Rabia

Assoc. Prof.

Volkan

Beykan

Although qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is yet to be widely used among researchers in Turkiye, it has great potential as a qualitative or quantitative method, as well as for mixed methods (Aşkun &amp; Çizel, 2020). Ragin (2008, p. 4) emphasized this aspect of the method in his book, introducing the method as, “In an effort to redesign social research, set theory shows how to combine the fidelity of qualitative and quantitative analysis and theoretical discourse.” This study has two main aims. The first is to introduce the QCA method and explain in detail through an example how to apply fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with stages such as data collection, analysis, and reporting. Moreover, the study analyzes the conditions and outcome configurations that are effective in countries’ global competitiveness with the sample application used in the research. In this sense, the study explains in detail the steps for using fsQCA’s analytical tools, as well as how to interpret the results and incorporate the results into the research process. What this study efforts to achieve is thought to complement an important piece that is missing from the Turkish literature with regard to introducing the method alongside fsQCA.	QCA was developed by sociologist Charles Ragin (1987) as a comparative method that enables the assessment of causality or cause-effect relationships. According to Ragin (2014), QCA merges the best features of the case study approach with the best features of the variable-oriented approach for this purpose. The case study approach is typical of qualitative research. Case-oriented studies produce in-depth and detailed accounts of situations as a whole. However, case-oriented studies often focus on one or a few situations, making their findings difficult to generalize. Also, when these studies concern more than one case, they often lack a systematic and transparent method for comparisons between situations. In contrast, the variant-oriented approach typical in quantitative research enables analysis of large samples or populations and systematic cross-case comparisons. However, quantitative methods do not produce detailed information about situations individually, and the type of causality they evaluate may not always correspond to how things actually work. This method is thought to provide a good balance between qualitative and quantitative research. In other words, it presents a pragmatic oriented paradigm by combining the post-positivist and interpretative paradigms arising from practical interest (Gunbayi &amp; Sorm, 2020).	When considering the studies that have been carried out in the field of QCA in Scopus over the last 20 years, an annual average increase of 25.95% is observed. However, the fact that the studies were mainly in journals publishing in different fields such as the&nbsp;Journal of Business Research&nbsp;(n=270),&nbsp;Sustainability&nbsp;(n=58),&nbsp;Quality and Quantity&nbsp;(n=29),&nbsp;Sociological Methods and Research&nbsp;(n=23),&nbsp;Psychology and Marketing&nbsp;(n=21),&nbsp;Industrial Marketing Management&nbsp;(n=19),&nbsp;Technological Forecasting and Social Change&nbsp;(n=18),&nbsp;Global Environmental Change&nbsp;(n=10),International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management&nbsp;(n=10) shows the versatility QCA has. Numerous articles are found to have shown how strongly QCA is accepted in the international literature, whether by using both quantitative and qualitative data separately or in combination in different fields such as sociology, business administration, environmental science, international relations, management, political science, and public health (Ansell et al., 2020; Aversa et al., 2015; Brigham, 2011; Chong et al., 2021; Emmenegger et al., 2013; Fiss, 2011; Hsu et al., 2021; Iannacci &amp; Cornford, 2018; Iannacci et al., 2020; Kumbure et al., 2020; Muñoz-Pascual et al., 2021; Sager et al., 2019 ; Schneider et al., 2010; Vis, 2012).	When examining the findings from exemplary applications in these studies, countries such as Russia, Turkiye, Serbia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Panama, and Albania, which provide a low rule of law and high configuration for human development, can be said to have success in global competitiveness because they place emphasis on human development despite their low fulfillment of legal requirements. On the other hand, the cluster of Sweden, Australia, Singapore, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Canada, Finland, Belgium, Slovenia, Austria, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, France, Czechia, Italy, and Estonia are countries with high human development and low state fragility yet are also seen to have success in global competitiveness. These combination results (high human development and low state fragility) in Uruguay, Argentina, Trinidad and Tobago, Panama, Albania, Czechia, Portugal, Malaysia, UAE, Poland, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Romania, Chile, Costa Rica, South Korea, and the USA are not sufficient to explain global competitiveness. Countries in the same group that have few of the factors affecting fragility such as armed conflict and security problems and that pay attention to human development can be interpreted as being able to compete globally. Conditions involving high innovation and low rule of law are observed to be sufficient for global competition in Thailand, Mexico, Russia, Turkiye, Ukraine, India, Philippines, and Serbia. When looking at these countries, despite giving more importance to innovation and less to legal fields, they can be interpreted as being able to be globally competitive. This configuration is observed to be sufficient for global competitiveness in countries such as Namibia, Jamaica, S. Africa, Senegal, and Tunisia that have low innovation, high rule of law, and low levels of human development. Although these countries do not pay much attention to innovation or human development, they can be interpreted as able to compete globally if they show sufficient dedication in legal areas. Global competitiveness is observed in countries such as the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Lebanon, Serbia, Albania, Thailand, Panama, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, where the rule of law and the fragility of the state are low at the same time.	When looking at the results regarding global non-competitiveness, countries such as Cambodia, Egypt, Cameroon, Bolivia, Zimbabwe, Pakistan, Nicaragua, Uganda,Honduras, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Iran, Turkiye, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Lebanon, and Zambia have been found to be unable to compete globally without the rule of law. For this reason, these above-mentioned countries should implement strong structural reforms in order to ensure the rule of law in their countries in order to compete globally. In addition, countries in the cluster of El Salvador, Albania, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Panama, Argentina, Namibia, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Uruguay are also seen to lag behind in global competitiveness as a result of innovation inadequacy despite these countries’ lack of fragility. Lastly, the determination has been made that if countries such as Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Mali, Madagascar, Ethiopia, Benin, Nigeria, Uganda, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Tanzania, Senegal, Nepal, Cambodia, Zambia, Bangladesh, Honduras, Namibia, and Nicaragua have less innovation than human development, they will have great difficulty being globally competitive.	By ranking in two of the five outcomes regarding global competitiveness, Turkiye is able to compete at an average level of global human development or high innovation when the rule of law is low. Although Turkiye has issues affecting the fragility of the state such as armed conflicts and security and economy issues, it can compete globally when it provides high value to any of the conditions of rule of law, innovation, and human development.	The asymmetrical perspective can help researchers interpret complex systems more predictably by allowing one the ability to look at the claim of certainty of scientific studies. Conceptual and methodological thinking around configurative research supported by QCA has developed tremendously in recent years and has begun to continually advance it by clarifying misunderstandings and providing guidelines that enable high-standard research and important insights (Ansell et al., 2020; Aversa et al., 2015; Brigham, 2011; Chong et al., 2021; Emmenegger et al., 2013; Fiss, 2011; Greckhamer et al., 2018; Hsu et al., 2021; Iannacci &amp; Cornford, 2018; Iannacci et al., 2020; Kumbure et al., 2020; Muñoz-Pascual et al., 2021; Sager et al., 2019; Schneider et al., 2010; Vis, 2012). QCA was developed for minor and medium cases, with studies predominantly involving 10 to 50 cases. However, interest in the method is growing as an alternative technique to regression-oriented statistical methods for larger samples. In this sense, this paper will benefit QCA’s wide use in every field that affects social sciences in Turkiye.

Sosyal Bilim Araştırmalarında Bulanık Küme Nitel Karşılaştırmalı Analiz Yönteminin Kullanımı

Zeynep

The pursuit of happiness is a legitimate and plausible aim in life for many people. People get married with the hope of improving their happiness. Indeed, studies show marriage to provide couples with many economic, psychological, and social benefits. However, if the marital bond fails to provide these benefits to one or both of the married individuals compared to outside alternatives, divorce becomes inevitable. In fact, marriages that end in divorce are expected to have been unhappy and incompatible marriages. Therefore, if adults make a rational decision to divorce, an improvement in the divorcees’s happiness can be expected as they’ve closed the pages to an unhappy marriage chapter in their life. However, many studies have shown divorcees to be systematically unhappier compared to their married counterparts.Secondly, one can expect a temporary drop in divorcees’ wellbeing as they have to adapt to their new life; the practical difficulties brought about by divorce may initially adversely affect individuals’ well-being. However, because many studies have shown humans to possess the capacity for very high adaptability, individuals are expected to get used to their new life. Under this assumption, even if divorce has a temporary negative effect on the divorcees’ happiness levels, these levels are expected in the long run to return back to those of individuals who’ve never married.I hypothesize comparing divorcees with married individuals to perhaps be an improper comparison, as only very unhappy marriages end up in divorce. Therefore, I suggest the impact divorce has on individual wellbeing to be able to be more clearly compared to that of unhappily married individuals.&nbsp;&nbsp;This study first investigates the relationship between divorce and happiness with regard to different reference groups. I use never married, married, unhappily married as reference groups. Secondly, I investigate whether divorcees adapt to their new life over time.&nbsp;The following function has been defined to examine the relationship between divorce and well-being.Mi = α0 + α1 Divorcedi + βXi + ui …………………… [1]&nbsp;where M is the person’s happiness score, Divorced is the dummy variable representing whether the person is divorced or not, and X represents various variables such as age, gender, education, and income level as determined in previous studies affecting individual happiness. I have kept the control variables as large as possible, as previous studies have suggested divorcees’ lower wellbeing to possibly also stem from their being a selective sample. In other words, divorcees may have some distinct characteristics compared to others and may get divorced because of these differences. In order to take divorcees’ selectivity into account, variables such as income status, unemployment,&nbsp;and health status, which have been found to be significantly associated with divorce, were also taken into account; religiosity also was included in some regression analyses.For this purpose, individual level data from the Life Satisfaction Survey, a survey conducted survey since 2003, have been utilized for the 2003-2019 period. In order to determine whether divorcees adapt, people who had gotten divorced more than 1 year before were also compared to those who’d gotten divorced within the past year.The first finding shows divorcees to have considerably lower wellbeing levels compared to those who’ve never married and to those who are married. This finding indicates the negative consequences of divorce. However, divorcees have statistically significantly higher happiness levels compared to those who are unhappily married. The last finding shows that people adapt to divorce to an extent over time, with their happiness increasing after a year of adapting.Turkey has recently initiated family mediation for divorce cases with the purpose of guiding the decisions made in the process of the divorce cases. I consider the results to be applicable to family mediation. The family mediation mechanism may to an exent prevent divorces that occur as a result of impulsive behaviors, as long as the mediators remind the couple of the burdens of divorce in light of scientific studies and help them make rational decisions.In summary, the results show the finding in the literature regarding divorcees having lower happiness levels to not apply to all cases. In other words, divorce can result in improving happiness for those in a troubled marriage.&nbsp;

Boşanmanın Mutluluğa Bir Etkisi Var mı?

Özgür

Mutlu

Prof.

Duygu

Beren

Gül

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic having transformed every aspect of life from economics and politics to daily life, culture, and art in addition to vaccine and treatment studies; the need has formed for research on other aspects and dimensions of the pandemic, such as how its social, human, and economic effects are reflected in daily life. Based on this need, a call was opened by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) in 2020 to analyze these problems and develop social policies. Within the scope of the call, the research proposal titled “Information Seeking and Information Evaluation of Older Adults During the COVID-19 Process” was also endorsed.Older adults are among the ones most exposed to social isolation because they’ve stayed at home for much longer during the pandemic. This mandatory isolation has been accompanied by feelings of isolation and other related problems. The aim of the research is to examine older adults’ media use practices by performing the analysis along the axis of questions about what media use practices older adults conduct for coping with the feeling of isolation during the pandemic, how they stay in touch with their social environment, and what kind of relationship their practices for coping with the feeling of isolation and staying connected have with their social status. The research focuses on the decisive roles digital capital and social status have in this process. Digital capital is the sum of what a person possesses regarding information and communication technologies (ICTs), what abilities they have for accessing ICTs, what digital skills and knowledge they possess, and what tangible benefits they gain from using ICTs. Social status has been analyzed under five categories: underprivileged class, working class, middle class, upper class, and cultural nobility.&nbsp;

Yaşlıların Toplumsal Sınıfı, Dijital Sermayeleri ve COVID-19  Salgınında Bağlantıda Kalma Pratikleri

Selma

Assist. Prof.

Songül

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Child Marriages:  A Retrospective Analysis

Mahmut

Matjaz

Improving Equality in the Education System of Turkiye

Aslı

Happiness at the Macro Level: A Critical Discussion on the Compatibility of Different Indicators

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Makale Çağrısı (Ailelerde Şiddet Döngüsü)

Mehmet

Ayşegül

Uzman

This study seeks to develop a valid, reliable metric for holistically measuring the scope and depth of interpersonal social relations.Interpersonal relations constitute an important field of study in modern social psychology. Humans are social creatures who interact with their environment through various means. The quality of these interactions also impacts other aspects of human life. According to Leary (2004), 20th-century studies delving into human nature shifted their focus from the individual self to one’s relationships with others. Humans have an innate need to form intimate relations with others and are able to satisfy their basic needs and perpetuate their existence through these relations (Bilgin, 2003). Humans interact and build relationships with others for various reasons such as needing to love and be loved, satisfying physical and social needs, achieving a sense of belonging, minimizing fear and anxiety through cohabitation, relieving loneliness, and developing personal identity (Adler &amp; Towne, 1996).The relations people establish with their environment and the types of interpersonal relations in which they are involved are important predictors of their quality of life and life satisfaction levels at the individual level (Tunç &amp; Kaygas, 2016). Understanding this reveals the importance of evaluating the scope and depth of the relations individuals have with their immediate and wider surroundings, as doing so will shed light on two fundamental components of what makes one human: quality of life and life satisfaction.Just as social relations can be evaluated using comprehensive scales, so can they also be scrutinized using a few items. Studies in the literature even exist in which social relations are evaluated with one single question (i.e., how often does one meet up with friends, relatives, or coworkers?; Güler &amp; Gül, 2021; European Social Survey [ESS], 2018). A study conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2020) examining social relations looked at life satisfaction in this way. OECD’s study addressed social support, time spent engaged in social interactions, and satisfaction with interpersonal relations all through one question each. Social interaction is a quality-of-life indicator as prepared by Eurostat (2018) and comprises such elements as social support, interpersonal relations, and satisfaction with these relations. Studies on social interaction evaluate social interaction levels by measuring how often one meets up with family, relatives, and friends.A large number of studies are found in the literature focusing on relation styles and components when evaluating interpersonal or social relations. Likewise, numerous scales are found to have focused mainly on the private sphere, such as the relationships between friends and family members or in closed environments such as the relationships that occur in school. Accordingly, a study seeking to develop a scale able to holistically evaluate the scope and depth of social relations that takes into account all personal&nbsp;and social spheres would make an excellent contribution to the literature. As such, this scale development study has been designed to take into account all the social relations an individual has with family members, close and distant relatives, neighbors, circles of friends, and social groups as well as with society at large. Given the importance afforded to relatives and neighbors in Turkish culture, the current study noteworthily includes these in its scope. As such, the basic aim of this study is to develop a usable metric for determining how individuals perceive the scope and depth of their social relations.The scale’s developmental phase first surveyed the scales present in the literature that are used to evaluate interpersonal and social relations, after which the components of social relations were determined that the scale should incorporate. The scale consists of 23 items dealing with the individuals or groups with whom the respondent considers to be in close contact. The item pool was developed after organizing and realizing a focus group composed of 12 field experts in the educational sciences, sociology, psychology, and educational assessment. After the focus group, the group of experts decided that a 10-item form should be used for substantiating the scale’s content validity. As a result, a data collection study was implemented over university students and young adults aged 25–29 in order to examine the draft scale’s psychometric properties. EFA and CFA were conducted to examine the scale’s structural properties. After conducting the EFA on all the data sets to identify the scale’s structural properties, the scale’s validity and reliability were tested separately for university students and for young adults aged 25–29.This study was conducted with two separate research groups. Differences in developmental stages, knowledge, skills, perceptions, attitudes, and values require the scale’s validity and reliability to be tested individually for each group and their psychometric properties to be substantiated separately. Two separate groups composed of individuals at different developmental stages were formed to test psychometric adequacy for the scale’s usability with other age groups. The first group was comprised of 973 university students, whereas the second was composed of 1,158 young adults between the ages of 25 and 29 years.&nbsp;The study’s data collection phase was performed online due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. After testing the assumptions necessary for analyzing the data, the EFA and CFA were performed to test the scale’s structural properties. After conducting the EFA to ascertain the scale’s structure, no need was found to make any changes to the items contained in the scale. The CFA was then conducted on the same data set to confirm the scale’s structure, after which Cronbach’s alpha was calculated and the correlation values between the scale’s subdimensions were ascertained to examine the scale’s reliability.&nbsp;

Sosyal İlişkiler Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özellikleri

Barış

The position of soldiers and the army in society and the state bureaucracy in Turkey and the intensity of military operations are not reflected in the literature in the same way. Sociological studies have been the field most affected by this academic drought. This article includes theoretical and conceptual debates on the military profession and attempts to quantify how society and soldiers in Turkey perceive it in order to facilitate these studies. The study seeks to answer the following questions: Is military service a profession; what features distinguish it from other professions, is the view of the military profession in Turkey different from other countries, and do civilians and soldiers have divergent or convergent views about the military profession? A descriptive survey of the military profession was conducted on military and civilian groups in order to answer these questions. The study was additionally supported by unstructured interviews in order to increase the reliability of the survey results and enable a more profound analysis.Survey studies were carried out with 398 soldiers and 297 civilians between September and October of 2021 using the remote access method due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The distinctive questions on the survey involve the perception of the military profession and whether it is a profession, lifestyle, or duty. The sample, in particular the civilian group, was obviously insufficient; this undermines the reliability of the study but nevertheless opens the door to an understanding of the military profession for further research.The first issue in sociologically analyzing the military profession is how the concepts of profession and military service are used in Turkey beyond or in different ways than in the West. First of all, even academic studies lack clarity regarding ranks (e.g., captain, major) and status (e.g., officer, non-commissioned officer). The conceptual ambiguity surrounding the military profession is additionally exacerbated by the fact that the word “profession,” which is most often employed in foreign languages, has a variety of connotations in Turkish. In Turkey, a profession not only refers to organized professional groups but is also used to characterize personal abilities. In other words, it is a descriptive term that encompasses both organizational and individual qualities. Lastly, the founding role of the military and the favorable attitude society has had toward the military in nearly every era have given it a significance beyond just being a profession.Another area of contention is the definition of a professional soldier. In accordance with legal requirements, both society and soldiers classify all soldiers apart from conscripted ones as professionals. Thus, officers, non-commissioned officers, specialist sergeants, and contracted privates (i.e., groups having a voluntary long-term relationship with the army) are called professional soldiers. This approach opposes Huntington’s&nbsp;&nbsp;(1957) view of the professional military as a sphere designated exclusively for commanders responsible for the management of organized violence. Indeed, a similar approach is seen in research conducted in the United States of America after Huntington. As a result, the notion of the professional soldier has been modified to be more ambiguous yet at the same time more inclusive. This study suggests that a third criterion should be added to the criteria of “management of organized violence” and “commitment” Huntington put forth for the definition of a professional soldier. This new criterion emphasizes fulfilling the duty requirements and puts an ethical obligation on all soldiers, regardless of position or rank. Thus, after placing commanders as the direct managers of organized violence at the top of the professionalism pyramid, every other soldier who performs their duty to the best of their ability, regardless of rank or status, earns a place on the pyramid based on the degree to which they execute this duty.&nbsp;The requirements for classifying military service as a profession in Turkey seem to have been fulfilled in abundance. The army’s institutional roots and founding role have allowed it to implement its own legal and administrative regulations, exercise control over the theoretical and practical knowledge specific to the profession via military schools, demonstrate competence in regulating both the professional and private lives of its members, and form a strong organizational culture. The quality that comes to the fore among these features is that, apart from a few branches, candidates are educated in military schools. Since the 19th century, the military, having built advanced military schools and even developed a system large enough to assist the civilian education system, has been able to educate its personnel according to its own norms. The length of study at military schools is additionally often longer than in other nations, thus enabling a robust socialization process. Until the 2016 coup attempt, this term was 11-12 years on average and included military high school, war school, branch school, and the staff college. Additionally, this time excludes short-term courses. The army retains control, both during the school admission examinations and throughout the educational process. Thus, Downes’ (1985, pp. 147–148) requirements of “specified theoretical knowledge and control over the associated practical skills” as well as “long-term education training and assessment via official examinations” seem to have been more than fulfilled in Turkey.Despite possessing the required professional credentials, divergent views and perceptions are found regarding the military profession in Turkey. Although the Turkish military follows the same model as Western armies, the distinction between military service as a lifestyle and military service as a profession becomes more evident in the Turkish case. In the American example, which Moskos (1977b) tried to explain with the institution/occupation model, the military profession is stated to have experienced a similar orientation with other professions in the free market economy, especially with the transition to the professional army. For example, in this case, pay and career&nbsp;&nbsp;aspirations may take precedence over institutional values inherent in military service, such as sacrifice and courage. Did the rate at which professionalization increased in the Turkish military lead to a similar development in Turkey? In other words, is military service seen as a profession, or is it perceived as a lifestyle or a duty, resulting in institutional values having maintained their dominant position?According to the survey findings, civilians and soldiers in Turkey have varying perspectives on the military profession. While 77% of soldiers see it as a way of life, just 24% of civilians characterize it as such. Only 19% of soldiers describe it as a profession; in contrast, 44% of civilians see military service as a profession and 32% as a duty. Consequently, society and soldiers have contrasting perspectives about the military profession. Various reasons for this approach were listed in the in-depth interviews. First of all, military service is a life-or-death profession. Second, the frequent relocation of soldiers compared to other professions in Turkey, which places a great deal of strain on military families and soldiers, contributes to the military profession being viewed differently than other professions. Apart from these, the most important factor is the potential the institutional authority of the army has to influence and control not only soldiers’ professional life but also their family life. Military wives and children must also adhere to institutional requirements, as living in military-specific locations such as barracks, officer’s clubs, and army houses shape military families’ lives. In this case, the developed practices have become more of a way of life than a profession.In summary, the military profession is viewed as a combination of professioninstitution and private life. The soldiers’ emphasis on the lifestyle instead of as a profession shows the institution, profession, and private life to be fused. In this case, the fusion of institution and profession as suggested by Van Doorn (1965) for the Western armies has gone one step further and included private life in Turkey. However, although civilians are aware of these practices, they do not interpret the degree of impact in the same way. This situation naturally creates a difference in civilians’ and soldiers’ perspectives toward the profession.The surveys and interviews have revealed the old generation of soldiers’ perceptions toward the new generation to be incorrect. The interviews reveal retired soldiers to believe that the current generation of soldiers “do not see military service as a way of life, but rather as an ordinary job in a free-market economy.” However, this belief diametrically opposes the survey findings. As much as 84% of the new generation of soldiers (20-30 age group) defined military service as a lifestyle, which is even more than the retired soldiers. One might argue that this contrasting attitude is linked to the political and ideological climate that developed after the coup attempt. This superficial explanation, however, is deemed insufficient. Although its origins are unknown, one of the perceptions that has grown into a near-tradition is that each military school graduation class views those who enter the profession after them as insufficient or doesn’t refer to them as full professionals. This concept, which is often portrayed lightheartedly, seems to stress the significance of rank (i.e., hierarchy). As a result, one should note that Moskos’ (1977b) institution/occupation model has yet to become a viable theory in Turkey. In other words, values such as self-sacrifice, heroism, and commitment, which still stand out as institutional values in Turkey, have more weight than wages and similar personal interests, which Moskos had put forward as occupational characteristics.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Profesyonel Askerliğin Sosyolojik Bir İncelemesi:  Meslek, Görev ya da Yaşam Tarzı?

Hasan

Adem

Psychometric Evaluation of the Factors for University Choice  Scale in a Military Academy

Şükrü

Because the institutions of the military and the family demand commitment, loyalty, energy, and time from their members, both institutions have features in common with what Coser refers to as “ambitious institutions.” Because ambitious institutions are able to survive through individual commitment and loyalty, they want individuals to spend their time and energy on their own institution and struggle for this.Ambitious families’ adaptation to and satisfaction with military life affect the soldiers’ professional careers. This is because family happiness is very important for soldiers in the military. Soldiers who consider their family to be unhappy may leave their military duty prematurely. This causes the military to lose qualified and experienced personnel. The task motivation decreases in soldiers who are unable to leave the military. These soldiers cause administrative casualties, especially in the battlefield.Military service is a difficult and risky profession by its nature. Soldiers have to serve in all kinds of terrain and environments in both times of war and peace. While performing their military duty, what is demanded from the soldiers also gets imposed on the families of the soldiers. The main challenges of the military profession are risk of injury/death, separation, relocation, and living abroad.Families experience separation as a result of assignment or deployment to garrisons where families are not allowed. These duties affect family members’ physical health, mental health, marital satisfaction, and attitudes toward the military. The aim of this study is to measure the effects these duties that cause soldiers serving in the Turkish military who have recently served in different geographies to separate from their families have on their spouses and to offer suggestions to increase family satisfaction with the military lifestyle.A military family has a structure that consists of spouses or couples living together, with or without children, perhaps with adopted children who reside in the same place where at least one of the partners has a job in the military. The families of those performing compulsory military service are not included in this definition.Militaries make various demands from their soldiers in order to fulfill the tasks assigned to them. These demands directly or indirectly put pressure on the soldiers’ families because the family is expected to support the military in adapting to military institutions’ demands and expectations and fulfilling the responsibilities imposed on the soldier. However, changes in society and the family structure have made this adaptation process problematic for families. Increased work-family conflicts within the family as a result of women becoming more involved in business life and the increase in the number of married soldiers have revealed the need for militaries to take steps in regard to military families.&nbsp;Military families are located at the intersection of military and family. The military asks soldiers to fulfill their duties and responsibilities, as well as to meet what is expected from them in their role as the military parent in the family. In particular, the military family expects the soldier to be with the family at special times and for the soldier to spend energy and time on the family.The military differs from other institutions in terms of its expectations from soldiers and their families. This is because the military is one of the rare institutions that fully requests other institutions to fulfill the different demands they want their members to fulfill. Although the frequency and severity of the difficulties experienced during the military profession may vary, the personnel and their families will experience them all throughout the process. The possibility military personnel will get injured or die during duty, get relocated, and get relocated due to assignments, become separated from family due to duty, or have to live in different countries are the things the military requests from soldiers and their families.Military personnel serving in the military are separated from their families at regular intervals for a period of time as a result of things such as their duties, courses, or exercises. This separation process is experienced for various reasons during peacetime and may last from a few days to a year; this can be much longer during wartime.Soldiers having to be separated from their families due to assignments or other similar reasons has serious effects on the lives of military spouses. The separation process and the reunion of the family after personnel return from duty are seen as great sources of stress in the lives of military families. While most military spouses are able to overcome the difficulties of this period, some may experience these difficulties more than others.MethodThis study uses the survey design, a quantitative research design, in order to examine the effects the difficulties of the military profession have on military spouses’ physical health, mental health, and general satisfaction and to determine spouses’ attitudes toward the military.Sample The Turkish Armed Forces has approximately 200,000 officers, non-commissioned officers, and specialist non-commissioned officers in service. The universe of this study consists of the spouses of officers, non-commissioned officers and specialist non-commissioned officers serving in the Land, Naval, and Air Forces, and determining the universe is not possible. Sampling was used because the entire universe in the study is formed of the spouses of soldiers, and accessing the entire universe is too difficult. The sample size has been calculated as 316 people at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 margin of error.&nbsp;Data Collection Tools A data collection tool was developed for gathering the data. The data collection tool consists of four parts. The first part asks questions to soldiers’ spouses about demographic information. The second part asks soldiers’ spouses questions adapted from the questionnaire applied to the wives of the soldiers serving in the US military by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. This section asks military spouses to answer questions about their experiences during deployments where families were unable to be taken. The third section and fourth sections use the Patient Health Questionnaire- Somatic, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms, whose validity and reliability studies were conducted by Yazıcı Güleç et al.FindingsParticipants’ Demographic CharacteristicsWhen examining the 316 participants’ distribution according to age groups, 7 (2.2%) were determined to be between 18-19 years old, 43 (13.6%) to be between 20-24, 109 (34.5%) to be between 25-29, 77 (24.4%) to be between 30-34, 57 (18.0%) to be between 35-39, and 23 (7.3%) to be 40 or older. When examining the participants’ distribution according to education level, 2 (0.6%) are seen to be literate but did not finish any schooling, 5 (1.6%) to be primary school graduates (5th grade), 13 (4.1%) to be secondary school graduates (8th grade), 77 (24.4%) to be high school graduates (or GED), 190 (60.1%) to be college or faculty graduates (BA), and 29 (9.2%) to have master’s or doctorates. When analyzing participants’ distribution according to employment status, 111 (35.1%) were determined to have paid jobs, 4 (1.3%) to be self-employed, 25 (7.9%) to be unemployed and looking for work, 6 (1.9%) to be students, 1 (0.3%) to be retired, and 141 (44.6%) to be housewives, while 28 (8.9%) chose “other”. When examining the participants’ distributions according to their spouses rank and branch of armed forces, 137 (43.4%) are seen to be married to specialist sergeants, 106 (33.5%) to noncommissioned officers, and 73 (23.1%) to officers; 238 (75.3%) are spouses of members of the Turkish Land Forces, 46 (14.6%) to members of Turkish Naval Forces, and 32 (10.1%) to members of the Turkish Air Force. Of the participants, 229 (72.4%) are married to spouses assigned to garrisons where families cannot be taken, and 87 (27.6%) to spouses not assigned to garrisons where families cannot be taken.The difference between the somatic symptoms scale averages of the groups was not significant (t = 1.23; p = .218). The somatic symptoms of the group whose spouses had been assigned to garrisons where families could not be taken were seen to resemble those of the group whose spouses had not been assigned to such garrisons.The differences between the groups’ averages for the scale regarding symptoms of depression (t = 5.33; p = .000) and symptoms of anxiety (t = 6.31; p = .000) were found to be significant. The anxiety and depression levels of those whose spouses were assigned to garrisons that could not take families were found to be significantly higher than those whose spouses were not assigned to such garrisons.As a result of the analyses, the difference between these groups’ mean marital satisfaction levels (t = -3.80; p = .000) was found to be significant. The marriage satisfaction levels of individuals whose spouses had not been assigned to garrisons that cannot take families were found to be significantly higher than those whose spouses had been assigned to such garrisons.Results and RecommendationsWhen examining the answers soldiers’ spouses gave to the patient health questionnaire used in the research, the somatic symptoms of the group whose spouses had been assigned to garrisons where families could not be taken and was seen to resemble that of the group whose spouses had not been assigned to such garrisons. When examining the studies in the literature, one study obtained data from 130 military spouses and compared the somatic symptoms of one group whose spouses had been assigned to garrisons where families could reside (62 military spouses) with another group whose spouses were garrisoned but could not take families (68 military spouses). That study found the somatic symptoms scores of those whose spouses were soldiers assigned to garrisons where families were not taken to be higher than those whose spouses had not been assigned to such garrisons. A study conducted by the USA Military determined that women whose spouses had been assigned to garrisons where families could not be taken showed somatic symptoms such as fatigue, headache, menstrual pain (menses), sleep problems, and eating disorders. A similar study conducted with data obtained from the wives of 346 soldiers concluded the physical health of women whose spouses had been assigned to garrisons where families could not be taken to have deteriorated. Contrary to the literature, the similarity of somatic symptoms between the two groups in this study is attributed to the fact that the spouses of some of the women in the sample had returned from their assignment and these women’s physical health had improved.When examining the data obtained from the sample, the anxiety and depression levels of those whose spouses had been assigned to non-family garrisons were found to be significantly higher than those whose spouses had not been assigned to such garrisons. These duties start the separation process in the family and are seen to negatively affect the mental health of military spouses. During this time, the problems family members experience reduce the motivation of military personnel. Studies are found in the literature that support this research result. One study conducted with 8,056 military spouses compared the mental health of women whose spouses were on nongarrisoned duty, women whose spouses had recently returned from non-garrisoned duty, and women who belonged to neither group. The mental health of spouses of soldiers who’d been separated more frequently due to non-garrisoned duty was worse than the others. A study conducted with the spouses of 940 soldiers assigned to Iraq and Afghanistan determined that 182 of these spouses met the criteria for major depression and anxiety disorder.As a result of the data obtained from the research sample, the marital satisfaction levels of those whose spouses were not assigned to garrisons not able to take families were higher than those whose spouses were assigned to such garrisons. Marriage satisfaction and marital quality were measured in a study conducted with the wives of 100 soldiers deployed to Egypt as part of the peace support operation of the US military between 1994-1995. These measurements were made with data obtained from the spouses before, during and after the assignment. The researchers found the spouses’ marital satisfaction to decrease during the assignment but to have no overall long-term change; in other words, no significant change occurred in the quality of the marriage over time. The rate of couples remaining married for those who’d had problems in their relationships before the assignment was low.Military families should be the first priority of militaries that want to keep soldiers long-term within their own structure. Military families’ harmony, satisfaction, and quality of life are directly related to the importance the military attaches to families as well as the policies they implement. Family happiness and well-being is important for soldiers. Soldiers who think their families are happy also have long careers in the military. Having leaders in units who take care of the families of the military personnel under their command and try to solve their problems increases the morale and motivation of the personnel; this support also positively affects the success of the union.&nbsp;

Aile Götürülemeyen Garnizon Dışı Görevlerin Asker Eşlerinin  Fiziksel Sağlığı, Ruh Sağlığı ve Evlilik Memnuniyeti  Üzerindeki Etkileri

Mustafa

Being isolated from social structures and physically separate, military structures have developed cultural habits, views, and behaviors different than civilians. As a sub-branch of sociology, the subject of civil-military relations for military sociology is aimed at addressing the areas where this subgroup (the military) differs from the upper group (society) using a holistic approach. The subject of the civil-military gap also takes its reference from here. Civil-military relations in Turkey have been analyzed through an assembly based on concessions and assumptions between civilians and soldiers by ignoring the social processes that have caused differences between the two groups. For this reason, our study attempts to explain the emergence and developmental stages of the civil-military gap debate as a missing dimension in the analysis of civil-military relations in Turkey.As a part of the modern bureaucratic structure, militaries must be strong and organized to protect societal interests but weak enough to not direct this power against the society they protect (Feaver, 1999, p. 215). Upon examining this statement, two main issues of the civil-military relations debates become visible: What is the relationship between civilians and soldiers, who have a duty to protect the society and are equipped with different values and armed forces than the civilians, and how can this relationship be carried out in favor of democratic procedures?One of the traditional concerns of civil-military relations is the military’s direct intervention in power where political authority is deprived of its powers. While this concern is the most serious point, another less worrying issue is that, even if a military does not destroy society, it will engage in a power struggle with the civilian authority and use its power to protect its own interests by not yielding to civilian superiority. Bernard Boëne (1990, p. 27) converted this into the following question: “How can society maintain a relationship of trust and harmony with those responsible for its security?” Answers to this question are grouped under three different designs of control: All the official laws and rules around the chain of command over which the military is accountable to society; integration of the military with social relations; sharing responsibility or providing cooperation through a division of labor among decision makers (Bland, 1999; Feaver, 2003; Huntington, 1957; Janowitz, 1961; Schiff, 1995).In addition to investigating the areas of differences or similarities between soldiers and society, the civil-military gap also examines the dynamics that separate military and political leaders from each other and cause problems in national security assessments, as well as the presence of a potential culture (attitudes, views, values) that negatively threatens the civil-military relationship (Rahbek-Clemmensen et al., 2012). The civil-military gap debate shows “the effects of society, including military activity, on the role, structure and culture of the armed forces” on one hand and “the consequences for the reputation and legitimacy of the behavior of the armed forces as an organization that fights on behalf of society” on the other (Dandeker, 2001, p. 4).&nbsp;Civil-military relations in military sociology include the processes of control over the army by the civilian authority and the state and also examine how society and other state institutions relate to the military using survey-type studies (Başpınar, 2012b, p. 130).Huntington (year) proposed an army of professional soldiers who are politically neutral, isolated from political processes, and fully focused on winning wars. In this direction, an absolute distinction is advocated between armed forces and social values and between the civilian and military spheres of influence in order to maintain military effectiveness and army functionality (Snider &amp; Carlton-Carew, 1995, pp. 3–4). Rejecting the separation of military officers from civil society and creating a different structure, Janowitz viewed the separation between civil and military fields as both unnecessary and impossible (Caforio, 2006, pp. 17–18). Being separate from society, armed forces will cause a loss of reputation and meaning by jeopardizing the social acceptance they need (Janowitz, 1971; Steinbrecher &amp; Biehl, 2021, p. 191). Janowitz additionally stated a dynamic relationship to exist between armed forces and society through personnel exchange (new recruits joining the army and retirees leaving the army).Revisiting the issue in the post-Cold War era, Ricks (1997) was concerned about the potential and dangerous consequence of the weakening of American soldiers’ propensity to represent the community and about the military possibly becoming a semi-autonomous organization too large to be accountable to those it serves. Ricks supported his argument using three changes he had observed in the conditions of civil society, the military, and security: The military power as an actor in political processes has the potential for scaling through (1) the increasing detachment from civilian values with the transition to voluntary forces in the army, (2) the increasing emphasis on liberal values being in conflict with military values in civil society, and finally (3) the encounter with a permanent army larger than in times of peace as a result of changes in the international security environment, thus having the nature of threats be reinterpreted by civilians. The lack of empirical data was eliminated with the project study prepared with the support of the Triangle Institute for Security Studies (TISS) under the editorship of Feaver and Kohn. Later on, a project titled The Civil-Military Gap in the United States: Does It Exist, Why, and Does It Matter was prepared by RAND Cooperation under the editorship of Thomas S. Szayna with the support of the USA Armed Forces and focused on the 9/11 attacks and the impact of the Iraq War on civilian control.The issue of the civil-military gap has also been on the agenda of European countries. Even though the abolition of compulsory military service and the transition to voluntary forces were discussed in the debate in France and Germany, due to the long history of voluntary military service in the UK, the debate involved the decline in the participation in the armed forces among the youth as well as the full inclusion of women, homosexuals, and ethnic minorities in the army (Kümmel, 2007; Strachan, 2010, Vennesson, 2010).&nbsp;The civil-military gap has been at the center of discussions on civil-military relations in the post-World War II era. Institutional approaches have emerged in this period and later turned into a multi-faceted debate over certain problem areas in the United States. Although the Turkish Armed Forces recruit human resources for its professional staff from certain segments of society, how they are distributed is unknown. Similarly, although the operation has expanded its sphere of influence to the international arena, which views are valid in political preferences and how the common values between soldiers differ from civilians are also unknown. Contrary to the political-military model of the past, the facts that significant differences exist in the democratic control processes of the modern period, that civil-military relations crises are experienced, and that solutions are needed in response to this suggest that civil-military gap studies in Turkey will increase.&nbsp;

Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları

Umut

Propaganda is viewed as an indispensable element of modern war and has been used as an effective tool since people lived in communities. Propaganda activities carried out during both war and peace times appear as an element that enables societies to act together in line with a specific purpose. Definitions made about the content of propaganda focus on the motives for influencing a group by means of indoctrination. In this process, the owners of the discourse generally attempt to convince any group of the correctness and validity of their ideas without resorting to violence. When looking at the history of propaganda, similar efforts are seen to even have been made in the context of ruler-andruled relations in ancient times. Although such initiatives were not called propaganda in those times, they can be said to have served similar purposes in terms of content and application. Governments in ancient times attempted to transfer their ideas and experiences to society using propaganda-type activities for both political and military purposes. One encounters the means of propaganda to differ at this point. In fact, various tools have been used for this purpose in line with the technical possibilities possessed in the different divisions of civilization. Despite propaganda activities carried out verbally and in writing having quite different techniques, their aims can be said to meet on more or less the same point. In times of war, aims such as providing the motivation war requires by involving society in the process and neutral groups in the struggle or by alleviating suffering from troubles can be said to come to the fore; however, those in power in times of peace can be said to resort to such activities with the intention of ensuring their own legitimacy and strengthening their power.Many examples of propaganda activities being carried out by means of monuments, mausoleums, or inscriptions located at the hub of social life were present in ancient times. Such structures are undoubtedly tools that have left traces on the imagination of the society to which they had visual appeal. These types of structures, especially those in the center of social life in communities with a settled life, ensure that everyone in that group can easily receive the message. In this respect, studies on the history of propaganda have felt the need to search for the first examples of such efforts in ancient Greek sites. Based on this view, these types of activities associated with the art of governing have been sought predominantly in settled societies. In addition to the Greek example, units of ancient civilization as China and Egypt have been referenced as regions where similar efforts had been made. The activities carried out by the church, especially in the Middle Ages, have been evaluated in the context of propaganda after the examples indicative pf very early times. The papal attempts at organizing the Crusades have been frequently mentioned in this context. In 1622, when Pope Gregory XV established the official propaganda office of the Catholic Church under the name of Sacra Congregatio Christiana Nomini Propaganda, the concept began to appear frequently in the literature with its own original content. Propaganda involving predominantly religious discourse became widespread in the West after this date.&nbsp;&nbsp;Technological developments, the spread of mass media, and the acceleration of printing activities in particular have greatly expanded propaganda activities and their sphere of influence. Similar efforts were made in almost every region as an indispensable element of war times, with propaganda beginning to be institutionalized following World Wars I and II. Having gained more systematic usage in modern times, propaganda has appeared with rich content in terms of historical examples. The elements of psychological warfare that can be evaluated within the framework of propaganda are an application that almost every society has resorted with quite a variety of techniques. In this respect, even contemporary propaganda researchers do not hesitate to talk about ancient Chinese example of psychological warfare and Sun-Tzu.Propaganda and psychological warfare practices in history are not limited to settled communities, as current studies are intensely processing. Such efforts have also been seen in the steppe societies since very early times. The methods used by the Mongols with regard to psychological warfare in particular have been frequently mentioned. In addition, the inscriptions belonging to the Göktürk era, known as the Orkhon Inscriptions, also have a narrative that can be evaluated within the framework of propaganda. These inscriptions were erected by the Göktürk leaders and are on a mausoleum complex in terms of their location. This had appealed to the Göktürk society of the period both in terms of content and image. The Khans who prepared the inscriptions stated wanting the texts there to be known by everyone and thus erected them in places everyone could access. The events in the inscriptions are not just a simple battle narrative. The various experiences of the Göktürks and the wars they waged were conveyed in a focused literary language. In this respect, the texts appear quite far removed from a haphazard historical source. The Göktürk state rulers faced their society and ancestors through the inscriptions. They often felt the need to give advice. What should be paid attention to in terms of the survival of the restored state is emphasized over and over again with great complexity. Among the issues raised, particular attention was drawn to the hostile elements. At this point, China comes to the fore more compared to the communities mentioned in the context of hostility in the inscriptions. The inscriptions were erected during the Second Turkic Khaganate, and the information at hand shows the people around Ilterish Qaghan, who’d revived the state, to have been educated people since Tonyukuk. Tonyukuk prepared the first inscriptions and was a statesman who’d grown up in China. Tonyukuk, who knew China and its politics well, advised both Ilterish and his son Bilge Khagan as a consultant. China was where the Göktürks had experienced the most difficult struggles and is evaluated in the inscriptions from a different perspective. Although the Göktürks had light relations with China during the time of Bilge Khagan, the ancient point of view had not changed, and China’s negative aspects were emphasized. While warning society using examples from the past, the Khans also described how China thought from time to time and decorated the inscriptions with the bad events that could happen if they were to be fooled by their policies.&nbsp;One important detail in the Orkhon Inscriptions is the intensity of military terminology. These terms are observed to be repeated in many lines of the Tonyukuk, Kul-Tegin, and Bilge Khagan Inscriptions that we’ve examined. Some of the prominent concepts in the work have been evaluated in the context of military propaganda. However, the military terminology in question has allowed us to make some explanations about the Göktürk army structure. The literary language used while conveying the events in the inscriptions containing military terms is consistent, and the narrative is strengthened with certain similes and belief motifs. Expressions such as “The enemy’s soldier is like a sheep, and my father is like a wolf” are seen as types that would have positively affected the society’s warrior motivations. The extraordinary efforts of the Göktürk khagans in times of war have also ben conveyed very impressively.Apart from the elements that we evaluate within the framework of military propaganda, many statements about the legitimacy of the Orkhon administrative family are understood to be present in the inscriptions. Propaganda is not only seen to have been a method used in times of war throughout history but to also have served as a tool of power for the rulers. Similarly, the Orkhon Inscriptions also have references to the sanctity of the ruling family. Such situations are interpreted together with the concepts of kut [happiness/fortune] and töre [customs] in old Turks within the work. Tonyukuk must be noted as having constructed a different discourse in terms of legitimacy compared to the three inscriptions we’ve evaluated. While describing both his military and administrative activities in the inscriptions he prepared, Tonyukuk lists his own efforts on behalf of the Göktürk community. Some of the struggles observed between the ruling family may also be traced in this narrative, because Bilge Khagan is mentioned only in 2 places in this inscription, while Kul-Tegin’s is not at all. A calmer portrait also stands out in the discourse on enemies. The Kul-Tegin and Bilge Khagan Inscriptions have discourses that become a little sharper. Perhaps this denotes a harsher discourse to occur with the title of khagan.This study has evaluated the narratives in the Orkhon Inscriptions within the context of propaganda and is also important in terms of showing the implements the steppe khagans had regarding state administration. Through their discourse in the inscriptions, the khagans appear to have been people who knew their society and were knowledgeable about the policies of those they struggled against. Of course, inscriptions were not texts erected only for the khagans’ legitimacy or for military purposes. However, all the subtleties of the art of administration can be seen in these texts, which also have the quality of a policy book. The parts that we’ve compared with modern propaganda techniques show the Orkhon rulers during the ancient period to have developed a discourse construction that would not fail to fill the shoes of its contemporary elements.&nbsp;

Köktürk Yazıtlarının “Askerî Propaganda” Bağlamında  Değerlendirilmesi

Halil

Res. Assist.

Islamic Propaganda by the French During the Occupation of  Egypt (1798-1801)

Sedat

How can a connection be established between the philosophical theory of war and peace and its sociological explanations? For instance, one may pose the question, “Through which variables can a potential link be established between Kant’s text on perpetual peace and the current literature on military sociology?” While Kant does have a philosophical essay on perpetual peace, he does not have a separate text on war; on the other hand, the current military psychology is considered the specific sociological discipline on military service, the military, and war in which peace is viewed as an incidental theme. Despite the relationships philosophy has with the social sciences in general and sociology in particular appear disconnected, some points of contact are still identifiable. This article is based on the assumption that significant direct and indirect connections are present apart from the limited points of contact, especially in the case of Kant.Kant’s critical philosophical project has evolved as a philosophical basis for legitimate science, secular morality, and perpetual peace, both nationally and internationally. Due to the political arena involving perpetual peace ultimately coming face to face with the historical world, however, this field can neither be characterized by moral principles not be the subject of scientific knowledge. Kant identified perpetual peace as a conceivable hope. Not only did European history witness events while Kant was alive that would show this hope to be practically impossible, some of Kant’s contemporaries and disciples appeared more inclined to develop a theory of possible absolute warfare. This situation resulted in Kant’s views on peace coming to a standstill as a frustrated utopia; in terms of the social sciences, the subject was stuck within the framework of political science and international relations. Historians are accepted from the sociological point of view to record individual wars in terms of what occurred, while philosophers explore the nature of war. In terms of sociology, war accordingly can first and foremost be explained or understood in terms of these individual events being social phenomena. In terms of our hypothesis, this scenario is a problematic distinction that was established in the 19th century.In the conditions under which sociology emerged as an autonomous science, it possessed the claim of producing scientific knowledge about “that which is social” in the broadest sense. Since the first founding methodological studies of sociology, however, various sociological approaches have emerged in light of the nature of what is social and the conditions of knowledge, namely the issue of the object and meaning specific to sociology. The categories prominent in terms of the issue of object have perpetuated as social relations, social phenomena, social interactions, and social action. In terms of the issue of meaning, the basic distinction emerges between explanation and understanding. These similar alternatives that propel and govern a prospective research practice are clearly consistent with philosophical theories. In fact, the studies that began under the conditions of World War II in Europe and America and gained momentum since the 1970s have added a detailed critique of the methodological issues in sociology to projects in regard to the general restructuring of the social sciences. However, no adaptation of these criticisms to military sociology has been observed nor the tendency of any study questioning the methodological foundations in military sociology. On the contrary, military sociology presents itself as a discipline that has emerged under the conditions of World War II.The philosophical theories of war and peace within the self-presentation of military sociology clearly have not been able to find room within the discipline. Moreover, the assumption that archaic topics such as military service, the military, and war first came together in specific research within military sociology implicitly neglects classical sociology. In fact, military sociology has presented itself problematically as an autonomous discipline by seeking concrete, practical solutions regarding the issues within the US military since World War II. To accept the self-presentation of military sociology means to implicitly narrow sociology to the boundaries of specific research practices in accordance with American sociology. However, constructing a solid general framework for this discipline cannot be done by simply looking at military sociology studies, as the theoretical and social sources of the discipline are older. The closer one gets to these sources, the clearer the possible links become between the philosophical theories of peace and military sociology.War is a relational notion that operates within a certain dynamic of change and continuity in terms of historical-social relations. The moment a war emerges within historical space, it cannot be positioned between the past and future by considering the war as a concrete object a researcher can hold or oppose with respect to its internal or external borders. For this reason, a given historical moment can by no means be characterized by a certain phenomenon with reference to an obligatory choice between a state of war and peace. However, current ideas have developed in the following directions: (i) historical warfare against an ahistorical ideal of peace, (ii) the historical incarnation of the ahistorical opposition of war and peace, and (iii) the historical dialectic and displacement between war and peace. The ahistorical category of these alternatives in moral and legal character also being essentially historical (i.e., the place of meaning being determined historically) shows the deep relationship among the three possibilities. Kant was the one to establish this relationship for the first time; this is because history as is known in Western thought parallels the relevant modernity, and Kant was the first to declare the original ahistorical context illegitimate by way of historically identifying the place meaning has in relation to the object of research. Thus, both sides of the historical and ahistorical (ideological) distinction in the social sciences are essentially based on a historical-relational ultimate basis in the sense of the “here and now.” The result of Kant’s attempt was the derivation of historical and&nbsp;&nbsp;ahistorical categories from within what is historical contained in the logic of the sciences. The distinction between historical and ahistorical in sociology is seen between positivism and historicism in particular. However, this distinction is fictional, and the prevalent ahistorical category is actually ideological. Namely, this distinction is primarily embedded in a limited historical context through America during and after World War II in terms of contemporary military sociology.The purpose of this article is to attempt to answer the research question using Kant’s text Perpetual Peace. The article first points out the opening of the basic connection between philosophical theory and sociological explanation in general and then the interrelationship between the philosophical theory of perpetual peace and social analysis in particular. As a result, the searches for solutions to the highly diversified concrete, practical problems of military sociology have been conducted over a deep structure composed of theoretical and social sources, and this structure is problematic from a metatheoretical point of view.&nbsp;

Ebedi Barış ve Askeri Sosyoloji İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Salih

Furkan

Militarizasyon MENA Ülkelerinde Çevresel Kirliliği Nasıl  Etkiliyor?

Birol

The work Sodom and Gomorrah appeared before readers in 1928 and tells of the events that took place between the Allied occupation of Istanbul and the National Struggle. One of the themes of the work is the encounter between self and other on the axis of East and West. This encounter has the occupation forces representing the West, in particular the British and the French, some of the local people who acted alongside these soldiers, the non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire, and the Turks who still believed in independence and did not want to accept this invasion.The Introduction discusses the relationship between self and other and the East-West plane of this relationship. The first heading of the text, which is examined under four main headings, is “The Domination of Foreign Soldiers: The Slave-Master Relationship;” its subject deals with the foreign soldiers’ encounters with Turkish people and is based on Hegel’s master and slave dialectic. In the novel, Captain Jackson Read, who was in Istanbul for the Occupation, had military and administrative duties, and been raised with military discipline, is described as the “master.” The first hero the British officer encounters is the manicurist girl. The girl is attracted to Jackson Read. But the British officer has no feelings for the girl who comes up to his feet to give a manicure. For him, the existence of the girl consists of meeting his own needs. Sami Bey, who hosted Jackson Read at the beginning of the novel, is merely the enslaved type. Retired from Düyun-u Umumiye, Sami Bey has a European style and meets up with Jackson Read thanks to his wide circle in Beyoğlu; after two or three meetings, he invites him to his home and aims to gather benefits. Sami Bey, who opened the doors of his house to the occupation forces until the end, is not disturbed by the fact that his daughter Leyla is seen with foreign soldiers and is also pleased with the situation. After all, at the end of the novel, Sami Bey is seen to have not believed in the National Struggle; he doesn’t think he’ll succeed and feels Istanbul will again be under the domination of the Turks. Sami Bey acts with the reflex of unconditional obedience as one whose self-consciousness has been erased and sees the British as the masters. Necdet opposes the occupation forces in the book and is depicted as an enemy of the British; he hates the foreign soldiers in general for their occupation of Istanbul, as he is particularly interested in Leyla more than Jackson Read. Realizing the situation, the occupation forces try to erase Necdet’s self-awareness as they view themselves as the master (i.e., capable of dominating anyone they want). Necdet is seen to lose the fight to the occupation forces, who are shown as the “self” at this point because his anti-British sentiment did not turn into action; as a result, he evolved to having a slave mentality and was marginalized before he could reach self-awareness. In addition, features such as the French organization of a concert for the injured French soldiers in the Çanakkale Front and its advertisement in the newspapers for days, and the printing of invitations in English and French for Leyla’s invitation, and the marginalization of Istanbul’s Turkish identity indicated that the occupation forces acted with the consciousness of master and that some people like Leyla had accepted the slave mentality.&nbsp;When coming to the final stages of the occupation, Captain Jackson Read and George Marlow make an account of the loss of their struggle with the Turks. Here Jackson Read is seen to belittle the Turks’ victory and to still consider himself the master despite losing this war. Seeing the rest of the world as slaves who are obliged to serve them, the Captain wants to return to his homeland as soon as possible to benefit from this abundance. But Marlow says it’s a sick view. According to him, the British people marginalized everywhere and everyone except themselves. Partial acceptance appears in the letter Jackson Read wrote to his mother near the end of the occupation regarding the lost struggle against the Turks, who are seen as the “other.” For the Captain, who is glad to leave these lands despite the lost war, the Turks should be under the rule of his “self”. In the continuation of the letter, he mentions the Turks’ hatred toward the British. Jackson Read, who takes the shape of the “self” with these expressions, changes the method of struggle and purposes that the other is unable to achieve self-consciousness by always retaining a dependent mentality.Necdet is the only hero to overcome the slavery mentality and create a new consciousness in the novel. He cannot tolerate foreign soldiers persecuting the Turks. Witnessing insults to a crippled soldier on the tram is the particular beginning of Necdet’s self-awareness. Leyla was the reason for Necdet’s lack of self-consciousness at the beginning of the novel. By being isolated from Leyla, he grew to want to remove the othering in his own country and enslaved environment, and even entered a new struggle with the enemy forces.The section Foreign Soldiers as Others, being the second heading of the study, involves the Occidental views of Cemil Kâmi and Necdet from among the heroes of the novel. The most distinctive feature of Necdet is that he had a grudge against the occupation forces, especially the British, and saw them as the other and strangers to the city. The narrator attributes the roots of Necdet’s hostility toward the English to the ideas he’d received from Heine as a result of his education in Germany followed by the invasion of the country. Necdet’s grudge is defined as Anglophobia. The elements that make up Necdet’s “self” are his determination to struggle, self-sacrifice, honor, and patriotism. Cemil Kami, on the other hand, is disturbed by the foreign soldiers he encounters in Istanbul, having returned after a long time away. The identity that forms Cemil Kami’s “self” are racial characteristics such as the language and appearance that are part of this identity. Apart from these, the countenances he encounters and the language he hears appear to him as the “other.”The third heading, The Manifestation of Western Consciousness: Foreign Soldiers and Women, addresses the perspective of women and their attitude toward foreign soldiers in the context of the soldiers’ romances with the women from the perspective of the “self” and the “other.” Leyla stands out from among these women. When Jackson Read is with Leyla, he emphasizes her otherness and expresses his admiration for her exoticism, dark skin, and black eyes. Fearing that falling in love with a Turkish girl in Istanbul, the place he’d come to invade, would cause him disgrace in London, the Captain questions his relationship with Leyla. This is because his tradition encounters everything outside his own race and culture as the “other.” Leyla is depicted as an English enthusiast in the novel; she is a subject of the West who’s been estranged from the society in which she lives, is curious about modern life and a fan of the English, enjoys showing this, appears snobby and snooty in the presence of strangers, runs about from evening tea to morning strolls, and has no livelihood. Leyla’s modern passion for life and European lifestyle are the most important things connecting her to Jackson Read. Leyla has no element that reveals her Turkish identity because she consciously been assimilated. Azize Hanım [Lady Azize] and Madam Jimson show similar characteristics. The only difference between Azize Hanım and Madam Jimson is religion. Although both are members of this society, they are of the type who reject their identity, try to get a high-ranking occupation officer despite being married, and act like Westerners who claim no chastity.The last heading, Imaginary Other, discusses the traces of the image of the Imaginary East as created by the West in the Orientalist discourse. With no experience of the East, the West has made it an object of desire in its mental world, denigrated it when appropriate, and shaped it through the whims of its prejudices. Eastern women, sultans, harems, sexual fantasies, concubines, hamams [bathhouses], sheikhs, and pashas occupy important places in this imagining. In the novel, foreign soldiers use Westernproduced images of the East while describing each of them negatively. The depiction of the Imaginary East is processed through Captain George Marlow in particular. For example, Marlow likens Jackson Read to an Ottoman pasha while expressing his lassitude and relationship with women. In Marlow’s perception of the East, a pasha involves a lazy sexual element of one who is surrounded by beautiful concubines, has a large harem, lays down with a new woman every night, and smokes hash and hookahs. The idea of the Imaginary East is generally presented through Captain George Marlow, stemming from his desire to realize his sexual perversions and fantasies in the geography of the “other.” The traces of the sultan myth from A Thousand and One Nights are seen in Jackson Read’s encounter with Şehnaz Sultan. According to this myth, the “sultan princess,” or Sultana, is beautiful, adorned with various jewels, lives in the palace, is fairy-tale-like, and an object of desire whose husband suddenly chases after due to her inviting demeanor. The Sultana in the novel is the niece of the sultan and wife of Nail Pasha. Jackson Read considers the encounter “an adventure” because he knows the Sultana is married. He emphasizes her mystery by calling her a woman whose “skin has not seen the sun.” Jackson Read carefully examined the palace where the Sultana lived, her clothes and behavior, and then exited the fairy-tale world. Both Marlow and Jackson Read realized that the reality they encountered in Istanbul did not match the East of their dreams.&nbsp;

“Ben ve Öteki” Bağlamında Yakup Kadri’nin Sodom ve  Gomore Romanında Yabancı Askerler

Revisiting Institutional/Occupational Model in Turkish Military

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Alexander

Tradition, Morality and Solidarity in Durkheim’s Theory

Çağrı

Since the 1950s, environmental sociology is hardly accepted despite existing social-environmental issues. These problems have been generated by the rapid industrialization and urbanization causing pollution in the post-war era. Environmental sociology was established in the 1970s when environmental problems gained public attention and the environmental movement emerged. The theories of sociologists Durkheim, Weber, who introduced the rationalization concept, and Marx, who introduced the theory of metabolic rift, were welcomed in environmental sociology. However, Durkheim was criticized that his methodological dictum was excluding society-environment interaction. There are two explanations for the association between Durkheim and societyenvironment interaction. On the one hand, the industrialism of his era caused the exclusion of environment from sociology. On the other hand, Durkheim’s works have significant references to environment that indicate a potential for environmental sociology. This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of society-environment interaction. First, the foundation of environmental sociology is summarized. Then, both examples showing the exclusion of environment and societyenvironment interactions in Durkheim’s studies are shown. The paper concludes with the assessment of Durkheim’s contribution to current environmental sociology challenging ecological crisis that threatens society. Although the first years of sociology were marked by geographical and biological determinism, sociologists favoring a “world view” of development, progress, and modernism in later years ignored environment as an issue (Hannigan, 2006). After a century, when environmental problems had surfaced and threatened industrialized Western societies, environmental concerns and movement were accepted in society and from the cultural perspective. Two pioneers of environmental sociology, Dunlap and Catton (1978) criticized human exceptionalism paradigm of causing the exploitation of nature and Durkheim’s methodological dictum (Madappalli, 2016). The paradigm assumes nature as an endless resource and that the human progress is limitless, while human existence is unique as a result of its developed culture (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978) that “covers the dependence of human societies to biophysical environment” (Rice, 2013, p. 238). However, environmental problems and restrictions in the 1960s shook this paradigm and Durkheim’s methodological dictum that reportedly ignored society-environment interaction. Hence, environmental parameters were included in sociological researches. In fact, the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, developed by environmental sociologists, introduced “environmental facts” against the social facts of Durkheim. The paradigm aims to consider the effects of&nbsp;environmental problems like resource scarcity on main sociological research issues like stratification (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978). Hence, environmental sociologists, by using the New Ecological Paradigm, challenge Durkheim’s methodological dictum by accepting the effect of environment on society (Dunlap &amp; Catton, 1979). Durkheim was criticized for excluding the impact of the environment on sociology with his methodological dictum. Sociology, a social discipline excluding environment (Foster, 1999, p. 367), was positioned out of “psychology, biology, economics, and geography” by Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, the three fathers of sociology (Buttel, Dickens, Dunlap, &amp; Gijswijt, 2002, p. 5). However, Marx and Weber were applauded for their concepts, the metabolic rift and rationality, in environmental sociology, unlike Durkheim who was criticized for his methodological dictum that was believed to be against the use of biophysical parameters in sociology (Lidskog, Mol, &amp; Oosterveer, 2015). Durkheim defined social facts only with other social facts, ignoring the biophysical environment (Dunlap, 2016), and implied examination of social systems without using environmental parameters (Norgaard, 1997, p. 159). Durkheim developed a social reductionism to resist biological reductionism (Benton, 1991, as cited in Konak, 2010). Hence, traditional sociology following Durkheim’s approach excluded biophysical environment (Hoyen, 2013). To objectify society within a scientific discipline (Durkheim, 2016, pp. 58, 59, 168), Durkheim defended the use of social facts and collective consciousness against biology and psychology (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5), that social facts can only be explained by social facts (Buttel, 2002) that have power over individuals and are different from non-human and organic facts (Durkheim, 2016). As a result, the methodological dictum made Durkheim and sociologists ignore biological and physical parameters (Dunlap, 1997; Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007). The exclusion of physical reality by Weberian and Durkheimian authors (Ritzer 1975; Choldin 1978, as cited in Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007) should be seen as a constructive approach in the early years of sociology (Buttel, 2002). The exclusion of environment was dominant and environmental parameters were ignored in other subdisciplines like rural sociology until the 1970s; these subdisciplines are the foundation of environmental sociology (Dunlap &amp; Martin 1983, as cited in Dunlap, 2002). Durkheim implied the static position of nature throughout history while society changes and evolves (Durkheim, 2010; Gross, 2000; Jarvikoski, 1996). Durkheim separated the concept of evolution, originated from ecology and biology, from nature and integrated it into the social sphere (Durkheim, 2014). Furthermore, he put a sharp distinction between human society and animals, as they lack of morality and collective consciousness (Durkheim, 2010) and they are static unlike human societies (Durkheim, 2014). Although sociological theorists Durkheim, Weber, and Marx did not directly examine society-environment interaction; their studies indirectly included this issue (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5). Hence, Durkheim should be comprehended through the extensive framework of human-nature systems instead of narrow anthropocentricism (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). In fact, Durkheim did not deny the importance of biological and physical parameters in sociology (Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim followed the example of natural science during the exploration of social reality (Durkheim, 2016). Despite a strong and common prejudice in traditional sociology, Durkheim’s studies involve many references to the environment. However, the methodological dictum of Durkheimian scholars reinstructed sociology (Catton, 2002), resulting in Dunlap and Catton, two founders of environmental sociology, strongly criticizing the Durkheimian theory. Contrarily, the limited prevalence of social facts and the emphasis on the environmental parameters in Durkheim’s studies are important objections to their critique (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). Çelebi (2007, p. 159) highlighted the importance of the balance between population and land as social facts that affect society. Durkheim considered the effects of the position of sun and the condition of the atmosphere to people, and his social morphology notion had other environmental insights like the use of land (Gross, 2000). He also implied the coevolution of nature and society in his work of Pragmatism and Sociology (Foster, 1999). According to him, nature is not the reverse of society, but a part, the highest representation, and complex form of nature (Durkheim 2010; Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim (2016) implied similarities between “physical environment” and society and defined society as part of nature. Durkheim often referred to nature in his classical study of totemism. Tribe members lean toward plants, animals, and rocks in understanding their society. They imitate animals in their religious rituals. Safety and domination of nature make up their religion (Durkheim, 2010). Durkheim often used biological terms like species, population density, and resource scarcity in his explanation of social evolution and solidarity concepts (Buttel, 2002). He implied that division of labor exists in all living organisms, and transfers society from nature (Durkheim, 2014). On the other hand, his notion of competition and division of labor undermined environmental concerns like pollution and resource scarcity in urbanization (Lenski, 1984, as cited in Buttel &amp; Humprey, 2002). This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of societyenvironment interaction. The construction process of sociology as a distinct discipline excluded environmental parameters. However, urbanization and industrialization in the 1950s have caused environmental concerns and movements in Western societies.&nbsp;The foundation of environmental sociology was challenged in the 1970s by the methodological dictum of Durkheim. Although some of his studies strongly separate society from environment like social facts, he often referred to environmental concepts like population, balance, organism, and resource scarcity. Durkheim also implied metabolic interaction between society and environment, and that society is a complex part of nature.

Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Eric

Durkheim and the Nation

Bjørn

From Holism to Participation: Three Phases in Durkheim’s Work

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 1914’te kurulan ve Türkiye’de sosyolojinin bilimsel disiplin olarak gelişmesine önemli katkılar sağlayan İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü bünyesinde yayımlanmaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ve Sosyoloji Bölümü geleneklerinden beslenmekte ve bu kurumlarda oluşan birikimin yeni bakışla ve ürünlerle sürdürülmesini önemsemektedir.

İlk sayısı 1917 yılında basılan ve Türkçedeki ilk sosyoloji dergisi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, hâlihazırda yılda iki kez (Haziran ve Aralık) yayımlanan hakemli akademik bir dergidir. Yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca’dır. Derginin basılı versiyonu 2022 itibariyle durdurulmuştur; dergi yayın hayatına e-dergi olarak devam etmektedir. 

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yaklaşık 100 yıllık yayın döneminde Türkiye’de sosyoloji disiplinini şekillendiren tartışmalara kaynaklık eden akademik standardı yüksek kuramsal ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayınlayarak sosyoloji alanının öncü ve önemli dergilerinden birisi olmuştur.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, sosyoloji alanında çalışan akademisyenlerin yanı sıra, antropoloji, istatistik, ekonomi, eğitim, tarih, siyaset bilimi gibi diğer sosyal bilim alanlarında çalışan bilim adamlarının sosyolojik perspektiften hazırlanmış katkılarına da açıktır. Dergi ayrıca değerlendirme yazıları, konferans, sempozyum ve atölye raporlarına da yer vermektedir. Dergide ayrıca belli konulara ayrılmış periyodik özel sayılar da yayınlanmaktadır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz. Açık Erişim İlkesi ve Telif Hakkında bilgi için: http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/iusd/information/politikalar

İsmail

ProQuest

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD Sosyal Bilimler Atıf Dizini

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Managing Editor

Section Editor

Scientific Secretariat

Editorial Relations Manager

Statistics Editor

Book Review Editor

Methodology Editor

Publicity Manager

Editorial Assistant

Technical Specialist

English Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 1914’te kurulan ve Türkiye’de sosyolojinin bilimsel disiplin olarak gelişmesine önemli katkılar sağlayan İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü bünyesinde yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ve Sosyoloji Bölümü geleneklerinden beslenmekte ve bu kurumlarda oluşan birikimin yeni bakışla ve ürünlerle sürdürülmesini önemsemektedir. İlk sayısı 1917 yılında basılan ve Türkçedeki ilk sosyoloji dergisi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, hâlihazırda yılda iki kez (Haziran ve Aralık) yayımlanan hakemli akademik bir dergidir.İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yaklaşık 100 yıllık yayın döneminde Türkiye’de sosyoloji disiplinini şekillendiren tartışmalara kaynaklık eden akademik standardı yüksek kuramsal ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayınlayarak sosyoloji alanının öncü ve önemli dergilerinden birisi olmuştur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>Web of Science Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR-Dizin</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>EBSCO SocINDEX (with Full Text)</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ProQuest CSA Sociological Abstract</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştırma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

Genel Biçim Özellikleri<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EB71013DC4F742EC8AC78EB353AD4C61" target="_blank">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a>Yazı Tipi: Bütün metinde 10 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Tablo ve şekillerin nasıl hazırlanacağına dair ilgili bölüme bakınız.Sayfa Yapısı: A4 boyutlarındaki kâğıda üst, alt, sağ ve sol boşluk 2,5 cm (0.98 inç) bırakılarak, iki yana dayalı, satır sonu tirelemesiz şekilde olmalıdır. Çalışmalar tek sütun olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Paragraflarda ve başlıklarda girinti ve çıkıntı olmamalıdır.Paragraf Yapısı: Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; önce ve sonra alanı 0,6 nk satır aralığı 1,5 olmalıdır.Sayfa Sınırı: Yukarıdaki şablona göre hazırlanmış bir çalışma 20 sayfayı aşmamalıdır.Çalışma BölümleriBaşlık: Makale başlığı bold ve sola yaslı olmalıdır. Çalışma daha önce sunulmuşsa, bir projeden veya tezden üretilmişse vs. başlığın sonuna * dipnotu konularak açıklama yapılmalıdır.Yazar İsimleri: Yazar isimleri düz olmalıdır. Yazarın/yazarların tam adları, unvanları, çalıştıkları kurumlar, adres, telefon ve elektronik posta bilgileri belirtilmelidir.Öz: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdır. Özde atıf kullanılmamalıdır.Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdır.Ana Metin: Nicel ve nitel çalışmalar Giriş, Yöntem, Bulgular ve Tartışma bölümlerini içermelidir.Yöntem kısmında mutlaka Örneklem/Çalışma Grubu, Veri Toplama Araçları ve İşlem alt bölümleri bulunmalıdır. Model alt bölümüne sadece özgün bir model kullanılmışsa yer verilmelidir.Derleme türü çalışmalar problemi ortaya koymalı, ilgili literatürü yetkin bir biçimde analiz etmeli, literatürdeki eksiklikler, boşluklar ve çelişkilerin üzerinde durmalı ve çözüm için atılması gereken adımlardan bahsetmelidir.Diğer çalışmalarda konunun türüne göre değişiklik yapılabilir, fakat bunun okuyucunun metinden faydalanmasını güçleştirecek detayda alt bölümler şeklinde olmamasına özen gösterilmelidir.Title: Makale başlığı bold ve sola yaslı olmalıdır. Çalışma daha önce sunulmuşsa, bir projeden veya tezden üretilmişse vs. başlığın sonuna * dipnotu konularak açıklama yapılmalıdır.Abstract: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdırKeywords: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdırExtended Abstract: 1000-1500 kelime arasında olmalıdırKaynakça: Hem metin içinde hem de kaynakçada Amerikan Psikologlar Birliği tarafından yayımlanan Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6. baskı) adlı kitapta belirtilen yazım kuralları uygulanmalıdır.Tablo, Şekil ve EklerTablo ve Şekiller: Tablo, şekil, resim, grafik vb. unsurlar metin içerisinde yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın sonunda ayrıca verilmemelidir.Tablo ve şekillerde genel şablonun dışında 9 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde;• önce ve sonra alanı 0 nk,• satır aralığı tek olmalıdır.Tablo ve şekiller sola dayalı olmalı ve metin kaydırma özelliği kapalı olmalıdır. Tablo gösterimi için Örnek Makaleyi inceleyiniz.Ekler: Her bir ek ayrı sayfalarda, kaynakçadan sonra verilmelidir.Diğer: p değeri sadece tablo dışında gösterilmelidir. Tablo içerisinde ayrı bir p sütunu oluşturulmamalıdır. Metin içindeki p değerleri italik olarak gösterilmelidir. Verilen sayılarda virgülden sonra sadece iki digit/basamak kullanılmalıdır.

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/212A9245455F402992EFD09FE4B51625" target="_blank">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a>Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3791B65D6D4F4B6AAEBF217542909AA0" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Özetler 150-200 kelime Türkçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 1000-1500 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği ScholarOne sayfası adresi: <a href="https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/tjs" target="_blank">http://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/tjs</a></li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar ScholarOne sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li>Sisteme giriş yapmak için sisteme kaydolarak hesabınızı oluşturmalı ve bunun sonucunda bir Kullanıcı Adı (User ID)  ve Şifre (Password) edinmelisiniz. Kullanıcı Adı ve Şifreniz yok ise Create Account linkindeki yönergeleri takip ederek hesabınızı oluşturmalısınız.</li> <li>Daha önceden bir hesabınızın olup olmadığını hatırlamıyorsanız ya da şifrenizi unuttuysanız Reset Password linkine tıklayarak elektronik posta adresinizi giriniz. Sistem size gerekli bilgileri elektronik posta ile iletecektir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Mevcut hesabınızla ilgili bir sorun yaşıyorsanız, yeni bir hesap oluşturmayınız; <a href="mailto:sosyolojidergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyolojidergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresindeki İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi Editöryal Ofisine bu durumu iletiniz.</li> <li>Girişinizi yaptıktan sonra sayfanın üst kısmında Author butonuna tıklayınız.</li> <li>Author butonuna tıkladıktan sonra gelen ekranda, sol tarafta Author Dashboard başlığı altında gönderilmemiş ve draft haldeki makalelerinizi Unsubmitted and Manuscripts in Draft başlığına tıklayarak görebilir;  yeni makale göndermek için Start New Submission başlığına tıklayarak makalenizi gönderebilirsiniz.</li> <li>Makale gönderimi 7 adımlı bir süreçtir. Herhangi bir adımda başvuruyu durdurabilirsiniz; o adıma kadar girmiş olduğunuz bilgiler kaydedilmektedir. Yarım kalan başvurunuzu Unsubmitted and Manuscripts in Draft bölümünde görüntüleyerek ve Continue Submission linkini tıklayarak sürdürebilirsiniz.</li> <li>Başvuru sürecinin 2. adımı dosya yüklemedir.</li> <li>Dosya yüklemek için;  Selection File butonundan yüklemek istediğiniz dosyayı seçiniz. Yanında yer alan File Designation butonundan ise dosyanın türünü belirtiniz.</li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3791B65D6D4F4B6AAEBF217542909AA0" target="_blank">Makale Kapak Sayfası</a></li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Özetler 150-200 kelime Tükçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  1000-1500 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Upload Selected Files butonu ile yukarıda belirtilen dosyalarınızı yükleyiniz. Dosyanız yüklendiğinde sistem tarafından PDF dokümanına çevrilecektir.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Yüklediğiniz dosyaların altındaki PDF simgesine tıklayarak dosyanızın nasıl görüneceğini kontrol ediniz. Yüklediğiniz dosyalar yanlışsa silerek yeni dosya yükleyebilirsiniz.</li> <li>6. Adımda editöre sunum sayfasını (cover letter) yükleyebilirsiniz.</li> <li>Son aşamada başvurunuzda girmiş olduğunuz bütün bilgiler sıralanacaktır. Tam olarak doldurulmuş bölümlerin sol tarafında yeşil bir tik (✓) işareti olacaktır. Hatalı ve eksik bilgilerin olduğu sekmelerde ise kırmızı bir (X) işareti olacaktır. Bütün aşamaların doğru olduğundan emin olduktan sonra Submit butonuna tıklayarak başvurunuzu tamamlayabilirsiniz.</li> <li>Başvurunuz tamamlanınca bir doğrulama ekranı çıkacak ve e-mailinize otomatik bir bildirim gelecektir.</li> <li>Eğer doğrulama ekranı karşınıza çıkmaz ve başvurunuzun alındığını bildiren elektronik postayı almazsanız başvurunuz tamamlanmamıştır. Bu durumda başvurunuz Author bölümünde yer alan Unsubmitted and Manuscripts in Drafts başlığı altındadır.</li> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6.Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140) . Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3A306C199B95438F86B2CEAFB61E50B6" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin kategorisi</li><li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li><li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li><li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler)</li><li>İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li><li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Son notlar (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BC52482EF8BE495EA0FA24808A4A0321" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2B63897057BE4F709DFDFF2C6B8EDCBC" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi

ERKEN GÖRÜNÜM

Sosyal Bilim Araştırmalarında Bulanık Küme Nitel Karşılaştırmalı Analiz Yönteminin Kullanımı

Boşanmanın Mutluluğa Bir Etkisi Var mı?

Yaşlıların Toplumsal Sınıfı, Dijital Sermayeleri ve COVID-19 Salgınında Bağlantıda Kalma Pratikleri

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Child Marriages: A Retrospective Analysis

Improving Equality in the Education System of Turkiye

Happiness at the Macro Level: A Critical Discussion on the Compatibility of Different Indicators

PAYLAŞ