Mehmet

Assoc. Prof.

Muzaffer

Limited knowledge exists about scholarly life in the Anatolian Beyliks period, and this is often explained through the limitation of historical data that allows one to have knowledge about this subject. This situation often leads one to remain confined to what is known of the history of this period. However, recent studies, especially those on manuscripts, have required the meaning that has been attributed to the concept of historical data to be reevaluated. In past years, most of the manuscripts in the Turkish Manuscript Libraries have been put into the service of researchers by allowing them to obtain visual images of the manuscripts. This has allowed manuscripts to be positioned as an independent field in the archaeology of knowledge much more than before. The intertextual and extratextual historical information in manuscripts is an important historical data source. Through this source, many unknown names, works, and institutions can be brought to light, with the scholar Badr al-Rūmī being a striking example of this as the subject of this article.No information exists about this scholar in biographical or bibliographic works. He gave his full name as Dāwūd b. al-Shaykh Ḳutluġbek b. Islām b. Rajab. For the first time, scholars became aware of his existence through a farāgh record written by him in 1313 AD/712 AH at the end of a copy of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī’s Kashf al-Asrār. This record is an important piece of information in that a person from Anatolia had copied this work shortly after it was composed. As such, however, this information had at most a footnote regarding an examination centered on the circulation of Kashf al-Asrār. During this article’s studies on Anatolian Beyliks period, additional information about him was encountered in other manuscripts. In this sense, this study found two separate ijāzats that had been given to al-Rūmī by Fakhr al-Dīn al-Chārpardī and Muḥammad al-Hamadānī on al-Kashshāf. Likewise, two juridical works were found to have been copied by Badr al-Rūmī, one of which was from Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn al-Nasafī and the other from ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī. Badr al-Rūmī copied the former in 1306/705 in the Orkhāniyya Madrasa that had been allocated to the Ḥanafīs in Ilkhānid Tabrīz.The clue Waliyy al-Dīn Jārullāh Efendi provided in a manuscript note led to this article being composed on the basis of these fragmentary records. While listing the commentaries on al-Pazdawī’s Uṣūl, Jārullāh Efendi was found to have included Badr al-Rūmī’s commentary in the list and to regarded it as an abridgement of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī’s Kashf al-Asrār. In his note, Jārullāh Efendi stated that he had read alPazdawī’s work with his disciples and pondered the commentaries on it, mentioning Badr al-Rūmī’s commentary among them. This suggested that the related commentary might have been in Jārullāh Efendi’s possession. Thus, the study examined the juridical works in the collection of Jārullāh Efendi and found one commentary that had been mistakenly cataloged as ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī’s Kashf al-Asrār to have in fact belonged to Badr alRūmī. The information in its preamble revealed Badr al-Rūmī to have read al-Pazdawī’s Uṣūl from ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī and to have received the ijāzat for the work from a person named Arshad al-Dīn. As a result, the current article has been composed by making use of the information in the various separate records, some of which came from Badr al-Rūmī.The intertextual and extratextual historical records discussed in this article deserve special attention in two respects. The first is that they allow expansion of the knowledge of the scholarly life during the Anatolia Beyliks to a certain extent. The juridical ijāzats in the Ottoman period are known to have generally been attributed to Akmal al-Dīn alBābartī. This is understandable both in terms of the basic logic of ijāzats and al-Bābartī’s undeniable role in this regard. However, this situation should not lead one to think that a strong juridical tradition in Anatolia had begun with al-Bābartī. Badr al-Rūmī showed that at least one generation before al-Bābartī, one Anatolian scholar had read about ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī, an important figure in the Ḥanafī tradition. When considering that ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Bukhārī had been the teacher of al-Bābartī’s teacher, Qiwām al-Dīn alKākī, Badr al-Rūmī’s discipleship to al-Bukhārī becomes worthy of being taken into consideration. The second is that the manuscripts can be used as an important source of biblio-biographic data, especially with regard to the history of the Anatolia Beyliks. Limited information is found associated with the history of religious thought during this period. However, intertextual and extratextual historical information in related manuscripts written by Anatolian scholars or in Anatolian cities during the Beyliks period reveals the written tradition to have been stronger than expected. The fragmentary nature of these records makes assessing the relevant period relatively difficult in terms of references to them. However, these records appear in the first analysis to be distinct from one another and to be able to allow meaningful patterns to form over time. The records this article has shared and analyzed regarding Badr al-Rūmī were accumulated piece by piece over a period of around five years during our studies on the Anatolian Beyliks. This firstly encourages the expansion of knowledge on the meaning and function of manuscripts as well as regarding these manuscripts as a vital component of historical archeology.&nbsp;

A Scholar of the Beyliks Period on the Tabrīz-Transoxiana Line: Badr al-Rūmī Dāwūd b. Ḳutluġbek b. Islām b. Rajab al-Kānī

Abdulhameed

The companions and generations who came after them busied themselves with the narrations of the Sunnah, studying them and protecting them from fabricators. They also were concerned with misinterpretation and thus shared fabricated narrations that supported the positions where they differed. Despite all that, some of them distorted parts of the wording within authentic narrations to bring them in line with their own theological or jurisprudential positions, or even to have fabricated whole narrations outright.Many Hadith books have existed that collect authentic Hadiths through a multitude of approaches, and scholars have also classified books to clarify the names and opinions of theological groups, comparing those opinions and the evidence for each with multiple efforts. However, a large part of the opinions of some theological groups were not written down, especially regarding the evidence and proof they had inferred, and Dirar bin Amr as a pillar of some groups was unique in collecting many texts that were inferred by the rest of the groups in the early centuries. As such, his book Al-Tahrish combines two things: the names and opinions of the ideological (i.e., faith-based) Kalam and political groups who differed from one another, and the legal texts, especially the Hadiths upon which these groups relied for their opinions.Kitab al-Tahrish by Dirar ibn Amr is considered a classical resource for the differences between various groups due to being written in the 2nd century AH. The work contains several narrations of hadith that groups of the time used as proofs against their opponents. The book’s premise is that Satan causes problems among people and provokes discord. One of the tools Satan uses is those who interpret texts according to their whims, twisting them to conform with their own creed and positions. Therefore, Dirar ibn Amr created a character he calls al-Faqih, who transmits fabricated hadiths or interprets them according to his desires. Dirar’s intended conclusion is that differences of opinion can be attributed to following one’s arbitrary views based on whim and opinion, and this is the true reason for differences in the interpretation of existing texts.However, what methodology did the author use when presenting these narrations? How accurately did he transmit them in his work? What standard do they hold in terms of acceptance or rejection relative to the rules of hadith criticism specialists have previously relied upon? This article was written as a response to these questions and others necessary to examine and uncover this work and its author’s methodology.After examining these texts and their classification, what has been made clear is that they don’t all have the same level of authenticity. Some are sahih whereas others are weak, or even fabricated if not unavailable in other sources. Besides the fact that the author clearly is not precise in his presentation of the narrations, most are transmitted according to their general meaning, with verbiage differing from what reliable sources of hadith have authenticated, or at times even with distorted wording from what is known to be accurate.One of the most important observations noticed when writing this research and studying Kitab al-Tahrish is that Dirar ibn Amr did not rely on the methods of hadith scholars in criticizing hadith accounts in this book, despite his living in the period the hadith transmission, the emergence of the the science of the hadith criticism (al-jarh wa al-ta’dil). However, we did not find Dirar ibn Amr using standart terminology of hadith transmission or their rules of criticism regarding the transmitters.One important question arises here that cannot be answered with certainty. Did Dirar ibn Amr ignore this because he was not recognize the methods of hadith scholars for criticizing hadith accounts and wanted to present an alternative method of his own that he stipulated at the end of his book? Or was it because of his lack of knowledge regarding this transmission-based method and his reliance on the approach of abstract mental understanding. This is why the work requires a detailed and precise study to compare its narrations with what is considered acceptable, and the work is definitely worthy of several studies as well as in-depth, expansive research.Despite the popularity of the book and the multiple studies done on it, I did not find anyone who objected to the issues discussed in this study, in particular the narrations, the way it was presented, or the authenticity and accuracy of its transmission. For example, the first edition of the book, with no other version having yet appeared as of the date of this research, lacked an introduction to these problems, and the two virtuous editors of the book did not criticize these narrations when they appeared within the pages of the book.&nbsp;

Dirar ibn Amr’s Understanding of Hadith in His Kitab al-Tahrish

Hatice

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders from an Islamic Perspective

Abdelkarim

Assist. Prof.

Classic criticism has been preoccupied with distinguishing between verbal arts, and setting specific characteristics for the nature of each art in what was known as the theory of literary genres. This is becasuse separating the genders, defining the concept of each art, and clarifying its characteristics is a guide for reading. It gives the reader a key to read the text in a manner appropriate to the literary genre that is contained under it which conforms to the classic perception that believed in qualitative purity and intentionality. Many recent studies have focused on the classification of literature, and tried to determine the characteristics distinguishing each category. Therefore, we find a theory of systems, a theory of poetry, a theory in the novel, and other divisions that need us to re-read.The dialectic of the relationship between prose poetry is one of the most prominent literary polemics and artistic dichotomies that preoccupied literary criticism and poetic creativity in the ancient Arab heritage. The prosody and rhyme of poetry and prose and the music of the poetic metre of the Khalian prosody played an essential role in that distinction.The problem of literary genre still occupies a space of modern critical thought. For after the theory of literary genres was destroyed and campaigns were launched against the boundaries separating genres, the problem became greater than it used to be. The question is what determines the affiliation of a creative text to its kind? Is it the intention? The author? What he writes on the cover title (poetry, prose, story, novel, theater)? What if the creator abstained from this responsibility and did not write what reveals the type of his writing? Or he evaded, so he wrote on the cover of his work the term “texts”, and did not specify whether they are poetic texts, narrative texts, or theatrical texts?! And what if this writing itself refuses to be attributed to a type, such as the prose poem, or free verse poetry, for example? Finally, what if we remove the cover of the literary work from it? Can it be attributed here to a literary work? What is the decisive criterion governing this genre, which allows for the attribution, or the possibility of attributing, a literary work to it?The modern movement in Arab poetry was characterized by removing the differences between literary genres and the convergence of arts, especially between poetry and prose. It is one of the characteristics of poetry which employs it artistically. Although the poets of Arab modernism agreed to renew poetry, they differed in the quality and nature of this renewal, and they also differed in their attitude towards heritage. Some of them preserved the poetic heritage, and some of them called to break away from it. This is what urged Arab modernism not to take a single path due to the different cultural and sectarian trends of its pioneers.&nbsp;There is no doubt that modernism - in fact - is a continuous rebellion that is not linked to a time, place, or literary genre. Because true modernism has a transcendent character that differentiates between all these frameworks. There is no doubt that this rebellion finds itself only in a series of free adventures that challenge traditions, restrictions and frameworks, or even let us say that it does not challenge them, and does not even recognize them at all.Since poetry was the most creative genre committed to traditions and restrictions, confronting it first, then revolting against it secondly, is one of the most prominent features of modernism. Poetry and Prose were called the prose poem.The study presents the idea of rapprochement between the language of poetry and prose among the poets of Arab modernity, and the problem of distinguishing between them. This problem represented an entrance to all the calls for renewal and poetic liberation that followed, and the study aims to identify the technical justifications presented by these modernists to justify their position. Some of the modern arab poets believed in the necessity of separation of the different literary arts and maintaining the independent characteristics of every single art.It,s not allowed to remove the limits among them so as not to lead to confusion and artistic distortion of these arts, and therefore these rejected the convergence between the language of poetry and the language of prose, refusing to get rid of poetry from the most important heritage characteristics that distinguish it from prose through its different eras, which is morphology or grammatical weight words while another modernist group believed in the importance of overlapping Literary genres, the dissolution of differences, and the disappearance of borders between them, and this current has rejected grammatical weight as a distinguishing technical criterion for the language of poetry from the language of prose. They tried to search for an alternative new rhythmical source, ,and they preferred using intonation for giving internal and external musical sense, Rhythm, which is concerned with the external and internal music of the language of poetry.Modernist poets were chosen as a model for study for several reasons, including:1- The poets of Arab modernism got rid of the unity of verses, which constituted a starting point for the rapprochement between poetry and prose. 2- The admiration of Arab modernist poets towards the heritage of Arab prose, and the openness of their texts to the poetics of mystical prose, the Holy Qur’an and the Bible. 3- The pioneers of modern poets are not only poets, but critics, who practiced criticism scientifically; Most of them wrote critical books that represented the theoretical basis for modern poetic trends.4- The poetic writings of each combined free verse and prose poems.In order for the study to be more comprehensive in its handling of the problem of the relationship between poetry and prose, the researcher expanded the selection of the model of the selected poets temporally and geographically, so that this model includes most of the regions of the Arab World. Therefore, the study consists of two pioneering generations, namely:The first generation: It includes the Iraqi poet Nazik Al-Malaika, the Egyptian poet Salah Abdel-Sabour, the Syrian poet Adonis Ali Ahmed Saeed, and the Lebanese poet Youssef Al-Khal.The second generation: It includes the Yemeni poet Abdul Aziz Al-Maqaleh, the Moroccan poet Muhammad Bennis, and the Bahraini poet Alawi Al-Hashimi.Study Methodology: The study adopted the critical analytical method, which combines the opinions of these critics on the relationship between poetry and prose, with the analysis of these opinions critically.The study revealed that the stance of modern poets towards the relationship between poetry and prose was not one, but took three levels: The first: It refused to abolish all the barriers between poetry and prose, adhered to the theory of literary genres, and called for the importance of preserving the rhythmic meter music as distinguishing poetry from prose, represented by Salah Abdel-Sabour and Nazik Al-Malaika. The second: It called for a rapprochement between poetry and prose, and rejected the theory of literary genres, represented by Youssef Al-Khal, Adonis, and Abdel Aziz Al-Maqaleh. The third: It tried to root the music of prose poetry as an alternative to the music of prosody, represented by Muhammad Bennis and Alawi Al-Hashimi.&nbsp;

The position of Arab Modernist Poets On The Relationship Between Poetry And Prose

Fadi

Omar

Res. Assist.

The Image of Sulṭān in Islamic Mirror of Princes

Almoataz

Ecclesiastical Arabic is a unique language containing many rare phenomena, vocabulary, and unique linguistic uses. This language has rules that are not subject to the laws of natural languages and is independent of the rulings that are customarily sanctioned by the followers of the religion; it lacks the authority of the general Arabic reality or the interference of its masters. Despite the richness of the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage, due care has not been taken, and its language has been studied only a little to this day. This can be attributed to the most following important reasons: this heritage’s limitations to church parishioners, the lack of publications on this heritage compared to its size, and the weak linguistic formation of most research on it.The linguistic study of the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage will help to explain many linguistic phenomena in Arabic dialects, fill a wide gap regarding its vocabulary, trace back to its origins, and reveal aspects of the influence of Arabic as well as its own influence on other languages. The study will also help connect the vicious circles in the history of Arabic. If the study also goes beyond the limits of just a linguistic study, it will reveal other beneficial aspects including a deep understanding of the topics of belief, philosophy, and comparison of religions as an objective study of the psychological and social aspects of Arab Christian sects and a re-reading of Arab history, especially the history of the East.Sensing the richness of the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage and its need for the attention of those engaged in linguistic study, especially with regard to the scarcity of research achieved in this field, the study’s researcher seeks to dig into this language and explore some of its secrets. The study relies on linguistic material involving more than 170 sources from the Arabic ecclesiastical printed and manuscript heritage and extends in time from the earliest known appearance of that heritage until the modern era using a variety of texts to express the various schools and sciences. The researcher has attempted to invest the collected material in a study of this language from a lexical perspective by tracing its verbal and semantic peculiarities; searching its origins, history and uses; and reviewing it according to the regulations of modern lexicography.This study shows the uniqueness of the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage with its many linguistic phenomena that characterize it as a unique language. These phenomena vary to include morphological forms, structures, and meanings. The study traces the history of the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage as well as its authorship trends. The researcher has ended up classifying the authors of that heritage into two schools: the Eastern School (Mashreq), and the Coptic School. The researcher also points out that some individuals and limited trends have occurred that do not belong to either of the two schools (e.g., Arabists and missionaries).The researcher has sought to track down previous works and concluded the Arabic library to be devoid of an ecclesiastical heritage dictionary with the exception of a few studies concerning ecclesiastical terminology and other studies concerned with Coptic Arabic. This study suggests a methodology for building an Ecclesiastical Arabic dictionary based on a linguistic corpus derived from that heritage and also on modern lexicography rules. The researcher has demonstrated the features of the proposed methodology through two main phases: the first concerned with collecting and preparing material and the second with lexical editing.In the stage of collecting materials, the researcher built a computerized linguistic corpus for the Arabic ecclesiastical heritage and provided a description of this corpus. It contains 6,388,401 words from 179 sources. The researcher classified the texts of the corpus according to three considerations, with the first being in terms of a historical representation into three sections (i.e., ancient heritage, medieval heritage, and modern heritage), the second being in terms of six sections of sectarian representation (i.e., the Melkite texts, Maronite texts, the Nestorian texts, the Jacobite texts, the Coptic texts, and other texts), and the third in terms of cognitive representation in five sections (i.e., sources of beliefs and theology, sources of jurisprudence and worship [and laws], biblical sources [translations and commentaries], sources of literature and ethics, and sources of church history).The study also presents a separate statistical description of the corpus texts in each of the three classifications and proposes a methodology for editing the desired dictionary along six axes representing the basic information included in the dictionary: entries and lexical units (lexemes), lexical meanings, lexical evidence, etymological information, historical information, and levels of use.With regard to the entries and lexical units, this study provides a vision for editing the lexical forms, and the researcher suggests three types of lexical units:&nbsp;singular units, compound units, and special morphemes. As for lexical meanings, the researcher presents the conception of liberating the meaning from the context and suggested two sources for this. One is basic and represented in the linguistic corpus, and the other is secondary and represented in the previous lexical achievement. With regard to the lexical evidence, the study shows the feasibility, both direct and indirect, of the lexical evidence. Regarding tracing the special meanings in particular, the researcher presents a conception of the contextual features and the controls for citations. In regard to the etymological information, the researcher concludes that the nature of the desired dictionary dictates the richness of its etymological material and also presents a methodological vision for editing morphological information based on one of three possibilities: that the word belongs to one of the languages of the ancient world, that the word is borrowed from Arabic, or that the word belongs to one of the modern languages. As for the historical information, the study shows the changing nature of this information according to the available text material, and the researcher suggests a methodology for dating texts based on the dates of their composition and on the dates of their authors’ deaths. Regarding the levels of use, the researcher presents a concept for editing these usages in the dictionary and suggests categorizing them by considering their position under three levels: worship, learning, and social. The researcher also suggests classifying them by considering which of three levels they belong to: Mashreq Arabic, Coptic Arabic, or Common Ecclesiastical Arabic.&nbsp;

Ecclesiastical Arabic Dictionary: "Methodology & Model"

Metin

Önder

Reinterpreting the Tension between Dīn and Dunyā: The Naqshbandī Ṭarīqah as Experienced and Shaped by its  Mujaddidī and Khālidī Shaykhs

Eşref

Option contracts are among the most important instruments of financial derivatives because they pave the way for investors to hedge against risks in an environment characterized by risk and uncertainty. Options also enable investors to speculate using financial leverage. Meanwhile, some profess option contracts to have transformed from being risk contracts into contracts for hedging against risks while actually still maintaining the same risk. This is because options are nothing but gambling tools for trading in risks, due to being sold and bought by being transferred from those who are hedging against them to those who accept them with a desire to obtain the fee for taking on the risk.In light of many Arab countries’ (especially Gulf countries) inclination toward implementing option contracts in their financial markets while maintaining Shariah compliance, this study intends to discuss the Shariah ruling regarding these contracts from the perspective of Islamic economics. The study relies on inductive and deductive approaches to discuss the concept of option contracts, their origin, development, types, and Islam’s view toward them.The study defines an option contract as a contract between two parties, one being the holder or buyer of the contract and the other being the issuer or seller of the contract. Under this contract, the buyer has the right to buy from or sell to the issuer a number of units of a real or a financial asset at a specific price agreed upon in advance during the contract initiation on the condition that the execution will take place at a later date (i.e., the execution or expiration date). The buyer has the right not to execute the contract if this execution is not in their best interest. In exchange, a compensation payment is made to the issuer, called a reward or premium, during the contract initiation phase. This premium is neither refundable nor a part of the transaction value.The study also discusses the types of option contracts and categorizes them according to various considerations. In terms of the type of transaction, option contracts can be divided into a call option, a put option, or a double option. In call options, the investor (buyer of the option) has the right to buy a number of financial securities (or other) at a specified price on a certain date in return for a premium paid by the buyer to the issuer of the option. In put options, the investor (buyer of the option) has the right to sell a number of financial securities (or other) at a specified price on a certain date in exchange for a premium paid by the buyer to the issuer of the option. In double options, the investor (the purchaser of the option) has the right to buy and sell a number of financial securities at a specified price on a specific date in return for a premium paid by the buyer to the issuer of the option, thus combining both the call and put options under one contract.In terms of ownership of securities, option contracts can be divided into covered and uncovered options. In the covered option, the contract issuer (seller) owns the underlying securities of the contract or has sufficient cash to meet their obligations if the request is made to execute the contract and the contract is a put option. In the uncovered option, however, the option seller does not have enough of the underlying securities from the contract to allow them to fulfill their obligations upon a request to execute the contract and deliver the underlying asset if the contract is a call option or lacks sufficient cash to meet their obligations if the contract is a put option.In terms of contract execution date, option contracts can be divided into American options and European options. In American options, the option buyer has the power to exercise or execute it at any time during the period from the conclusion of the contract until the expiry date. The European option, however, is an option contract that can only be exercised or executed on the contract’s specified expiry date. Namely, the expiry/execution date is the last valid day of the contract (i.e., the third Friday of the month of execution/expiry).The study also presents the emergence and development of option contracts, as they have been known for hundreds of years. In the 19th century, traders in the United States called them privileges, but these were traded in an unorganized market only among people who knew each other in a city. Meanwhile, the first organized market for trading in option contract shares was established at the Chicago Stock Exchange in April 1973. Through this, options were traded in the organized market only after being traded over the counter.The study seeks to find out the ruling on option contracts in light of Islamic Shariah based on their depiction. This requires identifying the rights in Islamic&nbsp;Shariah by considering how an option gives not an obligation but a right to its purchaser and by identifying the named contracts that can be viewed as being in agreement with option contracts. In addition, the study includes a discussion on considering option contracts as new and unnamed contracts.The right in option contracts is shown to not originally be an inherited right for the seller but rather one created through the contract for the benefit of the buyer. Furthermore, after its creation, the right is not associated with wealth but with the abstract aspect of buying or selling. If selling Shariah-mandated rights such as Haq al-Shufa’ah [right of preemption] and Haq al-Qisas [right of retribution] is not permissible unless they are associated with wealth, then selling rights not mandated by Shariah (e.g., options) is impermissible a fortiori.Furthermore, option contracts are not the same as the permissible Salam contract, because the price in option contracts is not paid during the contract initiation phase but rather delayed until the execution date and done through settlement of price differences. According to the opinion of the majority of scholars on Salam contracts, however, the price must be paid during contract initiation, or within a period of no more than three days according to the Maliki scholars. Moreover, the underlying asset in the option contract is sold several times while in the possession of the first seller and before the first buyer takes possession of it with the aim being to receive or pay the price differences, while selling the item before receiving it is not permissible in the Salam contract.Option contracts are also not the same as sales that use Bai’ al-Urbun [down payment contract], which Imam Ahmad approved of, unlike the view of the majority. This is because the down payment is part of the price of the commodity. However, the option premium is a liability or an obligation that represents the price of the option itself separate from the price of the asset. Additionally, the subject matter (i.e., commodity) is present in the sale using Bai’ al-Urbun. As for the option contract, the subject matter does not exist. Furthermore, the right in option contracts may be for the buyer or for the seller, while in sales using Bai’ al-Urbun, the right is only granted to the buyer. In addition, option contracts are tradable, while sales using Bai’ al-Urbun are not. The objective of option contracts is not to attain the purpose of the contract (i.e., receipt of the price and the subject matter), but rather to benefit from the price differences. However, in sales using Bai’ al-Urbun, the purpose of the contract is achieved by delivering the remainder of the price and receiving the commodity.Option contracts are also unlike sale contracts in which Khiyar al-shart [right of cancelation] is stipulated, for option contracts are independent of sale contracts,&nbsp;while Khiyar al-shart has no independent existence. It is related to the sale contract itself and its subject matter is a specific commodity. Moreover, the subject matter of option contracts is a mere right, not a real or financial asset, while the subject matter of contracts in Khiyar al-shart is an existing commodity. Lastly, options are tradable, whereas a Khiyar al-shart is not.An option contract cannot be considered as a new unnamed contract in order to be legitimate in Shariah. Although the general rule in Islamic transactions is permissibility, applying this maxim should not go against the fundamentals of the Shariah. Charging money in exchange for granting options can be considered the same as attaining people’s wealth unlawfully. Also, option contracts are undoubtedly of the Gharar [ambiguity] and gambling types. They also involve usury, and all of these are prohibited by Islamic law. They also violate the objective of sale-based contracts, which is to grant ownership. Options contracts also fall under the sale of what one does not have or possess as well as Ba’i al-kali bil kali [sale of debt]. Options also go against the maxim of justice, which is the cornerstone of contracts, because the interests of the contracting parties clearly collide as the benefit of one party is, at the same time, a loss for the other.&nbsp;Although option contracts in their current forms are impermissible, Islam does not forbid anything without having multiple permissible alternatives in its place. Creativity and good innovation in worldly matters are required and desirable as long as they are disciplined through religious commands. Therefore, no objection exists toward finding Shariah compliant alternatives to option contracts, provided that they are targeted toward hedging against price movements and not for speculation. This should be done by avoiding resorting to the use of patchworked rulings to provide Shariah excuses; being blameworthy by copying, imitating, or using tricks; or using Satanic financial engineering. This is done by avoiding things Sharia consider impermissible such as Riba [usury] and Gharar, selling what is not owned, or delaying the possession of countervalues to initiate a debt with another debt,. This is also done in addition to being reasonable regarding the core objectives and holistic matters in Islamic economics by basing Shariah rulings on partial and holistic matters as well as the core and minor objectives.&nbsp;This can be achieved by basing sales using Bai’ al-Urbun [down payment contract], Shariah-approved rights, and the binding promise without trading them. This ensures achieving the actual delivery and possession of the assets, be it real or financial, while avoiding gambling. This also realizes the interests of both contracting parties without having a zero-sum game. Ultimately, this is beneficial to the national economy.&nbsp;

Options contracts from an Islamic perspective

Nurgül

Ahmet

An Analysis of the Relationship Between Allah Centeredness and  Moral Disengagement in terms of Some Variables

Danish

The Majallah as Codified Fiqh

İsmail

A Review of “Min al-haṣād al-qadīm” Written by Mohammad  Mohammad Ebu Musa

Rıdvan

A Review of “Bu Can Kimin?” Written by Tuba E. Baydar

Fatih

A Review of “Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks” Written by  Jenny White

Feyza

Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabī: Quest for the Red Sulphur

Fatma

Animal Welfare in the Framework of Human-Animal Relationship: An Ethical Evaluation

Rahime

Women Hadith Scholars Coordination Meeting June 28-29, 2022 Izmit-Darıca

Necmettin

Prof.

ÖZEL SAYI ÇAĞRISI

“Darulfunun İlahiyat” Özel Sayısı (Haziran 2025) Yazı Çağrısı

Kayhan

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Zor Eşiği Aşmak: İnsanın Hür İradesi Meselesinde Cebrî-İhtiyarî Dikotomisine Mâturîdî’nin Çözümü

Muhammed

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Love has long been one of the most prominent themes in various literary traditions. The view of love, the qualities of the lover and the beloved and their relationship, the established metaphors and concepts in love poems, and the common similes and depictions used in love poems may differ from one literature to another depending on cultural, ethnic, religious, and other factors. However, nations that share a common source of values share a commonality in the field of literature. In this context, there are numerous commonalities between the poetry traditions of the Arabs and the Turks, who have been in close contact and have shared a common geography, and religious and cultural values for centuries. This unification has persisted throughout the ages and left a vast common literary heritage. That is, when classical Arabic and Turkish poetry is viewed broadly, these two important representatives of Muslim literature in the East share many similarities in terms of poetic meter and verse forms, literary genres, and themes. It is possible to speak of Arabic poetry’s deep influence on this literary partnership, which began to form especially during the Abbasid period. The Turks, who became acquainted with Arabic poetry, particularly from the Abbasid period onward, wrote extensively on the themes shaped by this tradition. However, they did not forget to enrich these themes with their own unique images, motifs, and metaphors.&nbsp;According to literary historians, Arabs influenced Persians, whereas Persians influenced Turks in the formation of Islamic literature. This general assumption is mostly correct; however, it should be noted that during the Abbasid period, the Turks established close relations with the Arabs and were deeply interested in Arabic language and literature. Because the Turks, who had been in close contact with the Abbasids from the start, were not only a great military and political power able to appoint and dismiss caliphs, but they also produced great writers and poets who wrote in Arabic. For example, prominent Turkish intellectuals of the Abbasid era included the diwan scribe and poet Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbbās Ṣūlī, a descendant of the Oghuz Turk leader Ṣūlkagan, and the great historian, writer and poet Abū Bakr Ṣūlī. In addition to the names mentioned above, many Turkish poets of the time knew Arabic poetry and wrote in Arabic. Therefore, one can say that Turks were directly acquainted with and influenced by Arabic poetry during this early period.Although literary historians point out similarities in form and content between Arabic and Turkish poetry, the commonalities of these two poetic traditions have yet to be addressed and illuminated at the desired level within the scope of contemporary comparative literary studies. In this context, this research, which aims to present an idea and method for comparative thematic studies in classical Arabic–Turkish poetry, focuses on the theme of “concealment and disclosure of love,” which is one of the subjects on which Arab and Turkish poets write the most. In this work, we hope to shed light on classic Arabic and Turkish poets and the similarities between their poetry. Our article is unique in that it is the first study on this topic, so it draws attention to a gap in the literature regarding the theme and attempts to fill such gap to some extent.According to the narratives, the lover (poet) hides his feelings because he fears being condemned. However, the fire of love that burns in his heart causes him all kinds of problems, and the secret of love that he hides becomes apparent, sometimes through tears, sometimes through heartache, and sometimes through physical weakness and yellowness of the face (fever). The type that the lover fears and avoids appears in Arabic poetry as a “condemner” (لَئاِم /عَذاِل (and in Turkish poetry as “zâhid” (ignorant ascetic). The task of the lover’s “enemies” is to condemn the lover and expose his secret whenever they find even the smallest hint. As a result, many poets in both works of literature issue strict warnings to lovers to be discreet and hide their love. Despite the fear of being exposed, this state of the lover who betrays himself has been the subject of many poems, and the signs by which poets reveal their secret state of love have been compared to a whistleblower in both literary traditions. The most obvious of these “internal whistleblowers,” as highlighted by classical period Arab and Turkish poets, were identified and discussed in titles. Moreover, the couplet samples chosen from poets of different periods were discussed and interpreted using a comparative and descriptive method. Our extensive surveys and examinations revealed that Arab and Turkish poets approach this theme, which is centered on platonic love with similar feelings and expressions. Although the poets used different languages, they used the same propositions and concepts to describe the states of the platonic lover, the difficulties he faced while concealing his love, and how the lover revealed himself in similar ways. So much so that many poems appear to have been written by a single poet.Another finding from our study is that the theme of “concealing and revealing love” has been prevalent in both Arabic and Turkish literature for centuries.The Arabic and Turkish poetry has many common themes, such as “the lover’s concealment and disclosure of his love,” which is the subject of this article. These themes have been kept up-to-date for many centuries and are worthy and apt to be examined within the scope of comparative literature. There are now websites that help researchers conduct such comparative studies. Among the most important of these websites are “poetry.dctabudhabi.ae/#/,” which includes Arabic diwans, and “tebdiz.com,” which contains a large number of Turkish poems.

Klasik Şiirde Aşkın Gizlenmesi ve İfşası -Arap ve Türk Şiiri Arasında Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma-

Navid

Teftâzânî’nin Mezhebini Belirleme: Gerileme Paradigmasından Sonraki Anlayışlar

Burak

Öğretim Görevlisi

Sinan

Cooperative game theory in microeconomics examines fair division in the sharing of resources among individuals with conflicting claims to them. The extant literature generally addresses this issue in relation to the total material values of claims vis-à-vis the material value of the relevant resources. A claims problem (or bankruptcy problem) occurs when the resource is relatively scarce; a surplus sharing problem arises when the resource is relatively abundant.Disputes suited to the context of fair division problems are as old as human history. In fact, the first and subsequently oft-referenced disagreements studied in this context in the extant literature are presented in the Talmud, one of the most central Judaic texts. For example, the contested garment problem in the Talmud concerns two people holding the ends of a garment: one lays claim to the entire apparel while the other claims half the garment. The allocation method is deemed the solution to this problem from the Talmud. This approach was generalized and transfigured into the concede-and-divide rule, according to which the dispute may be resolved by assigning three quarters and one quarter of the garment to the respective claimants. Similarly, the dispute can be resolved by allotting two-thirds and one-third of the garment to the respective claimants by using the proportional rule, which satisfies the concept of distributive justice postulated in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (V).The disputes scrutinized in the existing literature include ancient problems compiled from the Talmud as well as more recent disputes modeled as exemplars of fair division problems. Some modern conflicts discussed in the literature include disputes relating to revenue distribution for museum pass programs, allocation of university resources among faculties, distribution of broadcasting revenues obtained from broadcasting sports events, the ventilator distribution problem encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the aircraft landing. The rules applied to such problems examined in the literature, whether ancient or modern are not limited to the concede-and-divide or proportional rules. Extant research defines numerous rules for distribution such as constrained equal awards, constrained equal losses, Piniles’ rule, the Talmud rule, minimum overlap, the Ibn Ezra rule, Rabad’s proposal, the random arrival rule, and the sequential priority rule. Researchers frequently use the methodology of modeling a previously unexamined dispute notwithstanding its relevance in the context of a fair division problem and to utilize the defined rules to resolve the problem. Scholars have also defined established allocation methods and presented them along with certain problems as distribution rules. The axiomatic characterization approach is adopted in such cases to define an allocation method as a distinctive rule. The axiomatic approach adopted in the present study requires a rule to be defined through the features that characterize it. Each rule applied to resolve the problem is unique. Thus, each defined distribution rule proposes a unique solution to the considered problem. Hence, every rule applied to a problem yields a distinct solution to it. Using the axiomatic approach, the motives underlying the distribution rationale can be distinguished to some extent by investigating the properties of the rule if the solution posited for a problem is obtained by applying a specific rule that can be generalized to the problem. For instance, the proportional rule is characterized in the literature by the properties of composition up and self-duality. Therefore, the proportional rule can be said to embody the concepts conveyed by these two attributes. Similarly, the term axiomatic characterization defines a distribution method as a unique rule distinguished by its features. Specifically, the axiomatic characterization of distributions is explained as a more tangible comparison of the understanding of justice of practitioners.Islamic history is extremely rich in describing cases that can be defined as fair division problems and in defining allocation methods that can be generalized and characterized as distribution rules. More numerous cases are showcased solely in Islamic inheritance law than problems compiled and examined from the Talmud in the existing microeconomics literature. However, the relevant microeconomics literature has not yet referenced these problems or the distribution methods delineated in Islamic law. Similarly, scant studies in the relevant Islamic law literature have systematically compiled or investigated these types of legal disputes. To date, scholars have evaluated disputes and solutions only through sociopolitical and historical perspectives.This study presents three cases from Al-Sarakhsi’s Mabsut and describes the solutions proposed by the jurists of that time. These conflicts from Islamic history can be modeled as fair division problems and classical division rules are applied to them. The solutions derived by applying classical division rules are compared with the solutions suggested by the eminent jurists of the past to determine the similarities and differences. Subsequently, this study attempts to exemplify the historical solutions as generalizable sharing rules, determining their generalizability according to justifications found in the relevant Islamic law sources. The properties utilized for the characterizations are also scrutinized for compliance with Islamic principles and are adapted in a manner consistent with Islamic values. Thus, legal disputes discussed politically and historically for centuries are examined from an unaddressed perspective and axiomatically evaluated.The rules frequently employed by studies to resolve current and historical disputes include the concede-and-divide principle known for its solution to the contested garment problem mentioned in the Talmud, the Ibn Ezra rule named after Abraham Ibn Ezra (d.1089/1092-1164/1167), and the Maimonides Rule named after Maimonides (d.1138-1204). Different researchers have characterized these rules using certain sets of properties. The present study employs the axiomatic approach, a methodology adopted in the existing literature, and defines Abu Hanifa’s and Abu Yusuf’s solutions for the given legal disputes as generalizable rules. The application of the classical fair division rules to the disputes yielded the following results. The concede-and-divide rule postulated a solution identical to that of Abu Hanifa and the Ibn Ezra rule proposed the same solution as Abu Yusuf’s method. The existing research has examined the compatibility of the properties that characterize the concede-and-divide rule and the Ibn Ezra rule with Islamic principles and has shown that both doctrines can be characterized using the same sets of properties adapted to the Islamic context. Similarly, Abu Hanifa’s method has been proven equivalent to the concede-and-divide rule in the context of claim problems and Abu Yusuf’s method equals the Ibn Ezra rule in the context of the adapted claim problem.In conclusion, this study compiled cases that can be examined in the context of fair division problems and the solutions posited for them in related reliable Islamic law sources. Disputes are modeled by adjusting them to relevant contexts, defining the generalizable solutions among them as rules, and characterizing them through their properties. Classical rules of the fair division are adapted and applied to these disputes, and the solutions proposed by them are axiomatically compared against the solutions obtained by this study. The referenced properties are adapted to the Islamic context because of their similarities and the relevant Islamic allocations are characterized.

İslam Hukuku’ndan Paylaşım Meselelerinin Mikroiktisatın Adil Paylaşım Alanına Uyarlanması: Üç Problemin Aksiyomatik Analizi

Fereshteh

Fathiyeh

Prof. Dr.

Kur'an'ın Münafıklığa Karşı Söylemi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Berat

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Studying manuscript collections may serve as a window into the richness of a given culture and tradition; Ottoman culture is not an exception. Manuscripts may also demonstrate the prosperity of this specific culture’s scholarly production and consumption. Over the last two decades, Ottoman book culture has been a trending academic topicin Turkish academia. This scholarly inquiry delves into the history of books, libraries, bibliographies, and some specific collections, along with the prominent figures associated with these collections. The classification of sciences may be used as a novel method for studying the aforementioned areas. This article aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Library, established in the seventeenth century, juxtaposed against two previously established libraries: the Maḥmūd Pasha Library and the Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Library established in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, respectively. Thus, this article aims to compare the three most significant libraries of their times through the lens of the classification of sciences. This comparative study further aims to reveal the texts that were read and written by the Ottomans and the change in the academic landscape over time. By employing the classification of sciences as a comparative tool, I hope to propose a new method for studying Ottoman manuscript collections.The first collection1 under examination was built by the Grand Vizier Maḥmūd Pasha (d. 874/1474) during the era of Meḥmed II (r. 1451–1481). Maḥmūd Pasha was one of the most active statesmen of his age, particularly well-known participating in conquering Istanbul and rebuilding the city. Because of his charity work during this campaign, he earned the title of Maḥmūd Pasha the saint (veli). His library was established in877/1472–73. Maḥmūd Pasha endowed the library with 195 manuscripts, although their names remained undocumented. However, it is stated that these manuscripts are related to 11 different sciences. I was able to identify 185 of these manuscripts according to their fields of study: Exegesis (35), hadith (57), jurisprudence (58), taṣawwuf (4), rational theology (6), philosophy (2), logic (2), astronomy (2), grammar (5), syntax (3) and dictionary (6), (probably) morphology (5). As demonstrated by the number of manuscripts, jurisprudence, hadith, and exegesis were the three most represented sciencesin the Maḥmūd Pasha Library. This can be attributed to the library’s role as a madrasa collection designed to meet the needs of madrasa students.The second collection was built by Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha (d. 999/1591), who marked the commencement of the so-called “age of chief eunuchs” (darüssaade ağaları dönemi) from 982/1574 to 1151/1757. In 982/1574, during the reign of Murād III (r. 1574–1595). Agha was appointed the chief eunuch and gradually became the most influential personsecond only to the sulṭān himself. He built the Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Library in 1584 and donated 105 manuscripts. In an article, Berat Açıl classified the manuscripts endowed by Agha according to the classification of sciences. According to Açıl, the collection contains the following manuscripts: exegesis (14), hadith (9), ethics (2), jurisprudence (46), sirah (1), biography (2), taṣawwuf (6), eloquence (6), dictionary (13), and philosophy, rational theology, and logic (6). Accounting for almost half of all the manuscripts, jurisprudence holds the largest representation; exegesis and dictionary follow. As discussed later, over the course of a century, the three most represented sciences have been changed and replaced by other sciences. Hadith, which was the fourth most represented science, could never find a place among the top three as it was gradually replaced by dictionary over time.The Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Library, the main subject of this article, was established by Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha (d. 1087/1676) who was a member of the famous Köprülü family. Many academics commonly regard his reign as grand vizier (1661–76) as a period oftransformation or renewal (tecdīd). Pasha knew the importance of both Eastern and Western knowledge, and he appointed politicians who had graduated from both regions to high-ranking positions. The Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection is just one of three collections within the Köprülü Library. I used the collection’s endowment deed (vaḳfiyye) to determine the number of manuscripts and classify them according to the classification of sciences. The collection contains 1,397 manuscripts according to its vaḳfiyye: exegesis (155), recitation (16), hadith (218), jurisprudence (202), dictionary (49), rational theology (76), taṣawwuf (109), history and sirah (136), clear expression (maʿanī) (49), syntax (55), philosophy and logic (59), mathematical sciences (29), medicine (34), and literature (adab) (210). The three most represented sciences in this collection are hadith, jurisprudence, and literature. However, the number of manuscripts in exegesis and history and sirah is relatively comparable to the first three. Although hadith was not among the top three in the Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Collection, it takes the lead in the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection. Another noteworthy difference is that literature, represented poorly in the first two collections, is one of the most represented sciences in the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection.This study also compares sciences that represented more than 10% of the collection they belong to. In the Maḥmūd Pasha Collection, exegesis, hadith, and jurisprudence were represented with 19%, 31%, and 31%, respectively. The Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Collection featured exegesis, jurisprudence, and grammar-syntax-dictionary with 13%, 44%, and 12%, respectively. In the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection, a different distribution pattern is observed. Exegesis, hadith, jurisprudence, sirah-biography-history, rational theology-philosophy-logic, and literature were represented with these ratios: 11%, 16%, 14%, 10%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Compared with the first two collections, it can safely be argued that the distribution of sciences in the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection is far more homogenous. In the Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Collection, jurisprudence comprises 44% of the total manuscripts. Given that these three collections were built to be madrasa libraries, and the madrasa curriculum has various sciences, a more homogenous distribution according to the classification of sciences is crucial.There are some differences among the three collections in terms of the sciences they contain. For example, there were no manuscripts related to mathematical sciences in the Ḥabeshī Meḥmed Agha Collection and no sirah-related manuscripts in the Maḥmūd Pasha Collection. Manuscripts regarding recitation, medicine, and literature were exclusively found in the Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha Collection.To conclude, Fāżil Aḥmad Pasha seems to have taken a more conscious approach to building his library, resulting in a more homogenous collection. This aligns with his educational objectives and purposes.

Fazıl Ahmed Paşa Koleksiyonu ve İlimler Tasnifi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme

Esat

Mirası Yeniden Canlandırmak: Modern Arap Şiirinde Eski Mısır Uygarlığı

Okan

Sirāj al-Dīn al-Hindī’s (d. 773/1372) Risāla fī masʼalat al-kafāʼah, was the Hanafi qāḍī al-quḍāt (chief qāḍī) during the Baḥrī/Turk Mamluk period, is a significant fiqh treatise that reflects the change in the doctrine of the Ḥanafī madhhab of equivalence in marriage. This treatise was previously published about half incomplete and attributed to another Mamluk Ḥanafī jurist, al-Qāsim b. Qutlubogā (d. 879/1474), who lived approximately a century later (al-Qāṣim b. Qutlubogā, al-Kafā’ah fī al-nikāḥ, Critical ed. Abd al-Sattār Abū Ghuddah, Beirut: Dār al-Bashāir al-Islāmiyya, 1423/2002). The reason behind the composition of Hindī’s treatise was a marriage that occurred on 27 Jumādā al-Awwal 770 (January 7, 1379). The marriage between Khond Sarah (the sister or daughter of Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Zayn al-Dīn II Shaʿbān ibn Husayn [d. 777/1376]) and Amīr Bashtak (a commander with the rank of “taqdimat alf”: command of one thousand/ major [d. 771/1370]) occurred at the request of the Sultan and was solemnized by the qāḍī al-quḍât Sirāj al-Dīn al-Hindī. Shortly after the marriage, several unknown jurists argued that the marriage was invalid (bâtil) according to the doctrine of equivalence of the Ḥanafi madhhab. The reason is that Amīr Bashtak, similar to all other Mamluk amīrs, was previously a slave. Mamluk historians, such as al-Maqrizī (d. 845/1442), al- ‘Aynī (d. 855/1451), Ibn Taghrībardī (d. 874/1469), Malaṭī (d. 920/1514), and Ibn Iyās (d. 930/1524), also included this marriage in their histories, albeit with a few minor differences.According to the indications identified by the study of the treatise of Hindī, the jurists who opposed this marriage based their objections, whose details were not mentioned in the sources, on a ruling in the Ḥanafi madhhab. This ruling states that “guardians (awliyā) other than father and grandfather can marry a girl who has not reached puberty to only someone who is her equal, otherwise the marriage will be invalid.” An issue in this ruling, which Hindī himself addressed, is that the bride, Khond Sarah, was married before she reached puberty, by a guardian (waliyy; her older brother Sultan II Shaʿban ibn Ḥusayn) apart from her father and grandfather, to someone who was not equal to her in terms of freedom and Muslim ancestry. Hindī felt the need to answer this objection, which was seemingly strong in jurisprudential terms, because it is based on this ruling, which was found in many Ḥanafī sources. The political sensitivity of the issue, which was due to the importance of the identities of the bridegroom and the bride, seemingly urged Hindī to consider the issue seriously.In this treatise, Hindī reinterpreted the classical Ḥanafī doctrine of equivalence within the framework of the changing political and demographic conditions in Egypt after the Mamluk rule. According to this interpretation, Hindī concludes that Amīr Bashtak was equivalent to Khond Sarah and that the marriage was valid in terms of the Ḥanafī doctrine. In reaching this conclusion, he first argued that the view that equality is not a condition is stronger in terms of evidence. Nevertheless, he did not refrain from presenting his evaluation, which includes a new interpretation of the classical Ḥanafī doctrine of equivalence, on the basis of three possibilities, taking into account the condition of equivalence in marriage.First, none of the Mamluks were originally slaves. According to Hindī, the enslavement of the Mamluks was illegitimate, because it was not conducted in accordance with Islamic law from the beginning. All of these people were free, therefore, slavery did not occur in Amīr Bashtak’s past. The second is that even if the notion that the Mamluks were slaves was generally accepted, Amīr Bashtak was free according to information given to Hindī by reliable people, because his parents were free. In this case, he was equal to his bride. Finally, the Mamluks were originally slaves, and Amīr Bashtak had a history of slavery. Hindī based his innovative interpretation of the classical Ḥanafī doctrine of equivalence on this last possibility. Accordingly, Hindī establishes that the condition of equivalence is (1) a right of the people (ḥaqqulʿibād), (2) comprehensible (maʿqūl al-maʿnā), (3) one of the provisions that can be changed according to changing conditions (i.e., time, place, and custom), and (4) the principle that acquired superiority can replace incomplete congenital superiority. Hindī bases his conclusions on the jurisprudential issues he cites from the founders of Ḥanafī school and the jurists who followed them.In the first three stages, Hindī uses the data of the uṣūl al-fiqh and reveals that the condition of equivalence is one of the provisions that is susceptible to change. In fact, the condition of equivalence can be terminated whenever a guardian gives consent. This scenario demonstrates that the condition of equivalence is one of the rights of the people instead of the right of God and is included in the category of provisions that are subject to change. Second, al-Hindī states that equivalence in marriage is not a taʿabbudī (incomprehensive) ruling but is stipulated on the basis of a reason that can be comprehended by the intellect. He identifies the reason as “removing shame from the woman and her guardians.” At this point, Hindī, who considers dawarān as one of the methods for determining the cause, confirms that the presence and absence of the condition of equivalence is in a cycle (dawarān) with a situation in which shame (to the woman and her guardians) accompanies the relevant marriage. In other words, for marriages that bring shame to the woman or her parents, the man is unequal to the woman, whereas in marriages that do not, the man is equal to the woman. Hindī’s conclusion, which is based on 40 years of personal observation and this uṣūl determination of the cause of the ruling of equivalence, is as follows: no problem of equivalence exists in terms of marriages with the Mamluks. The reason is that the notion of “bringing shame to the parents,” which causes the ruling of nonequivalence, does not exist. In the third stage, Hindī endeavors to prove that the elements of equivalence are among the provisions that may change concurrently with changes in time, place, and customs based on three jurisprudential issues under the Ḥanafī doctrine. Therefore, he argues that although all Mamluk Turks had slavery in their past and their fathers and grandfathers were non-Muslims, these issues were no longer elements of equivalence among them. In the final stage of his interpretation, al-Hindī uses the principles of Islamic jurispridence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and the method of legal derivation (al‑takhrîj al-fiqhī). Accordingly, Hindī concludes that the qualities acquired by Amīr Bashtak compensated for his lack of congenital equivalence and that equivalence in terms of the Ḥanafī doctrine in marriages with Mamluks in general and in the marriage subject to this objection in particular is not a problem.Hindī’s interpretation of the classical Hanafī doctrine of equivalence is important, because it concretely demonstrates the solution of a Ḥanafī jurist for an actual legal problem during the Mamluk period. The principles of usūl al-fiqh that al-Hindī used to solve the problem and his practice of applying them to the present case reveal his mastery of this branch of knowledge. Similarly, the method of al‑takhrīj al-fiqhī that he used in the final stage of his interpretation demonstrates his extensive familiarity with Ḥanafī jurisprudence. His interpretation of the classical Ḥanafī doctrine of equivalence is a remarkable and overlooked example of the methods and strategies by which legal changes in classical periods due to emerging new problems could be realized within the limits and possibilities of traditional jurisprudential schools.

Bir Memlük Emirinin Tartışmalı Evliliği Bağlamında Hanefî Denklik Öğretisinin Yeniden Yorumlanması: Sirâceddin el-Hindî (ö. 773/1372) Örneği

Merve

The Zen tradition defines itself as a teaching and truth that is beyond words and language. According to Zen masters, Zen truth cannot be explained in words nor be expressed in language, and neither can it be understood through the dualistic mind structure that is the basis of language. Language and words reduce Zen truth to the human world and the ordinary everyday context, which means that the truth is lost. However, the history of Zen shows that the attitude toward the sacred texts that are the product of language has not developed at all in line with the understanding that Zen is a transcendent truth beyond words. Zen uses words and language as much as any other religious tradition and constructs itself through words and language. Therefore, despite its negative attitude towards words, language, and logical thought, the concept of sacred texts has developed in the Zen tradition, and a rich corpus of sacred texts has emerged.&nbsp;The focus of the article is on the place of sacred texts in the Zen tradition, and the article will discuss how Zen’s negative attitude toward language and words has affected its conceptualization of sacred texts. The article accepts the thesis that, despite the negative attitude the Zen tradition has toward language and words, it has a basic concept of sacred texts that overlaps with other religious traditions. Like these other religious traditions, the Zen tradition also has texts that are accepted as sacred. However, the Zen concept of sacred texts has also been accepted as having its own unique aspects. In this context, the main claims of this article are that the literature on Zen sacred texts consists of two basic categories with different functions, and even though Zen negates language, it manifests itself through words and has gained a presence in history, and in the minds and lives of its accepters. In addition, the sacred texts are also ritual objects and objects of worship in the Zen tradition.The sacred texts accepted in the Zen tradition consist of two basic categories with different functions. The first category involves the texts on which the Zen tradition has been built and through which has gained existence. These are the texts of the denglu genre that contain the lineage narratives and texts of the lives and teachings of Zen masters and the texts of the yu-lu genre that contain the sermons and sayings of Zen masters, monastery rules texts, and collections of kōan. These texts are the foundation of the existence of Zen as a sacred truth. Through these texts, the Zen tradition bases its origins, history, lineage, and important figures, in short, the foundations of its existence, on Buddha and Buddha’s enlightenment. These texts not only provide Zen a reality in history but also enable Zen to become a sacred truth. The Zen that these texts create is not just a tradition that has existed in history but also a transcendent truth as the most essential and truest expression of Buddha’s teachings. The importance and sacredness of these texts also come from here, as they are the foundation of what is Zen.The second category of the corpus of sacred texts in the Zen tradition is the Buddhist texts. The Mahayana sutras, such as the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, and the&nbsp;Prajnaparamita literature, as well as the esoteric dharani and sutras, are the main Buddhist texts that Zen accepts as sacred. The main function of the texts in this category is not to provide a basis to the Zen tradition, even though Zen masters have made references to these texts in their own writings. Instead, these texts have an important place in the Zen tradition as ritual objects. Sutras in particular have been widely used in the daily, monthly, and annual ritual routines of monastic life, as well as in the rituals of the laity; these texts have also been the subject of traditional rituals involving such things as reading, memorizing, explaining, and preaching. Moreover, these texts have been used as ritual objects in rarer rituals such as burials, blood writing, and writing on the body. Esoteric texts such as sutras are considered to be texts with the power and sanctity to provide both worldly and spiritual gains, so they also have been frequently used in both monastic routines and the religious life of the laity.The Buddhist sutras, the esoteric texts, and the texts that the Zen tradition itself is based on (i.e., koans and some texts on monastery rules) and which are attributed sacredness by the Zen tradition for different reasons have not only been accepted as sacred and important but have also been ritualized and put into practice in Zen. In other words, they have penetrated the tradition in a more concrete way by becoming ritual objects. These texts have also ensured that their presence in the lives of the tradition’s accepters in a more pronounced and effective way. Monks and laity believe these texts to have a supreme power and sanctity, and therefore making these texts the object of rituals has many worldly and spiritual benefits. Thus, the texts and the teachings contained in them have become practices and rituals in the lives of Zen’s followers. Truly this situation has caused the contents of the texts to recede into the background over time, and the texts ritualized within detailed rules to have been transformed into sacred objects. In rituals such as sutra readings, sutra burials, and dharani readings, the focus is on the power and sanctity that the text has as a ritual object, rather than on what the text says. This is true for the texts on monastery rules as well, as these have become the objects of rituals because of their importance. The upavasa ritual, which was originally performed to prevent any violation of monastery rules, had begun being performed over time due to the sanctity provided by reading the rules. The fact that the texts have become ritual objects separate from their content does not mean that they are less important. On the contrary, the texts as ritual objects are believed to have the utmost importance and sanctity. They have been respected and honored for this sanctity and have been the subject of worship rituals such as offerings to sutras.

Zen ve Kelimeler -Zen Geleneğinde Kutsal Metin-

Banu

Elif

Disability, which is seen to have different definitions due to its many forms and the debates on its determination, refers to an impairment that prevents the fulfillment of the roles that should be performed depending on age, gender, and social and cultural factors for various reasons that occur before, during or after birth.The relationship between religious education and disability can be considered in two ways. First, religious education is evaluated as an element that supports individuals with disabilities and their families in the context of religious coping. The second dimension of the relationship between disability and religious education is the acquisition of basic religious knowledge by individuals with disabilities to fulfill their religious obligations, especially their worship.Formal religious education for people with disabilities can take place in special education schools in addition to ensuring the educational and social integration of students with disabilities with students without disabilities, in inclusive classrooms where they are educated and trained together, starting from the fourth grade of primary school to high school. It takes place in the curriculum (with courses on Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge, the Qur’an, the Life of the Prophet Muhammad, and Basic Religious Knowledge) until the students’ graduation. Informal religious education is given in mosques and educational institutions belonging to various non-governmental organizations, besides the Qur’an courses run within the Presidency of Religious Affairs.The Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) is one of the leading institutions providing informal religious education in Turkey. Education for people with disabilities is given by the Presidency of Religious Affairs within the scope of a general curriculum that takes into account the various groups within the framework of the Need-Focused Qur’an Courses Curriculum.3 In the program in question, there are fields such as akaid, catechism, tafsir, hadith, and siyer. Since there is no Quran course curriculum for visually impaired individuals, it can be said that Need-Based Quran Lessons Curriculum is based on these courses. However, there is also the Special Education Program of the Qur’an Courses for the Hearing Impaired. The program consists of two main courses, namely the Qur’an and Religious Studies. The Qur’an course is planned as a course to read the Qur’an, to memorize some surahs and to learn about its history. The Religious Studies course includes the subjects of faith, worship, sirah, and morality.The research was structured with a phenomenological design. An interview technique consisting of semistructured questions was used to obtain the data. The sample included students selected by snowball sampling within the scope of the purposive sampling method among students attending Qur’an courses in two districts of Üsküdar, Bahçelievler, Küçükçekmece, and Bağcılar. Between September and December 2022, 30 people, 15 hearing-impaired and 15 visually-impaired individuals (5 men and 10 women in each group), participated in the face-to-face interviews.In the study, one-third of the participants stated that they had not received religious education before the Qur’an course, and it was determined that the family was the primary source of religious education for those participants who stated that they had received religious education. It is possible to state that schools and institutions have taken second place. It is noteworthy at this point that visually-impaired individuals have more opportunities to receive religious education than hearing-impaired individuals. The main reason for this could be that communicating with a hearing-impaired individual requires more equipment than with visually-impaired individuals.The coping status of the participants with a disability varies depending primarily on whether the disability is congenital or not. Accordingly, it has been observed that individuals who are disabled from birth or a very young age do not experience the problem of accepting their disability because they do not have a different experience. However, if there are communication problems with their family and the environment, or if the attitudes of their family and the environment toward the disability are not constructive and supportive, individuals with disabilities from birth or a young age may question their disability.It is possible to say that religion and family are among the important sources of support in the process of coping with disability, and some participants stated that the Qur’an courses they received also provided support for them.In terms of coping with disability, it was understood that a significant number of the participants evaluated their disability as a motivating factor for self-improvement and thought that their situation was effective in developing empathy and sensitivity. However, it is seen that the supportive effect of the family and the environment plays an important role in the establishment of this perception and motivation.It has been determined that the participants in the research felt the need for religious education within the framework of the disability process and situation. It is seen that the need in question is felt in terms of making sense of life and disability within the framework&nbsp;&nbsp;of the belief in God and destiny, finding spiritual support, and fulfilling worship and religious obligations by improving their knowledge about religion. This situation shows that the meaning of the relationship between disability and religious education and the dimensions of religious practices should be taken into account as a whole when preparing programs for people with disabilities. When we look at the fields of knowledge needed in religious education, it is seen that the desire and need to learn to read the Qur’an is in the first place, followed by the history of the prophets, especially in the context of worship, and the need for information in various fields related to catechism and religion.According to this study, it is understood that the first information the participants found about the Qur’an for disabled people was generally obtained through friends and acquaintances, and on this occasion, they were informed about the courses. It is seen that promotional elements such as brochures are mostly accessed by the participants in formal education institutions, and a limited number of participants are aware of social media platforms.It has been determined that the participants do not have communication and approach problems with the educators in the context of the institution employees, and the educators have an empathetic, helpful, and supportive attitude. This finding can be evaluated as a positive result in terms of the efficiency of in-service training. However, although there is no general opinion, some warnings from the participants that educators should not treat themselves as mentally disabled are important for educators to pay attention to their approach. As far as communication within the institution is concerned, the relationships of students with each other can be a problem, another point that requires attention and consideration in terms of environmental effects.It has been determined that the number of participants who think that the education they receive from the Qur’an courses is most helpful in terms of teaching reading the Qur’an is quite high. In addition, some participants stated that it helps to get information in the different fields related to religion. The evaluations that the said training helps the participants not only in terms of their knowledge but also in terms of socialization and self-confidence suggest that it is important and necessary to support the inclusion of activities in the Qur’an courses for disabled individuals’ participation in life. It is seen within the scope of current research and different studies that one of the most important expectations of people with disabilities is that they are not excluded from life because of their disabilities that they see and show that there are things they can achieve despite their disabilities.In learning the Qur’an, memorization and belief principles stand out among the subjects that the participants had difficulty with in the process of religious education. In&nbsp;addition, different problems that the participants had during the education process, such as not being able to socialize, lack of resources and materials, and not being able to repeat the subject of the course, were also mentioned.It is seen that the main demand that stands out among the practices and expectations that the participants want to be developed and supported in the courses is to eliminate the material deficiencies. To meet this need, the publication of translations of the Qur’an, catechisms, and publications of the Diyanet, written or voiced in the Braille alphabet, especially by visually-impaired participants is recommended. It is also expected that audio course books will be created and recorder support will be provided. Participants want course materials and catechisms to be written in a way they can understand. The dissemination of the courses was also expressed as a common demand of the hearingimpaired participants.

İşitme ve Görme Engellilere Yönelik Yaygın Din Eğitimi Hizmetlerine Katılanların Problem ve Beklentileri (İstanbul Örneği)

Şeyma

İnam Ul Haq’ın “Pakistan’da Hadis Tartışmaları” Adlı Eserinin Değerlendirilmesi

Necmiye

Birsen Banu Okutan’ın “Balinanın Farkında: Yapı-Fail Dikotomisini Anlama Girişimi” Adlı Eserinin Değerlendirmesi

Üsame

Emmy Van Deurzen ile Claire Arnold-Baker’in “Varoluşçu Terapi” Adlı Eserinin Değerlendirmesi

Mete

Muhammed el-Ya’kûbî’nin “Şemâilu’l-Habîbi’l-Mustafâ” Adlı Eserinin Değerlendirmesi

Zuhal Şahin, Asım Yapıcı ve Sarah Demmrich’in Editörlüğünde Hazırlanan “Sociology of Religion in Turkey” Adlı Eserin Değerlendirilmesi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Introduction Ascending to the heavens to approach God is a phenomenon observed in many religions and mystical traditions. Those who embark on this spiritual journey are primarily prophets, as well as distinguished people known as awliya’, saints, and even certain kings. Among the prophets, Hazrat Muhammad, Idris, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are attributed with having ascended to heaven. Likewise, Zoroaster, Mani, Buddha, and St. Paul recount experiences of such an ascension in various religious texts. The concept of the Mi’raj, the event where Prophet Muhammad ascended through the seven layers of the heavens, is associated in Sufism with the process of transcending the seven levels of the self to attain spiritual perfection. This inward journey, called sayr-i suluq, aims to build the self through moral virtuosity. However, this inward journey differs from a Sufi’s journey to the metaphysical realm at the level of contemplation. The Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) experiences during al-Mi’raj, where he witnessed paradise, hell, and al-A’raf as he ascended to the highest station to receive divine directives and prohibitions and subsequently convey these revelations to humanity, have significantly influenced the mystical journey of Sufis into the metaphysical realm. Indeed, figures such as Bayezid al-Bistamī (d.234/848 or 261/875) and Ibn al-’Arabī (d.638/1240) expressed having undertaken such a spiritual journey. Al-Muhāsibī and Kitāb al-TawahhūmHārith al-Muhāsibī (d.243/857) was an important theoretician of Islamic Sufi thought. He made significant contributions to his era through seminal works delineating the tenets of virtuous conduct and Muslim identity and influenced subsequent scholars and intellectuals. While his most famous work is Al-Riāyah, his most elegant work is Kitāb al-Tawahhūm, which stands out for its eloquent prose reminiscent of poetry.The term al-tawahhūm (مهوتلا) as elucidated in dictionaries conveys the act of imaginatively conceiving of something, whether real or hypothetical, and shaping it within the confines of the mind. In a broader context, al-tawahhūm entails the imaginative contemplation of thoughts arising within the heart. Hārith al-Muhāsibī also evaluated the term al-tawahhūm within this framework and constructed an imaginary journey about the afterlife. In his work, he vividly narrates a spiritual journey to the metaphysical realm, presenting it in a unique and original manner. However, this journey must be distinguished from the inward journey of self-construction known as sayr-i suluq in Sufi terminology, because the journey in al-Muhāsibī’s work takes place beyond the human being, more precisely in the realm of imagination.On the other hand, Kitāb al-Tawahhūm can also be seen as a reaction to the pressure, marginalization, and societal isolation policies imposed by Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) and his followers against those who did not share their views. It can also be considered a silent outcry against injustice and a ray of hope for the oppressed.&nbsp;Al-Muḥāsibī exhibited an influence on al-Ghazālī (d.505/1111) regarding the subject of death and the afterlife. As Margaret Smith, (2002) emphasized in her work “The forerunner of al-Ghazali”, al-Ghazālī had assimilated various sections of Al-Durrat al Fāhirah and the chapter titled “Kitāb al-Zikr al-Mawt wa mā Ba’dehū” in the tenth book of the Ihya based on al-Tawahhūm. Al-Muhāsibī employed the term tawahham [imagine] to captivate the attention of the interlocutor, whereas al-Ghazālī generally preferred the word tafakkar [think], only occasionally using tawahham. Hence, akin to his other literary contributions, al-Muḥāsibī had substantively enriched al-Ghazālī’s intellectual perspective through Kitāb al-Tawahḥūm. Experiences During and After DeathIn the work Kitāb al-Tawahhūm, al-Muhāsibī eloquently describes with an aesthetic perspective the journey of human life that begins with death and ends in heaven or hell. He presents the stages of human existence (i.e., birth, worldly life, death, the grave, resurrection, sirat [the bridge], and hell or heaven) as phases of a journey. Grounded in Qur’anic verses and hadiths, he skillfully portrays the terrors and joys of death and the afterlife. His narrative encapsulates the moment of death, wherein he vividly describes the encounter with the angel of death and portrays the pain of death as if he himself were experiencing it. Subsequent to interment, al-Muhāsibī vividly describes the arrival of the angels of interrogation, and the opening of a door leading to either heaven or hell depending on the individual’s answers. He then depicts lively scenes of the resurrection and the Day of Judgment, portraying everyone’s preoccupation with their own troubles as the sky splits open and the sun approaches people. He beautifully conveys people’s desire for a quick reckoning in order to get rid of this troublesome situation. Al-Muhāsibī captures the psychology of those crossing the bridge, the cries of those cast into hell, and the unanswered pleas for help, inviting the reader to contemplate on these difficult situations. He depicts the blissful lives of those who overcome this difficulty and enter paradise and its various flowing rivers, depicting the joy-filled existence in the splendid palaces promised to them. The narrative delicately balances the emotions of fear and hope while describing the afterlife and emphasizes the importance of having an honest personality while still in the world.Al-Muhāsibī artfully embellishes the imaginary journey into the metaphysical realm, immersing the reader into the events and providing a sense of living through them. Starting from the moment of death, al-Muhāsibī narrates the events to be encountered &nbsp;in the grave, the resurrection, crossing the bridge, and experiencing hell and heaven by drawing inspiration from ayahs and hadiths. Rather than merely enumerating these sources, he integrates them seamlessly into the narrative, infusing each element with profound meaning. His examples illustrating the challenges of the events after death are particularly compelling. After the great reckoning, the swift passage of those whose deeds are favorably acknowledged from the right through the bridge and leading them to happiness in paradise enhances the hope for mercy. Meanwhile, the punishment of falling in to hell for those individuals whose deeds are presented from the left and behind encourages a reflection on rectifying one’s actions and on becoming an honest individual during one’s earthly life. The attainment of the promised magnificent blessings by the inhabitants of paradise and the confrontation of the damned with the dreadful torment they were warned about instill an understanding of the importance of not hurting anyone’s feelings during the life of this world. ConclusionIslamic Sufi thought has established a relationship between the seven layers of the heavens through which the Prophet ascended during al-Mi’raj and the seven levels of the soul traversed by a spiritual aspirant (Salik). The practice of sayr-i suluq, undertaken with the aim of attaining closeness to Allah, is considered a spiritual journey of ascent. However, this is an inward journey. In addition to this, it also involves an outward journey through the metaphysical realm using the power of contemplation, which is recognized as another manifestation of the spiritual journey of ascent. As a matter of fact, esteemed figures such as Bayezid al-Bistamī, the Sultan al-Ārifin, and Shaykh al-Akbar Ibn al-’Arabī have asserted their personal experiences with this spiritual journey of ascent. Hārith al-Muhāsibī, through his enthusiastic narrative in Kitāb al-Tawahhūm, also aligns himself with the ranks of the sage scholars who’ve embarked on an imaginative journey into the metaphysical realm. Al Muhāsibī’s Kitāb al-Tawahhūm is also among the sources that nourished al-Ghazālī’s ideas.In Kitāb al-Tawahhūm, al-Muhāsibī takes his companion on a tour of heaven, hell, and al-A’raf (purgatory, a place between heaven and hell). These themes have also been explored in the works by Ardāviraf, Maarrī, Ibn al-’Arabī, Dante, Milton, and Iqbal regarding the spiritual journey of ascent. While al-Muhāsibī adhered to a method grounded in the Qur’an and hadith, others incorporated astrological and mythological elements. Nevertheless, all of them employed a rich array of symbols and metaphors. Notably, all these thinkers are worth mentioning as having embraced a life of asceticism, leading to accusations of being innovators in religious matters or heretics and resulting in their ostracization from society due to their unconventional thoughts.As a consequence, the death that marks the beginning of the journey to the metaphysical realm is an experience every living being in every age encounters. People of today are endowed with the capacity for contemplation and understanding and cannot ignore the religious and moral values highlighted by al-Muhāsibī and others. Their aim was to reconstruct moral values within society, as emphasized by Iqbal, and to educate youths with both the practical and spiritual knowledge of the time. Hence, by drawing lessons from those who have passed away, the virtuous individual refrains from infringing upon the rights of servitude and avoids causing harm to others. By structuring their life between fear and hope, such individuals contribute to the cultivation of moral virtues such as love, sincerity (ikhlas), chastity, taqwa [piety], vera [truth], and justice within society

Hâris el-Muhâsibî’nin Kitâbu’t-Tevehhüm Adlı Eserinde Metafizik Âlemde Bir Seyahat

Mahmut

Throughout history, various theories have been put forward on the existential belonging of the Qurʾān to God. Although Islamic scholars agree that the Qurʾān is a speech belonging to Allah, they have different views on how it is realized. Some scholars have argued that the speech is an eternal attribute of God’s essence, while others state that it is created by God. This conflict brought along the discussions of khalq al-Qurʾān, where one of the arguments put forward is the evidence pointing out that there is a difference in virtue between verses and surahs in the Qurʾān. Expressions such as the most/better, the most/higher, and the most/virtuous indicate that some verses and surahs are superior to others. In the classical literature, this subject is discussed under the title of Afdaliya or Tafādul in the Qurʾān within the framework of the narrations related to Faḍāil al-Qurʾān. Although the root letters of both concepts are the same, the afdaliya is an infinitive derived from an adjective in the ism-i tafdil meter, and the tafādul is an infinitive derived from a verb. When it is used about the Qurʾānic surahs and verses, the afdaliya is related to the essence of kalam Allah, while the tafādul refers to the imagination formed in the minds of the interlocutors.There is general agreement that the Qurʾān is superior to all speeches, including other divine books and pages. This superiority is supported by clear text such as the approval of some rules in the previous books in the Qurʾān and the abrogation of others. In addition, some of its distinguishing features are that it is the last divine book from Allah and that it still exists as the Prophet’s greatest miracle until the Day of Judgment. However, the statements in the Qurʾān and hadiths that some verses and surahs are superior or more virtuous than others have introduced discussions on the subject. Although there are differing opinions on the issue of afdaliya/tafādul among Islamic scholars, most scholars taking into account the outward meanings of the expressions that some verses, surahs, and hadiths are superior to others have argued that virtuousness is real. Another group of scholars, claiming a difference in virtue between verses and surahs means accepting that the speech of Allah is composed of parts which necessitates the creation of Allah’s speech stated that these expressions should be interpreted. Some scholars find it inappropriate to express their opinions on this issue.The view that there is no superiority difference between verses and surahs emerged as a reaction to the Muʿtazila’s claim that the Qurʾān is created. Because, in the Qurʾān, the Muʿtazila associates the issue of virtuousness with the claim that the kalām Allah is created. The verse 2/106 of al-Baqara, known as the naskh (abrogation) verse, provides evidence for khalq al-Qurʾān. Accordingly, if the Qurʾān, i.e., the speech of Allah, was preeternal, then the abrogated verses should also be preeternal. However, the nāsikh (abrogating) verses always come after the mansūkh (abrogated) verses and terminate their function. One cannot talk about eternity where priority and aftermath are in question because being before or after is related to time, while eternity is a concept beyond time. On the other hand, replacing something with a better or similar one is a characteristic of created beings. Because the one who is low in virtue is deficient in comparison to the superior. Imperfection cannot be a feature of eternal beings. The scholars of ahl al-Sunna, who see the Qurʾān as the eternal speech of Allah, accept the difference in virtue pointed out in the relevant verses and hadiths, but state that this difference is not related to the nature of kalām Allah. Accordingly, all verses and surahs are equal in terms of being the speech of Allah. However, there is a degree of difference between these verses and surahs in the effect they have on people, where this difference is even pointed out in the verses and hadiths in question.This article will focus on the difference in virtue between verses and surahs mean in terms of the Qurʾān being the speech of Allah. It will be explained how the texts, which disrupt the equality between verses and surahs in appearance, are reconciled with the principle of eternity and indivisibility of kalām Allah. In this context, first, the concepts of afdaliya and tafādul, which constitute the conceptual framework of the subject, will be emphasized. Then, the general views of Islamic scholars on the difference in virtue between verses and surahs will be discussed alongside the reasons for acceptance and rejection that they put forward around the discussions of khalq al-Qurʾān - naskh. Finally, the points where they are equal or differ in terms of virtue will be determined by making a distinction between dhikr and madhkūr between verses and surahs. Thus, it will be revealed that the difference in virtue is not due to the nature of the divine speech, but from its effect on humans. Qualitative research methods such as catalog scanning, documentation, and data analysis were used, which is based on written sources and historical data.

İlâhî Kelamın Mahiyeti ve Epistemolojisi Açısından Kur’an’da Efdaliyet/Tefâdul Meselesi

Ayşe

IntroductionIt is known that many psychosocial factors are effective in the formation of music preferences, so the relationship between music genres and personality types has been the subject of many researches. Sometimes, attitudes that may vary depending on certain social situations rather than personality types have also effect on the music preferences. However, it is a matter of curiosity about what type of role attitudes play in the relationship between music preferences and personality types. This research examines the role of religious attitudes in the relationship between personality types and music preferences. It has been observed that the body of the literature examining the relationship between religious attitudes and music preferences is limited, and these studies do not include other factors that may affect the relationship between religious attitudes and music preferences, and these studies are often conducted with sample groups that are university students.i Although the studies mention that the music provides religious experience and affiliation in religious groups, it has not been mentioned how it changes religious attitudes and how these variables are related to personality traits.ii Therefore, the research question is "What is the role of religious attitude in the relationship between personality types and music preferences?". Religious attitudes may not only be related to religious music preference, and it is still ambiguous to what extent the religious attitudes are effective in the preference of certain personality types for certain types of music. Therefore, the unique aspect of this research is examining the role of personality types and religious attitudes in determining music preference.MethodologyThis research examines the mediating role of religious attitude in the relationship between personality and music preferences via the correlational method. Personality is the IV, music preference is the DV, and religious attitude is the mediator variable (MV).The population of this research is adults between the ages of 18-57 living in Turkey. The sample comprises 317 people which is set non-randomly. 74.8% of the sample is women (n = 237) 25.2% is men (n = 80). 13.6% (n=43) of the sample is 25 years old or younger, 38.2% (n=121) is between 26-35 years old, 32.8% (n=104) is between 36-45 years old, 12.6% is 46-55 age range, and 2.2% (n=7) is 56 years old or older. Participants' level of perceived religiosity as it follows: 12.6% (n=40) indicated “I am not religious”, 21.1% (n=67) said “I am a little religious”, 58.7% (n=186) said “I am religious”, and 7% said “I am religious”, 3% of them (n=23) said, "I am very religious". 31.2% (n=99) of the participants reported that they got musical education, and 68.8% (n=218) reported that they did not get musical education.&nbsp;The Five Factor Personality Scale, validated by Horzum et al. on 218 high school students, is a 10-item personality scale by Rammstedt and John. It is a 5-Likert type and includes 5 sub-scales: extraversion, agreeableness, selfcontrol, neuroticism, and openness to experience, and includes 2 items from each sub-dimension, making a total of 10 items. The second scale is the Religious Attitude Scale developed by Üzeyir Ok which consists of 8 items. It is a 5-Likert-type scale that has 4 sub-scales: cognition, behavior, emotion, and the relationship with God (RwG). Demographic form and music preference form are used as well. This research was conducted after receiving the approval of the Ethics Committee of Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University numbered E-20292139-050.01.04-56507 on 31.05.2023, and all ethical concerns were carefully met.ResultsThere are significant relationships between personality types and music preferences. Agreeableness is found to be positively related to Turkish Classical Music (TCM) (r=.166, p&lt;.001). Extraversion is found to be significantly positively related only to Jazz (r=.120, p&lt;.05) and Western classical music (WCM) (r=.110, p=.051), but the pvalue remained very close to the significance level. A significant negative correlation is found between self-control and metal/rock music (r=-.163, p&lt;.05). Neuroticism, on the other hand, is found to be negatively related to both WCM (r=-.192, p&lt;.001) and Jazz Music (r=-.142, p&lt;.05). Finally, the openness to experience is positively correlated with WCM (r=.389, p&lt;.001), jazz music (r=.312 p&lt;.001) and metal/rock (r=.204, p&lt;.001) at significant level.&nbsp;Furthermore, the Relationship with God (RwG) dimension of religious attitude serves as a mediator in the relationship between pop music and openness to experience. However, it functions as a partial mediating variable in the relationship between neuroticism, self-control, agreeableness, and extraversion and pop music. On the other hand, the positive significant correlation between WCM and jazz preference and extraversion turned to negative when all dimensions of the religious attitude were mediators but Sobel test results showed no significant level, so religious attitude is a partial mediating variable in the correlation between extraversion and WCM &amp; jazz preferences. It is found that the significant negative relationship between rock and openness to experience becomes stronger when all of the dimensions of religious attitude are mediating variables (p&lt;.05). While the positive correlation between agreeableness turned to significant while the emotional dimension of religious attitude is a&nbsp;mediator (F(2, 314)=3.470, p= .032, R=.101), and the correlation between agreeableness and Sufi Music became significant if both of the emotional (F(2,314)=3.470, p=.032, R=.101) and behavioral (F(2,314)=5.199, p=.006, R=.147) dimensions of religious attitude are mediators (p&lt;.05).The negative relationship between neuroticism-WCM is found significant if the cognitive (F(2,314)=24.109, p=.000, R=-.313) and emotional (F(2,314)=19.815, p=.000, R=-.276) dimensions of the religious attitude were found to be mediator variables (p&lt;.05). The negative relationship between neuroticism-jazz are found significant if the cognitive (F(2,314)=39.816, p=.000, R=-.430) and emotional (F(2,314)=32.436, p=.04, R=-.391) dimensions of religious attitude are mediator variables (p&lt;.05). As a matter of fact, this finding is significant by considering the perceived level of religiosity who prefer jazz of which 60% of the people indicated that they are not religious, 10% are somewhat religious and 30% are religious. It has been observed that the cognitive and emotional dimensions of religious attitude have a mediating variable role in the significant relationship between neuroticism and jazz and WCM.Conclusion&nbsp;The mediating role of religious attitude in the relationship between personality and music preference is related to both a perception of religion intertwined with musical education and the aspect of music that offers a religious experience. However, it is still ambiguous whether the relationship between personality and music preference is related to one dimension of personality or another component.&nbsp;Since the music has an aspect that can provide religious experience, it is expected that the role of religious attitude in music preferences is significant. A positive correlation between Turkish Folk Music (TFM) and Sufi music and agreeableness indicates the unity of religion and music in the Turkish tradition. Mevlevi lodges offered highquality musical education at that time and Itrî, one of the respected and master musicians was also Mevlevi. It shows the intertwined relationship between religion and music in the Turkish history of classical music tradition. When it comes to TFM, music appears as a conveyer of religious values, on a basis where Anatolian folk poets transmit values from generation to generation through folk songs.&nbsp;The positive relationship between Sufism and openness to experience reaches a significant level when the emotional and behavioral dimensions of religion are mediators. It also brings to mind the close connection between Sufi music and Mevlevi culture. The reed instrument (ney) is at the center of Sufi music and the reed is considered as a symbol of perfect human being (insan-ı kâmil) by Mevlâna (Rumî). While the Mevlevi dervish lodge experiences the process of evolution under the guidance of the sheikh (seyr-i süluk) similarly, traditional Turkish musical education progresses through the master-apprentice relationship (meşk system). Considering the components of the traditional background of Sufi music and its relation with religious events, it can be expected that those who prefer Sufi music will display the personality trait of openness to experience less than other types of music.

Kişilik Tipleri ve Müzik Tercihleri Arasındaki İlişkide Dinî Tutumun Aracı Rolü

Süleyman

Din Pedagojisinin Eleştirisi ve Pratik Bir Metafizik Olarak Din Eğitiminin İmkânı

Seyithan

Biyolojik Determinizm İddialarına Epigenetik ve Beyin Plastisitesi Özelinde Teolojik bir Çözümleme

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Nilüfer

In this article Fuat Sezgin’s claims about the early written sources of the hadīth before the al-Kutub al-Sitta are expanded and discussed according to Arabic Language sources written before the al-Kutub al-Sitta. In order to verify the authenticity of these claims, the ahādīth and the chain system in the al-Baṣra and al-Kūfa Arabic Language books are determined. If the aḥādīth given in these sources comes before the al-Kutub al-Sitta this means that we can reach earlier sources for some ahādīth except the hadīth books. In addition, the method of using the hadīth in these sources, isnāds, and the possible isnāds are examined in a chronological and comparative way. Therefore there are two main questions in this study. The first is “Does the hadīth feature in the Arabic Language Sources” and the second is ”With what method did they give a place to the hadīth.” In order to answer these questions, fundamental and early Arabic Language sources were used such as Halil b. Ahmed’s Kitāb al-ʿAyn which represents the Basra School’s methods and Yaḥyā b. Ziyād al-Farrāʾs al-Maʿāni al-Qur’ân which represents the al-Kūfa School’s methods.The work titled Kitāb al-ʿAyn of Khalīl b. Aḥmad, the first representative of the Basra school, includes somewhat extensive use of the hadīth. Indeed, approximately three hundred and forty one hadīth narratives are included in this work. Of these, two thousand and fifty were narrated only as hadiths, seventy were related to Rasūlullāh and thirty one to the companions. Apart from this, there is no usage of isnād in the work. If we analyse these numbers, we can say that seventy three percent of the narratives are passed only as hadīth, twenty one of them refer to the Prophet and six percent of them to the companions.In this regard, it can be said that only 25% of the narratives of Khalīl b. Aḥmad, conveyed as hadīth, were mentioned in the hadith works before Khalīl b. Aḥmad, Therefore, we can say that Khalīl b. Aḥmad’s work is the first source for many hadīth. In addition, these hadīth, which Khalīl b. Aḥmad described as hadīth, were also conveyed as marfū‛ and mawkūf in hadīth works after him.&nbsp;When the isnads of the narratives are examined, it can be seen that narrators come from different regions such as Kūfa, Basra, Mecca and Medina. In addition, we can say that there are many hadīths in the work that can be described as ṣaḥīḥ (authentic).&nbsp;When it comes to the question of how the hadith narratives reached Khalīl b. Aḥmad, we see that there is a common name in most of the isnāds. This name is Ayyūb asSakhtiyānī (d. 131/749), one of the hadīth narrators. Hence he is also the teacher of Khalīl b. Aḥmad and can be considered to be the person that Khalīl b. Aḥmad, took the hadīth narratives from.The second source of this study is al-Farrāʾs al-Maʿāni al-Qur’ân The most important feature of al-Farrāʾ is that he includes hadīths with isnād in his book. Indeed, as far as we could determine, there are one hundred and sixty seven narratives of hadīth with isnad.&nbsp;Adding the ones with isnads, this number reaches four hundred. Approximately seven of these narratives are based on the Prophet, seventy on the companions and the remaining on the next generations such as ʿAlqama b. Qays (d. 62/682) Masrūk b. al-Ecdā‛ (d. 63/9- 683), Saʿīd b. Cubayr (d. 94/713), Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. 96/714), Mujāhid b. Cabr (d. 103/721), Sulaymān b. Mihrān al-Aʿmash (d.147/764). If we compare these numbers, it can be seen that four percent of the narratives were based on the Prophet, 41 % on the Companions and 55 % on the next generations.&nbsp;Looking at the next generation, it can be seen that the work has the isnād system of the Kūfa region. Moreover, the fact that he includes mubham narrators in thirty three and balāg mode in twenty three of the isnāds is a reminder that the isnāds of ahl alra’y are used in the hadīths. Indeed, the ittisāl in the isnāds in this regard are not very important. The same understanding exists in the Kūfa language school. However, an important feature of the Kūfe language school separating them from ahl al-ray is that they include ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās narratives more than ʿAbdallāh Ibn Masʿūd. Furthermore, when we look at the numbers of the narratives of the companions, we see that fourteen of them are conveyed from ʿAlī , twenty seven from ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās, eighteen from İbn Mesud, six from Aisha, two from Abu Bakr and two from Omar. If we evaluate these numbers, we see that 23% was conveyed from ʿAlī , 37% from ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās, 25% from ʿAbdallāh Ibn Masʿūd, 9% from Aisha and the remaining 6% from Abū Bakr and Omar. But, it is inevitable to say that al-Farrāʾs hadīth generally is not a first source for hadīth. We can find them with their isnāds in ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī’s book and in the other hadīth books before al-Kutub al-Sitta.

Arap Dili Kaynaklarında Hadis Rivayetinin Yeri (Hicri Ilk Üç Asır Örneği)

Sümeyra

Autism is defined as the inability to establish relations with people and situations, the inability to use the language in an adequate and accurate manner, an obsessive repetition of the same behavior, and a developmental problem in which various obsessions are observed. There is no absolute treatment for this developmental problem, which manifests itself in the first or second years of life. However, individuals who have autism are brought into society through education.In Turkey, the education of individuals who have autism is carried out in special education schools, in Inclusive Classes at schools, and in private training centers after the diagnosis is made with individual tests. In these centers, education is carried out with many different disciplines. The Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge (RCMK) courses took their place in special education curricula as a compulsory course for the first time in 2010. This decision brought with it many debates on the existence and teaching of religious courses in autistic individuals. When the literature is reviewed on the possibility of religion and religious education in autistic individuals, it is seen that there are some opinions arguing that autistic individuals cannot perceive religion, and therefore, it is not possible for them to receive any religious education.&nbsp;The basis of these views is that individuals with autism are not able to perceive abstract concepts, metaphorical discourses and symbolic expressions and are insufficient in socializing. The basic arguments of the previous studies are that religions include abstract and symbolic expressions and the participation to congregations is compulsory, which do not comply with the aforementioned characteristics of the autistic individuals. On the other hand, there are also several viewpoints in the literature arguing that autistic individuals are able to perceive religion, create their own image of God, and in case appropriate conditions are prepared, can worship. On the basis of these viewpoints, there is the idea that abstract religious concepts may be explained by using appropriate methods and techniques, and positive contributions may be made to autistic individuals by making use of the socializing sphere of the religion when appropriate conditions are prepared.The different viewpoints on this subject in the literature may affect the legitimacy of the existence of religious courses that are prepared for autistic individuals; and may also be important in determining whether the subjects in the curriculum are suitable for individuals with autism. Based on this, in the present study, previous studies conducted on the possibility of religion and religious education in autistic individuals were examined, and the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge curricula that were prepared for autistic individuals were evaluated in the light of the data reported by these studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that all of previous studies on religious education in autistic individuals were conducted with individuals who had religions other than Islam or with their families. However, the unique structure of the Islamic religion differs from other&nbsp;religions with the teaching and perception form of it. Based on this, it was decided that the current studies should also be conducted with children of Muslim families in Turkey. In addition, in the literature review, it was also determined in previous studies reporting positive results that practical subjects were focused on in religious education. It was also emphasized that individuals should participate to rituals in an applicable way, Allah should be perceived as a “being” that the individual should feel an attachment and pray to, and religious expressions should be used in everyday life. In this context, it was observed that the RCMK curriculum was based on cognitive acquisitions, and that there were very limited acquisitions on affective and psychomotor fields.In this context, it is possible to argue that the current curriculum does not overlap with the relevant literature at an adequate level. Another interesting point about the RCMK is that the curriculum was prepared for students who had moderate-to-severe mental disabilities and autism spectrum disorder. However, in actual fact, autistic individuals with high-functioning may show different developmental characteristics that are specific to autism, and they may also have normal intelligence function or some superior abilities. The current curriculum does not address high-functioning autism, and there are no other separate curricula prepared for them. In this case, it may be recommended to conduct curriculum development studies for individuals with high-functioning autism. In addition, it was also determined as a result of the present study that the needs of the individuals with autism in terms of religion and religious education must be determined; and subjects, contents and learning-teaching activities must be prepared in line with these needs.&nbsp;It is considered that this study, which was conducted with the Literature Review and Content Analysis Method will shed light on the religious education issue in autistic individuals, which has emerged as a new field of application in our country; and will contribute to curriculum development studies for Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge courses.

Otizmli Çocuklar için İlköğretim Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi Dersi Öğretim Programı: Otizmlilerde Din ve Din Eğitiminin İmkânı Tartışmaları Çerçevesinde Bir İnceleme

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Muharrem

This study focuses on the notion of non-fixed heavy punishment in Hanafi penal tradition and its reflection in classic Ottoman kânûns. As is known, in Islamic criminal law, there are severe fixed penalties called had or kısas. These penalties are determined by the Shâri‘a, and take a variety of forms ranging from amputation to death. Apart from these penalties, the public authority is also authorized to impose heavy sanctions when necessary. Hanafî jurists use the terms ta‘zîr and siyâsa to express these sanctions. Those called siyâsa are marked as aggravated. Some authors emphasize this aspect in particular. In fact, in the Hanafî doctrine, the ta‘zîr, which is the basis of siyâsa, is accepted as lighter punishment than for fixed penalties. Apparently, ta‘zîr sanctions that reach or exceed the fixed penalties in terms of being aggravated, are called siyâsa to adhere to this rule.Hanafî jurists often associate non-fixed severe penalties with two causes. These are repetitions of an offense (tekerrur) and the effort for corruption of society (sa‘y bi’lfesâd). Repetition of offenses, which is generally considered to be a cause for severe penalty, usually occurs when certain crimes are committed a second time after being proven guilty. The effort for corruption of society is also generally admitted as a cause for severe penalty, because the perpetrator is attempting to disrupt society. In the Hanafî penal tradition, it is understood that habitual criminals can be heavily punished directly by the public authority on the grounds that they are working to disrupt society. This idea has evolved over time. In this context, Hanafî jurists state that those who commit crimes such as sodomy, killing someone by strangling, or robbery for the second time can be sentenced directly to death by public authority. This understanding can potentially include some crimes that disrupt society even if they are not habitual. Indeed, some Hanafî jurists state that a thief can be sentenced directly to death by the public authority on the grounds that he/she is attempting to disrupt society, whether or not the crime is habitual. From this perspective, even if the crime has been committed only once, it is regarded as repetitive because it deeply disturbs public interest.In the classic Ottoman law books, many references are made to the non-fixed heavy penalty concept of Hanafî. However, elements such as tekerrur, fesâd, and siyâsa, which constitute this understanding, are generally not mentioned together in the articles of law. In most cases, the term siyâsa alone is considered sufficient to imply the basis on which the punishment from the Hanafî tradition is based. This term, which often refers to severe penalties such as death or amputation in the law books, does not impose fines, and is generally related to penalties for habitual criminals who are believed to have attempted to disrupt society. Some articles of the law state that the offense should be habitual to receive heavy punishment, and this condition implicitly includes the rest of the formula. If the perpetrator is a habitual criminal, he or she will be penalized directly by the public authority for working toward the deterioration of society. For instance, some provisions of law order the execution of anyone who has stolen a few times and hand amputation&nbsp;for those who make it a habit to stab somebody or pick somebody’s pocket, and nose amputation for those who habitually corrupt women-men relations. In these provisions, the Ottoman lawmakers seem to be inspired by the concept of Hanafî repetition.&nbsp;In some articles of law, we see that the Ottoman rulers severely punish non-habitual criminals directly according to their own will. They use the death penalty for some crimes besides fixed ones without mentioning repetition. For example, they order hanging for wrongdoers who enter a shop or a house for the purpose of theft, who burn a shop or house deliberately, and who print counterfeit money. It is understood that these wrongdoers are considered habitual criminals for damaging the public interest and that they are to be included in the non-fixed heavy penalty formula. However, it should be noted that this inclusion may open the door to arbitrary and oppressive siyâsa, which some jurists are concerned.

Hanefi Geleneğinden Klasik Osmanlı Kanunlarına Had-Kısas Dışı Ağır Ceza Formülü

In our age, as a result of the phenomena of technology, individuality, and globalization, the divorce rate is rapidly increasing despite the change in family structure. Divorce can cause various psychological effects such as trauma. Therefore, the divorced individuals and their children need psychological and social support.&nbsp;With a divorce, if both members are adaptable, it can either prevent the divorce from happening or be a factor that affects an amicable divorce; detecting divorce enhancing or inhibiting factors is an important issue.As in many other areas, religion or religiousness play an important role in the continuation of marriage and divorce. This drove the reasons investigated in our study for what causes a divorce. Divorced individuals were asked questions about the effect of religiousness in the process of marriage and divorce. This research will contribute to the field of marriage and divorce in terms of eliminating the lack of adequate study of the religiosity factor.&nbsp;Our study conducted interviews with 20 divorced people, including ten women and ten men. The majority of the participants we interviewed were middle aged adults with a high level of education, who spent most of their lives in Istanbul, and who participated in certain professions. Female participants, in particular, needed jobs to make a living during or after the divorce.Based on the findings, we cannot say to remove the high educational level as a factor of divorce. In fact, it is effective for women to display a more decisive attitude toward divorce.Most participants chose to get married based on the emotional factors “appearance” (8 people), “love to be/to like” (8 people). Also “being religious” (6 persons) and “not suitable for families” (4 people) criteria were significant. According to this, being religious is among the criteria sought in marriages.We can say that these two options, which are connected with each other, such as exterior appearance and being in love, are not functional in maintaining the marriage in terms of the marriage criteria and that it is more important to approach marriage from a logical point of view.According to participants at the beginning of a divorce, the research results of “deception/ deceived” (9 people) were at the top of the list. The second reason is “indifference” (6 people). This was followed by “communication” (5 people), “irresponsibility” (5 people), and “economic reasons” (5 people). “Psychological violence” (4 people), “physical strength” (4 people), “disrespect” (3), and “jealousy” (3) are also among the causes of divorce. The deception angle, after women had been deceived, led them choosing “irresponsibility” (5 people) as a major cause of divorce, and men chose “indifference” (4 people).&nbsp;The reasons for divorce that emerged in our research show parallels with other research. According to participants, divorce does not depend on a single cause; we see a negative situation could cause different problems. Also, disrespectful communication problems in couples and the emergence of situations such as irresponsibility, poor communication within the family, and being unable to relate to one another are other reasons. According to this, spouses did not spend time together, and the lack of pleasure in performing activities together may be among the reasons behind the conflicts within the family.For the majority of the participants, more attention should be given to the premarital period rather than the prevention of marriage or divorce. According to them, first of all, people should get to know each other and their families better. The biggest regret from the majority of the participants is that they married quickly, without getting to know the other side and their family. In the process of divorce, individuals expected more functional mediation than their relatives. The participants expected more help from their relatives.When we asked the interviewers whether religiousness had any function in the attitudes of spouses and their divorce, they emphasized that they were generally more moral than religious. This situation shows that the spouses who promote themselves as religious do not turn their words into behaviors, and they exhibit unethical behavior in family life. Accordingly, based on the opinions of respondents, those who said that they mostly defined themselves as religious, had a piety factor in the moral dimension of marriage and divorce, which had an important function in terms of the experience.&nbsp;Conflicting words and behaviors are seen before and after marriage, causing people to become disillusioned and breaking the feelings of trust that spouses have toward each other. Therefore, deception is the most important cause of divorce. In considering the moral sense of priorities from each of the spouses, honesty, loyalty, and respect are expected. After sacrifice and altruism, moral values such as responsibility and compassion come to the fore. However, it is also important to know the attitudes of the people who were looking for these criteria against their former spouses. Therefore, bilateral negotiations need to be conducted with divorced people, and work done with qualitative research on religiosity will be useful.

Evlenme ve Boşanma Deneyimleri Arasındaki İlişkide Dindarlık Faktörünün İncelenmesi

Hafize Şule

Christian Zionist ideas have been embraced by many presidents in American politics, but the power of Christian Zionism in American politics became clear after Donald Trump was elected in November 2016. He recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, which had been a long-term ambition of the American Christian Zionists and Jewish Zionists. In this study, Christian Zionists and their theo-political approach will be discussed. In addition, the active participation in politics among evangelical Protestants with an emphasis on their prioritising of Jews and Israeli policies in American politics will be examined. This topic, which can be linked not only to the field of sociology of religion but also to all fields of social sciences, is important for understanding the debates and social poles in American society, as well as for making sense of the determinants of US policy, especially toward the Middle East. The reason behind the US-based Israeli policies in the Middle East has a theological and ideological justification.&nbsp;In this descriptive work, I will seek answers to the questions of “who are the Christian Zionists?”, “what constitutes the roots and fundamental doctrines of Christian Zionism?” and “how do Christian Zionists view world politics?” In this context, I will draw attention to the fact that Zionism is not only a concept related to Judaism and that there have been many non-Jewish Christian Zionists in the past and many who are still actively present in the American administration. My work sets out the conceptual framework of Christian Zionism as a theo-political ideology and sheds light on the historical background of the subject; It also aims to clarify how the ideology in question has gained power and become an effective discourse within American Protestantism. In this context, the study will trace the imperialist policies of the British Empire on Ottoman lands in the first half of the 19th century when Christian Zionism first emerged; then, the main elements of the Christian Zionists’ ideological and theological approaches to social and political processes, the extent of how Jews benefitted will be discussed, and their effects on American politics will also be pointed out.Christian Zionism has, in general, evolved from evangelical and fundamentalist Christians. This approach adopts the reading of The Bible with a literal, premillennial approach and takes Biblical eschatology crucial. In order to understand the Christian Zionists’ support for Israel and their insistence on directing American policies, it is necessary to consider the pre-millennial dispensationalism that centered on Jews and the doctrines of the End Times. Pre-Millennial dispensationalism is the fundamental doctrine of Christian Zionists. In addition, Christian fundamentalists are based on the literal (literalism) reading of the scripture. While giving Jews a central place in the doctrine of the End Times, they have a very negative attitude towards Muslims.&nbsp;In general terms, the term “Christian Zionist” is given to a constituent of the most influential apocalyptic beliefs of today’s American society, which emerged in Britain in&nbsp;the 19th century, later coming to the US in the middle of the same century. Christian Zionism, which proposes rather radical ideas, is widespread among American Protestants. According to the results of a 2013 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center, 82% of the white evangelical Protestants in the United States believe that Israel was given to the Jews by God; whereas this rate is only 40% among Jews. In general, 44% of Americans believe that God gave Israel to the Jews. When the period and the environment in which Christian Zionism emerged are evaluated, it is possible to see that the ideologies that were formed on the basis of the activities of British imperialism in the Middle East were transformed into religious discourse. Christian Zionism, which formed an important ideological basis for British imperialism in the first period of its emergence, provides an ideological basis for American imperialism today. It is also an important part of the Israeli lobby in the US.The enduring teachings of the Christian Zionists, who have gained more influence in recent American politics compared to previous periods, have reached the point of power to be able to affect US foreign policy. Trump’s decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and his declarations that Golan Heights belong to Israel are closely related to the theological teachings of Christian Zionism. The fact that a group with a radical theo-political ideology in the US is so effective in politics and state administration raises questions about American secularism. The important question of whether there is a reversal from American secularism –given the current developments in spite of the Constitution of America, where religion and state affairs are clearly separated- should be focused on in the coming years.

ABD’de Hıristiyan Siyonizmi: Kökeni, İnanç Esasları ve Günümüz Amerikan Siyasetine Etkisi

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darulfunun ilahiyat, akademik bir dergidir. darulfunun ilahiyat'a gönderilmiş makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir.

darulfunun ilahiyat'ta din alanının farklı boyutlarını ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası kuramsal ve uygulamalı çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.

Bu çerçevede darulfunun ilahiyat'ta; Bir inanç ve toplum sistemi olarak din konusunu ve uygulayıcılarının inanç ve davranışlarını; (i) insan ve toplum bilimleri çerçevesinde ele alan; (ii) özgün kuramsal ve kavramsal açılımlarla genişleten; (iii) farklı/yeni araştırma yöntemleriyle inceleyen; (iv) farklı örnek olaylar bağlamında karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde sunan yazılara yer verilmektedir.

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İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanan darulfunun ilahiyat, akademik bir dergidir. darulfunun ilahiyat’a gönderilmiş makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir.darulfunun ilahiyat’ta, din alanının farklı boyutlarını ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası kuramsal ve uygulamalı çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede darulfunun ilahiyat’ta bir inanç ve toplum sistemi olarak din konusunu ve uygulayıcılarının inanç ve davranışlarını; (i) insan ve toplum bilimleri bağlamında ele alan; (ii) özgün kuramsal ve kavramsal açılımlarla genişleten; (iii) farklı/yeni araştırma yöntemleriyle inceleyen; (iv) farklı örnek olaylar bağlamında karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde sunan yazılara yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:•    İslam kültür ve medeniyeti •    Çağdaş dünyada dinî/İslami ilimlerin yorumlanması ve eğitimi •    Dinî kimliğin oluşumu ve aktarımı•    Çeşitli inanç gruplarında, kamusal hayatta, çok kültürlü ortamlarda din•    Birey, din ve toplum arasındaki etkileşimdarulfunun ilahiyat'ta nitelikli, özgün, kuramsal ve uygulamalı araştırmaların yanı sıra kitap değerlendirmesi, araştırma notu, sempozyum tanıtımı ve klasik dillerden çeviri-yorum metinleri de yayımlanmaktadır.

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<a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21101058362" target="_blank">SCOPUS</a><a href="https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/dergi/detay/2132/darulfunun-ilahiyat" target="_blank">ULAKBİM TR Dizin</a><a target="_blank" href="https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/35122_ii_surveyed_periodicals_2008_2017FINAL.pdf">Index Islamicus</a><a href="https://www.ebsco.com/tr-tr/urunler/arastirma-veri-tabanlari/academic-search-complete" target="_blank">EBSCO Academic Search Complete</a> <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2651-5083?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222651-5083%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22track_total_hits%22%3Atrue%7D" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> <a href="https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info.action?id=495011" target="_blank" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ERIH PLUS</a> <a href="https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=dergi-sayfasi&amp;ID=0&amp;magazinename=darulfunun%20ilahiyat" target="_blank">SOBIAD </a>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.*Bir yazarın dergimizde yazısı yayınlandıktan sonraki iki sayıda yeni bir yazısına yer verilmez.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

darulfunun ilahiyat, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7281EBE3E18F4E5A95833E5ED0CEFE2E" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

1. Amaç ve KapsamBaşvurunuzu darulfunun ilahiyat’a göndermeden önce lütfen derginin “<a href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/journal/ilahiyatjournal/information/amac-ve-kapsam" target="_blank">Amaç ve Kapsam</a>” sayfasını inceleyiniz. Derginin kapsamı dışında kalan çalışmalar değerlendirme sürecine alınmamaktadır. 2. Başvuru TürleriYayımlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmalar Baş Editör &amp; Alan Editörleri tarafından amaç, konu, içerik, sunuş tarzı ve yazım kurallarına uygunluk açısından incelenmektedir. Çalışmanız, kaynakçası hariç olmak üzere, 5000-8000 kelime olmalıdır. Dergiye gönderilen tüm makale türlerine uygulanacak editöryal değerlendirme kriterleri aşağıda sıralanmaktadır: (1) Bilimsel yeterliliğin yüksek olması (2) Çalışmanın kuramsal dayanaklarının açık bir şekilde ifade edilmesi (3) Alana kavramsal veya metodolojik düzeyde katkı sağlaması (4) Metnin teori veya yöntem açısından yenilik sunması (5) Çalışmada güncel yöntemlerin kullanılmasına özen gösterilmesi 2.1. Araştırma Makalesidarulfunun ilahiyat, din ile ilgili temel sorunları ortaya koyan ve bunlara çözüm önerileri getiren çalışmaların yayımlanmasını hedeflemektedir. Bununla birlikte özgün araştırmalarda bazı hususlara ayrıca dikkat edilmektedir: (a) Araştırmanın dayandığı kuramsal çerçevenin kapsamlı bir şekilde ifade edilmesi (b) Araştırmanın kuramsal ve uygulama olarak alana katkısının zikredilmesi (c) Çalışmanın din bilimlerindeki bilgi birikimine orijinal katkı sağlaması (d) Çalışmanın özgün bir tezi olup bu tezin kendi içerisinde tutarlı bir şekilde sunulması (e) Çalışmanın yaklaşım ve metodolojisine dair esasların açık bir şekilde ortaya konulması 2.2. Araştırma NotuAraştırma notları, yapılan araştırmalar aracılığıyla edinilen akademik tecrübenin paylaşılmasını hedeflemektedir. Araştırmacıların şahsi değerlendirmelerini de aktarabilecekleri bu türden yazılar 2500 kelimeyi aşmamalıdır. 2.3. Toplantı ÖzetiUlusal veya uluslararası akademik toplantıların içeriklerine dair değerlendirmeleri içeren toplantı özeti, 1500 kelimeyi aşmamalıdır. Hazırlanan metinde özellikle toplantının akademik anlamdaki katkısı ele alınmış olmalıdır. 2.4. Kitap DeğerlendirmesiDergiye gönderilecek olan kitap değerlendirmeleri 1500 kelimeyi aşmamalıdır. 3.Genel Biçim Özellikleri 3.1. Yazı Tipi: Bütün metinde 10 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Tablo ve şekillerin nasıl hazırlanacağına dair ilgili bölüme bakınız. 3.2. Sayfa Yapısı: A4 boyutlarındaki kâğıda üst, alt, sağ ve sol boşluk 2,5 cm (0.98 inç) bırakılarak, iki yana dayalı, satır sonu tirelemesiz şekilde olmalıdır. Çalışmalar tek sütun olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Paragraflarda ve başlıklarda girinti ve çıkıntı olmamalıdır. 3.3. Paragraf Yapısı: Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; önce ve sonra alanı 0,6 nk satır aralığı 1,5 olmalıdır. 3.4. Kelime Sınırı: Dergiye gönderilen yazılar 5.000-8.000 kelime arası olmalıdır. 3.5. Öz: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdır. 3.6 Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdır. 3.7. Extended Summary: İngilizce olmayan makaleler için, kabulü takiben 1000-1500 kelimelik İngilizce extended summary istenmektedir. 3.8. Ana Metin: Ana metnin nasıl görüneceğine dair örnek bir metin için lütfen [04_ana_metin.pdf] dosyasını inceleyiniz. Yüklediğiniz ana metnin yazar bilgilerini içermemelidir. Yüklemeden önce bu bilgileri çıkardığınızdan emin olun; yazarla ilgili bilgiler başlık sayfasında ayrıca yer almalıdır. Nicel ve nitel çalışmalar Giriş, Yöntem, Bulgular ve Tartışma bölümlerini içermelidir. Yöntem kısmında mutlaka Örneklem/Çalışma Grubu, Veri Toplama Araçları ve İşlem alt bölümleri bulunmalıdır. Model alt bölümüne sadece özgün bir model kullanılmışsa yer verilmelidir. 3.9. Başlık Sayfası: Aşağıdaki bilgiler Başlık Sayfasında yer almalıdır.(i) Makalenin başlığı (ii) Makalenin kategorisi (iii) Yazar(ların) isim ve soyadları (iv) Yazar(ların) kurum bilgileri (kurum, şehir, ülke) (v) Yazar(ların) e-mail adresleri (vi) Yazar(ların) Orcid’leri (vii) Finansal destek, çıkar çatışması ve teşekkür ile ilgili bilgiler. 3.10. Tablo, Şekil ve EklerTablo ve Şekiller: Tablo, şekil, resim, grafik vb. unsurlar metin içerisinde yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın sonunda ayrıca verilmemelidir. Tablo ve şekillerde genel şablonun dışında 9 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; • önce ve sonra alanı 0 nk, • satır aralığı tek olmalıdır. Tablo ve şekiller sola dayalı olmalı ve metin kaydırma özelliği kapalı olmalıdır. Ekler: Her bir ek ayrı sayfalarda, kaynakçadan sonra verilmelidir.3.11. Referans Stili:darulfunun ilahiyat, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style) kaynak stilinin 17. edisyonunu benimser. CMOS 17 hakkında bilgi için: <a href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html" target="_blank">http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html</a>3.12. Genişletilmiş Özet:darulfunun ilahiyat yayımladığı makalelerin uluslararası kamuoyu ile paylaşılmasını ve makalelerin etki üretmesini önemsemektedir. Bunun için Türkçe ve Arapça çalışmalar İngilizce geniş özetle (extended summary) birlikte yayımlanır. Bu kapsamda yazarlardan makaleyi temsil edecek geniş özet hazırlamaları talep edilir. 1000-1500 kelime arasında olması beklenen geniş özet; makalenin temel bölümlerindeki (Giriş/Literatür, Yöntem, Bulgular, Tartışma/Sonuç vb.) ana tartışmaları yansıtır. 4. Yabancı Dilde Başvurulardarulfunun ilahiyat; Türkçe, İngilizce ve Arapça dillerinde başvuru kabul etmektedir. Bu dillerde gelen başvurular hakem değerlendirmesinden önce dil yeterlilikleri ve kullanımları bakımından incelenmektedir. Ana dilde bir hakemin anlayamayacağı düzeyde olduğu tespit edilen başvurular hakem değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz ve yazarına dil düzeltmesi için gönderilir. 5. ORCIDİstanbul Üniversitesi; etik, şeffaf ve adil bir editör ve hakem değerlendirme sürecini önemsemektedir. Bu kapsamda İstanbul Üniversitesi, Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) platformunu desteklemektedir. ORCID, araştırmacıları ayrıştırabilmek için dijital bir kimlik numarası atayarak araştırmacı ile araştırmacının daha önceki faaliyetlerini eşleştirmektedir. darulfunun ilahiyat’ın yayımladığı makalelerde yazarlar ORCID numaraları ile birlikte yer almaktadırlar. Yazarların başvuru esnasında ORCID bilgilerini sağlamaları talep edilmektedir. ORCID Numaranız henüz yoksa şu [<a href="http://orcid.org/register" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/register</a>] linkten edinebilirsiniz. 6. Başvuru Gönderimidarulfunun ilahiyat’a çalışmanızı göndermek için aşağıdaki bağlantıya tıklayınız.[<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/darulfunun" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/darulfunun</a>]. Başvuru gönderimi sürecinde bir problemle karşılaşırsanız, lütfen <a href="mailto:ilahiyat.editor@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">ilahiyat.editor@istanbul.edu.tr</a> ile irtibata geçiniz. Önemli Not: darulfunun ilahiyat, yazarlardan herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. 7. Yayım Süreci7.1. Kabul Sonrası Yayıma kabul edilen bir çalışmanın neticesi Sorumlu Yazara bildirilir. Sorumlu Yazarın ilgili raporlara göre düzenlediği çalışma Baş Editör veya Alan Editörü tarafından incelenir. Onaylanan çalışma tashih ve redaksiyon sürecine alınır. 7.1.2. OnlineFirstOnlineFirst, İstanbul Üniversitesinin basıma hazır makaleleri baskıdan önce Online olarak yayımladığı ortamdır. OnlineFirst olarak yayımlanan bir makaleye cilt, sayı bilgileri atanmamakta, makale DOI (Digital Object Identifiers) numarası ile yayımlanmaktadır. Makale ilgili sayıda yayımlandığında OnlineFirst sayfasından kaldırılmakta ve web sitesinde, yayımlandığı sayı içerisine alınmaktadır. Yayım kabulü alan bir çalışma yaklaşık 30 gün içerisinde OnlineFirst'te yayımlanmaktadır. 8. İletişimdarulfunun ilahiyat ile ilgili bütün sorularınız için <a href="mailto:ilahiyat.editor@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">ilahiyat.editor@istanbul.edu.tr</a> elektronik posta adresi yoluyla iletişime geçebilirsiniz.

Yazım Kuralları

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıdarulfunun ilahiyat, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style) kaynak stilinin 17. edisyonunu benimser. CMOS 17 hakkında bilgi için: <a href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html" target="_blank">http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html</a>

Aşağıdaki listede yer alan bilgilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:●     Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Kaynakların CMOS (The Chicago Manuel of Style) 17’ye göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7281EBE3E18F4E5A95833E5ED0CEFE2E" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> ●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/AF49E697F8F94F388F130E49B408FD16" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 150-200 kelime Türkçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 adet Türkçe ve 5-8 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 1000-1500 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract)ü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/AD920A7B60664BFAAE54AA21893A2EC6" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0060E0AA36EC4014965788D85C639EE0" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası </a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Necmettin Kızılkaya
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

darulfunun ilahiyat

CİLT 33, SAYI 2, 2022

A Scholar of the Beyliks Period on the Tabrīz-Transoxiana Line: Badr al-Rūmī Dāwūd b. Ḳutluġbek b. Islām b. Rajab al-Kānī

Dirar ibn Amr’s Understanding of Hadith in His Kitab al-Tahrish

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders from an Islamic Perspective

The position of Arab Modernist Poets On The Relationship Between Poetry And Prose

The Image of Sulṭān in Islamic Mirror of Princes

Ecclesiastical Arabic Dictionary: "Methodology & Model"

Reinterpreting the Tension between Dīn and Dunyā: The Naqshbandī Ṭarīqah as Experienced and Shaped by its Mujaddidī and Khālidī Shaykhs

Options contracts from an Islamic perspective

An Analysis of the Relationship Between Allah Centeredness and Moral Disengagement in terms of Some Variables

The Majallah as Codified Fiqh

A Review of “Min al-haṣād al-qadīm” Written by Mohammad Mohammad Ebu Musa

A Review of “Bu Can Kimin?” Written by Tuba E. Baydar

A Review of “Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks” Written by Jenny White

Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabī: Quest for the Red Sulphur

Animal Welfare in the Framework of Human-Animal Relationship: An Ethical Evaluation

Women Hadith Scholars Coordination Meeting June 28-29, 2022 Izmit-Darıca

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