to implement structural reforms that encourage the diversification of energy consumption, particularly through the development of alternative clean energy sources (such as solar, wind, nuclear, and hydroelectric).&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Petrol Fiyatları ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisinin  Asimetrik Fourier Nedensellik Analizi ile İncelenmesi

Mehmet

Emrullah

Following the industrial revolution, the adoption of mechanization, the introduction of mass production, and the use of fossil fuels put serious pressure on the ecosystem, resulting in climate change and environmental pollution. This mode of production and economic growth, which has threatened the continuity of natural life since the first half of the 20th century, has begun to draw attention, necessitating the introduction of certain environmental principles. One of the key principles is the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development refers to economic development based on the use of renewable resources, considering the environmental effects of economic activities. Achieving economic growth without causing environmental pollution will be possible only with technological development and innovation.According to the endogenous economic growth theory, increase in research and development (R&amp;D) activities can provide factor productivity and an increase in production with technological innovation; however, the contribution of technological innovation to environmental quality, especially greenhouse gas emissions, is uncertain. Thus, it is important to determine whether technological innovation protects the environment.Technological innovation is considered as a key solution to environmental problems and a viable instrument for sustainable development. Technological innovation refers to the innovation of production or production technology, the development of new ideas, development and implementation of new patents and technologies, and modification in the existing production process. The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions is based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve in economic literature. The relationship between economic growth and pollution is presented as an inverse U-curve, and the increase in production and income creates an initial increasing pressure on the environment as countries continue their economic development. On reaching a certain income level, the environmental pressure created by economic growth is decreased.Studies on the emission-reducing effect of technological innovation are important not only in the relation to countries but also for academic purposes. In this regard, this study used energy technology innovation to test the impact of technology on emissions; it evaluated the R&amp;D scale and, finally, developed a patent. Unlike R&amp;D expenditure, patent data were a measure of output. A patent is a right to the person making an invention granted by a governing authority; it may grant other people the right to use the invention for a certain period. Obtaining a patent is both an intensive procedure and a very expensive process. The intensive procedure and heavy cost serve as a guarantor for high quality inventions. A patent is usually granted after the development of the technology has begun, that is, it proofs that success has been achieved.This study examined the impact of environmental technological innovations on CO2 emissions in 18 OECD founding countries. The study focused on the period between 2005 and 2018. CO2 emissions were used as the dependent variable; energy consumption, economic growth (GDP), and technological innovation data were used as independent variables. The panel generalized method of moments (GMM) was used for the analysis and the number of patents to prevent climate change was used as a technological innovation indicator.The patent data used in the study were scored according to the inventor countries. For example, where there was a joint patent application from two different countries, each country was given 0.5 points to prevent duplicate counting, and in case of applications from three countries, each country was given 0.33 points. Concerning patent applications, classifications were made based on the technology density. There were four classifications. Classifications of 1 and above refer to all patent applications, including inventions with low value. In this study, patent applications of inventions with higher value were used, considering the classifications of 2 and above.Analyzed results show that the increase in energy consumption and economic growth increase CO2 emissions and an increase in the number of patents reduces CO2 emissions. The evaluated results in terms of OECD countries were not surprising. In fact, patent applications for environmental innovations aimed at preventing climate change increased approximately six times in the last three decades across OECD countries. This increase indicates the importance given to policies for preventing environmental problems in OECD countries. Additionally, the acceleration of globalization, the increase in the world population, and the resulting increase in total demand increased the production and energy demand. Although efforts to reduce energy consumption based on fossil resources and interest in renewable energy have recently increased, the share of renewable energy consumption in total energy consumption has not yet reached the desired levels.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonların CO2 Emisyonu  Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği

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Özgür

Sultan

Ekonomik Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Rusya Örneği

Ümit

Türkiye’de Para Politikası Tepki Fonksiyonu: Fourier Temelli Zaman Serisi Yöntemlerinden Bulgular

Kalim

The US Economy, Global Imbalances and Recent Development: A Critical Review

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Recep

Nowadays, tax expenditures are extensively applied in many countries in order to achieve certain economic and social goals more effectively and quickly. This situation reveals the importance of fiscal discipline in OECD countries, one of which is Turkey. In recent years, the increasing need for public services has led to increases in demand for public expenditures. In this context, tax which is the most important resource of financing public expenditures, has become an important implementation tool of fiscal policies. In addition to the implementation of tax as a fiscal policy tool for the purpose of financing public expenditures, it can also be applied indirectly in the form of tax expenditures in place of forgone tax revenues, for the purpose of economic and social policies.Tax expenditures, which were introduced for the first time in the 1960’s and which are extensively applied in many countries in order to achieve certain economic and social goals more effectively and quickly, constitute an important discussion topic. Thus, tax expenditures generally represent forgone tax revenues&nbsp;and are generally applied in the form of tax exemption and exceptions, reductions, credits, low tax ratios and tax deferrals. The fact that tax expenditures have the qualifications of extra budgetary public expenditures and the transfer of funds from the public sector to the private sector increases these discussions further. Therefore, the efficient and effective implementation of tax expenditures is becoming more and more important in terms of income and expenditure policies.In this study, prepared in order to analyse the development of tax expenditures in Turkey, first the concept of tax expenditures and the theoretical framework and implementations were examined, then the volume of tax expenditures, increase ratios, distribution according to the categories of taxes, and ratios to various macro indicators were analysed, using the estimated tax expenditures of the 2015-2021 period in Turkey. Then, the functional distribution of tax expenditures was covered and it was determined which areas these expenditures are directed towards. Finally, the ratio of tax expenditures in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in various countries and the situation in Turkey were examined, and an attempt was made to develop some policy recommendations in order to apply tax expenditures more efficiently and effectively.The findings of the study show that tax expenditures are extensively applied in both developed and developing countries and they continue to increase despite efforts to decrease tax expenditures in the context of fiscal discipline practices. In Turkey, tax expenditures have attained a significant level and in addition to tax laws, there are tax incentives in the form of tax expenditures in many laws. In Turkey, it is envisaged that tax expenditures which are 79,6 billion TL in 2015 will reach 230 billion TL in 2021, by increasing with an annual average 19,3% ratio. In addition, significant increases have been realised in tax expenditures, especially in 2017, 2018 and 2019. This data shows that tax expenditures are extensively applied in Turkey especially in recent years, as an active fiscal policy tool besides the other policy measures, in order to revive the economy.The Income Tax takes the highest share of the tax expenditures in Turkey. In 2018, 38,4% of total tax expenditures comes from the Income Tax, 27,7% from the Value Added Tax, 15,6% from the Corporate Tax, 14% from the Special Consumption Tax and 4,3% from the other taxes. In 2018, 55,9% of the tax expenditures in the Income Tax consisted of the minimum living allowances. This ratio constitutes 21,8% of total tax expenditures. The fact that the highest shares of tax expenditures are the the Income Tax and the minimum living allowances in the Income Tax, is also important in terms of showing that the tax expenditures are applied to improve the income distribution.In 2018, the ratios of tax expenditures to tax revenues obtained in the same categories of taxes were 41,7% the Income Tax, 29,9% the Corporate Tax, 23,5% the Value Added Tax, 15,8% the Special Consumption Tax and 7,1% under the other laws in Turkey, while the majority of tax revenues consist of indirect taxes, the implementation of tax expenditures mostly to taxes on income decreases the balance in tax distribution.Regarding the functional distribution of the tax expenditures in Turkey, labor market development, wages and employment has a share of 24,5%, development of the business world and increasing of investments has a share of 20,7%, infrastructure, energy and transportation has a share of 18,5%, increasing of domestic savings and deepening of the financial markets has a share of 14,7%. These are followed by tax incentives for agriculture with 9,9%, tax expenditures for health and social purposes with 9%, Research &amp; Development, innovation and design activities with 2,4%, tax expenditures in education, culture, sports and arts with 0,4%.The functional distribution is important in terms of showing how tax expenditures are applied within the scope of determined economic and social goals. In recent years, implementations such as minimum living allowances, private pensions, business incentives, research and development incentives, important infrastructure, energy and transportation projects, and agricultural supports show that tax expenditures are extensively applied within the scope of these determined economic and social goals.In 2018, while the ratio of tax expenditures in GDP was 4,1% in Turkey, the share of tax expenditures in budget revenues, tax revenues, and budget expenditures were 19,9%, 24,3% and 18,2% respectively. These ratios are significant when they are compared to many countries’ ratios. In 2018, Canada with 18,6%, Australia with 9,3% and The United States of America (USA) with 6,7% are ranked among the countries with the highest ratio of tax expenditures in GDS. Turkey with 4,1% ratio of tax expenditures in GDP is one of the countries where tax expenditures are extensively applied for the purpose of various economic goals outside public expenditures.In this context, some policy recommendations such as a more effective realisation of cost-benefit analyses on tax expenditures, the calculation of tax expenditures in the most realistic manner with minimum error, the determination of the tax expenditures’ objectives and the explication to the public opinion, the regular and more detailed reporting of estimated tax expenditures/continue to be reported, the functional classification of tax expenditures by sectors, the submission of the reports to the public opinion within the annual budget, the monitoring of the harmony level between the expenditures and the goals and the explication to the public opinion, the termination of ineffective tax expenditures or the replacement with the effective tax expenditures, the simplification of the Tax System, the inclusion of the tax incentives other than tax laws in the form of tax expenditures and providing transparency in resource allocation on tax expenditures are presented in order to apply tax expenditures more efficiently and effectively in Turkey. With these policies, it is envisaged that tax expenditures will contribute positively to Turkey’s economic performance in such a way that the efficiency and effectiveness of tax expenditures are increased and fiscal transparency is achieved.

Türkiye’de Vergi Harcamalarının Gelişimi: 2015-2021

Süleyman

Liberalization process of the capital markets in Turkey began by July 1984 dated number 30 executive order of the government and the process has continued with executive order number 32 on August 1989. New regulations allow domestic and foreign individuals and institutions to open bank accounts, invest in Turkish debt and stock markets in Turkish Lira and foreign currency with some restrictions on borrowing with foreign currency. Short and long term capital flows increased with the liberalization of capital markets in Turkey.Deposit and credit dollarization of banking system is defined as ratio of foreign exchange deposits and credit to the total deposits and credits. In between 2003- 2019 (the sample period of this study), the dollarization (both deposit and credit) of Turkish economy followed a volatile path (Figure I). Dollarization which was around 45% at the beginning of 2000’s declined below 30% until year 2010. After the modifications in the framework of the monetary policy implementation, both deposit and credit dollarization began to rise. The simultaneity of the modification in the monetary policy framework and the rise in dollarization may be related to the fact that required reserve ratios of Turkish lira deposits increased while those of foreign currency decreased were decreased by the monetary authority. During the same period, a simultaneous elevation of volatility of the Turkish lira US dollar exchange rate was observed. In the literature the relationship between deposit dollarization and exchange rate volatility has been showed in multiple studies (Akçay 1997, Honohan, 2006, Corrado, 2008, Yinusa 2008 Mengesha and Holmes, 2013), yet the impact of credit dollarization on exchange rate has not been investigated in our best knowledge. In this paper, we investigate the effects of credit and deposit dollarization and portfolio capital flows on volatility the Turkish Lira (TL) US Dollar (USD) exchange rate. For this purpose we employed the EGARCH-M model. This paper, contributes to literature by its comprehensive approach of examining exchange rate volatility relationship with dollarization of both kinds, portfolio flows and country risk factor (CDS).Empirical results provide insights to the dynamics of Turkish lira US dollar exchange rate volatility since 2003. According to this, increase in deposit and especially credit dollarization elevate conditional volatility of the TL-USD exchange rate. On the other hand, portfolio flows reduce it. In addition to conditional volatility findings indicate that higher deposit interest rate spread between TL and USD deposits, appreciate the TL-USD exchange rate, while higher spreads in loan interest rate TL-USD depreciate TL. These results are in line with theory and literature.Findings of this study indicate that dollarization of the financial system through deposit and credit dollarization elevate volatility of the exchange rate risk in Turkey. So, reducing dollarization of the financial markets gradually decrease exchange rate volatility and risk, eventually attracting foreign portfolio flows by increasing return per unit of risk (Sharpe ratio) which in turn reduce volatility further more. This virtuous cycle eventually reduce volatility more and stabilize exchange rate, increase investments and lead to economic growth and prosperity

2003-2018 Dönemi Türk Ekonomisinde Dolarizasyon, Kısa Vadeli Sermaye Hareketleri ve Kur Oynaklığı İlişkisi

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1939 yılından beri çıkarılan bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, iktisat alanında Türkiye’deki en eski hakemli dergilerden biri olarak iktisat alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlamayı ve hem disipliner hem de multidisipliner makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlar.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics’in ana alanı iktisat olmakla birlikte, ekonomi sosyolojisi, tarih, sosyal politika, uluslararası ilişkiler, finansal çalışmalar gibi çeşitli alanlardan yazılara açıktır. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Gökhan

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

ERIH PLUS

DOAJ

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

TR Dizin

EconBiz

Columbia International Affairs Online

EconLit

EBSCO

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1939 yılından beri çıkarılan bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, iktisat alanında Türkiye’deki en eski hakemli dergilerden biri olarak iktisat alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlamayı ve hem disipliner hem de multidisipliner makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlar.İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics’in ana alanı iktisat olmakla birlikte, ekonomi sosyolojisi, tarih, sosyal politika, uluslararası ilişkiler, finansal çalışmalar gibi çeşitli alanlardan yazılara açıktır. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<a href="https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detail/TVRrNU9Uaz0" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</a> <a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/journl.html" target="_blank">RePEc - IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istjournl/" target="_blank">RePEc - EconPapers</a><a href="https://ciaonet.org/catalog?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;searched=yes&amp;search_field=all_fields&amp;q=istanbul+economics" target="_blank">Columbia International Affairs Online</a> <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2602-3954?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222602-4152%22%2C%222602-3954%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank">DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</a><a href="https://www.econbiz.de/Search/Results?lookfor=%09+2602-3954&amp;type=ISN" target="_blank">EconBiz</a><a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info?id=501980" target="_blank">ERIH PLUS</a>EconLitProQuest Central                ProQuest Turkey Database SOBİADEBSCO Business Source Ultimate EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.&#65279;-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.&#65279;

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editörler, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlarlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti ederler. Editörler içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludurlar. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür. Dergide çift taraflı kör hakemlik uygulanır.Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve Amerikan İngilizcesi’dir. Makalede, makale dilinde öz ve yanısıra İngilizce öz olmalıdır. Tüm makalelerde İngilizce geniş özet ayrıca yer almalıdır.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/istjecon" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/istjecon</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 10 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile ve iki yana yaslı olarak hazırlanmalıdır.2. Çalışmalar 4500 - 10000 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.3. Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.4. Giriş bölümünden önce 120-250 kelimelik çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve ingilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden, 3 adet Türkçe, 3 adet İngilizce anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.5. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Makale dilinde başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.6. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.7.Makalelerde ondalık sayılar makalenin tamamı için ya virgülle ya da nokta ile ayrılır. İki gösterimin aynı anda kullanılmaması gerekmektedir. Makalenin biçimsel bütünlüğün sağlanması açısından virgül veya nokta kullanımından bir tercih edilmeli ve makalenin tamamı için bu kullanım uygulanmalıdır. Ekonometrik bulguların gösteriminde de bu kurala uyulmalıdır.8. Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C59FF4B54BE54C32879B963BDBD1DD74" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları, ORCID ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).9. Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.10. Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.11. Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine istekleri halinde dergi gönderilir.12. Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/410540BD1FD9425A85244B658B33852C" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin kategorisi</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler 120-250 Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li><li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li><li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2248/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank" style="font-size: 9pt;">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2248/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul>​Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalarTelif Hakkı Anlaşması FormuResim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesiMakale Kapak SayfasıMakale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıÖzetler 120-250 kelime Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizceAnahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceMakale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelimeMakale ana metin bölümleriFinansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)KaynaklarTablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir.Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007, s. 17)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: YazarMakalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C59FF4B54BE54C32879B963BDBD1DD74" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kapak Sayfası</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D240E0175DD4EE9ADB30CC373ED67BA" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a></li></ul>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/69A4AC4A3DDD4977ACD5A1EDFB8D99AC" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler 120-250 kelime Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelimeü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi

ERKEN GÖRÜNÜM

İnsani Gelişmişliğin Büyüme Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Karşılaştırması

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The Effect of Sectoral Bank Loans on Economic Growth in Turkey

Impact of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) on the Sustainable Development in Yemen during the Period from 2000 to 2018: An Empirical Study

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