Zehra

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Paradigmatic Shifts in the Sociology of Family and Knowledge Production on Family in Türkiye

Prof.

On Family in Turkey with F. Beğlü Dikeçligil

İbrahim

Parental Effects on Children Regarding Interactions with Outgroups: Parent-Child Similarities in Migrant and Host Groups in Türkiye

Fatih

Özge

Res. Assist.

Melike

Our study aimed to evaluate the meaning attributed to the parenthood in the context of the past experience of the institution by revealing the parent-child relationship of parents who stayed in orphanages. For this purpose, a phenomenological approach, a type of the qualitative research design, was adopted and nine female and five male participants were reached by snowball sampling method. Observation and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. For in-depth interviews, literature-based semi-structured interview questions and a socio-demographic information form were prepared and then reviewed in detail by three researchers. As a result, a sociodemographic information form includes age, marital status, place of residence, level of education, number of children. In addition, semi-structured interview covers the questions regarding information about the institutional care process and parenting after institutional care. The interviews were conducted by two researchers and after the interview, the third researcher evaluated the interview content and mutually interpreted the data. By using this method, observations were made during the interviews and they were shared with the notes taken. While two of the interviews were conducted face to face in Eskişehir, the rest of the interviews were conducted online. The reason for the predominance of online interviews was due to the limited time of the participants as they had dependent children. The interviews were audio-recorded with the consent of the participants after the researcher informed them that the information would remain anonymous. One of the participants did not accept the audio recording due to confidentiality concerns, so the researcher took notes by hand. The interviews lasted 30 minutes on average. Data from the study were collected over an average period of 2 months between 01/15/2022 and 03/01/2022. The data obtained from the research was deciphered and coded thematically by MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis program. The data were coded and compared separately by two researchers in order to reach a consensus between the researchers which is important for the reliability of the data. As a result, an agreement was reached on common code titles and code content. After the analysis of the codes, the process of interpretation and visualization began.The data obtained as a result of the research were interpreted through two main themes, namely "parent-child relationships" and "definitions and perceptions of parenting". In line with these, the research question is as follows "What are the parenting experiences and perceptions of parents with a history of institutional care?”.In addition to the altruistic and supportive approach, another finding of the study is that the bond developed with the children within the framework of a "friendship" relationship. When participants’ relationships with their children were evaluated in our study, the use of the concepts of "loving" and "being loved" together, as well as friendship, was interpreted as parents were fulfilling this feeling through their children since children are viewed as an important source of support for parents and representor of the family that they have created for themselves.In the light of the other findings of this study, the weak bond with the staff in the institutional environment, the negative attitudes and behaviors exposed during the institutional process, and the longing for their biological parents appear as important factors influencing the parenting process. As far as our study is concerned, one of the most important findings is that all participants tried to be more sensitive in their behaviors towards their children and tried to make them feel loved in their approach style. In addition, it was also observed in the interviews that although they remembered their past family experiences negatively, they showed a more possessive attitude towards the families they created. Thus, it appears that the participants are more aware of the importance of family, as opposed to their biological families and they are more sensitive to their children as a result of their negative experiences. This finding of our research is in line with many other studies. Again, within this theme, it was found that the greatest support, especially in child care, was received from spouses.In our research, participants were asked to define being a mother and father, and the results showed that they emphasized the feeling that their biological mothers and fathers left incomplete. As a general assessment, the participants preferred to talk about the meaning they ascribed to their children rather than to themselves, and they ascribed to the child the meaning of "filling a gap" in their lives. This study found that participants characterized children with terms such as "source of happiness" and "joy of the house" and that children played an important role in reinforcing parents’ sense of personal success. On the other hand, another finding of this study was that participants with a day care background used more expressions to describe parenting than participants without a day care background. This was interpreted as that the participants with a day care background felt the absence of their parents and longing for their parents more in early childhood, which made a more emotional transference of these concepts. In addition to all these definitions, one of the interesting findings of the study was that some male participants described the meaning of being a father as "being God" and similar descriptions.In conclusion, the data obtained in this study show that the parenting experiences of individuals with a history of institutional care are influenced by their institutional experiences. Again, the data from this study show us that the long-term effects of institutional care should not be ignored for a healthy family environment. In this regard, it becomes clear that individuals should be prepared for the process with healthy and holistic biopsychosocial policies both during and after institutionalization, and that institutions should be managed by holistic policies.Based on the results of the research, it is recommended to provide psychosocial support services to individuals leaving institutional care in order to raise awareness about family and marriage and to conduct studies so that individuals and children can spend time together. In this sense, individual and family-oriented social service studies should be carried out to enable individuals to cope with their past life experiences.

Parenting Experiences with Children in Care: "Being a mother always feels incomplete to me"

Esma

The advent of the Internet ushered in a new era known as the Digital Age. The digitization that came with this era also brought social changes. Among all social structures, the family is the one that has been most affected by these changes (Zeybekoğlu Akbaş &amp; Dursun, 2020). In order to maintain the family structure, a healthy communication between families is necessary. This digital revolution has led to a change in the role of parents. Digital parenting has emerged as a new role and the attitudes displayed by parents regarding this role have been named digital parenting attitudes (Bakan &amp; Bakan, 2017; Dursun, 2020; İnan Kaya et al., 2018).In this study, the effects of the attitudes of Turkish parents of Gen-Z adolescents toward their children’s use of digital media tools on their relationship with their children are investigated. The effects of the parent-child relationship in the adolescent period on children’s social behavior are known. The importance and necessity of this study becomes apparent when considering the indispensable position of information technologies and new communication devices. Moreover, although there are many studies on the impact of parenting attitudes on parent-child relationships (Bi et al., 2018), the lack of research on the impact of digital parenting attitudes on today’s Gen-Z adolescents makes this study unique. The study first provides a definition of digital parenting and explains its importance. It then provides an explanation of Diana Baumrind’s classification of parenting attitudes, which she called "parenting style". Finally, the effects of the adolescent period and the parenting attitudes perceived during it on the parent-adolescent relationship.This study examines whether the attitudes of parents of Gen-Z adolescents toward their children’s digital media use affect their relationships with their children. Parental attitudes will be examined in two different forms: attitudes of approval of their children’s effective use of digital media tools, and attitudes of protection of their children from the possible risks of digital media. The hypotheses are as follows:&nbsp;H1: Parents’ attitude of approval of their children’s use of digital media has a positive effect on their relationship. H2: Parents’ attitude of protecting their children from the risks of digital media has a positive effect on their relationship.&nbsp;This study is an exploratory research using a general survey model. The data were collected through the method of Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing model, using pre-prepared questionnaires. The research population of this study consists of digital parents of Gen-Z adolescents in Turkey. WHO defines the adolescent period as 10-19 years old. The research sample consists of parents of 10-19 years old adolescents who regularly use the Internet and live in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, the three cities with the highest population density in Turkey. The scope of this research includes 234 mothers and 166 fathers, each of whom is the parent of only one adolescent. The research was conducted using the snowball sampling method. Participants were contacted by phone prior to the study, and parents who regularly used the Internet were asked to complete a survey form, as they were more likely to be new media literate.Parenting attitudes were measured using the Digital Parenting Attitude Scale developed by İnan Kaya et al. (2018). The scale consists of two subscales and a total of 12 items. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Scale developed by Hair et al. (2020) was used to measure the parent-adolescent relationship from the parent’s side. The original scale of Hair et al. (2020) was developed to measure the parent-adolescent relationship from the adolescent side and consisted of two scales and 8 questions. The new scale is used to measure the relationship from the parent side and consists of a single scale with 7 questions. A 5-point Likert scale was used for the responses. Higher score means stronger relationship.The regression analysis method was chosen to measure the effect of attitudes towards digital parenting on the relationship between parents and Generation Z adolescents. The regression model was created in such a way that the Parent-Adolescent Child Relationship Scale was the dependent variable and the subdimensions of the Digital Parenting Scale were the independent variables. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 21.0 were used for data analysis.&nbsp;Factor analysis was used on the data collected from the pilot program with 33 participants. Two questions that showed low correlation were removed, resulting in the final scale of a single factor 5 questions. The final scale was administered to 400 parents. The scale was first tested for validity and reliability using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).The KMO test result was 0.807 and the Bartlett’s test result was very close to 0.000, and the data is suitable for factor analysis. As a result of the factor analysis, it was found that the factor belonging to the scale accounted for 59.29% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha for this factor was calculated as 0.804, and the scale was considered reliable. To test the structural validity of the scale, CFA was applied using the maximum likelihood method. As a result of the analysis, the fit index values were calculated as CMIN/DF=2.918, CFI=0.987, RMSEA=0.070, GFI=0.987, NFI=0.980, IFI=0.987. Considering this, it was assessed that all index values were significant, the level of model fit was very good and the Parent-Adolescent Child Relationship Scale provided structural validity.It has been expressed by İnan Kaya et al. (2018) that the Digital Parenting Attitude Scale is a safe and valid measurement tool and the reliability has been tested again with EFA for this sample group. Again, both dimensions of the scale were shown to be reliable. Before proceeding with the multiple regression analysis, the necessary prerequisites were tested in turn. After ensuring that the variables had a normal distribution, the correlation analysis was used to test whether there was a linear relationship between the variables. The correlation value between the independent variables was found to be 0.430 and the VIF value was found to be 1.227, and it was seen that there was no problem with multicollinearity. As a result of the analysis, the extreme values were removed, the standardized errors were between -2.763 and 2.387, and the maximum Cook’s distance was calculated as 0.126, and it was seen that there was no problem in terms of extreme values. Then, the interpretation of the regression analysis was started by testing that the errors of the estimates had a normal distribution and that the conditions of homoscedasticity were met.Sig.=0.000 and B=0.206 coefficients of the independent variable "Approval" indicate that this variable has a significant positive effect on the dependent variable "Relationship" and the H1 hypothesis is accepted. Sig.=0.000 and B=0.186 coefficients of the independent variables "Protection" indicate that the variable has a significant positive effect on the dependent variable "Relationship" and H2 hypothesis is accepted. This result shows that the parents of Generation Z children who try to both support and protect their children in the use of digital media tools have a positive effect on their relationships with their children.According to the results of the regression analysis, both scales of digital parenting attitudes have a positive effect on the parentchild relationship. The results of the analysis of the first scale, that is, the approval scale, show that parents’ supportive attitude toward their children’s use of digital media has a positive effect on the parent-child relationship. The Acceptance Scale includes parents’ evaluations related to motivating their children to take advantage of digital media platforms for education, information acquisition, and communication. The results of the analysis of the second scale, that is, the protection scale, show that parents’ attitudes towards protecting their children from the possible risks of digital media have a positive effect on their relationship. The protection scale includes parents’ anxiety about the risks of using digital media platforms and the harmful effects of overuse, as well as their demands for restrictions to protect their children from these dangers.Baumrind examines parental attitudes in three categories: authoritarian, democratic, and permissive. Maccoby and Martin examined these three categories as "responsiveness" and "demandingness". Responsiveness includes awareness of children’s needs, support, and attitudes toward self-expression and self-management, whereas demandingness includes efforts at supervision, discipline, and control. The study examines parents’ permissive and protective attitudes as responsiveness and demandingness. The study may imply that parents’ approval and protection behaviors indicate that digital parenting attitudes have an effect on the parent-child relationship. The results of the study correlate with those of the research concluding that democratic parenting attitudes shape parent-adolescent relationships. Following Sümer &amp; Güngör’s (1999) findings that adolescents’ satisfaction is directly related to the approval and interest they receive from their parents, parents’ approval of their children’s use of digital media has a positive effect on their relationship with their children.

The Impact of Gen-Z Parents’ Digital Parenting Attitudes on Their Relationship with Their Children

Kezban

Prof. Dr.

Fatma

Ecem

In parallel with the global care crisis, the institutional provision of childcare services in Türkiye is very limited. Therefore, childcare takes place predominantly in the private family area especially in early childhood, with childcare being provided by the women in the family such as mothers and grandmothers. Depending on the mother’s participation in the workforce, another woman is paid informally to provide childcare when services/support for child care is to be outsourced. This study focuses on the domestic workforce that is paid as full-time babysitters based on qualitative research. The study conducts within its scope in-depth interviews with 21 childcare givers who are Turkish citizens with the aims of understanding childcare experiences and practices and examining the relationship these experiences and practices have with parents’ practices. The main finding is that childcare work that takes place in the home environment within family relationships and that includes emotional expectations such as love and compassion makes the caregiver indispensable to the family they serve while simultaneously leads to caregivers being vulnerable to low wages and job insecurity due to the inadequacy of institutional childcare services and legal regulations regarding childcare work. Caregivers see the care they provide and therefore themselves as valuable to the child and family. However, they position themselves as safe and valuable or vulnerable and disposable in their relationships with the family based on (a) the job description and employer’s expectations, (b) experiencing autonomy and control when providing childcare, and (c) the parent’s views on parenting. This relationship is mostly limited to a few years due to childcare only being provided in the preschool period, during which time caregivers also develop some strategies such as presenting themselves as an experienced teammate to the parents and winning the child over to strengthen their position in the family.&nbsp;The study used the snowball sampling method to reach out to caregivers. All interviews with the women were recorded with their permission. Two separate researchers read all the interviews, after which a thematic analysis method was used to extract the themes, sub-themes, and codes from the data. The women were asked why they had taken the position, how they viewed it, what they did daily, what their own parenting experiences are, how they felt about the child’s parenting, and how they felt about their role as a caregiver. Like many other developing countries, Türkiye has a lower percentage of its female population in the workforce compared to that of developed nations. Increasing the number of women who are employed is a top priority for governments due to the direct correlation between women’s economic success with the prevention of poverty and the attainment of gender parity. However, attention from the public at large and from childcare facilities in particular is required to reach this objective. Promoting gender equality and decreasing the likelihood that educational differences between children will endure for future generations require early childhood care and education programs to be widely available. These policies aid in societal and economic growth by encouraging dual-income families to combat poverty (İkkaracan, 2014; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2012).The study attempts to examine childcare behaviors in the context of the caregiver-parent relationship and largely comprises the relevant literature. In the literature review section, the insufficiency of institutional care services in Türkiye is explored historically. The first section briefly mentions Dowling’s (2021) care crisis thesis under the heading of Global Care Crisis. Discussions on the inadequacy of institutionalized childcare, one of the most significant hurdles to women’s engagement in working life, are included under the subheading of Women’s Limited Participation in the Labor Force and the Inadequacy of Institutional Care Services in Türkiye. The subheading Non-Institutionalized Child Care in Türkiye then examines the specific elements of the childcare sector, and finally the subheading The Meaning of Care and Caregiver-Parent Relationships presents the literature on this subject. The second section follows the discussions in the literature and focuses on the study’s procedures, data gathering methods, and data analysis processes. Based on qualitative data, the third section presents findings on the role of the caregiver in child-rearing practices and the meaning of childcare work, their experiences of autonomy and control during childcare, and their position in family relations based on their perceptions and observations about parents and the parent-child relationship. The study finishes with a conclusion that highlights several key findings.&nbsp;Caregivers often develop a worker-employer relationship with the children of middle- and upper-class families. Families in the middle and upper classes place a high priority on their children’s happiness. This means that caregivers are effectively trusted with the family’s most-valued members by being allowed to babysit. This task requires the parents to evaluate the child’s core characteristics and how they choose to live their lives. A person who wants to do childcare needs to be a reliable, respectable, kind, hardworking, resourceful, industrious, and morally upstanding woman. Such a focus on an individual’s character facilitates entry into the field and informal support networks. People in the care sector, especially those working with children, sometimes feel they are bartering/selling their traits, methods, and emotions rather than their labor. Caregiving is not only a profession but also a social and personal exchange between two people, with studies from Bora (2012), Anderson (2000), and Kalaycıoğlu-Tılıç Rittersberger (1997) being just a few of the ones that support this theory. The current study’s results show providing childcare to be a demanding task that is tough to keep under control. Caregivers’ perceptions of their own agency and control in the workplace and in their personal relationships are profoundly influenced by the standards set by the parents of the children in their care. The job description and expectations the parents provide, as well as caregiver’s sense of self and their relationships with child and his/her parents, have a significant impact on the caregiver’s ability to make meaning of and feel included in their work. The stories the caregivers told often centered on the children in their care. In these accounts, some caregivers portrayed the parent, especially the mother, as a teammate, while others insisted that they make every effort to be a good caregiver regardless of the parents’ attitudes or involvement. The caregivers believe their work is socially relevant and vital, but they perceive themselves as temporary because the parents will always have the last word, and their bond is just temporary. The insufficiencies in the legislative restrictions on caregiving is also found to be able to contribute to a sense of uneasiness and indispensableness.

Labor Experiences of Childcare Givers in Türkiye on the Axis of Relation to Parents

Çağrı

Nurşen

The article discusses the issue of divorce in the post-modern era and how it has become increasingly common not only in the Western world but also in developing countries such as Türkiye. The article analyzes the reasons for divorce based on economic, social, and cultural perspectives and suggests the change in gender roles, rise of individualism, and complexity of modern economies have all been able to contribute to the increase in divorce rates. Economic conditions are seen as one of the most significant factors in divorce, with financial instability and a decrease in living standards being both a cause and a result of divorce. The article argues changing gender norms, feminist consciousness, and the rise in women’s employment to have also contributed to the increase in divorce rates. However, some studies have suggested employment status alone to have had no significant impact on divorce decisions. The article concludes divorce to be a complex issue that involves multiple factors and overall provides a broad overview of the issue of divorce in the post-modern era by focusing on its economic, social, and cultural dimensions.Divorce rates have been on the rise globally, with Türkiye being no exception. Divorce is a complex social phenomenon involving economic, social, cultural, and gendered aspects. In developing countries like Türkiye, conventional factors such as patriarchy have resulted in unique reasons for divorce. The reasons for and consequences of divorce involve changes in economic conditions, the redefinition of gender roles, and a trending rise in individualism over collectivism. Economic instability and a decline in living standards are not only a reason for divorce but also an inevitable consequence, especially for women who face disproportionate financial difficulties, even after accounting for shared incomes. When considering marriage as a type of partnership or relationship for meeting individuals’ various needs and expectations, the breakdown of marital bonds (i.e., divorce) can occur when these needs and expectations are not met. Gender awareness and changes in social and economic conditions are two key factors for the increase in divorce rates in Türkiye and around the world. The impact women’s social movements have had on marriage and family life, the sexual revolution, and the rise of feminist consciousness have all been influential in reshaping views on marriage and family life. Studies have shown the employment status of both partners to not significantly affect divorce decisions; however, when only the husband is employed, both men and women are less willing to divorce. Thus, understanding the social structure behind the reasons for divorce based on a gender perspective is crucial for developing effective policies and interventions that address the complexities of divorce and its impact on individuals and society.This study aims to explore the social structure behind the reasons for divorce in Türkiye based on gender using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of a dataset collected through a survey in Türkiye. The dataset includes information about the reasons for divorce as provided by male and female participants over 18 years old who’ve undergone divorce at least once in their lives before. The MCA results reveal both men and women to cite similar reasons for divorce, such as economic and family problems. However, gender differences do exist regarding the weight given to these reasons. Women tend to place more emphasis on physical and psychological factors such as emotional neglect and domestic violence, while men focus more on practical issues such as household tasks and acceptance from the extended family.&nbsp;This study focuses on the effects socio-demographic factors have on divorce rates and the reasons for divorce in Türkiye. The article discusses data from Türkiye Family Structure Survey (TAYA, 2021) regarding individuals who have experienced divorce at least once in Türkiye. The findings also reveal 17.7% of participants to have no monthly income; those with an income earn an average of 4,164 TL (US$ 487,5) per month in 2021. A statistically significant difference is found regarding divorced individuals’ average income based on gender, with women reporting lower incomes than men. When looking at education, 12.5% of divorced women reported not having finished school, compared to only 3.7% of men.&nbsp;The article also suggests one way to alleviate the burden of divorce as remarrying. When asked about their current marital status, 38.3% of divorced participants reported being married, with men being more likely to remarry than women. The article suggests the fact that men having initiated divorce at a lower rate may support with men being more likely to remarry.&nbsp;Finally, the article notes that multiple reasons may occur for divorce. In general, the primary reason for divorce was determined to be irresponsible and irrelevant behavior of the spouse. While various problems and accumulated burdens may lead to dissatisfaction with marriage, the primary reason for divorce is often seen as the breaking point of the marriage.&nbsp;According to the research results, the reasons for divorce show a complex distribution according to the participants’ social profiles. Differences occur regarding social factors such as geographical region, education and income status, age, current marital status, and gender. For example, the decisions to remarry after divorce for women with a certain level of education and income is seen to be lower for the western regions of Türkiye decreased. In addition, the decision to remarriage varies according to the social status of divorced individuals. Women with no income and low level of education are more prone to remarry after divorce. These women are also observed to more likely have been exposed to violence in their previous marriages. According to the research results, all women are seen to have instigated divorce in their previous marriages, and most of them only underwent divorce once.The study has also found socioeconomic factors such as income and education level to play a significant role in shaping the reasons for divorce for both genders. Overall, the study highlights the importance of understanding the gendered social structure behind the reasons for divorce in Türkiye, as this can inform policies aimed at reducing divorce rates and improving the well-being of individuals and families.

Post-Divorce Experiences in Türkiye and the Social Structures Behind the Reasons for Divorce

This study has been written in order to recall the importance of the sociology of small groups and small group research in sociology. American sociologists Cooley and Mead were critical figures in the emergence of a new sub-discipline called the sociology of small groups. Cooley argued an organic and indissoluble link to be present between the self and society, with some social interactions having a significant and profound impact on individuals’ selves. He defined “primary groups” as groups that have close relationships with each other, that consist of individuals bound by ties of cooperation and affection, and that have a decisive influence on individuals’ socialization and self-identity processes (Coser, 2010, pp. 344–345). Similar to Cooley’s views, Mead also emphasized the determinant role that interactions with meaningful and important surroundings have on the development of individuals’ minds and selves (Coser, 2010, p. 347). The basic idea of the symbolic interactionism approach is this interaction between the individual and society. Social behaviors and social order emerge as a particular result of individuals developing themself through their interactions with these near them (Kagıtcıbası, 1977, p. 15). One should also not forget the influence Simmel’s formal sociology had on the background of these two thinkers’ views (Swingewood, 2010, p. 143). Underlining how the sociology of small groups developed within American sociology in particular is also important. One of the features that facilitated the study of small groups in America was that small groups there were quite independent compared to those in France, Germany, or Soviet Russia, and conducting social experiments with them was quite easier. These small groups did not have strong ideologies of culture and religion. In addition, the public was open to all kinds of ideas and therefore readily agreed to participate in experiments (Moreno, n.d., p. 7).Small group research is a common topic in sociology and social psychology. Historically, the roots of this interest can be found in the work of pioneering minds. Apart from the early group behavior research of the Chicago school, early sociologists such as Simmel, Cooley, Ross, and von Wiese had made the most important contributions to the field. Sociology provided the definition of the small group phenomenon and the creation of theory, while psychology used manipulative approaches to test their hypotheses in the laboratory. However, difficulty is had when making any real distinction between the two disciplines during the field’s development (Borgatta, 1960, p. 173).Until 1935, group studies had centered on how the group and individuals solve problems. After 1935, Zander (1979, p. 273) gave examples of new topics began to appear in group studies, such as group structure and the interactions between members (Moreno, 1934), the effect of group norms on the individual (Sherif, 1936), the effect of membership in a work group on the emotions of factory workers (Roethlisberger &amp; Dickson, 1939), group dynamics, different leader behaviors, and the impact of leadership on group characteristics and member behavior (Lewin et al., 1939). Kağıtçıbaşı (1977, p. 20) mentioned some of the prominent concepts in small group studies sociologists conducted after the 1930s, relative deprivation (Stouffer et al., 1949); role, role conflict, and status (Parsons &amp; Shils, 1951; Merton, 1957); status crystallization (Lenski, 1945; Lenski, 1956); alienation (Nettler, 1957); and anomie (Srole, 1951; Srole, 1956). Sociological studies on natural groups using participant observation include the works of Thrasher (1927) and Whyte (1943). Zander (1979, p.274) explained the topics frequently studied in the 1940s were the social pressure individuals exert on each other in groups (Festinger, 1950), the direction and amount of communication between group members (Bavelas, 1950), contradictions in the behavior of members in cooperative and competitive groups (Deutsch, 1949), the consequences of training community leaders (Lippitt, 1949), and the effects of social power among children (Lippitt et al., 1952).Moreover, the central government in the USA after WWII had established units, funds, and activities to support group studies (Zander, 1979, p. 275), with the small group studies Mayo (1933) and Hovland et al. (1949) conducted being examples of this cooperation (as cited in Kagıtcıbası, 1977, p. 19). Other important names in the field of group studies include Bales, who developed a sociological theory on group interaction, made an important contribution to the field by shifting the focus in group studies from the effect of the group on the individual to the effect on the group from different variables such as group size, personality traits of group members, and emotional bonds between them, as well as Moreno, who measured interpersonal relationships to understand the structure and network of relationships within the group (Borgatta, 1960, pp. 176–177). Although a quantitatively large number of small group studies had occurred in the 1950s in particular, a decline had occurred in small group studies by the 1960s, with the focus going to the individual (personal development and interpersonal relationships) rather than the group. In the 1970s, the main topics in group studies involved social pressure in groups, group cohesiveness, and cooperating and competing groups. Although interest in issues such as leadership, group structure, and problem solving in groups continued, the main interest was in the polarization of group members’ views and cognitive processes within the group. The use of groups for “personal development” was also an important area of study during this period (Zander, 1979, p. 279). In the 1980s, the pragmatic, methodological, and statistical difficulties that hindered the study of group dynamics began to be improved (Johnson &amp; Johnson, 2014, p. 38). A big data analysis of 1,522 articles published in the journal Small Group Research (SGR) between 1970-2019 revealed the following 10 topic clusters based on the keywords: team performance, virtual teams, cohesion and communication, learning dynamics, group decision-making, collective efficacy and emotional intelligence, creativity, interdisciplinary collaboration, group counseling, and consensus (Emich et al., 2020).&nbsp;Small groups are important because they fulfill the needs of individuals in four different categories: (1) survival needs, (2) psychological needs, (3) information needs, and (4) identity needs (Levine &amp; Moreland, 2008, p. 1). Small groups mediate between levels of sociological analysis through their ability to control, compete, organize, represent, and allocate. Many of the fundamental processes of the discipline of sociology are embedded in small groups (Harrington &amp; Fine, 2000, p. 319). As one of the components of understanding society and daily lives of individuals, understanding and explaining the many large and small groups that make up a society, the characteristics of these groups, the internal dynamics of these groups, and the interaction between groups and finding solutions to problems make for quite a challenge in sociology (Kagıtcıbası, 1992, p. 200; Mills, 1967, pp. 2–3). The basic institutions of society (i.e., family, organizations, education, and health) are completely related to small groups (Johnson &amp; Johnson, 2014, pp. 13–15).However, some difficulties also occur in studying small groups. One of these is that various disciplines prefer small groups as a subject of study. Another difficulty is that different disciplines study the subject with different methods and thus have no methodological unity (Davis, 1994, p. 187; Strodtbeck &amp; Hare, 1954, p. 107). Apart from the difficulties, the main criticism of small group studies is that they are considered unimportant and easy because they just involve routine experiments (Borgatta, 1960, pp. 174–175).However, new perspectives have been developed in current studies on small group sociology. Harrington and Fine (2006) referred to the project of sociological miniaturism. This approach claims that macrostructural issues can be analyzed by examining smallscale phenomena. In other words, this view suggests that broader social forces and processes can be examined using small group dynamics. Interpersonal settings function as simulations or microcosms of larger social units/structures in which fundamental processes can be observed in detail. Action occurs in the here and now, thus allowing one to theorize about diversity, conflict, and change (Harrington &amp; Fine, 2006, p. 6). This is similar to Moreno’s sociometric (1941). Small groups exist wherever action occurs. A great meso-level understanding has emerged in sociology that links individual action to social structures in this way. The important difference here is the emphasis on the link between interaction and memory and the examination of the past, present, and future of interactions (Harrington &amp; Fine, 2006, p. 16).&nbsp;A final point to mention about why small groups should be studied is the need to reformulate small group processes alongside the digitalization of societies because virtual groups exist now. Betts (2016, p. 143) noted that understanding group interactions in the digital world is also important for understanding commercial and economic exchanges, because technology now ameliorates many of the geographical constraints and social conventions associated with face-to-face interaction. The potential for group interactions is limitless, and the norms and values governing interactions in the digital world are likely to be different. Technology will change the nature of interactions, and small group research needs to study these interactions using new methods that have been developed in line with emerging technology.In summary, this study should be read as an effort to ensure that the field of the sociology of small groups finds its rightful place in contemporary sociology. Since the emergence of sociology as a discipline, sociology’s study of small groups has been important, and small groups have served as a reminder of sociology’s ability to offer solutions to conceptual and methodological dichotomies.

An Evaluation of the Place of Sociology of Small Groups in Sociology

Mehmet

Sevim

Appropriation refers to “the act or process of taking something as one’s own or making something one’s own” (Graumann, 1976, p. 113). People’s processes and levels of appropriating space are expected to affect their temporal experiences. Temporal experience can vary according to the density at which people process conscious information. For example, people who process information at a high-density level will perceive time as passing slowly (i.e., protractedly), whereas those who process information at a low-density level will perceive time as passing quickly (i.e., with temporal compression) and those processing information at a moderate density level will perceive time as passing normally (i.e., with synchronicity; Flaherty, 2018). However, the subjectivity of appropriation and temporal experience complicates these intertwined processes. The purpose of this study is to examine the temporal experience by focusing on the processes of appropriating space.

The Relationships Between Appropriating Public Spaces and Temporal Experience: A Transactional Exploratory Study

Hybridization in the Eating Habits of International Students in Türkiye

Alihan

A Modern Comic Story: Poverty and Distributive Justice

Tuba

Access Opportunities of Earthquake Victims to Distance Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic

İsmail

MAKALE ÇAĞRISI-ÖZEL SAYI

Esmée

João

The Role of Polycentric Governance, Public-Private-Civil Partnerships, and Citizen Science as Developed by the C2IMPRESS Project in Building Disaster Resilient Societies

Maria

Athanasios

Josué

Joan

Uzman

Alexandre

Manuel

Evangelia

Evrydiki

Community Resilience Assessment: Implementation of a Novel Resilience Framework in Four Different European Case Study Areas

Ayça

Exploring the Potential Use of Social Media Platforms and Decision Support Tools in Disaster Management: A Case Study in Istanbul, Türkiye

Kübra

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Adem

Aim: This study aims to assess the effects of social trust, subjective norms, selfefficacy, outcome expectations, and earthquake risk perception on individual earthquake preparedness behaviors among Istanbul residents using social cognitive theory (SCT).Background: Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), developed by Bandura, emphasizes the significant role of the social environment in shaping behavior and cognition. It suggests that people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, thus integrating personal, behavioral, and social/environmental factors. The key components of SCT include self-efficacy, outcome expectations, risk perception, and social trust and subjective norms. These elements influence how individuals perceive and react to their environments, shaping their behaviors and decision-making processes. SCT has wide applications, particularly in health communication, career development, and disaster preparedness, where it helps explain and improve behaviors through observation, reinforcement, and modeling. The theory underscores individuals’ proactive role in adapting to their circumstances, and its constructs are crucial for promoting preparedness behaviors in various contexts, including natural disasters and health emergencies.Research Model and Hypotheses: The research model of this study in the context of SCT suggests that social-cognitive factors are interconnected and influence earthquake risk perception and preparedness behavior. The key components of the research model are as follows:1. Personal-Cognitive Factors: Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to perform a behavior. Higher self-efficacy enhances intentions and actions in disaster preparedness. Social trust and subjective norms positively influence selfefficacy (H1, H2). Outcome Expectations: Beliefs about the consequences of actions. Positive expectations increase preparedness intentions and behaviors, while negative ones decrease them. Social trust and subjective norms enhance positive outcome expectations (H3, H4). 2. Earthquake Risk Perception (EPR): The possible effects and the probability of their occurrence define the perception of earthquake risk. Subjective norms also shape risk perception, as people follow social cues about disaster preparedness (H6). Self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations further increase risk perception, encouraging realistic evaluation and proactive behaviors (H7, H8). 3. Preparedness Behavior (PB): PB involves material, behavioral, and informational actions to ensure effective disaster response. Social trust fosters coordination and cooperation, thus enhancing preparedness (H9). Subjective norms, through social influence and pressure, also promote preparedness behaviors (H10).&nbsp;Self-efficacy is crucial because individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to engage in preparedness activities (H11). Positive outcome expectations motivate preventive measures and preparedness (H12). High risk perception although sometimes causing fear, generally leads to increased preparedness actions to mitigate negative emotions (H13).In summary, SCT integrates self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social trust, and subjective norms to explain how these factors collectively influence earthquake risk perception and preparedness behavior. Increasing self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations, supported by social trust and norms, are vital for improving earthquake preparedness.Methodology: This research employs a quantitative, correlational, and predictive design with data collected via an online survey. The target population includes residents over 18 years old in Istanbul, representing 75% of the 15.908 million population. Convenience sampling was used, aiming for a minimum sample of 384, with 411 participants (206 females, 205 males) eventually completing the survey. Data were gathered from December 21, 2023, to March 11, 2024, through Google Forms, with participant recruitment enhanced via social media. The questionnaire collected consent information and measured social trust, subjective norms, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, earthquake risk perceptions, and preparedness behaviors using Likert scales and binary responses. Six scales were used, adapted into Turkish, and validated by Topal et al. (2024): (1). Social Trust (3 items, α = 80.9%), (2). Subjective Norms (3 items, α = 84.3%), (3). Self-Efficacy (6 items, α = 89.1%), (4). Outcome Expectations** (6 items, α = 87.9%), (5). Earthquake Risk Perception (13 items, α = 92.5%) and (6). Preparedness Behavior (16 items, α = 90.9%). The analysis followed a four-stage process using the JAMOVI software. 1. Descriptive Analysis: Frequency, percentage; mean, mode; median, standard deviation; skewness; and kurtosis. 2. Validity and Reliability: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct, convergent, and discriminant validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability (CR), and McDonald’s Omega (ω). 3. Group Comparisons: Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs were performed to compare group means using Levene’s test for variance homogeneity. 4. Hypothesis Testing: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-Path) was used to test the hypotheses and evaluate the model fit and significance of the regression coefficients.Results and Discussion: The study’s hypothesis testing results strongly support the claims of Social-Cognitive Theory (SCT), indicating that social factors (such as social trust and subjective norms) and cognitive factors (including outcome expectations and self-efficacy) are primary determinants of earthquake risk perception. However, earthquake preparedness behavior is more closely tied to cognitive factors, particularly&nbsp;self-efficacy and risk perception, with subjective norms being the sole social factor influencing preparedness behavior. Policymakers and practitioners should emphasize disaster education, awareness, and participation to enhance individual preparedness and mitigate disaster risk.

İstanbul’da Yerleşiklerin Bireysel Deprem Hazırlığı: Sosyal ve Bilişsel Belirleyiciler

Education in Complex Emergencies: Effects of the February 6 Earthquake on Syrian Students in Türkiye

Ömer

Assoc. Prof.

Berrin

Assist. Prof.

Earthquake Experience: Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Dimensions

Emrah

İsmet

Elçin

Our study aimed to examine the relationship between individual disaster resilience, fear of earthquakes, and psychological resilience of health technician candidates who will serve in disasters and the factors related to them. For this purpose, the research was carried out with university students studying at the vocational school of health services of a university in Turkey. Because the study aimed to reach all students, the sample selection method was not used. A Google Forms questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collection form consists of four parts: a personal information form, an individual disaster assessment scale form, an earthquake fear scale form, and a psychological resilience scale form. Participants were reached through social media groups and e-mail. Data were collected between February and March 2024. Prior to the research, the participants were informed about the research content, research questions, and considerations during data collection. The duration of answering the questionnaire was approximately 20 minutes, and data were collected after obtaining ethics committee approval and institutional permission. Statistical analysis of the study data was performed using the SPSS 25.0 package. The skewness coefficient was used to test the suitability of the research data for normal distribution. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were calculated as numbers and percentages, and the characteristics of the scales were calculated as mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values. We analyzed the relationship between all scales and subscales used and the age variable using the Pearson Correlation test. In addition, multiple regression analysis (Enter model) was conducted to examine the effect of psychological resilience and individual disaster resilience assessment and its subdimensions on the fear of earthquakes. The independent group t-test was used to analyse the difference between the participants’ age, gender, and class in education variables and the scales used. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyse the difference between the types of disaster experienced by the participants and the scales used. The LCD test, a post hoc test, was used to investigate which variable was significant in the significant results according to the one-way ANOVA test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.After the analyses, it was determined that the mean earthquake fear level, individual disaster resilience, and psychological resilience scale scores of the participants were close to the middle level. However, a low significant positive relationship was determined between the psychological resilience of the participants and their individual disaster resistance. It can be seen that as individuals’ psychological resilience increases, individual disaster resistance also increases. In addition, it was determined that there was a significant negative relationship between the psychological resilience of the participants and the fear of earthquakes. It was determined that the fear of earthquake decreased as individual disaster resilience and psychological resilience of participants increased. As the last finding of our research, it was determined that the factors affecting&nbsp;the fear of earthquake, individual disaster resilience, and psychological resilience of the participants were gender, type of disaster, and grade level; female participants had higher individual disaster resilience and more fear of earthquake; participants who experienced earthquakes had higher individual disaster resilience; and senior students had higher individual disaster resilience and psychological resilience.Based on the results of the research, to increase the individual disaster resistance of health technician candidates, to decrease their fear of earthquakes, and to increase their psychological resilience, it is recommended to increase courses related to disasters in the Education/Training curriculum, to increase drills jointly with public institutions and organisations related to disasters, and to benefit from social support programmes.

Sağlık Teknikeri Adaylarının Bireysel Afet Direnci, Deprem Korkusu ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık Durumları Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Betül

Murat

Changes in Attachment to Place: Urban Transformation and Older People in İstanbul

Mahmut

Matjaz

Hayri

Participatory Management Can Help AI Ethics Adhere to the Social Consensus

Şeyda

Res. Assist. Dr.

Hau'yu Sosyolojikleştirmek: Mauss'çu Kavramların Bourdieu'nün Pratik Teorisine Tercümesi

Celalettin

Saniye

The strong mutual relationship between the family institution and social structure is important. However, social structure is what dominates this reciprocal relationship, because demographic or functional changes in the social structure very quickly and easily affect the family institution structurally and functionally. In this respect, the periods in which extensive or radical changes have taken place in the social structure also gain meaning as the periods in which comprehensive and radical changes had taken place in the family institution. Many factors can be mentioned that lead to comprehensive and radical changes in the social structure. The most important factors among these that cause changes in the social structure are wars, natural disasters, mass migrations, epidemics, political revolutions, radical and massive religious or cultural changes, and sudden and comprehensive economic disasters or developments. Changes and new formations in the social structure under the influence of these or similar factors directly lead to a new cycle of changes and transformations in the family institution. This feature of the social structure-family relationship can be exemplified through Türkiye’s recent history. In this respect, the 30-year period between 1910-1940 that covers the years of the Second Constitutional Era and the early Republican Era is very important. The Balkan War disaster, the Gallipoli Campaign, the disaster in the Battle of Sarikamish, and similar wars in the East, as well as mass murders, epidemics, mass migrations, the country’s shrinkage by 800%-1000% within a short period of 10-15 years, the occupation of the entire country’s territory, and the National Struggle that was carried out with all kinds of difficulties and impossibilities are all factors that meant difficulties that far exceeded anything any society or country could imagine. Moreover, those years represent a time when radical changes took place at the political, legal, economic, and cultural levels within the scope of the Westernization project. If one considers the matter only and especially in terms of disasters, a demographic disaster is seen to have been experienced in Türkiye during this period, and a significant part of the country’s population had been lost due to wars and diseases. Thrace and Anatolia, which would become a homeland through the Republican Era, served as the shelter for those who had migrated from the Balkans and Caucasus in masses, leaving behind all their property and even some of their relatives due to wars and massacres. From this perspective, such a mass migration had rarely been seen in history. These masses experienced great mental and physical shock and pain and constituted the current demographic basis and structure in the nation-building efforts that started during the Second Constitutional Era and gained a systematic character in the Republican Era.This period covers the first quarter of the 20th century and is mostly associated with wars, massacres, diseases, and extensive and deep subsistence problems. It also constituted an extremely important threshold of the Westernization that had been going on for more than two centuries. This period corresponds to a time when radical changes in social institutions took place at the highest level within the scope of Westernization efforts that had turned into state policy through the Tanzimat [Reform Era]. The Republican cadres believed that this policy should be all-encompassing nationwide, and they knew and projected that they had much to do when they took power. However, the Republican administration took over a society that had suffered a demographic disaster. For this reason, they believed that before all their political, legal, cultural, and economic projects, they should first repair the existing demographic structure that had lost its natural balance and restore it to a healthier condition. This was a very important aspect for the future of the country, as this would be necessary for the success of the revolutions to be carried out or planned beforehand. They believed that the way to repair the demographic structure in terms of the social structure-family relationship was through the family. They also believed that if the institution of the family, which had been damaged heavily by great disasters, could be made healthy and strong, the demographic structure would return to its normal state and the revolutions would be successful and innate. For these reasons and purposes, they immediately took action. Even in the years of the National Struggle, they had intellectual discussions about the regulations regarding the family institution. They thought of methods and tools to make the family stand stronger and more functional. When they took power, they started to implement all of their plans one after another. Thus, the first 20 years of the Republic are regarded as a period of time in which the perceptions of the individual, politics, state, religion, laws, tradition, culture, bureaucratic structure, family, and society as a whole generally changed significantly, with new ideas regarding these areas beginning to dominate and new expectations arising. The endeavor to complement the political revolution with a social one was an important feature of the period. For this purpose, regulations regarding the appearance and lifestyles of individuals were implemented. New perceptions and practices regarding the status of women emerged. Gender roles were actively discussed. An approach to solidarity was spread nationwide. Marriage was encouraged. The family institution was strengthened. The family was removed from the private sphere and made into an element of the public sphere. Pronatalist and eugenic population policies were implemented. Regulations and practices regarding work life were made, and women’s paid work was encouraged.The times when radical changes are experienced are the times when opinions about the possible methods for realizing the envisaged regulations are frequently expressed, views on the mechanisms for controlling the disintegration of the social structure are voiced, projects concerning problems are developed, and actual attempts are made regarding what is desired to happen in the future. These times are also when the family institution becomes the center of attention of political power centers due to the societyfamily relationship. Therefore, issues such as new life and new family came to the fore during the Second Constitutional Era when comprehensive and profound demographic, political, economic, legal and cultural changes had been experienced in&nbsp;many respects is no coincidence. During this era, the family institution was strongly and intensely referred to as the foundation of society, the most concrete unit of social solidarity, and the source of the morals and values that are described as the mortar of national solidarity. Due to the unique conditions of the period, the family institution was both removed from being an institution shaped under the influence of religion and transformed from being an element of the private sphere to being an element of the public sphere. The Republican administration made an effort to take over this legacy and give it its own influence. While the leaders of the Republic and intellectuals were doing this, they benefited greatly from the experiences of the Constitutional Era, during which their personalities and worldviews had also been shaped. For this reason, the concept of the national family had a great impact on the family policies of the early Republican Era. The efforts to build and protect the national family, which was first voiced by Ziya Gökalp and put into practice by the Unionist government during the Constitutional Era, became the basis for the policies related to the family in the Republican Era.According to the dominant understanding of family that the civil and military bureaucrats and intellectuals who operated the state apparatus of the period had, the number of marriages and children in particular or the structural characteristics and functioning of the family institution in general were too important to be left to the personal preferences and pleasures of individuals in the early Republican Era. Therefore, the fact that individuals of marriageable age did not marry (preferred to remain single) or chose to divorce easily became an important state and nation problem. Marriage and having many children are one’s debt to the homeland, and not getting married or having few children is a betrayal to the homeland and nation, with the related disloyalty and selfishness being negative dimensions of personality. According to the common and dominant understanding of the period, this was because family meant the independence of the country, the power of the state, and the prestige and wealth of the nation. Even more importantly, a child means a soldier who will defend the country, economic production and the resultant wealth, the reputation of the nation, and family. Hence, the number of children in the family has always been considered important. Families were encouraged to have many children. But of equal importance was that these children be healthy and strong. For this purpose, eugenic practices were carried out meticulously. In addition, the health and education of the mother were considered important conditions for a healthy family structure. Within the context of all these, the state was the entity that should solve problems such as being single or getting divorced in order to build a family structure of satisfactory quality and quantity. Therefore, the state took the initiative and carried out efforts to control the process through encouragement and intimidation.

Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Nüfus Siyaseti ve Aile

Harun

Tarık

Volunteering is a universal phenomenon and a way in which people try to do something good for society. People all over the world participate in volunteer activities for a great variety of reasons, such as to help eliminate poverty, to improve primary health and education, to provide a safe water supply and adequate sanitation, to tackle environmental issues and climate change, to reduce the risk of disasters, and to combat social exclusion and violent conflict. Various studies in the volunteering literature have occurred in various geographies, disciplines, and research groups on how volunteers perceive volunteering. However, volunteering studies carried out in Türkiye and, more specifically, studies on the reasons for volunteering and perceptions on volunteering are limited. Internationally announced reports have also clearly stated that the phenomenon of volunteering plays a limited role in Türkiye. According to the World Values Survey (WVS) in 1999 and 2007, only 4.5% and 5.3% of the population in Türkiye were members of social and/or political non-governmental organizations (NGOs).Additionally, Türkiye’s ranking is relatively low in the announced international reports in terms of participation in volunteering. For instance, the results from the Charities Aid Foundation (CAF, 2018) World Giving Index 2018 Report show Türkiye to rank 131 out of 146 countries. While volunteering occurred at a rate of 2.5% in social organizations, this number was 4.2% for political organizations (İçduygu et al., 2011). For this reason, studies on the field of volunteerism in Türkiye should be considered to have acquired scientific data and to be one of the factors that will unlock both individual and social development and integration. This study uses the inspiration provided by these sources to guide our research with the aim of revealing the perceptions toward volunteering that the volunteers and administrators who participate in volunteer activities in the field of child welfare in Türkiye have through their experiences in the field of volunteering.MethodIn line with the research purposes, the study has selected the phenomenological research design for revealing the experiences, perceptions, and meanings individuals attribute to a phenomenon. The qualitative study uses the in-depth interview technique with semi-structured interview forms. Data were collected from 60 participants in volunteer fields who had been accessed using the purposeful sampling method. The participants involve volunteers from 10 different NGOs and administrators from 10 different NGOs, four different ministries, four different municipalities, one international organization, and three different universities that have a wide range of participants in child welfare in Türkiye.Findings and DiscussionThe results of the research are presented under three main themes: (a) perspectives on volunteering at a personal level, (b) family and social environment’s perspectives&nbsp;on volunteering, and (c) society’s perspectives on volunteering. The study also analyzes within its scope the participants’ first associations about volunteering.The perceptions on volunteering at the personal level reflect how individuals generally think about volunteering. Personal-level perceptions on volunteering have been categorized into: volunteers’ perceptions, experts’ perceptions, and decisionmakers’ perceptions.The results show volunteering to have been identified and perceived with concepts such as social welfare, active citizenship, responsibility, solidarity and helping, winwin, taking time, sincerity, gratuitousness, and contribution to change. Accordingly, the expressions that refer the perspective of volunteering and all eight subthemes that were created afterward involve positive attitudes toward volunteering. The main reason for this result can be considered as individuals who are involved in voluntary activities being able to realize and experience the benefits of volunteering. In particular, the emphasis on responsibility, solidarity, helping people, contributing to change, and being an active citizen indicate a sense of achievement at the personal level, while emphases such as contributing to social welfare, contributing to change, and win-win describe the macro-level contribution of volunteering from a personal point of view.At the family and social environment level, volunteering has been found to be identified and perceived through such concepts as appreciation, insecurity and fear, waste of time, and not considering working in the field of volunteering as a serious job. The inferences about the family and social environment’s perspectives on volunteering point to a structure that inherently has both positive and negative meanings. Individuals who bring their volunteering lifestyle to their family and social environment allow the benefit they’ve created to be discovered by their environment. Thus, an interaction can emerge that positively affects the volunteer, such as being appreciated by one’s environment, improving one’s commitment to the field of volunteering, and changing both one’s own perspective towards volunteering, as well as of those in one’s own environment. Regarding the negative points of view involving family and social environment, historically speaking, the fear and insecurity created by the political climate in the field of civil society, the loss of time, and the inability to see volunteer activities as a serious business result in one’s family and social environment being unable to fully understand the individual’s environment.In line with the point of view toward volunteering at the society level, volunteering is also found to be identified and perceived with such prejudices and concepts as: being a free workforce, having no economic return, and being an area that creates fear and distrust. In the context of society’s perspective on volunteering, the inability of society to understand and know the volunteer activities, as well as the insecurity and fears in the field of civil society from past to present, can cause the social perspective&nbsp;of volunteering to be formed at a negative level. As a result, making the right policies and promoting efforts to change negative perceptions and prejudices in both the family, social environment, and society will contribute to correcting perceptions of volunteerism and to reconstructing its image.Conclusion﻿The research concludes that individuals’ personal experiences and the perspectives of family, friends, and the society in which one lives can affect one’s perceptions on volunteering. This general result reveals the need to conduct new studies from a multidimensional perspective and a range of micro- and macro-variables in order to change individuals’ perceptions toward and increase their motivation to participate in volunteer activities. Moreover, areas such as elderly welfare, violence against women and women’s rights, disaster situations, and the protection of the natural environment are areas in which volunteer activities are frequently involved, and studies on these areas may allow a more holistic perspective to be created to alter awareness about volunteerism.

Çocuk Refahı Alanında Gönüllü Faaliyetlere Katılım Sağlayan Bireylerin Gönüllülüğe Bakışlarının İncelenmesi

Hande

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Büşra

Öğretim Görevlisi

Reyhan

Sema

Remzi

Türkiye, like many other countries, is experiencing rapid aging of its population. As individuals age, they undergo various physical, mental, and social changes. Managing these changes effectively becomes crucial to address the challenges associated with aging. One significant aspect of this challenge is the lack of quality leisure activities, particularly for aging adults. Physical activity has emerged as a critical component of leisure assessment among aging individuals, as studies indicate its correlation with health status and well-being in the aging population. Research has consistently linked low levels of physical activity in adults aged 50 years and above with an increased risk of falls, cognitive decline, mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders (Caristia et al., 2021; Gallardo-Gómez et al., 2022; Ohrnberger, Fichera, &amp; Sutton, 2017; Stephan et al., 2021; Nawrocka et al., 2019).Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity, a significant portion of the aging population tends to lead sedentary lifestyles (Watson et al., 2016). Concepts such as active and successful aging underscore the importance of physical activity and social participation throughout the lifespan. Studies have shown that maintaining physical activity in the middle and older age significantly contributes to successful aging (Lin et al., 2020; Baker et al., 2009; Liffiton et al., 2012). Physical activity not only enhances physiological and cognitive functions but also improves subjective well-being (Kanning &amp; Schlicht, 2008). It serves as an intervention to promote active aging (Bauman et al., 2016), including lifestyle strategies that safeguard both physical and mental health (Mendoza-Ruvalcaba &amp; Arias Merino, 2015). Thus, raising awareness about the health benefits of physical activity is necessary to support active and successful aging processes. It is imperative to provide opportunities and allocate time for activities that facilitate physical activity and social engagement among aging adults.&nbsp;It is a contentious issue whether aging in rural areas offers more advantages or disadvantages in terms of opportunities for active and successful aging (Carver et al., 2018; Ulfa and Sartika, 2019). Studies have shown that the existence of disadvantages in rural infrastructure, such as limited access to health, education, transport, and social services, pose a significant risk to active and successful aging (Bull et al., 2001; Saenz et al., 2018; Weden et al., 2018). Conversely, urban areas tend to have better-developed services tailored to different age groups because of higher population densities.In Türkiye, the urban population outweighs the rural population, resulting in most services being planned with urban residents in mind. However, a substantial demographic shift from rural to urban areas has occurred due to urbanization, leaving a significant portion of the older population residing in rural areas (Çam et al., 2021). Statistics indicate that the proportion of older individuals aged 65 years and above is notably higher in rural areas (10.3%) than in urban areas (5.6%) (Öztürk, 2015). According to&nbsp;TUIK (2023), 30.1% of individuals aged 65 years and above reside in rural areas. Unfortunately, no official data are available regarding the proportion of individuals aged 50–60 residing in such areas. The older population in rural areas faces significant disadvantages in many areas such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, housing, and access to social services. These challenges not only have a negative impact on the living standards of aging adults but also pose obstacles to their pursuit of active and fulfilling aging (Evans, 2009; Ding et al., 2020). Considering these circumstances, there is a pressing need to extend healthcare, social activities, and cultural services tailored to the unique needs of aging adults in rural areas.A comprehensive review of the existing literature underscores the need to foster sustainable practices that promote active and successful aging in rural areas. Bocce emerges as a promising avenue for advancing these objectives, given its capacity to stimulate physical activity and foster social engagement. In furtherance of this notion, a bocce tournament was organized in Haymana, a rural town situated in Ankara. The research endeavor, “How does bocce activity influence the process of active and successful aging among aging adults?” seeks to answer the main question.&nbsp;MethodThis study adopted a phenomenological approach for its qualitative research design. Data collection was facilitated through interviews using a semi-structured interview format. Ten participants, comprising individuals who participated in the bocce game event organized to promote active and successful aging in the Haymana district of Ankara, volunteered to be interviewed.Consistent with ethical guidelines, interviews were recorded with the participant’s consent, subsequently analyzed, and transcribed into a computerized format. Frame themes were established by the researchers through a comprehensive literature review and the use of a semi-structured interview format. Following multiple readings of the interview transcripts, the researchers independently coded the data, categorized them under the frame themes, and further divided them into themes using thematic analysis techniques. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, a Cappa analysis was conducted, yielding a matching score of 100%. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo 10.0 software for data interpretation. Subsequently, the research findings were scrutinized by a qualitative research expert to avoid potential biases and enhance credibility.ResultsThe demographic analysis revealed that a total of 10 participants, comprising four women and six men, were interviewed. The age range spanned from 51 to 59 years, with an average age of 54.2 years. All participants were married. Regarding educational&nbsp;attainment, three participants had completed primary school, one had completed secondary school, four were high school graduates, and two held university degrees. In addition, all participants were employed, with five working as laborers, three as master trainers, and two as managers. Six participants were residents of Haymana, with four having lived in the area for over twenty-five years.&nbsp;Qualitative findings were structured into four main themes: perceptions of bocce game activity, perspectives on active and successful aging, the role of bocce in supporting active and successful aging, and expectations from institutional entities. Participants reminisced about their childhood marble games when engaging in bocce and stated that it reminded them of their youthful days. The fact that bocce reminded them of the marble game they played frequently in their childhood and that they played bocce with their peers aroused positive emotions in the participants.The research findings show that individual interpretations of active and successful aging include physical activity, healthy aging, social engagement, and independence from care in advanced ages. Living in rural areas offers advantages such as access to clean air and water, organic food, gardening opportunities, and convenient access to social and cultural events, which are particularly beneficial for men. However, rural dwellers, especially women, face challenges such as limited access to certain opportunities and social activities compared with urban residents. Another significant finding is the gender disparity in active and successful aging practices, with women in rural areas experiencing more pronounced limitations than men.Nonetheless, participation in bocce games has been observed to positively impact physical, mental, and social well-being, significantly raising awareness of active and successful aging in rural areas.The participants generally expect institutions to organize sports activities with a focus on physical activity and design walking areas suitable for the aging adults. In addition, they expressed a desire for institutes to plan social activities and nature trips. An important expectation is the expansion of areas where women can socialize outside their homes.Discussion and ConclusionThe increasing rate of the older population is a phenomenon of global significance. With advancing age, individuals undergo biological, psychological, and social transformations, often leading to challenges among aging adults. Chronic illnesses, mental health issues, and social disparities are crucial points that attract the attention of gerontologists and professionals in the field of aging. Strategies promoting active and successful aging are crucial for facilitating a positive aging experience and minimizing associated challenges. Addressing the needs of aging adults in the rural&nbsp;areas of Turkey is crucial. Efforts should be directed toward providing services tailored to foster active and successful aging in these regions. By alleviating poverty and enhancing accessibility to healthcare and support services through preventive measures, significant advancements can be made. In addition, preventive measures play an important role in fostering health and promoting active and successful aging. Thus, supporting physical activity and social participation is fundamental in promoting an active and successful aging process. Consequently, this study addresses the following central question: “How does bocce game activity affect the active and successful aging process of aging adults?” In sum, it can be concluded that bocce has emerged as a significant strategy for promoting active and successful aging, as it fosters increased participation in physical activity and can be played with pleasure irrespective of age and gender.

Kırsal Alanda Yaşlanan Yetişkinlerde Bocce Oyunu Aracılığıyla Aktif ve Başarılı Yaşlanmanın Desteklenmesi: Nitel Bir Çalışma

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Alexander

Tradition, Morality and Solidarity in Durkheim’s Theory

Since the 1950s, environmental sociology is hardly accepted despite existing social-environmental issues. These problems have been generated by the rapid industrialization and urbanization causing pollution in the post-war era. Environmental sociology was established in the 1970s when environmental problems gained public attention and the environmental movement emerged. The theories of sociologists Durkheim, Weber, who introduced the rationalization concept, and Marx, who introduced the theory of metabolic rift, were welcomed in environmental sociology. However, Durkheim was criticized that his methodological dictum was excluding society-environment interaction. There are two explanations for the association between Durkheim and societyenvironment interaction. On the one hand, the industrialism of his era caused the exclusion of environment from sociology. On the other hand, Durkheim’s works have significant references to environment that indicate a potential for environmental sociology. This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of society-environment interaction. First, the foundation of environmental sociology is summarized. Then, both examples showing the exclusion of environment and societyenvironment interactions in Durkheim’s studies are shown. The paper concludes with the assessment of Durkheim’s contribution to current environmental sociology challenging ecological crisis that threatens society. Although the first years of sociology were marked by geographical and biological determinism, sociologists favoring a “world view” of development, progress, and modernism in later years ignored environment as an issue (Hannigan, 2006). After a century, when environmental problems had surfaced and threatened industrialized Western societies, environmental concerns and movement were accepted in society and from the cultural perspective. Two pioneers of environmental sociology, Dunlap and Catton (1978) criticized human exceptionalism paradigm of causing the exploitation of nature and Durkheim’s methodological dictum (Madappalli, 2016). The paradigm assumes nature as an endless resource and that the human progress is limitless, while human existence is unique as a result of its developed culture (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978) that “covers the dependence of human societies to biophysical environment” (Rice, 2013, p. 238). However, environmental problems and restrictions in the 1960s shook this paradigm and Durkheim’s methodological dictum that reportedly ignored society-environment interaction. Hence, environmental parameters were included in sociological researches. In fact, the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, developed by environmental sociologists, introduced “environmental facts” against the social facts of Durkheim. The paradigm aims to consider the effects of&nbsp;environmental problems like resource scarcity on main sociological research issues like stratification (Catton &amp; Dunlap, 1978). Hence, environmental sociologists, by using the New Ecological Paradigm, challenge Durkheim’s methodological dictum by accepting the effect of environment on society (Dunlap &amp; Catton, 1979). Durkheim was criticized for excluding the impact of the environment on sociology with his methodological dictum. Sociology, a social discipline excluding environment (Foster, 1999, p. 367), was positioned out of “psychology, biology, economics, and geography” by Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, the three fathers of sociology (Buttel, Dickens, Dunlap, &amp; Gijswijt, 2002, p. 5). However, Marx and Weber were applauded for their concepts, the metabolic rift and rationality, in environmental sociology, unlike Durkheim who was criticized for his methodological dictum that was believed to be against the use of biophysical parameters in sociology (Lidskog, Mol, &amp; Oosterveer, 2015). Durkheim defined social facts only with other social facts, ignoring the biophysical environment (Dunlap, 2016), and implied examination of social systems without using environmental parameters (Norgaard, 1997, p. 159). Durkheim developed a social reductionism to resist biological reductionism (Benton, 1991, as cited in Konak, 2010). Hence, traditional sociology following Durkheim’s approach excluded biophysical environment (Hoyen, 2013). To objectify society within a scientific discipline (Durkheim, 2016, pp. 58, 59, 168), Durkheim defended the use of social facts and collective consciousness against biology and psychology (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5), that social facts can only be explained by social facts (Buttel, 2002) that have power over individuals and are different from non-human and organic facts (Durkheim, 2016). As a result, the methodological dictum made Durkheim and sociologists ignore biological and physical parameters (Dunlap, 1997; Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007). The exclusion of physical reality by Weberian and Durkheimian authors (Ritzer 1975; Choldin 1978, as cited in Dunlap &amp; Catton, 2007) should be seen as a constructive approach in the early years of sociology (Buttel, 2002). The exclusion of environment was dominant and environmental parameters were ignored in other subdisciplines like rural sociology until the 1970s; these subdisciplines are the foundation of environmental sociology (Dunlap &amp; Martin 1983, as cited in Dunlap, 2002). Durkheim implied the static position of nature throughout history while society changes and evolves (Durkheim, 2010; Gross, 2000; Jarvikoski, 1996). Durkheim separated the concept of evolution, originated from ecology and biology, from nature and integrated it into the social sphere (Durkheim, 2014). Furthermore, he put a sharp distinction between human society and animals, as they lack of morality and collective consciousness (Durkheim, 2010) and they are static unlike human societies (Durkheim, 2014). Although sociological theorists Durkheim, Weber, and Marx did not directly examine society-environment interaction; their studies indirectly included this issue (Hannigan, 2006, p. 5). Hence, Durkheim should be comprehended through the extensive framework of human-nature systems instead of narrow anthropocentricism (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). In fact, Durkheim did not deny the importance of biological and physical parameters in sociology (Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim followed the example of natural science during the exploration of social reality (Durkheim, 2016). Despite a strong and common prejudice in traditional sociology, Durkheim’s studies involve many references to the environment. However, the methodological dictum of Durkheimian scholars reinstructed sociology (Catton, 2002), resulting in Dunlap and Catton, two founders of environmental sociology, strongly criticizing the Durkheimian theory. Contrarily, the limited prevalence of social facts and the emphasis on the environmental parameters in Durkheim’s studies are important objections to their critique (Rosa &amp; Richter, 2008). Çelebi (2007, p. 159) highlighted the importance of the balance between population and land as social facts that affect society. Durkheim considered the effects of the position of sun and the condition of the atmosphere to people, and his social morphology notion had other environmental insights like the use of land (Gross, 2000). He also implied the coevolution of nature and society in his work of Pragmatism and Sociology (Foster, 1999). According to him, nature is not the reverse of society, but a part, the highest representation, and complex form of nature (Durkheim 2010; Jarvikoski, 1996). Moreover, Durkheim (2016) implied similarities between “physical environment” and society and defined society as part of nature. Durkheim often referred to nature in his classical study of totemism. Tribe members lean toward plants, animals, and rocks in understanding their society. They imitate animals in their religious rituals. Safety and domination of nature make up their religion (Durkheim, 2010). Durkheim often used biological terms like species, population density, and resource scarcity in his explanation of social evolution and solidarity concepts (Buttel, 2002). He implied that division of labor exists in all living organisms, and transfers society from nature (Durkheim, 2014). On the other hand, his notion of competition and division of labor undermined environmental concerns like pollution and resource scarcity in urbanization (Lenski, 1984, as cited in Buttel &amp; Humprey, 2002). This paper aims to examine Durkheim’s sociological approach in terms of societyenvironment interaction. The construction process of sociology as a distinct discipline excluded environmental parameters. However, urbanization and industrialization in the 1950s have caused environmental concerns and movements in Western societies.&nbsp;The foundation of environmental sociology was challenged in the 1970s by the methodological dictum of Durkheim. Although some of his studies strongly separate society from environment like social facts, he often referred to environmental concepts like population, balance, organism, and resource scarcity. Durkheim also implied metabolic interaction between society and environment, and that society is a complex part of nature.

Durkheim’da Toplum-Çevre Etkileşimi: Dışlayıcı Toplumsal Olgulara Karşı Çevreci Potansiyel

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Makale gönderimi İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi Yönetim Sistemi üzerinden yapılmaktadır. 

Dergimiz 2023 yılından itibaren özel temalı sayı düzenine geçmiştir. Bu sebeple tema dışındaki konulardan yapılacak başvurular değerlendirme süreçlerine alınmayacaktır. İlgili yılın temalarını dergi ana sayfasından "Duyurular" altındaki makale çağrısı sekmesinden takip edebilirsiniz.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 1914’te kurulan ve Türkiye’de sosyolojinin bilimsel disiplin olarak gelişmesine önemli katkılar sağlayan İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü bünyesinde yayımlanmaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ve Sosyoloji Bölümü geleneklerinden beslenmekte ve bu kurumlarda oluşan birikimin yeni bakışla ve ürünlerle sürdürülmesini önemsemektedir.

İlk sayısı 1917 yılında basılan ve Türkçedeki ilk sosyoloji dergisi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, hâlihazırda yılda iki kez (Haziran ve Aralık) yayımlanan hakemli akademik bir dergidir. Yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca’dır. Derginin basılı versiyonu 2022 itibariyle durdurulmuştur; dergi yayın hayatına e-dergi olarak devam etmektedir. 

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yaklaşık 100 yıllık yayın döneminde Türkiye’de sosyoloji disiplinini şekillendiren tartışmalara kaynaklık eden akademik standardı yüksek kuramsal ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayınlayarak sosyoloji alanının öncü ve önemli dergilerinden birisi olmuştur.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, sosyoloji alanında çalışan akademisyenlerin yanı sıra, antropoloji, istatistik, ekonomi, eğitim, tarih, siyaset bilimi gibi diğer sosyal bilim alanlarında çalışan bilim adamlarının sosyolojik perspektiften hazırlanmış katkılarına da açıktır. Dergi ayrıca değerlendirme yazıları, konferans, sempozyum ve atölye raporlarına da yer vermektedir. Dergide ayrıca belli konulara ayrılmış periyodik özel sayılar da yayınlanmaktadır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz. Açık Erişim İlkesi ve Telif Hakkında bilgi için: http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/journal/iusd/information/politikalar                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

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İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 1914’te kurulan ve Türkiye’de sosyolojinin bilimsel disiplin olarak gelişmesine önemli katkılar sağlayan İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü bünyesinde yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ve Sosyoloji Bölümü geleneklerinden beslenmekte ve bu kurumlarda oluşan birikimin yeni bakışla ve ürünlerle sürdürülmesini önemsemektedir. İlk sayısı 1917 yılında basılan ve Türkçedeki ilk sosyoloji dergisi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, hâlihazırda yılda iki kez (Haziran ve Aralık) yayımlanan hakemli akademik bir dergidir.İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yaklaşık 100 yıllık yayın döneminde Türkiye’de sosyoloji disiplinini şekillendiren tartışmalara kaynaklık eden akademik standardı yüksek kuramsal ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayınlayarak sosyoloji alanının öncü ve önemli dergilerinden birisi olmuştur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>Web of Science Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR-Dizin</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>EBSCO SocINDEX (with Full Text)</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ProQuest CSA Sociological Abstract</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştırma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

Genel Biçim Özellikleri<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EB71013DC4F742EC8AC78EB353AD4C61" target="_blank">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a>Yazı Tipi: Bütün metinde 10 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Tablo ve şekillerin nasıl hazırlanacağına dair ilgili bölüme bakınız.Sayfa Yapısı: A4 boyutlarındaki kâğıda üst, alt, sağ ve sol boşluk 2,5 cm (0.98 inç) bırakılarak, iki yana dayalı, satır sonu tirelemesiz şekilde olmalıdır. Çalışmalar tek sütun olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Paragraflarda ve başlıklarda girinti ve çıkıntı olmamalıdır.Paragraf Yapısı: Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; önce ve sonra alanı 0,6 nk satır aralığı 1,5 olmalıdır.Sayfa Sınırı: Yukarıdaki şablona göre hazırlanmış bir çalışma 20 sayfayı aşmamalıdır.Çalışma BölümleriBaşlık: Makale başlığı bold ve sola yaslı olmalıdır. Çalışma daha önce sunulmuşsa, bir projeden veya tezden üretilmişse vs. başlığın sonuna * dipnotu konularak açıklama yapılmalıdır.Yazar İsimleri: Yazar isimleri düz olmalıdır. Yazarın/yazarların tam adları, unvanları, çalıştıkları kurumlar, adres, telefon ve elektronik posta bilgileri belirtilmelidir.Öz: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdır. Özde atıf kullanılmamalıdır.Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdır.Ana Metin: Nicel ve nitel çalışmalar Giriş, Yöntem, Bulgular ve Tartışma bölümlerini içermelidir.Yöntem kısmında mutlaka Örneklem/Çalışma Grubu, Veri Toplama Araçları ve İşlem alt bölümleri bulunmalıdır. Model alt bölümüne sadece özgün bir model kullanılmışsa yer verilmelidir.Derleme türü çalışmalar problemi ortaya koymalı, ilgili literatürü yetkin bir biçimde analiz etmeli, literatürdeki eksiklikler, boşluklar ve çelişkilerin üzerinde durmalı ve çözüm için atılması gereken adımlardan bahsetmelidir.Diğer çalışmalarda konunun türüne göre değişiklik yapılabilir, fakat bunun okuyucunun metinden faydalanmasını güçleştirecek detayda alt bölümler şeklinde olmamasına özen gösterilmelidir.Title: Makale başlığı bold ve sola yaslı olmalıdır. Çalışma daha önce sunulmuşsa, bir projeden veya tezden üretilmişse vs. başlığın sonuna * dipnotu konularak açıklama yapılmalıdır.Abstract: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdırKeywords: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdırExtended Abstract: 1000-1500 kelime arasında olmalıdırKaynakça: Hem metin içinde hem de kaynakçada Amerikan Psikologlar Birliği tarafından yayımlanan Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6. baskı) adlı kitapta belirtilen yazım kuralları uygulanmalıdır.Tablo, Şekil ve EklerTablo ve Şekiller: Tablo, şekil, resim, grafik vb. unsurlar metin içerisinde yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın sonunda ayrıca verilmemelidir.Tablo ve şekillerde genel şablonun dışında 9 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır. Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde;• önce ve sonra alanı 0 nk,• satır aralığı tek olmalıdır.Tablo ve şekiller sola dayalı olmalı ve metin kaydırma özelliği kapalı olmalıdır. Tablo gösterimi için Örnek Makaleyi inceleyiniz.Ekler: Her bir ek ayrı sayfalarda, kaynakçadan sonra verilmelidir.Diğer: p değeri sadece tablo dışında gösterilmelidir. Tablo içerisinde ayrı bir p sütunu oluşturulmamalıdır. Metin içindeki p değerleri italik olarak gösterilmelidir. Verilen sayılarda virgülden sonra sadece iki digit/basamak kullanılmalıdır.

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/212A9245455F402992EFD09FE4B51625" target="_blank">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a>Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05F98757285E45AFA3CBFC15EBFE915B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Özetler 150-200 kelime Türkçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 1000-1500 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)​</li></ul></ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05F98757285E45AFA3CBFC15EBFE915B" target="_blank">Makale Kapak Sayfası</a></li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li>Özetler 150-200 kelime Tükçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  1000-1500 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve Formatıİstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6.Edisyon hakkında bilgi için:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin ve ark., 2002; Karasar 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar ve ark., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış MakaleSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Popüler Dergi MakalesiSemercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39.Tez, Sunum, Bildiria) Türkçe TezlerSarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora TeziVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL.g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri ÖzetiÇınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan BildirilerHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan BildirilerSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140) . Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05F98757285E45AFA3CBFC15EBFE915B" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin kategorisi</li><li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li><li>Özetler 200-250 kelime makale dilinde ve 200-250 kelime İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li><li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler)</li><li>İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li><li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Son notlar (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E4B02593AB954F738F4F25A2A51326D4" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BC52482EF8BE495EA0FA24808A4A0321" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/05F98757285E45AFA3CBFC15EBFE915B" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	İsmail Coşkun
Kapak (PDF)
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Ön Sayfalar (PDF)