Mehmet

Assist. Prof.

Dışlama Etkisi: OECD Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Mohammed

Lecturer

Asimetrik Döviz Kuru Dalgalanmaları ve Petrol Fiyat Şokları Nijerya’nın Büyümesinde Önemli Midir? Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL Analizinden Bulgular

Kartal

Assoc. Prof.

Yüksel

Ar-Ge Yoğunluğu, Tamamlayıcı Varlıklar ve Firma Değeri: Türkiye için Zaman Serisi Bulguları

Zekeriya

Dış ve İç Şoklar, Döviz Kuru, Ülke Risk Primi ve Türkiye’de Makroekonomik Koşullar

Buse

Şeyda

Tamer

Prof.

Evrencan

Turkish Statistics Institute (TURKSTAT) data in 2017 has led to the need to consider the use of the internet today with the increasing use of mobile phones. The increase in mobile internet usage has led to the desire of users to access applications faster and in a more practical way. Today’s mobile application users prefer features such as easier access to applications on their phones, fast service, memory usage and language. Accordingly, it is necessary to make a user-based application in order to be a preferred mobile application by users whether it is an individual mobile application developer or a company mobile application developer. Thus, it is foreseen that mobile application software developers may know which criteria and how much importance they should give to mobile application preference. In this way they may provide continuity in the market.According to TURKSTAT 2017 data, there are approximately 78 million mobile phone users and nearly 70 million of them are internet subscribers. When the graph of internet usage is analyzed according to TURKSTAT years, it is evident that mobile applications are of great importance to users. In previous studies, the importance of mobile applications and the studies of human beings on mobile application trends have been observed.&nbsp;In this study we first discuss the efficiency category in the Google Play Store in order to determine effective criteria for mobile applications. Based on the efficiency category, the data obtained from the literature survey and the evaluations of five experts who worked on mobile applications for less than three years were evaluated and the criteria that were effective in selecting the mobile application were determined. Criteria which are effective in mobile application selection according to the literature review and expert opinions can be grouped in the following categories, advertising, language, price, performance, memory usage, privacy, user reviews, and speed. Since this study is about efficiency and since the advertising and privacy principles are the same in every application in the Google Play store, three criteria were extracted and a total of six criteria were selected.The six criteria were evaluated by five experts and compared using the AHP method to determine the severity of the criteria. Afterwards, five mobile application projects were selected. AHP, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods were applied to the five selected projects. When the criterion weights were examined, 37% speed criterion, 24% performance criterion, 19% price criterion, 10% language criterion, 6% user comment criterion, and 4% memory usage criterion were listed. The fact that the criteria are close to each other results from the fact that the criteria affect each other. We concluded that the speed criterion is the first in the obtained ranking. Mobile application gives more importance to speed while it is more flexible in memory usage.The weights of the criteria were used according to AHP, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE methods, which are multi-criteria-decision making methods for five alternative rankings. Thus, according to the relationship between criterion and alternative, the mobile application software developer can choose one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, AHP, TOPSIS or PROMETHEE, and take the most appropriate evaluation as an example. A programmer who wishes to take into account the criteria and the opinions of experts should choose the AHP method. A mobile application developer should prefer the TOPSIS method to obtain alternative sequences based on the negative and positive distance of the alternatives. In addition to benchmark weights and alternative comparisons, the user should choose the PROMETHEE method for entering the user’s preferred value minimum and maximum. In practice, it was observed&nbsp;that the alternative sequences obtained from the three methods appeared in a similar order. Although there are differences in the steps of the methods used, the fact that the weights of the criteria used were very close to each other and that the user preferences were in this direction led to a similarity in the alternative rankings.

Mobil Uygulama Seçiminde Etkili Olan Kriterlerin Belirlenmesi ve Örnek Uygulama

İsmail

The Effects of Exchange Rate and Interest Rate Exposure on the Stock Returns and Volatility of Turkish Insurance Companies

Bayram

Res. Assist.

Life expectancy at birth is now considered as an indicator of the social, environmental, and economic development of a country. The main aim of development is to provide a better life for individuals and society in terms of development. In order to achieve this goal, countries are trying to develop policies, and efforts are being made to improve the living conditions of individuals. In this respect, health is one of the basic elements of a better life.&nbsp;Each baby born in the world’s most developed 24 countries is expected to live longer than 75 years. This length of life is less than 50 years in 45 underdeveloped countries. Differences in life expectancy between countries can be due to many reasons. In underdeveloped countries, food products, clean water, environmental hygiene conditions, and housing differences can be defined as the most important factors affecting the life expectancy of individuals. On the other hand, the rapid growth in income, unemployment, health expenditures, medical and insurance sectors and the increase in costs lead to a further diversification of the factors affecting the life expectancy in developed countries. When the data is analyzed, it is clear that the citizens of developed countries live longer than the citizens of undeveloped countries. The most important reason of that is the importance given to health investments in developed countries. These investments not only&nbsp;enable people in the country to use high-tech products in health care, but also reduce the number of patients per health worker. In addition, the increase in accessibility to health institutions allows people to live more healthily, which leads to a longer life expectancy in that country.In this study, economic indicators which have an effect on life expectancy were investigated for OECD countries in the early 21st century. When the development levels and life expectancy of the countries are examined, it is seen that underdeveloped countries are significantly behind compared to developed countries in terms of life expectancy at birth. For this reason, it is of great importance to find out why length of life is higher in economically developed countries and it very important to investigate the economic indicators affecting this situation.&nbsp;When the economic literature is examined, it can be seen that there are some studies on the factors affecting life expectancy, but there are not enough studies investigating the link between life expectancy and economic variables. Also, it is clear that no study has as yet been conducted between direct economic variables and life expectancy. Moreover, in economic literature, there is also a lack of studies which use OECD countries as a sample. Finally, there is no other study which uses econometric methods. In this study, Panel Regression Analysis and Granger Panel Causality Analysis were applied for the 2000-2016 period. These analyzes explain the regression and the causality relationship between the variables. According to the findings, bi-directional causality was determined between life expectancy and unemployment rate. Likewise, bi-directional causality was determined between life expectancy and gross domestic product. Also, unidirectional causality relationship was determined from health expenditures to life expectancy. In addition, regression analysis revealed that health expenditures are the most important factor affecting the life expectancy in OECD countries. In line with the regression result, it is seen that there is a positive and significant correlation between life expectancy and health expenditure. This result reveals the importance of investments in health services and the importance of health expenditures. Also, it shows that the life expectancy can be improved by investments and technologies in the health sector. In terms of development, providing a better life to individuals and society is possible when the health expenditure of the country increases.

İktisadi Göstergelerin Beklenen Yaşam Süresi Üzerindeki Etkileri: Panel Veri Analizi

Baha

Ottoman waqfs basically earned income in two ways, namely by renting their real estate and by operating their cash capital using the “muamele-i şer’iyye” methods. Waqfs that generated income by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs in the literature. The cash capital of cash waqfs could be increased in several different ways after the establishment of the waqf. One of the most commonly used ways was to add the remaining surplus to the cash capital after deducting the total expenses from the total income at the end of each hegira accounting year. Another issue examined in the studies on cash waqfs is the size of the cash capital of these waqfs and the way in which this increased and decreased.Ottoman waqfs basically earned income in two ways, namely by renting their real estate and by operating their cash capital using the “muamele-i şer’iyye” methods. Waqfs that generated income by operating cash or by operating cash and renting real estate are called cash waqfs in the literature. The cash capital of cash waqfs could be increased in several different ways after the establishment of the waqf. One of the most commonly used ways was to add the remaining surplus to the cash capital after deducting the total expenses from the total income at the end of each hegira accounting year. Another issue examined in the studies on cash waqfs is the size of the cash capital of these waqfs and the way in which this increased and decreased.This study is limited to 12 foundations established by ordinary people in Eyüp in the inspection zone of “Havass-ı Refia Kadılığı” between the years 1769- 1773. It aims to analyze the effect of waqf revenues on foundation cash capitals based on the data in the waqf accounting records within the framework of an econometric model. This modest study conducted within a very limited time period and area due to the difficulty of obtaining uninterrupted and regular data from archive documents, presents the findings obtained from the analysis and also offers a secondary contribution to the literature through data obtained from the accounting books used in cash-waqf foundation studies. The study shows that they are suitable for analysis by using econometric methods.The accounting book used in the creation of the data set of this study is among the books recorded by the Ottoman kadi in the şer’iyye court records and is one of the accounting books held by the trustees of the foundation. The accounting book in question is registered with the number 246 in the records of the Havass-ı Refia Court in the Istanbul Mufti Office Sharia Registry Archives. The data set is based on the information in the income (revenue) sections of the accounting records. In the model, cash capital of the foundations was accepted as the dependent variable and interest and rental income of the foundations were accepted as independent variables. After providing logarithmic transformation for all variables in the model, the series were analyzed using panel data method.Panel data analysis method was preferred in the study since it enabled the panel data analysis, cross-sectional data and time series data to be analyzed together. The study investigates whether there is an individual or time effect in each unit during the decision process in which panel data model is preferred. For this, F test and Likelihood Ratio (LR) test results were examined. According to these results, the presence of individual effect was determined. As a result of these findings , it was decided according to Hausman test which of the fixed or random effect models would be preferred. According to the test results, the H0 hypothesis, which says that the random effects model is appropriate, was rejected and the fixed effect model was chosen. In order to estimate and interpret the model, it is necessary to test the assumptions of the fixed effect model. For autocorrelation testing, Bhargava, Franzini and Narendranathan’s Durbin Watson Test and BaltagiWu’s local best invariant test, the modified Wald test for testing heteroskedacity, and Pesaran’s CD test for cross-sectional dependence testing were used. Test results for local best invariant tests of Bhargava, Franzini and Narendranathan’s Durbin Watson and Baltagi-Wu are 1.0743907 and 1.5401328, respectively. Considering that these values are less than 2, it is concluded that autocorrelation exists in the model. According to the modified Wald test results, the hypothesis H0 is rejected and it is understood that there is a heteroscedacity according to the units. Finally, cross-sectional dependence was also examined by Pesaran’s CD test, and according to the test results, the presence of the cross-sectional dependence was also determined, where hypothesis was rejected. In order to estimate and interpret the model, the problems determined as a result of the tests should be corrected. The presence of autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity and cross-sectional dependence were corrected by Driscoll and Kraay standard errors method.According to the findings of the analysis, while interest revenues have a statistically significant effect on cash capital at a 90% confidence level, rental revenues do not have a statistically significant effect on the same . Accordingly, a 1% increase in interest revenues increases the cash capital of foundations by 0.43%. This result shows that the interest income of foundations plays a very important role in the accumulation of foundation capitals. In addition to the findings obtained by the econometric analysis conducted in the study, a secondary result is that the waqf data obtained from the foundation accounting books in the sharia court records are suitable to be evaluated by using econometric methods.

Osmanlı İstanbul’u Eyüp Bölgesindeki Vakıfların Faiz ve Kira Gelirlerinin Nakit Sermayeleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi (1769-1773)

Hasan

Halim

The research aims to determine the factors that affect the satisfaction of individuals who benefit from an activity offered as a public service. The research is carried out within the framework of the social state principle. The health problems of people who benefit from home health services do not allow for comprehensive research. The quality of the service personnel and the level of trust of the patients are examined as the factors affecting satisfaction in the research due to these limitations. The questionnaire technique was used as the data collection method in the research. In determining the number of samples, the “minimum 5 per item and 100 samples in total” constraint, which was deemed appropriate by Hair, Black, Babin, and Anderson (2014), was taken as the basis. The data obtained within the scope of the research were analyzed with the SPSS 21 package program. In the analysis of the data, factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis were used.When the demographic characteristics of 151 patients who participated in the study were examined, 70,9% of the participants were women, and 29,1% were men. When the number of people living in the same dwelling is examined, 35,1% of the patients are single living, 63,6% are living with at least one person. 38,4% of patients are people who have benefited from this service for less than a year, 25,8% between 1-2 years, and 34,4% for more than two years. Also, all of the participants benefit from home health services every 5-7 days, and they are over the age of 40. According to the results of the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of the scales is 0,917 for the trust in staff, the patient satisfaction scale is 0,801, and the staff quality scale is 0,954. According to the result of the factor analysis, the KMO value of the trust in staff is 0,805, and the result of Bartlett’s Sphericity Test is significant at the level of 0,000≤0,050. The total variance announced was determined as 80,27%. Statements in the scale are gathered in a single factor, and their loading levels are between 0,936 and 0,869. The KMO value of the patient satisfaction scale was 0,809, and Bartlett’s Sphericity Test was found to be significant at the level of 0,000≤0,050. The coefficients of the statements in the patient satisfaction scale are between 0,597 and 0,876. The total variance announced was determined as 68,948%. The KMO value of the Personnel Quality Perception scale was 0,937, and Bartlett’s Sphericity Test was found to be significant at the level of 0,000≤0,050. The coefficient values of the expressions in the Personnel Perception of Quality scale were between 0,600 and 0,770. The total variance announced was found to be 72,19%. The loading values of the factors ranged between 0,878 and 0,774.&nbsp;As a result of the correlation analysis conducted in order to test the significance of the relationships between the variables used in the study, a moderate (0,48), positive, and statistically significant relationship was found between patient satisfaction and staff quality. A moderate (0,588), positive and statistically significant relationship was found between patient satisfaction and trust in the staff. A moderate (0,457), positive and statistically significant relationship was determined between the quality of the staff and trust in the staff. Along with the meaningful relationship between the variables, a regression analysis was started to test the hypotheses. In the regression analysis, the “Enter Method” was used because it allows the use of multiple variables as a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that the trust in staff was 34,0% (R2 =0,340) in the level of positive explanation. The level of personnel quality disclosure of patient&nbsp;satisfaction (R2 =0,228) was determined as 22,8%. The level of self-confidence and employee quality independent variables disclosing patient satisfaction (R2 =0,411) was determined as 41,1%. The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables (R=0,648) was determined as 64,8%. When the coefficient values are examined, the constant value (0,688) is seen. In standardized coefficients, the Beta value is seen as 0,268 for personnel quality and 0,486 for confidence in personnel. It is seen that the mentioned values are significant (p≤0,05). When the obtained values are placed in the formula 𝑦𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝑥𝑖1 + 𝛽2𝑥𝑖2 + 𝜀i, the change caused by one unit change in the patient quality and confidence independent variables in the patient satisfaction can be explained by 𝑦patient satisfaction=0,688 + 0,268 xstaff quality+ 0,486 xtrust in staff+ 0,307. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the perceived quality of the staff and the trust of the patients in the staff were effective on patient satisfaction.

Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Memnuniyeti Etkileyen Faktörler: Güven ve Kalite

Mustafa Şeref

A startup starts with the opportunity of potential economic gain. It must have supportive resources (financing, management) to take advantage of the opportunity in a competitive and uncertain environment. Bank loans require regular cash flows, and therefore, startups cannot access debt financing. Banks also demand mortgages in return for credit. In the initial funding, the entrepreneur, himself, his friends and relatives play an essential role. After the initial phase, the entrepreneur’s acquaintances around him are insufficient in meeting the capital requirement. For this reason, startup founders sell some of their resources to other investors who expect a return on investment. The most crucial dilemma here is in terms of how much investment will be given for how much share. Does this have a methodology? How does it handle the math? What are the strategies that startup founders should follow?Usually, the startup entrepreneur is disappointed if he has given too many shares in exchange for very little capital. Sometimes they reject the offer. In this article, the organization and financial structures of venture capital are covered. It is shown that these calculations are the result of the sector’s foundation rather than a bargaining issue or exploitation.&nbsp;Due to the high uncertainty for both parties, it is difficult to determine the true value of newly established startups. Often, the younger the startup, the more&nbsp;historical data is missing, and the higher are the uncertainties that affect future performance which make it difficult to appreciate the company.Venture capital is the capital of an entrepreneurial group from other individuals and institutions. Risk capital entrepreneurs are called limited partners, as they only provide money. Limited partners are pension funds, endowments, companies, and wealthy people.General partners are those working in venture capital firms. They make investment decisions and use capital from limited partners or their own resources.&nbsp;&nbsp;The contract between partners is usually for ten years. This period can be divided into three parts. The new investment is made in the first period. In the second period, there are some new investments or additional investments to the existing investments, and in the third period, exists are realized. On average, 10 to 15 investments are made. Many of them fail.Venture capital is an expensive financial instrument. The discount rate used by risk capitalists is much higher than the standard project evaluation discount rates. In particular, the effect of this reduction rate is observed in the high shareholding demanded against investment.There are two main factors behind the discount rate: the setup of venture capital firms and the risk of ventures. Venture capital uses other people’s money for a long time. Limited partners are waiting for a return by adding to this waiting period.The industry average is that one or two out of 10 investments are successful. Thus, the success rate (P) varies between 10% and 20%.On the left side of Equation 1, there are capital (cash inflow), expectation returns (r) and time (T) of the fund. On the right side, is shown the probability of the startup firm to be successful and the income to be earned (cash out).Cash Int * (1 + r) ^ T [Expected return of limited partners] = P × Cash Out [Expected result] (1)There is a cash-to-cash (c-c) ratio when the amounts of cash are placed on the left side of the equation and the discount rates on the right side (equation 2).Cash Out / Cash In = = (1 + r) ^ T / p (2)The ratio of cash outflow (earnings) to cash inflow (cost) is 1 plus the time over return is divided by the probability of success. It also shows how much cash should be issued against each deposit.As an example, there should be a cash-to-cash recycling rate based on investors’ expectations and success.If the return expectation rate of investors is (r) = 0,1, 1 year is expected (t), the probability of success is 0,1 (p), it is necessary to withdraw cash from the sale of the starting firm of 11 TL against the cash inflow of 1 TL. For example, if two years is expected (t), 12,1 TL is required. If a 5-year exit strategy is foreseen, a cash outflow of 16,1 TL is required against the 1 TL set. The main reason for being extremely high, such as 11, 12, 16 times, is due to the low probability of success (P). If the success rate (P) is increased by 20%, the cash to cash rates required in the same example are reduced to 5,5, 6, and 8 times, respectively.&nbsp;In this case, the area that can be in the price negotiation with the fund, which must meet the expectations of the investors, is narrow. The venture capital fund is not an exit. The startup founders should ask only a sufficient amount of capital.

Risk Sermayesinin Yüksek Maliyeti ve Startuplar’ın İzlemesi Gereken Yatırım Stratejisi

Muhittin

Betül

Ahmet

Prof. Dr.

Estimation of the Distribution and Demand Dynamics in Turkey: Structural Vector Autoregression Approach to a Post-Keynesian Model

Bükre

Gülden

Ozan

Banks operating in Türkiye and traded in the ISE100 banking sector can be&nbsp;classified into three subsections: State banks owned by the country, private banks&nbsp;established by local holdings, and foreign banks that carry out their oversea&nbsp;activities in the country. Although they have different purposes, they are mostly&nbsp;affected by the same events at the same time. Each element in the banking system,&nbsp;especially banks themselves, cannot act individually and are affected alltogether&nbsp;by current economic and political factors. Therefore, one cannot expect these&nbsp;banking stocks that are traded in the stock market to behave independently. In&nbsp;addition to this, the decisions regulators and bank supervisors make regarding&nbsp;certain economic circumstances may also cause some simultaneous effects.&nbsp;Historically, the entire banking sector has been seen to contract and expand in&nbsp;some cases. Each stock price change can cause another related stock price to&nbsp;increase or decrease. In particular, sectors where a strong dependence exists, such&nbsp;as banking experience these co-movements more intensely.Given the capital importance the banking sector holds in the Turkish economy, investigating the interdependence of these assets can help one better interpret these stocks both in regard to individual behaviors as well as to an integrated market setup. One can extract valuable information for this purpose using the flexibility of the vine copula approach that has been added to commonly used time series models. The underlying motivation for favoring the vine copula model over the high-dimensional copula model is to be able to consider the multivariate dependence within an unconfined approach. Due to high-dimensional copulas presenting a computational challenge, vines are more comprehensive and flexible in examining the dependency risk dynamics of portfolios under high-risk market conditions.In this respect, the contributions of this study are twofold: First, it models the time-varying dependence structure of the 11 banking sector stocks that were traded on the ISE100 from 1/3/2018 to 9/222022, by integrating a combined generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and regular&nbsp;vine (R-vine) copula model. Second, the study estimates the value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) risk measures of the 11-dimensional equally-weighted portfolio using a 250-day rolling window approach based on this dependence structure. An equally-weighted portfolio approach allows one to track the dependence structure, as well as to observe and measure the changes in the portfolio based on differences in dependence. This study compares the results of the proposed model with the traditional GARCH-based portfolio risk measures, providing evidence that the proposed R-vine copula-based GARCH (VGARCH) model improves the price estimations. With regard to the calculated risk measures (VaR and ES), the VGARCH model with Student’s t innovations outperforms the classical GARCH model’s results at a 95% significance level.The results show that, while banks with a high market capitalization generally exhibit a symmetrical tail dependence (YKBNK, AKBNK, and GARAN stock listings), banks with relatively small market capitalization tend to have lower-tail dependence (ALBRK, SKBNK, TSKB, and ICBCT stock listings). The tree structure of the R-vine copula model indicates the ISCTR and VAKBN stocks to be the most interconnected central nodes. This indicates that these may be the two most important financial institutions that need to be focused on in order to achieve a faster recovery in times of financial stress. Based on the application, the survival Gumbel copula, which appears in maximum numbers, clearly also plays an important role in the dependency structure of the banking sector stocks. The prevalence of the survival Gumbel copula in the banking sector can be interpreted as a sign of the high probability that unfavorable events become extreme and easily transform into systemic risk. These results provide important implications regarding financial institutions’ economic decisions, capital regulations, the governtment’s arrangement of legislation and regulations, supervisory agencies, and investors’ risk-management decisions in the financial market.

BIST100 Bankacılık Sektöründeki Bağımlılığın Asma Kopula ile İncelenmesi

Selim

Kuşak ve Yol Projesinin Çekim Modeli Kapsamında Türkiye Dış Ticaretine Olası Etkileri: Ulaşım Modları Yaklaşımı

Melike

Suzan

Environmental pollution is an important problem threatening the world, and countries have implemented environmentally friendly policies in order to improve environmental quality and sustain economic growth. However, globalization, which expresses the economic, social, and political integration of countries, is an important factor in terms of environmental quality, especially with regard to CO2 emissions, because globalization increases countries’ interactions with each other economically, socially, and politically, and the interactions between different countries inevitably affect CO2 emissions. Globalization can affect environmental quality in two ways. Firstly, globalization can improve environmental quality by reducing CO2 emissions. Secondly, globalization can harm environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Therefore, determining the nexus between globalization and environmental quality can help both governments and policy makers regulate their environmental policies. This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and different types of globalization (e.g., economic, social, political) within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the period of 1970-2018 in Türkiye. Previous papers have addressed the general globalization index and investigated its effect on environmental quality (Acheampong et al., 2019; Chishti et al., 2020; Sheraz et al., 2021; Yang et al.,&nbsp;2021). Based on the EKC hypothesis, this paper differentiates itself from others by analyzing the impacts different types of globalization (e.g., economic, social, political) have on environmental quality for Türkiye within the scope of the vector error correction model (VECM). In order to analyze the nexus of the variables, the study first conducted a stationarity test for the series using the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. The long-term relationships among the variables were investigated using the Johansen cointegration test, then the long-term coefficients were determined using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimators. Afterward, the short- and longterm causality nexus was analyzed using the VECM Granger causality test. Lastly, variance decomposition and impulse-response functions were used to examine the effects of shocks. According to the findings from the ADF and PP unit root tests, the variables of CO2 emissions per capita, GDP per capita, economic globalization, social globalization, and political globalization were found to be stationary at the first difference. Johansen cointegration test findings indicate that long-term relationships exist among CO2 emissions per capita, GDP per capita, economic globalization, social globalization, and political globalization in Türkiye. According to the findings from the VECM Granger causality test, short-term one-way causality nexuses occur from economic globalization to CO2 emissions and from social globalization to political globalization. In addition, the negative sign and statistical significance of the error correction coefficient reveal the presence of long-term causality nexuses from economic globalization, social globalization, and political globalization to CO2 emissions. After determining the presence of longterm relationships among the variables, the long-term coefficients were estimated using the FMOLS and DOLS estimators. The long-term estimators reveal CO2 emissions per capita to be significantly and positively affected by GDP per capita, economic globalization, and social globalization, while being significantly and negatively affected by the square of GDP per capita and political globalization. In addition, the results from the relevant tests have revealed evidence for the validity of the EKC hypothesis in Türkiye. Lastly, the study also performed impulse response functions and a variance decomposition analysis. According to the impulse response functions, per capita CO2 emissions reacted positively in the fourth period to a shock of one standard deviation in per capita GDP before stagnating. While per capita CO2 emissions react positively to a shock to the standard deviation as seen in economic globalization in the second period, per capita CO2 emissions had reacted positively to a standard deviation shock, as seen in social globalization and political globalization in the first period. The variance decomposition approach shows a change in CO2 emissions per capita to have mostly been self-caused, followed by economic globalization, political globalization, GDP per capita, and social globalization, respectively. In other words, while 56.73% of the one-unit change in CO2 emissions per capita in the tenth period is self-explained, the contributions from economic growth, economic globalization, social globalization, and political globalization toward CO2 emissions for the tenth period were 4.78%, 30%, 0.93%, and 7.45%, respectively. The findings reveal the various types of globalization (e.g., economic, social, political) to affect environmental degradation differently. In this context, environmental policies should be designed by considering how each type of globalization affects environmental quality. In addition, policies need to be implemented to reduce environmental pollution without reducing the growth rate.

Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin  Ekonomik Büyüme ve Farklı Küreselleşme Türleri  Bakımından Analizi

Mesut

Ayşe

Serhat

The concept of cryptocurrency entered the world for the first time in 2008 with an article by Satoshi Nakamoto: it maintained its importance in 2009 with Bitcoin as the first cryptocurrency in addition to Bitcoin, cryptocurrency types such as Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin are also used these days. Addressing the words crypto and cryptology would be useful when explaining the concept of cryptocurrency. Cryptology is narrowly defined as the science of encryption. Due to cryptology, all kinds of data (e.g., letters, numbers, symbol) are decrypted in a virtual environment and access to much data is provided. The blockchain mechanism creates the infrastructure system for cryptocurrencies. Blockchain has a transparent, decentralized, digital ledger data structure involving a peer-topeer payment system on the Internet.Cryptocurrency has many advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages of cryptocurrencies are the absence of inflation, unlimited transaction opportunities, low transaction costs, no specific center, ease of use and being seen as a profitable investment tool. Meanwhile, reasons such as being too volatile and being a high investment risk fall among some of its disadvantages. Cryptocurrencies are used by many sectors thanks to the Blockchain system. Sectors that use cryptocurrencies the most can be listed as travel, real estate, social media, education, and retail. The use of cryptocurrencies is becoming widespread in Türkiye as well as throughout the world. Cryptocurrency awareness started in 2017 in Türkiye. Cryptocurrency exchanges have been opened, and trading in these markets has accelerated. In fact, the Bitcoin ATM installed at Istanbul Atatürk Airport was one of the first in the world in this field. Due to the intense interest in cryptocurrency, this study investigates consumers’ attitudes towards cryptocurrency usage as a payment method in their online shopping based on the technology acceptance model (TAM).TAM is not a model that explains the place that information systems will have in human life in the future. Instead, TAM aims to reveal individuals’ attitudes, usage, and behaviors toward information systems. This model uses as few external variables as possible to explain the factors affecting the behaviors of information system users through a theoretically validated model. TAM consists of six interrelated factors: relevance, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, behavioral intention, and transition to current use. TAM’s validity has been tested over many areas, such as e-mail, mobile phones, computers, databases, and online shopping. This study aims to measure the effect of consumers’ attitudes toward cryptocurrencies on cryptocurrency as a payment method for online shopping. For this purpose, the study applies the survey method, which is one of the most used methods in the social sciences and obtains data from primary sources. For the research, online questionnaire forms were sent to participants residing in İzmir between March 15, 2022, and May 5, 2022, via mobile phone and e-mail, with the data being collected through an online response system. All consumers residing in İzmir constitute the main population of the research. However, due to the difficulty of reaching the entire main population. The questionnaires were sent to as many people as possible, of whom 212 participants responded. The sample of the study consists of these 212 participants study, seeks answers for the five hypotheses: regarding convenience: risk, benefit, trust, and attitude.The based study found no significant difference between the variables and genders with respect to consumers’ attitudes toward cryptocurrency usage as a payment method for online shopping, and the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results. The consumers’ educational and professional statuses were evaluated according to the participants’ ages and monthly income levels. In addition, the TAM based hypothesis tests were estimated through equation modeling with the results from the hypotheses showing the factors of convenience, benefit, and trust to positively affected the factor of attitude, while the factor risk negatively affected attitude in the predicted model. In addition, the factor of attitude emerged as an explanatory factor for the factor of intention. Due to the research topic being new, comparing the study with larger samples in the country and comparing the obtained results using models other than TAM, will be beneficial and contribute positively to the literature.

İzmir İlinde Tüketicilerin Online Alışverişlerinde Ödeme Yöntemi Olarak Kripto Para Kullanımına Yönelik Tutumu Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Mercan

Türkiye’de Hisse Senedi Getirilerini Ne Belirler: 1990 - 2022 Dönemi Yapısal Kırılmalı Regresyondan Kanıtlar

Abdullah

Veli

This study adds the energy consumption, financial development, foreign trade balance, and capital formation values from 30 developing countries to the model as important components of the Cobb–Douglas production function and examines the relationships among economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and foreign trade balance. The study uses the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Graphical Granger Causality (GGN; adaptive LASSO) and truncating LASSO GGN approaches developed byShojaie and Michailidis (2010a) to determine the direction of any causality relationships among the variables. The study obtained annual data regarding the examined country group for the period 1990-2014 from the World Bank Development Indicators electronic database. The examined country group involves Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Guatemala, Jordan, India, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Egypt, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Türkiye. The study uses the logarithmic form of the analyzed variables.The logarithmic values for the variables of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, capital formation, and foreign trade balance are shown respectively as EG, EC, FD, CF, and FTB. The study also uses the series of real GDP per capita (constant 2010 USD), energy use (Kg oil equivalent per capita), domestic credits to the real private sector (percent of GDP), gross capital formation (fixed 2010 USD), and foreign trade balance (percentage of GDP) as the respective indicators of indicators of EG, EC, FD, CF, and FTB.The LASSO GGN and KLASSO GGN methods test the causality relationships by considering the vector autoregression (VAR) models. When examining the findings from the LASSO GGN and KLASSO GGN tests, a unidirectional causality relationship was determined to exist between the variables of EG and FTB in the KLASSO GGN test going from EG to FTB, while the LASSO GGN test resulted in the presence of a bidirectional causality relationship. The findings show the causality relationship to be unidirectional from EC to EG and to be bidirectional between EG and FD. The presence of a causal relationship from EC to EG supports the growth hypothesis, with many studies being found to have detected this finding (see Stern, 2000; Fatai, Oxley &amp; Scrimgeour, 2004; Khan &amp; Qayyum, 2007; Francis, Moseley &amp; Iyare, 2007; Narayan &amp; Smyth, 2008; Tsani, 2010; Kaushal &amp; Pathak, 2015). The causality relationship between EG and FD going from EG to FD supports the demand-following hypothesis Patrick (1966) had proposed. Accordingly, economic growth is a fundamental factor that determines financial development. The direction of causality was found to go from EG to FD by Xu (2000), Eser and Genç (2010), Ozturk, Darıcı &amp; Kesikoğlu (2011), Ozcan and Ari (2011), Shahbaz, Khan &amp; Tahir (2013), and Kar, Nazlıoğlu &amp; Ağır (2014) and also supports the findings from Boutabba (2014) and Kaushal and Pathak (2015). The findings the study obtained also provide evidence for the existence of a relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. Many studies have also found a one-way causality relationship from EG to FTB as obtained from the KLASSO GGN (see Eser &amp; Genç, 2010; Bajwa &amp; Siddiqi, 2011; Shahbaz, 2012; Boutabba, 2014; Kaushal &amp; Pathak, 2015; Shahzad, Kumar, Zakaria &amp; Hurr, 2017), which confirm the present study’s findings. The two-way causality finding between EG and FTB as obtained by the LASSO GGN also supports the findings from the studies of Bajwa and Siddiqi (2011), Asghar and Hussain (2014), and Kar et al. (2014).When evaluating the findings from the applied tests in terms of economics, the increases in real GDP per capita can be said to be based on production. In this context, energy use in developing countries has great importance in ensuring economic growth, production, and investment. Energy imports for production can create pressure on the foreign trade balance by producing a negative effect. On the other hand, the export of goods and services produced after the use of energy can reduce the pressures by creating positive effects regarding the foreign trade balance. For economies where production activities are not dependent on energy imports in particular, exports may have a greater positive effect on foreign trade balance.When evaluating the study’s analytical results, energy consumption and economic growth are seen to have a close relationship. In this sense, priority production areas based on energy consumption should be determined and these resources should be transferred to high value-added production areas in terms of the economy; this structure should positively affect the foreign trade balance by providing high value-added product production and exports. In addition, optimizing income increases within a country must be taken seriously within the scope of alternative and priority policies by creating an economic structure based on domestic inputs. The investment-savings gap should be reduced, and the production structure strengthened by making the capital formation process functional alongside the increased income levels.Considering that the income increase created in a country will be insufficient for capital formation, that country should make legal, structural, and institutional arrangements for eliminating the problems experienced in the financializationprocess. In order to create healthy financial and financial markets in this context, importance should be given to public and private cooperation, and a structure should be established that will ensure effective coordination. Efficiently distributing resources and making financial markets more efficient in such astructure that will make capital flow and formation healthier will have positive effects on economic growth, energy markets, foreign trade balance, and financial development.

Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Dış Ticaret Dengesi ve Finansal Gelişme İlişkisine Grafiksel Nedensellik Testi Yaklaşımı

Adem

Oktay

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Yeşil Ekonomi: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz

Buket

Ebru

Latin Amerika’da Kentleşme ve Kentsel- Kırsal Gelir Eşitsizliği

Mustafa

International Knowledge Spillovers and Economic  Growth: New Evidence from High-Tech Imports and  R&D Cooperation

Hüseyin

Sefer

With globalization, the reduced limitations in the circulation of goods and capital has led production to shift to developing countries. This has made significant contributions to developing the production capabilities and growth performance in these countries. This development generally includes laborintensive sectors based on technology transfer but has lost momentum over time, with a significant decline occurring regarding growth performance, especially after the Global Crisis and the contraction in global demand. Meanwhile, developed countries’ strategies have generally focused on critical goods and components that explore innovations through R&amp;D and design studies and contain high technology. These countries have gradually withdrawn from the manufacturing industry, especially from labor-intensive sectors, and increased the importance their services sector have in the economy.Due to the service sector in developed countries that have reached advanced levels of industrialization becoming more prominent, the views in the literature that associate economic success with industrialization and that argue the manufacturing industry to be the best path for economic development have gradually weakened. Moreover, a similar trend has begun to occur in developing countries where industrialization has not yet fully matured. This situation has caused debates regarding the service sector’s contribution to welfare and growth in developed countries, as well as to development in developing countries. Therefore, the industrial sector’s loss of importance in the economies of developed and developing countries has created the impression that this sector, which has carried developed countries to their current levels, is not considered as significant as it used to be.Studies in the literature can approach sectoral changes regarding economic structure from different perspectives. Contrary to the view that the services sector is unable to increase productivity and welfare as much as the industrial sector and that growth will slow down in economies as a result of the services sector’s dominance, some opinions argue the relationship between these sectors to be getting stronger, with the services sector therefore now able to create as much welfare as the industrial sector. When considering the complementary roles these sectors have, the industrial sector’s level of development can also be said to determine the quality of the services sector. Therefore, the services sector in developed countries has been argued to operate in more productive areas, whereas the services sector in developing countries operates in areas with lower productivity. This situation raises the question of how development can be possible in developing countries, as well as how the economic performance of developed countries is affected.This study uses the panel data analysis method to examine the effects the industrial sector and innovation capabilities have on export and competitiveness, which are extremely important in terms of development and sustainable growth. In this context, the study has determined the independent variables to be the added value created in the manufacturing industry, which is the most important branch of the industrial sector, and the expenditures that are made for R&amp;D activities, which form the basis of innovation. Meanwhile, the study takes the Global Competitiveness Index into consideration as the dependent variable for competitiveness and the ratio of exports of goods and high technology exports in exports as the dependent variables for exports. The study covers 35 OECDcountries and limits itself to the 2008-2017 period in order to obtain data on hightechnology exports while avoiding the effects from the methodological changes that have occurred for measuring competitiveness. The performed analyses have determined the value-added growth rate, which expresses development in the manufacturing industry, to positively affect competitiveness and goods exports. In addition, R&amp;D expenditures have been observed to be better determinants of the dependent variables and to positively affect competitiveness, goods exports, and high technology exports. According to the results, a one-unit increase in the manufacturing industry value-added growth rate increases the Global Competitiveness Index by 0.0033 units, while a one-unit increase in the GDP ratio of R&amp;D expenditures increases competitiveness by 0.0926 units. While a one-unit increase in the value-added growth rate increases goods exports by 1.587 units, a one-unit increase in the ratio of R&amp;D expenditures to GDP increases goods export by 36.3 units. However, while statistically significant results could not be reached regarding the effects of the manufacturing industry’s added value on high technology exports, a one-unit increase in the ratio of R&amp;D expenditures to GDP has been concluded to increase the rate of high technology exports by 2.9 units.These results show that the manufacturing industry plays an important role in increasing exports and competitiveness, and this role increases significantly when focusing on innovation. Competitiveness and exports make significant contributions to growth performance and sustainability, as they indicate an increase in the quality of the economy and in production. Therefore, focusing on increasing innovation capabilities, especially R&amp;D activities, by focusing on the industrial sector in the economy is seen to be able to make a significant contribution to growth in developed countries and development in developing countries.

Sanayi Sektörü Önemini Yitirdi mi? İhracat ve Rekabet Gücü Ekseninde Bir İnceleme

İbrahim

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Hakan

Continuous measurement of periodic performance is necessary for businesses in terms of their fundamental objectives of profitability and sustained growth. Financial analysis reveals the current state of the business from the past to the present and contributes to improving the accuracy of managerial decisions by making predictions about its future. Traditionally, financial analysis has focused on balance sheet and income statement information, evaluating these statements based on derived ratios. However, in parallel with the development and change in financial markets, the required information in financial analysis has diversified and expanded, incorporating the need for cash flow information. In this context, the cash flow statement has become the center of attention for business managers, potential investors who invest or intend to invest in the capital market, and credit institutions due to the benefits it provides.In international financial reporting, it is mandatory to prepare cash flow statements and integrate them as an integral part of the financial statements. The cash flow statement displays the cash inflows and outflows generated by an entity during a specific period, categorized under operating, investing, and financing activities. It serves as a bridge between the income statement and the balance sheet, providing users with information that cannot be obtained from these financial statements. The cash flow statement presents a detailed breakdown ofcash flows, offering insights into the operating, investing, and financing activities of the business.The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of cash flow statements on firm performance. Within the scope of this objective, cash flow statements prepared according to the 6-year International Accounting Standards (IAS) for the years 2014 and 2019 were examined for companies listed on Borsa Istanbul’s BIST 100 index. From the cash flow statement data, independent variables were identified as cash flows from operating activities (CFOA), net income (NI), changes in operating working capital (COWC), cash flows from activities (CFFO), cash flows from investing activities (CFIA), cash flows from financing activities (CFFA), dividend payments (DP), and ending cash and cash equivalents (ECE). The dependent variables are return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Tobin’s q ratio. Panel data analysis was used to evaluate the impact of cash flow information on firm performance for companies operating in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors of Borsa Istanbul.In the manufacturing sector, a positive relationship was found between ROA and cash flows from operating activities, net income, and dividend payments, while a negative relationship was observed with changes in operating working capital. In non-manufacturing sectors, a positive relationship was identified between ROA and net income as well as between ROA and ending cash. In both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors of Borsa Istanbul, a positive relationship was observed between ROA and net income.In the manufacturing sector, a positive relationship was found between ROE and net income, cash flows from financing activities, and dividend payments, while a negative relationship was observed with changes in operating working capital. For companies operating outside the manufacturing sector, a positive relationship was identified between ROE and net income. In both groups, a positive relationship was observed between ROE and net income.In the manufacturing sector, Tobin’s q was found to have a positive relationship with ending cash. In non-manufacturing sector firms, a positive relationship was observed between Tobin’s q and changes in operating working capital. However, when both groups were evaluated, no consistent relationship was found between cash flow information and Tobin’s q, similar to the findings for ROA and ROE.The study aimed to assess the impact of cash flow information on firm performance. Within the scope of the evaluation, the relationship between cash flow information and the performance evaluation criteria of ROA, ROE, and Tobin’s q was examined using panel data analysis to determine its statistical significance. The findings revealed that cash flow information has a significant influence on firm performance.In academic studies, the impact of cash flow information on firm performance can be evaluated by using different dependent and independent variables. The knowledge that cash flow information affects firm performance can be utilized as a tool by financial market participants in making investment decisions. Cash flow information, which has a lower risk of manipulation compared to balance sheet and income statement data, will contribute significantly as it enhances transparency levels.

Nakit Akışlarının Firma Performansı Üzerine Etkisi: BİST Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Exchange rates are one of the fundamental factors affecting consumer prices. Recent empirical studies have shown a decrease in the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) in countries that adopt inflation-targeting regimes (Devereux and Yetman, 2003; Saiki, 2004; Nogueira, 2006). Evidence is also found in the literature showing the ERPT on consumer prices to slow down and gradually decrease in economies that switch to a floating exchange rate regime (Kara, Küçük-Tuğer, Özlale, Tuğer and Yücel, 2007; Darvas, 2001).Türkiye is one of the emerging economies to have implemented policies for liberalizing capital markets after the 1980s, and this has led to fluctuations in its exchange rate. After a long history of high inflation, Türkiye started to implement a free-floating exchange rate and inflation-targeting regime in 2006 and reduced its inflation rates to single digits in the following decade (Kara and Öǧünç, 2008). While many studies have investigated the ERPT, only a few have empirically analyzed whether the ERPT changes over time in Türkiye (Kara et al., 2007). Hence it remains essential to examine whether the Granger causality between exchange rate and consumer price index (CPI) changes over time. Thus, this paper examines whether the ERPT effect on aggregate and disaggregated consumer prices changes over time in Türkiye using the time-varying Granger causality (TVGC) test proposed by Shi, Phillips, and Hurn (2018, 2020). This method adds a time dimension to the Granger causality analysis, providing an opportunity to periodically analyze the causal relationship between the exchange rate and consumer prices. The study examines the causality relationships between the US dollar and CPI over the 1986M01-2022M06 period and between the US dollar and euro currency basket and the 12 major groups of consumer expenditures over the 2003M01-2022M06 period.&nbsp;The empirical results show a bidirectional Granger causality to exist between the US dollar and the CPI, while a unidirectional Granger causality occurs from the currency basket to the indexes for the major groups of consumer expenditures. The bidirectional Granger causality relationship between the US dollar and CPI and the unidirectional Granger causality relationship from the currency basket to the indexes for the major groups of consumer expenditures appear stronger for housing, transport, and household equipment in particular. The relatively low causality with food and non-alcoholic beverages may be due to the more significant contribution to this sector from domestic resources, which are relatively less affected by external and exchange rate shocks. When considering a time-varying Granger causality relationship, Granger causality is seen to occur from the US dollar to the CPI during the 1994 and 2001 crises in particular, as well as during the exchange rate shock experienced in 2018. More specifically, the results obtained using the forward expanding (FE), the rolling (RO), and the recursive evolving (RE)windows align with the literature stating the free-floating exchange rate regime and the inflation targeting regime to both reduce the ERPT, thus empirically verifying the that the ERPT effect on consumer prices changes over time.When considering the causality relationship between the currency basket and the indexes on the major groups of consumer expenditures, a Granger causality is found going from the currency basket to food prices, starting with and continuing after the 2018 exchange rate shock. In addition to the exchange rate shock, a Granger causality from the currency basket to house prices was also detected for the 2008 global financial crisis. The ERPT on household equipment is seen to be in question for different periods that require sectoral analysis. Periods with ERPT on transport coincide with global oil prices and exchange rate shocks. The Granger causality from the exchange rate (the US dollar and currency basket) to the aggregate and disaggregated consumer prices was observed to become evident during national and international crisis periods and to have remained high and persistent following the 2018 exchange rate shock due to the deterioration in CPI expectations.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Geçişkenliği Zamanla Değişiyor mu?

Müge

Gizem

Demet

Esra

Free zones are areas that occur within the political borders of a country but outside of customs restrictions in terms of foreign trade, taxation, and duty tax. The advantages that accompany free zones come to the fore in countries that do not or only partially apply legal and administrative regulations and that have intense commercial activities. Free zones emerged within the policy of increasing participation in international trade and producing and exporting low-tech laborintensive goods and have also found application in Türkiye, as these zones are a fundamental tool for implementing Türkiye’s export-oriented industrialization strategy. Businesses in free zones, particularly export businesses, can actually have several advantages, including technological and physical infrastructure support, eased procedures, the option to use free zones as stockrooms (rather than having to sell products immediately), export-oriented subsidies, and tax exemptions. However, discussion frequently occurs around free zones’ impact on transit trade, human capital, and labor; the way it facilitates the entry of foreign capital into a country; and its effects on the transfer of new technology. The scope of this study addresses how successfully the free zone formations that emerged with the understanding of free international trade have acted to incentivize exports and employment by designing appropriate economic and commercial reforms. The aim of this study is to empirically investigate and evaluate the relationship imports and exports have with Türkiye’s foreign trade and employment by focusing on the companies that operate in free zones and enjoy many tax advantages, including exemptions from corporate tax, income tax, customs tax, value-added tax, and&nbsp;&nbsp;stamp tax. In this framework, the study establishes seven different models using the determined variables by focusing on the monthly periods between January 2013 and May 2022 and analyzes the models using the Fourier autoregressive distributive lag (ADL) hidden cointegration test. This study analyzes the variables in seven different models by dividing them into negative and positive components, thus aiming to reveal the relationships hidden among the variables. The econometric results the study obtained show exports in free zones and Türkiye’s industrial production to affect total exports in the same direction with regard to the positive components. While a similar relationship is observed between Türkiye’s total exports and free zones, increases in the exchange rate and the world industrial production index are seen to have negative long-term effects on exports in free zones. The model that attempts to explain employment in the context of the positive components is seen to conclude that changes in imports and exchange rates in free zones affect employment in the same direction. The models that analyze negative shocks are seen to conclude increases in total imports in free zones, the exchange rate, and Türkiye’s production index to also result in an increase in total imports. Free zones serve to increase production and employment by increasing the total investment volume in Türkiye’s economy and by developing commercial activities both at the national and international scales. In this regard, the study makes the following important suggestions: The efficiency of the tax incentive system in free zones should be supported by ensuring broad tax incentives in order to strengthen the technological and human infrastructures and by having a qualified workforce in order to develop high-tech production opportunities in these zones. Also, Türkiye should advance with regard to international trade, as well as determine and implement the appropriate fiscal policies. Currently, Türkiye lacks a legal framework for impeding free zones from maximizing their export potential. In order to make the free zones in Türkiye more effective at benefitting from its export potential, current legal decisions should be made to address the issues in this regard, and import-export management should be carried out in a planned manner in line with the needs.&nbsp;

Serbest Bölgelerdeki İthalat-İhracat ile Türkiye’nin  Dış Ticaret ve İstihdam İlişkisi: Fourier ADL Saklı  Eşbütünleşme Testi

Bekir

Paris Anlaşması’nın Türkiye’de Sektörel Üretim Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Girdi-Çıktı Yaklaşımı

Erdem

Zaim

Determinants of Export Performance in Emerging Market Economies: New Evidence from a Panel Quantile Regression Model

Mahmut

Emel

Technological tools and the Internet’s rapid development have directly affected businesses and employees in the age of technology and information. Employees use technological tools and the Internet extensively during work hours but also exhibit cyberloafing behaviors, which are expressed as using the Internet for purposes outside of work (Blanchard &amp; Henle, 2008). Some studies have stated cyberloafing to reduce work performance and productivity ( Johnson &amp; Indvik, 2003; Bock &amp; Ho, 2009; Ramayah, 2010), while other studies have showncyberloafing behaviors to perhaps be essential in reducing the negative effects o job stress (Blanchard &amp; Henle, 2008; Lim &amp; Chen, 2012; Özkalp &amp; Yıldız, 2018). Compared to previous periods in business life, job stress and cyberloafing levels are thought to be able to differ in terms of the different generations of employees that work in the same workplace, the characteristics Generations Y and Z have regarding the Internet and technology, and the characteristics other generations have. Academicians are seen to encounter job stress due to problems such as teaching, academic and administrative work, job insecurity, perceived injustice, and work-life imbalance (Gillespie et al., 2001; Göksel &amp; Tomruk, 2016).This study aims to examine the effect academicians’ cyberloafing behaviors have on their job stress levels with regard to their generation, the antecedents of cyberloafing (i.e., years spent using the Internet for academic research and study, Internet usage skills, knowledge of the institution’s Internet usage policies, time spent using the Internet during work hours), and whether their cyberloafing and job stress levels differ with respect to demographic variables.The research accessed 383 academicians working at universities in different cities of Turkey using the convenience sampling method and sent online questionnaires to the academicians’ institutional e-mail addresses in order to reach data quickly and healthily during the pandemic. The questionnaire form addresses cyberloafing antecedents and demographic questions using the Cyberloafing Activities Scale developed by Örücü and Yıldız (2014) and Job Stress Scale developed by House and Rizzo (1972) and adapted into Turkish by Efeoğlu (2006); the questionnaire also asks about birth dates in order to identify the generations. The study uses average variance extractad (AVE), composite construct reliability (CR), Cronbach’s alpha of reliability, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation analysis, normality tests, and difference tests to analyze the construct validity and reliability of the data and determined the study to have valid reliable results (standardized factor loading &gt; 0,50; Cronbach’s alpha &gt; 0,70; CR &gt; 0,70; AVE &gt; 0,40). The analyses made over the Cyberloafing Activities Scale and Job Stress Scale show them to have excellent model fit values.The result of the correlation analysis between the variables revealed no significant relationship between cyberloafing (p = 0,425 &gt; 0,05) and job stress. Academicians are thought to perhaps not evaluate their behaviors as cyberloafing or to have made incorrect evaluations due to the following: the intensity of the pandemic during the data collection process, universities’ implementation of distance education, and the flexibility of work hours. Because cyberloafing is a concept that requires being at work and performing nonwork-related Internet activities during work hours, the regression analysis was concluded to be unnecessary due to the lack of any significant relationship. The data from the Cyberloafing Activities Scale and Job Stress Scale were determined to show nonnormal distribution, and so the decision was made to perform non-parametric tests.The cyberloafing levels of the academicians who participated in the research are seen to not differ significantly according to gender, years spent using the Internet for academic research and work, Internet usage skills, knowledge of the institution’s Internet usage policies, or type of university worked at. According to the time spent using the Internet except work hours, those who spend less than 2 hours on the Internet except work hours are seen to exhibit the lowest levels of cyberloafing, while those who spend 5-7 hours on the Internet except work hours exhibit the highest levels of cyberloafing. Academicians with social media accounts have higher cyberloafing levels than those with no social media accounts. More academicians are found to consider cyberloafing acceptable compared to those who find it unacceptable. Academicians who do not warn their colleagues who were cyberloafing were found to have higher cyberloafing levels than those who warn their colleagues. Married academicians were found to have higher cyberloafing and job stress levels compared to single academicians and also women to have higher job stress levels than men. Those with the titles of Research Assistant Doctorate are seen to have the highest levels of cyberloafing and job stress, while those with the title of Professor Doctor are seen to have the lowest levels. Those with 6-10 years of work experience are seen to have the highest levels of cyberloafing, while those with 21 years or more of work experience are seen to have the lowest levels of cyberloafing. The Generation Y academicians are seen to be the group with the highest job stress and cyberloafing levels, while the Baby Boomer Generation of academicians are seen to have the lowest levels. The study results draw attention to the need to reevaluate the negative presuppositions about cyberloafing in universities. When analyzed study, it looks that cyberloafing might be a phenomenon that will be encountered more in the digital age and might take into account intergenerational differences.

Akademisyenlerin Sanal Kaytarma Davranışlarının İş Stresine Etkisinin Kuşaklar Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Veysel

How Vulnerable is the Turkish Stock Market to the Credit Default Swap? Evidence from the Markov Switching GARCH Model

Esat

Halil

The superiority of liberal and neoliberal understanding regarding national and global economic policies, as well as hyper-globalization and its effects, have brought the issue of income distribution to a highly debatable position. This study examines the relationship between economic income distribution as a trend variable and wealth distribution as a stock variable, as well as the effect of ownership and capital ownership on income distribution. The market values of companies publicly traded on countries’ stock exchanges are used to represent the spread of capital and property ownership to the base. The study explains within its scope the concepts of capital markets, public offerings, the spread of capital and property to the base, income distribution, wealth distribution, and class struggle and evaluates the relationships among them. This study proposes the use of wealth distribution instead of income distribution in income distribution studies as a trend indicator. In order to support this proposal, the study examines the differences and relationships between income distribution and wealth distribution and explains them using numerical models.The increase in competitive conditions through globalization have created an important capital need for businesses that want to increase their sustainable competitiveness by benefitting from positive scale economies. The pressures that emerged in the demand for funds due to these enterprises’ capital needs have made borrowing difficult, with methods for incorporating small investors’ savings into the working capital through partnership relations having come to the fore. This step from enterprises is known as a public offering and involves the savings of smaller savers in production; it has emerged as a method that provides resources to businesses without creating debt obligations. The development and widespread use of information and communication technologies through globalization as well as the increase in measures to protect small investors has seen participation from small investors increase with regard to public offerings, and these public offerings have become an important resource for companies. Inn addition to public offerings, the spread of capital or equity ownership, which represents the partnership rights in companies, to the base and the results from this are important issues that need to be examined. This study examines within its scope the effect that the increase in public offerings have on income distribution. As a result of the examination and econometric analysis, significant relations have been identified between income distribution and the market values of the companies traded in stock exchanges, which represents the spread of capital ownership to the base.The study has established relationships among the concepts of public offerings, spread of property to the base, income distribution, and class struggle. The relationships among these variables have not received the attention they require in the literature. This study will fill important gaps in the literature through the causality relationship it has established between income and wealth distribution as well as the answers it provides regarding the effect of wealth ownership on income distribution and the new questions it brings to these issues.According to this study, the spread of capital ownership to the base equalizes income distribution. Again, the spread of capital ownership to the base will reduce the destructive effects of crises that arise in the labor or money markets, as this spread will diversify the types of income that individuals receive from the functional income distribution. For example, in the event of a sudden lack of demand for labor and an increase in unemployment due to changes in production techniques or other reasons, the labor supplier whose labor income has decreased or been completely reset will be able to continue to earn income from other production resources. Therefore, having individuals diversify their production resources will reduce the destructive effects in factor markets. In addition, individuals who engage in economic activity receive a share of the income of all production resources, and this minimizes the class struggle and conflicts of interest that arise with respect to the economic division of labor. In other words, because the labor supplier will also own capital, no significant loss will be experienced in total income when capital takes up a larger share of production. For this reason, the conflicts of interest between classes that are sharply seen will lose their effect, and social peace will increase.The results obtained from the study show the equal distribution of wealth ownership to be an important factor able to create the necessary climate for ensuring equality with regard to individuals’ current income levels. The econometric analysis yielded meaningful results that support the study’s theoretical discourse. According to these results, an increase in the ratio of the market values of stocks traded in the stock market to GDP results in a decrease of the Gini coefficient; in other words, it ensures a more equal distribution of income. This situation is more evident in the Republic of Turkey compared to the other 14 countries whose data were used. An increase in publicly traded stocks’ market value share in the GDP causes income distribution to become more equal and income inequality to decrease.

Sermaye Sahipliği ve Mülkiyetin Tabana Yayılmasının İktisadi Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi

Umut

The transition to settled life and the production, consumption, and utilization of goods in line with people’s needs occurring within a social framework has resulted in the problem of who will own these goods and how. Due to all these features, property has become the subject of social order on one hand and social conflict on the other. As a result, who will own property, who will have savings, who will benefit from these, and what will be the boundaries of property have become controversial issues. Thus, property rights are used to express relationships between people regarding the benefits and responsibilities associated with certain objects. For example, when a purchase-sales transaction takes place in the market, essentially two property rights are exchanged. Although the right to own a physical commodity or service is generally defined, the value of the things being exchanged is determined by the property right itself.John Locke was one of the leading representatives of neo-classical economics and defined the right to property as a natural right. According to Locke, the right to property is a natural right that precedes the social contract, and the proper role of government is to protect private property rights against the behaviors and interests of other citizens. A third intermediary and approval/registration mechanism became needed for the transfer of ownership, which has been accepted as a natural right, and for the regulation of property relations. For example, unless otherwise proven regarding intellectual property rights, the ownership of a work is determined by law to belong to its creator. There is a registration requirement for movable goods such as motor vehicles or immovable goods such as houses. A transfer of ownership cannot be registered without a license or title deed. The main reason for this is to prevent problems that may be encountered when the ownership of these goods changes hands.Unlike traditional property relations, blockchain requires no third party or authority to validate or check any transaction. All transactions can be seen on the blockchain’s scanner, so anyone who has Internet access can actually see which wallet owns the unique NFT. The fact that the blockchain infrastructure does not allow things such as repeated NFT sales, copying, or modification has eliminated the need for a third intermediary or approval mechanism regarding property relations, thus making the existence of traditional approval mechanisms questionable. This has paved the way for NFTs worth hundreds of thousands of dollars to be bought and sold without the need for a third-party approval mechanism such as notaries or registry offices.The first NFTs such Quantum and CriptoPunks had been minted as digital art, and many have followed since then. Unlike traditional institutions that validate ownership, all these NFTs have been sold and bought in decentralized market places that require no third party to validate these transactions. Thanks to blockchain scanners, anyone can see the original NFTs, and deceiving buyers with a copy of an NFT is quite difficult. This feature gives all NFT collections the authenticity that all art makers fiercely demand.	A similar situation applies to limited edition collections. Clothing companies in particular apply this method for special brands. With the introduction of 3D printers, the demand for NFTs that can be converted into physical products has also increased. These NFTs, also called phygital products, can be used both to ensure authenticity and to prevent the sale of counterfeit products. As such, these NFTs are traded for thousands of dollars, with Nike making $185 million in sales in 2022. Since the first NFT sale, more than $20 billion in sales has occurred, and this volume keeps growing. However, the vast majority of valuable NFTs are shown to concentrated in a small group, so much so that 10% of NFT trading wallets alone accounted for 85% of all transactions and 97% of all NFT assets (Nadini etc, 2021). A study (Zomblings, 2023) examining NFT sales and wallets containing NFTs revealed 16.7% of wallets to own 80.98% of all NFTs. Thus, one can say that a wealth inequality exists in the sense of NFTs’ value.Blockchain is constantly evolving, and codes are being updated, as NFTs represent a very new technological revolution in terms of use. Therefore, all these areas of use are still in their infancy. NFTs as a result of this revolution can be said to be at the beginning. NFTs cannot be changed or copied by their nature and involve property as well as property rights that arise from social human relations.

Değiştirilemez Tokenler (NFTs) Çağında Mülkiyet İlişkisi ve Servet Eşitsizliğini Yeniden Düşünmek

Abdurrahman

Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Cinsel Şiddeti Etkileyen Sosyoekonomik ve Demografik Faktörler

Utku

The convergence of technology and finance in recent years has radically changed the understanding of money in daily use. Parallel with this are cryptocurrencies, which emerged in 2009 and have become increasingly popular and more widely used these days, as well as the Blockchain system as the technological power behind these coins. Although cryptocurrencies haveemerged as currency, the formation of price bubbles and volatility in their prices have led to cryptocurrencies being considered as an investment tool. The Blockchain system was created by Satoshi Nakamoto (2008) by combining technology and finance and can be defined as a cryptographic system that allows interpersonal payments without any central authority. This system can keep any data in the digital environment open (distributed) to all users over communication networks and ensure that the data remains the same at all points in this process. The blockchain system started with the Genesis (block zero) installation. Unlike the central banking system and central electronic money, crypto assets are completely decentralized and anonymous. In addition, cryptocurrencies also have various features such as crypto money owner registration and rules for creating new crypto money supplies, with only the owner being able to prove crypto money ownership and to have it change hands. The stored money consists of passwords that are not suitable for memorization and that only the recorded owner of the money will know. Digital currency is issued by a central authority and is also controlled by the same central authority. Due to the absence of any central authority, digital currency transactions are made ‘openly’ with real-identified users, while cryptocurrency transactions are done in secret.The study aims to determine the most appropriate model and bubble price formations for obtaining volatilities by using different conditional variance models for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple, which have had the highest market values between 2017-2020. The study is thought to be able to make a unique contribution to the literature because it covers the epidemic period and because it also uses volatility and economic balloons. The study consists of three parts. After the introduction on blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, the first section discusses bubbles and volatility with regard to financial assets. The second section of the study performs a national and international literature review on volatility and bubbles in cryptocurrencies. The study then moves on the third section where it models the volatility features of cryptocurrencies that have come to the agenda with the highest trade volumes since the global crisis (i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple), and determined the occurrence and dates of price bubbles. After performing the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Ng-Perron unit root tests, EGARCH was determined as the best model for Bitcoin and TGARCH for Ethereum and Ripple, after which the analyses were carried out. According to the obtained results, negative coefficients for Bitcoin indicate that negative shocks will increase volatility more than positive shocks. This means a leverage effect is present for Bitcoin. No leverage effect was found for Ethereum or Ripple, and thus positive shocks are understood to increase volatility for them compared to negative shocks. In addition, continuous speculative bubble pricing has occurred for all three cryptocurrencies, with much higher bubble prices occurring for Ethereum and Bitcoin compared to Ripple. The results are remarkable for researchers, professionals, investors, and policy makers who are interested in the subject. The up-to-date nature of the analysis periods has made detecting the effects from the epidemic period and the financial bubbles that occurred toward the end of 2020 possible. According to the obtained results, cryptocurrencies can be considered as an alternative to other investment tools on the assumption that price increases will be continuous during periods when bubbles are detected for risk-favoring investors. Having future studies related to the subject examine the relationship between the spot market and the futures market, especially in price formations, and detect price bubbles in the Bitcoin futures market will progress the research. This study has revealed prices in the crypto-money market to be open to speculation with particular regard to Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple, and the obtained results can be used as indicators for investors while setting up their positions.

Kripto Paraların Volatilite Dinamiklerinin ve Spekülatif Balon Varlığının Analizi: Bitcoin, Ethereum ve Ripple Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Özgür

Sultan

Ekonomik Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Rusya Örneği

Ümit

Türkiye’de Para Politikası Tepki Fonksiyonu: Fourier Temelli Zaman Serisi Yöntemlerinden Bulgular

Kalim

The US Economy, Global Imbalances and Recent Development: A Critical Review

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Recep

Nowadays, tax expenditures are extensively applied in many countries in order to achieve certain economic and social goals more effectively and quickly. This situation reveals the importance of fiscal discipline in OECD countries, one of which is Turkey. In recent years, the increasing need for public services has led to increases in demand for public expenditures. In this context, tax which is the most important resource of financing public expenditures, has become an important implementation tool of fiscal policies. In addition to the implementation of tax as a fiscal policy tool for the purpose of financing public expenditures, it can also be applied indirectly in the form of tax expenditures in place of forgone tax revenues, for the purpose of economic and social policies.Tax expenditures, which were introduced for the first time in the 1960’s and which are extensively applied in many countries in order to achieve certain economic and social goals more effectively and quickly, constitute an important discussion topic. Thus, tax expenditures generally represent forgone tax revenues&nbsp;and are generally applied in the form of tax exemption and exceptions, reductions, credits, low tax ratios and tax deferrals. The fact that tax expenditures have the qualifications of extra budgetary public expenditures and the transfer of funds from the public sector to the private sector increases these discussions further. Therefore, the efficient and effective implementation of tax expenditures is becoming more and more important in terms of income and expenditure policies.In this study, prepared in order to analyse the development of tax expenditures in Turkey, first the concept of tax expenditures and the theoretical framework and implementations were examined, then the volume of tax expenditures, increase ratios, distribution according to the categories of taxes, and ratios to various macro indicators were analysed, using the estimated tax expenditures of the 2015-2021 period in Turkey. Then, the functional distribution of tax expenditures was covered and it was determined which areas these expenditures are directed towards. Finally, the ratio of tax expenditures in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in various countries and the situation in Turkey were examined, and an attempt was made to develop some policy recommendations in order to apply tax expenditures more efficiently and effectively.The findings of the study show that tax expenditures are extensively applied in both developed and developing countries and they continue to increase despite efforts to decrease tax expenditures in the context of fiscal discipline practices. In Turkey, tax expenditures have attained a significant level and in addition to tax laws, there are tax incentives in the form of tax expenditures in many laws. In Turkey, it is envisaged that tax expenditures which are 79,6 billion TL in 2015 will reach 230 billion TL in 2021, by increasing with an annual average 19,3% ratio. In addition, significant increases have been realised in tax expenditures, especially in 2017, 2018 and 2019. This data shows that tax expenditures are extensively applied in Turkey especially in recent years, as an active fiscal policy tool besides the other policy measures, in order to revive the economy.The Income Tax takes the highest share of the tax expenditures in Turkey. In 2018, 38,4% of total tax expenditures comes from the Income Tax, 27,7% from the Value Added Tax, 15,6% from the Corporate Tax, 14% from the Special Consumption Tax and 4,3% from the other taxes. In 2018, 55,9% of the tax expenditures in the Income Tax consisted of the minimum living allowances. This ratio constitutes 21,8% of total tax expenditures. The fact that the highest shares of tax expenditures are the the Income Tax and the minimum living allowances in the Income Tax, is also important in terms of showing that the tax expenditures are applied to improve the income distribution.In 2018, the ratios of tax expenditures to tax revenues obtained in the same categories of taxes were 41,7% the Income Tax, 29,9% the Corporate Tax, 23,5% the Value Added Tax, 15,8% the Special Consumption Tax and 7,1% under the other laws in Turkey, while the majority of tax revenues consist of indirect taxes, the implementation of tax expenditures mostly to taxes on income decreases the balance in tax distribution.Regarding the functional distribution of the tax expenditures in Turkey, labor market development, wages and employment has a share of 24,5%, development of the business world and increasing of investments has a share of 20,7%, infrastructure, energy and transportation has a share of 18,5%, increasing of domestic savings and deepening of the financial markets has a share of 14,7%. These are followed by tax incentives for agriculture with 9,9%, tax expenditures for health and social purposes with 9%, Research &amp; Development, innovation and design activities with 2,4%, tax expenditures in education, culture, sports and arts with 0,4%.The functional distribution is important in terms of showing how tax expenditures are applied within the scope of determined economic and social goals. In recent years, implementations such as minimum living allowances, private pensions, business incentives, research and development incentives, important infrastructure, energy and transportation projects, and agricultural supports show that tax expenditures are extensively applied within the scope of these determined economic and social goals.In 2018, while the ratio of tax expenditures in GDP was 4,1% in Turkey, the share of tax expenditures in budget revenues, tax revenues, and budget expenditures were 19,9%, 24,3% and 18,2% respectively. These ratios are significant when they are compared to many countries’ ratios. In 2018, Canada with 18,6%, Australia with 9,3% and The United States of America (USA) with 6,7% are ranked among the countries with the highest ratio of tax expenditures in GDS. Turkey with 4,1% ratio of tax expenditures in GDP is one of the countries where tax expenditures are extensively applied for the purpose of various economic goals outside public expenditures.In this context, some policy recommendations such as a more effective realisation of cost-benefit analyses on tax expenditures, the calculation of tax expenditures in the most realistic manner with minimum error, the determination of the tax expenditures’ objectives and the explication to the public opinion, the regular and more detailed reporting of estimated tax expenditures/continue to be reported, the functional classification of tax expenditures by sectors, the submission of the reports to the public opinion within the annual budget, the monitoring of the harmony level between the expenditures and the goals and the explication to the public opinion, the termination of ineffective tax expenditures or the replacement with the effective tax expenditures, the simplification of the Tax System, the inclusion of the tax incentives other than tax laws in the form of tax expenditures and providing transparency in resource allocation on tax expenditures are presented in order to apply tax expenditures more efficiently and effectively in Turkey. With these policies, it is envisaged that tax expenditures will contribute positively to Turkey’s economic performance in such a way that the efficiency and effectiveness of tax expenditures are increased and fiscal transparency is achieved.

Türkiye’de Vergi Harcamalarının Gelişimi: 2015-2021

Süleyman

Liberalization process of the capital markets in Turkey began by July 1984 dated number 30 executive order of the government and the process has continued with executive order number 32 on August 1989. New regulations allow domestic and foreign individuals and institutions to open bank accounts, invest in Turkish debt and stock markets in Turkish Lira and foreign currency with some restrictions on borrowing with foreign currency. Short and long term capital flows increased with the liberalization of capital markets in Turkey.Deposit and credit dollarization of banking system is defined as ratio of foreign exchange deposits and credit to the total deposits and credits. In between 2003- 2019 (the sample period of this study), the dollarization (both deposit and credit) of Turkish economy followed a volatile path (Figure I). Dollarization which was around 45% at the beginning of 2000’s declined below 30% until year 2010. After the modifications in the framework of the monetary policy implementation, both deposit and credit dollarization began to rise. The simultaneity of the modification in the monetary policy framework and the rise in dollarization may be related to the fact that required reserve ratios of Turkish lira deposits increased while those of foreign currency decreased were decreased by the monetary authority. During the same period, a simultaneous elevation of volatility of the Turkish lira US dollar exchange rate was observed. In the literature the relationship between deposit dollarization and exchange rate volatility has been showed in multiple studies (Akçay 1997, Honohan, 2006, Corrado, 2008, Yinusa 2008 Mengesha and Holmes, 2013), yet the impact of credit dollarization on exchange rate has not been investigated in our best knowledge. In this paper, we investigate the effects of credit and deposit dollarization and portfolio capital flows on volatility the Turkish Lira (TL) US Dollar (USD) exchange rate. For this purpose we employed the EGARCH-M model. This paper, contributes to literature by its comprehensive approach of examining exchange rate volatility relationship with dollarization of both kinds, portfolio flows and country risk factor (CDS).Empirical results provide insights to the dynamics of Turkish lira US dollar exchange rate volatility since 2003. According to this, increase in deposit and especially credit dollarization elevate conditional volatility of the TL-USD exchange rate. On the other hand, portfolio flows reduce it. In addition to conditional volatility findings indicate that higher deposit interest rate spread between TL and USD deposits, appreciate the TL-USD exchange rate, while higher spreads in loan interest rate TL-USD depreciate TL. These results are in line with theory and literature.Findings of this study indicate that dollarization of the financial system through deposit and credit dollarization elevate volatility of the exchange rate risk in Turkey. So, reducing dollarization of the financial markets gradually decrease exchange rate volatility and risk, eventually attracting foreign portfolio flows by increasing return per unit of risk (Sharpe ratio) which in turn reduce volatility further more. This virtuous cycle eventually reduce volatility more and stabilize exchange rate, increase investments and lead to economic growth and prosperity

2003-2018 Dönemi Türk Ekonomisinde Dolarizasyon, Kısa Vadeli Sermaye Hareketleri ve Kur Oynaklığı İlişkisi

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1939 yılından beri çıkarılan bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler İngilizce olmalıdır. 2023’den itibaren, süreçteki makaleler hariç, dergi değerlendirmek üzere sadece İngilizce makaleleri dikkate almaktadır ve derginin yayın dili İngilizce’dir. 2022 Mart tarihinden önce derginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, iktisat alanında Türkiye’deki en eski hakemli dergilerden biri olarak iktisat alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlamayı ve hem disipliner hem de multidisipliner makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlar.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics’in ana alanı iktisat olmakla birlikte, ekonomi sosyolojisi, tarih, sosyal politika, uluslararası ilişkiler, finansal çalışmalar gibi çeşitli alanlardan yazılara açıktır. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Gökhan

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

ERIH PLUS

DOAJ

TR Dizin

EconBiz

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

Columbia International Affairs Online

EconLit

EBSCO

Cabells Journalytics

SOBIAD

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi

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Editor in Chief

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İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1939 yılından beri çıkarılan bilimsel bir dergidir. 2023’den itibaren, süreçteki makaleler hariç, dergi değerlendirmek üzere sadece İngilizce makaleleri dikkate almaktadır ve derginin yayın dili İngilizce’dir. 2022 Mart tarihinden önce derginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir. ​​İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, iktisat alanında Türkiye’deki en eski hakemli dergilerden biri olarak iktisat alanına dair konuların incelendiği, araştırıldığı bir platform sağlamayı ve hem disipliner hem de multidisipliner makaleler yayınlamayı amaçlar.

Amaç ve Kapsam

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) <a href="https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detail/TVRrNU9Uaz0" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</a> EconLit<a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2602-3954?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222602-4152%22%2C%222602-3954%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</a><a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info?id=501980" target="_blank">ERIH PLUS</a><a href="https://ciaonet.org/catalog?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;searched=yes&amp;search_field=all_fields&amp;q=istanbul+economics" target="_blank">Columbia International Affairs Online</a><a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/journl.html" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">RePEc - IDEAS</a> <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istjournl/" target="_blank">RePEc - EconPapers</a><a href="https://www.econbiz.de/Search/Results?lookfor=%09+2602-3954&amp;type=ISN" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">EconBiz</a> ProQuest Central                ProQuest Turkey Database EBSCO Business Source UltimateEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source SOBİADCabells Journalytics

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul İktisat Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.&#65279;-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.&#65279;

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editörler, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlarlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti ederler. Editörler içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludurlar. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür. Dergide çift taraflı kör hakemlik uygulanır.Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili İngilizce’dir. Makalede, İngilizce öz olmalıdır.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/istjecon" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/istjecon</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 10 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile ve iki yana yaslı olarak hazırlanmalıdır.2. Çalışmalar 4500 - 10000 sözcük arasında olmalı ve sayfa numaraları sayfanın altında ve ortada yer almalıdır.3. Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.4. Giriş bölümünden önce 120-250 kelimelik çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden ingilizce öz yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden, 3 adet İngilizce anahtar kelime ve Jel kodları yer almalıdır.Çalışmanın alanına göre, anahtar kelimelerin altına en az bir en fazla üç Jel kodu eklenmelidir. Makalenin konusuna göre seçilmesi gereken JEL sınıflandırmaları için lütfen <a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php" target="_blank">https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php</a> adresini ziyaret ediniz. JEL sınıflandırma kodları İngilizce özetlerin altında verilecektir.5. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: İngilizce dilinde başlık, öz ve anahtar kelimeler, Jel kodları; ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.6. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir. Demografik özellikler gibi metin içinde verilebilecek veriler, ayrıca tablolar ile ifade edilmemelidir.7.Makalelerde ondalık sayılar makalenin tamamı için ya virgülle ya da nokta ile ayrılır. İki gösterimin aynı anda kullanılmaması gerekmektedir. Makalenin biçimsel bütünlüğün sağlanması açısından virgül veya nokta kullanımından bir tercih edilmeli ve makalenin tamamı için bu kullanım uygulanmalıdır. Ekonometrik bulguların gösteriminde de bu kurala uyulmalıdır.8. Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C59FF4B54BE54C32879B963BDBD1DD74" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları, ORCID ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).9. Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.10. Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.11. Yayınlanmasına karar verilen çalışmaların, yazar/yazarlarının her birine istekleri halinde dergi gönderilir.12. Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.13. Makale gönderimi için iThenticate&#34; taramasının max. %15 olması zorunludur

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li></ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/410540BD1FD9425A85244B658B33852C" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin kategorisi</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler 120-250 Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li><li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li><li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2248/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank" style="font-size: 9pt;">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2248/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul>​Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalarTelif Hakkı Anlaşması FormuResim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesiMakale Kapak SayfasıMakale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıÖzetler 120-250 kelime Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizceAnahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceMakale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelimeMakale ana metin bölümleriFinansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)KaynaklarTablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir.Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİstanbul İktisat Dergisi-Istanbul Journal of Economics, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007, s. 17)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: YazarMakalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C59FF4B54BE54C32879B963BDBD1DD74" target="_blank" style="font-size: 10pt;">Kapak Sayfası</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D240E0175DD4EE9ADB30CC373ED67BA" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a></li></ul>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/969F5BCBEDAB4114867126AB558ECB94" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/69A4AC4A3DDD4977ACD5A1EDFB8D99AC" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler 120-250 kelime Türkçe ve 120-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelimeü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Muhittin Kaplan
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