Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/JECS2021-837512   IUP :10.26650/JECS2021-837512    Tam Metin (PDF)

Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

İsmail Ayşad GüdekliSeçil Deren Van Het HofMehmet Taha EserMehmet Sebih Oruç

Haber medyası okuryazarlığı kavramı, bireylerin haber medyasıyla nasıl ve neden etkileşime girdiğini, bireylerin tükettikleri şeyleri nasıl anlamlandırdıklarını ve bireylerin kendi haber tüketiminden nasıl etkilendiğini anlamaya yöneliktir. Haber medyası okuryazarlığı, şüpheci bir eğilimi temsil etmektedir ve haber içeriğinin yanı sıra üretime ve dağıtıma karşı eleştirel bir tavrı teşvik etmekle ilgili bir kavramdır. Haber medyası okuryazarlığının ölçülmesi bu noktalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda oldukça önemlidir. Bu bağlamda mevcut araştırma kapsamında Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 499 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda faktör yükleri 0.54 ile 0.82 arasında değişmekte olan ve 2 alt boyutta yer alan toplamda 10 madde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Maddelerin açıkladığı toplam varyans yaklaşık olarak %40’tır. Geçerkleştirilen ilk doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçme aracından bir madde çıkarılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen ikinci doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda uyum/uyumsuzluk indeksleri (Ki-kare/serbestlik değeri: 2.46; RMSEA: 0.084; SRMR: 0.064; TLI: 0.87; CFI: 0.91; GFI: 0.95 ve AGFI: 0.91) kabul edilebilir sınırlar içinde bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin alt boyutları ve tümüne ilişkin Cronbach Alfa ve McDonald’ın Omega değerleri 0.83 ile 0.86 arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda araştırma kapsamında kapsam geçerliği ve yakınsama geçerliğinin sağlandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırma kapsamında gerçekleştirilen analizler, iki alt boyut ve toplamda dokuz maddeden oluşan haber medyası okuryazarlığı ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

DOI :10.26650/JECS2021-837512   IUP :10.26650/JECS2021-837512    Tam Metin (PDF)

News Media Literacy Scale: Validity and Reliability

İsmail Ayşad GüdekliSeçil Deren Van Het HofMehmet Taha EserMehmet Sebih Oruç

The concept of news media literacy is aimed at understanding how and why individuals interact with the news media, how individuals make sense of what they consume, and how individuals are affected by their news consumption. News media literacy represents a skeptical tendency, promoting a critical attitude toward the production and distribution of news content. The study group of the research comprised 499 participants. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the factor loads of items in the scale vary between 0.54 and 0.82, the scale consists of two sub-dimensions, 9 items in total—the total variance explained by the dimensions is 40%. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit indices (Chi-square/df: 4.70; RMSEA: 0.084; SRMR: 0.064; TLI: 0.87; CFI: 0.91; GFI: 0.95; AGFI: 0.91) were found within acceptable limits. The Cronbach’s Alpha and McDonald’s Omega values for the sub-dimensions and the whole of the scale vary between 0.83 and 0.86. Simultaneously, it was concluded that content validity and convergence validity were provided within the scope of the research. As a result, the analyses conducted within the scope of the research show that the News Media Literacy Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.


GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


Although the spread of misinformation is not a new problem, it has gained new importance due to the role of social media being seen as the primary source of news gradually by more people. The speed with which disinformation spreads on social media cannot be readily compensated for or halted. This situation is even more surprising in light of the current global epidemic. Under these circumstances, the ability to restrict the propagation of false messages and conspiracy theories, as well as the dissemination of accurate information to the public, becomes a top responsibility. Çerçi et al. (2020) found that 75.4% of the participants were informed about social media in their studies, where they investigated the use of social media as a means of information during the Covid-19 outbreak. “What is the most common source of information you use to get information about the Covid-19 outbreak?” In the answers given to the question, 32.5% of the participants stated television, 28% stated social media, and 22% stated the Minister of Health. These current conditions point to the need to study news media literacy separately from media literacy.

News media literacy is about understanding how and why people interact with news media, how they make sense of what they consume, and how individuals are affected by their news consumption (Maksl et al., 2015; Vraga and Tully, 2016). It is about promoting a skeptical disposition and a critical attitude toward its production and distribution as well as news content. Based on past conceptualizations and research, this study aims to create a News Media Literacy Scale. There is evidence of news media literacy in terms of news access, consumption, and appraisal. This behavior is determined by self-efficacy and critical performance. It is thought that the “News Media Literacy Scale” developed within the scope of the research will make a significant contribution to the literature. The fact that the research was conducted under the Covid-19 pandemic context adds to the importance of measuring news media literacy.

First, exploratory factor analysis was performed within the scope of the study to determine the construct validity of the scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a measurement instrument with two sub-dimensions and items with sub-dimensions explaining 40% of the total variance was developed. Following the exploratory factor analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis, which is the second stage in terms of concept validity, was performed. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed, the fit indices (Chi-square/freedom value: 4.70; RMSEA: 0.086; SRMR: 0.064; TLI: 0.86; CFI: 0.90; GFI: 0.94; AGFI: 0.90) were found within acceptable limits. Two sub-dimensions consisting of 9 items in total, which were formed by exploratory factor analysis, were confirmed. At the same time, the CGI ≥ CGO criterion was verified in terms of determining the content validity using the Lawshe method and it was concluded that the content validity of the scale was statistically significant. 

After determining the structure and scope validity, Cronbach’s Alpha and McDonald’s Omega values were calculated to obtain information about the level of purity of measurement results from random errors. The number of items on the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient scale has an effect on its structure. In scales with few items, Cronbach’s alpha may produce lower values than the genuine dependability value (Osburn, 2000). As a result, it is advised that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient from reliability estimates for scales with few elements not be used (Deng and Chan, 2017). For this purpose, calculations were made with the McDonald Omega coefficient, which is not affected by the number of items, to reveal the true reliability value of the relevant dimensions. When the Cronbach’s alpha values, which indicate the reliability in terms of internal consistency regarding the sub-dimensions of the scale and the whole, were examined, it was found that these values were 0.86 for the self-efficacy dimension, 0.85 for the critical performance dimension, and 0.83 for the whole scale; McDonald’s Omega coefficient is approximately 0.85 for the self-efficacy dimension; it was determined that it was approximately 0.83 for the critical performance dimension and 0.83 for the whole scale. According to these results, it was concluded that the measurement tool developed within the scope of the research is reliable.

Finally, the correlation coefficients between the latent variables and the square roots of the AVE values were analyzed, and it was determined that convergence validity had been attained. As a result, the News Media Literacy Scale was introduced into the literature, with valid and trustworthy assessment results.


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., Güzeller, C. O. (2017), Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik uygulamaları, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Ashley, S., Maksl, A., Craft, S. (2013), Developing a news media literacy scale, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 68(1), 7-21. google scholar
  • Ashley, S., Maksl, Craft, A. S. (2017), News media literacy and political engagement: what’s the connection?, Journal of Media Literacy Education, 9(1), 79 - 98. google scholar
  • Bandura, A. (1989), Human agency in social cognitive theory, American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184. google scholar
  • Bandura, A. (1993), Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning, Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. google scholar
  • Bandura, A. (1997), Self-efficacy: the exercise of control, W.H. Freeman and Company: New York. google scholar
  • Barnes, J., Cote, J., Cudeck, R., Malthouse, E. (2001), Factor analysis - checking assumptions of normality before conducting factor analysis, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10(1,2), 79-81. google scholar
  • Bentler, P. (1990), Comparative fit indexes in structural models, Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. google scholar
  • Bentler, P., Bonett, D. (1980), Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures, Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. google scholar
  • Çelik, H. E., Yilmaz, V. (2013), Lisrel 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Çerçi, Ü.Ö., Canöz N., Canöz, K. (2020), Covid-19 krizi döneminde bilgilenme aracı olarak sosyal medya kullanımı, Selçuk Ün. Sos. Bil. Ens. Der. 44, 184-198. google scholar
  • Comrey, A. L., LEE, H. B. (1992), A first course in factor analysis, (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. google scholar
  • Cortina, J. M. (1993), What is coefficient alpha? an examination of theory and applications, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98-104. google scholar
  • Craft, S., Ashley, S., Maksl, A. (2017), News media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement, Communication and the Public, 2(4), 388-401. google scholar
  • Deng, L., Chan, W. (2017), Testing the difference between reliability coefficients alpha and omega. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77(2), 185-203. google scholar
  • Dunteman, G. H. (1989), Principal components analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Dweck, C.S., Leggett, E. L. (1988), A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273. google scholar
  • Eristi, B., Erdem, C. (2017), Development of media literacy skills scale, Contemporary Educational Technology, 8(3), 249-267. google scholar
  • Eser, M. T., Aksu, G., Güzeller, C. O. (2019), R programlama dili ile temel istatistikler ve raporlama, Ankara: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  • Festinger, L. (1957), A theory of cognitive dissonance, Row, Peterson and Company. google scholar
  • Field, A. (2000), Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows, London, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981), Evaluating structural equation models with un observable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. google scholar
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983), Factor analysis, (2nd. Ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. google scholar
  • Hamutoğlu, N.B., Güngören, Ö. C., Kaya Uyanik, G., Gür Erdoğan, D. (2017), Dijital okuryazarlık ölçeği: Türkçe ’ye uyarlama çalışması, Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(1), 408-429. google scholar
  • Jang, S. M., Kim, J. K. (2018), Third person effect of fake news: fake news regulation and media literacy interventions, Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 295-302. google scholar
  • Kline, P. (1979), Psychometrics and psychology, London: Academic Press. google scholar
  • Kline, P. (1994), An easy guide tofactor analysis, London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Korkmaz, Ö., Yeşil, R. (2011), Medya ve televizyon okuryazarlık düzeyleri ölçeği geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 110-126. google scholar
  • Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş., Coklu, Ö. (2006) Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. PegemA Yayınları, Ankara. google scholar
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975), A quantitative approach to content validity, Personnel Psychology, 28, 563-575. google scholar
  • Lee, L., Chen, D.-T., Li, J.-Y., Lin, T.-B. (2015), Understanding new media literacy: the development of a measuring instrument, Computers & Education, 85, 84-93. google scholar
  • Lippmann, W. (1922), Public opinion, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. google scholar
  • Maksl, A., Ashley, S., Craft, S. (2015), Measuring news media literacy, Journal ofMedia Literacy Education, 6, 29-45. google scholar
  • Maksl, A., Craft, S., Ashley, S., Miller, D. (2017), The usefulness of a news media literacy measure in evaluating a news literacy curriculum, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 72(2), 228-241. google scholar
  • Maydeu-Olivares, A., Shi, D., Rosseel, Y. (2017), Assessing fit in structural equation models: A Monte-Carlo evaluation of RMSEA versus SRMR confidence intervals and tests of close fit, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 389-402. google scholar
  • Mcwhorter, C. (2020), The role of agenda melding in measuring news media literacy, Journal ofMedia Literacy Education, 12(1), 145-158. google scholar
  • Nunnally, J. C., Bernstein, I. H. (1994), The assessment of reliability, Psychometric Theory, 3, 248-292. google scholar
  • Osburn, H. G. (2000), Coefficient alpha and related internal consistency reliability coefficients, Psychological Methods, 5, 343-355. google scholar
  • Phan, H. P. (2010), Students’ academic performance and various cognitive processes of learning: An integrative framework and empirical analysis, Educational Psychology, 30(3), 297-322. google scholar
  • Phua, V. (2004), Convenience sample, M.S. Lewis-Beck, A. E. Bryman içinde, The Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods (s. 197) California: Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Potter, W. J. (2004), Theory ofMedia Literacy: A Cognitive Approach, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Rennie, K. M. (1997), Exploratory and confirmatory rotation strategies in exploratory factor analysis, Bildiri Güneybatı Eğitim Araştırmaları Birliğinin Yıllık Toplantısında Sunulmuştur, Austin: Texas. google scholar
  • Schmitt, N. (1996), Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha, Psychological Assessment, 8, 350-353. google scholar
  • Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., Bar, F. (2016), Political rumoring on Twitter during the 2012 US presidential election: rumor diffusion and correction, New Media & Society, 19(8), 1214-1235. google scholar
  • Shoemaker, P. J., Reese, S. D. (2013), Mediating the message in the 21st century: a media sociology perspective, London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007), Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş temel ilkeler ve Lisrel uygulamaları, Ankara: Ekinoks Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Tanaka, J., Huba, G. (1985), A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation, British Journal ofMathematical And Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201. google scholar
  • Toffler, A. (1970), Future shock, New York: Bantam Books. google scholar
  • Tully, M., Vraga, E. K. (2018), Who experiences growth in news media literacy and why does it matter? examining education, individual differences, and democratic outcomes, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 73(2), 167-181. google scholar
  • Tully, M., Vraga, E. K., Bode, L. (2020a), Designing and testing news literacy messages for social media, Mass Communication and Society, 23(1), 22-46. google scholar
  • Tully, M., Vraga, E. K., Smithson, A. (2020b) News media literacy, perceptions of bias, and interpretation of news, Journalism, 21(2), 1-18. google scholar
  • Vraga, E. K., Tully, M. (2016), Effective messaging to communicate news media literacy concepts to diverse publics, Communication and the Public, 1(3), 305-322. google scholar
  • Vraga, E. K., Tully, M. (2019), Engaging with the other side: using news media literacy messages to reduce selective exposure and avoidance, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(1), 77-86. google scholar
  • Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., Kotcher, J. E., Smithson, A.-B., Broeckelman-Post, M. (2016), A multi-dimensional approach to measuring news media literacy, Journal of Media Literacy Education, 7(3), 41-53. google scholar
  • Weston, R., Gore, P. A., Jr. (2006), A brief guide to structural equation modeling, The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Güdekli, İ.A., Deren Van Het Hof, S., Eser, M.T., & Oruç, M.S. (2022). Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(65), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


AMA

Güdekli İ A, Deren Van Het Hof S, Eser M T, Oruç M S. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2022;0(65):61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


ABNT

Güdekli, İ.A.; Deren Van Het Hof, S.; Eser, M.T.; Oruç, M.S. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 65, p. 61-80, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Güdekli, İsmail Ayşad, and Seçil Deren Van Het Hof and Mehmet Taha Eser and Mehmet Sebih Oruç. 2022. “Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 65: 61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


Chicago: Humanities Style

Güdekli, İsmail Ayşad, and Seçil Deren Van Het Hof and Mehmet Taha Eser and Mehmet Sebih Oruç. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 65 (Oct. 2023): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


Harvard: Australian Style

Güdekli, İA & Deren Van Het Hof, S & Eser, MT & Oruç, MS 2022, 'Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 65, pp. 61-80, viewed 4 Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Güdekli, İ.A. and Deren Van Het Hof, S. and Eser, M.T. and Oruç, M.S. (2022) ‘Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(65), pp. 61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512 (4 Oct. 2023).


MLA

Güdekli, İsmail Ayşad, and Seçil Deren Van Het Hof and Mehmet Taha Eser and Mehmet Sebih Oruç. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 65, 2022, pp. 61-80. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512


Vancouver

Güdekli İA, Deren Van Het Hof S, Eser MT, Oruç MS. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 4 Oct. 2023 [cited 4 Oct. 2023];0(65):61-80. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512 doi: 10.26650/JECS2021-837512


ISNAD

Güdekli, İsmailAyşad - Deren Van Het Hof, Seçil - Eser, MehmetTaha - Oruç, MehmetSebih. Haber Medyası Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/65 (Oct. 2023): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-837512



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim10.12.2020
Kabul18.11.2021
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma28.01.2022

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.