Adem

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Hüsniye

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Even though the periods when the space was occupied by squatting in Turkey have now come to an end, the conversion of agricultural lands to different urban uses continues to a significant extent in the plains declared as “Agricultural Protected Area” such as Iğdır. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the historical change of population growth and distribution across the space as well as the periodic changes in the geographical appearance of the city of Iğdır, which was established in the south of the Iğdır plains. The problems associated with the growth and development of the city have been discussed from various perspectives with regard to the spatial change of the city. The historical and spatial development of the settlement in Iğdır was investigated across certain periods: 1828-1920, 1920- 1950, 1950-1990, and finally post-1990. This periodization was based on the historical, social, and economic developments, which had a profound effect on the region. First of all, different monographic sources (theses, articles, books, etc.) were reviewed to investigate the historical and urban development process of the settlement. Iğdır was a part of Russia until 1920, therefore the demographic statistics provided in the annals of the Кавказский Календарь (Caucasian Calendar) were used for the first period between 1828-1929. The population and demographic data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) were used for the years after 1927. Furthermore, the investigation for the purposes of the present study included various sources, such as travel books about Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) and its surroundings written in different centuries, books based on exploratory trips, official reports about Iğdır (especially subsequent to the establishment of modern Turkey), and biographies of public officials. Accordingly, a spatial development map and land use graphs of the settlement were produced based on long-term geographical observations, maps made in different years, and spatial analyzes of the satellite images of the study area. Satellite images taken on different dates and from different areas between 1977 and 2018 were used in the preparation of the abovementioned map and the graphs. There are a variety of problems in connection with spatial use in the city of Iğdır, similar to the other urban centers established on the agricultural plains, including the Bursa, Malatya, Adapazarı, Adana, and Samsun provinces in Turkey. Originally founded on fertile agricultural lands over the alluvial depressed plains, the Iğdır settlement maintained a limited spatial reach until the 1990s. However, especially after the 1990s, the population has increased rapidly, leading to the start of the spatial expansion, due to the migration of people mostly from rural areas and different provinces, including Ağrı and Kars. As a natural result thereof, new neighborhoods emerged and certain villages were integrated with the city. The push and pull factors in the rural areas and Iğdır, respectively, played an important role in the foregoing. Furthermore, the fertile agricultural areas have been transformed for new urban uses. In Iğdır, the ratio of residential areas has increased; it was approximately 3% in 1977, which increased to 6% in 1989, 11% in 2000, 23% in 2010, and approximately 24% in 2018. The fertile agricultural lands were forsaken for the benefit of housing, service, recreation, and other uses. As a natural result thereof, the geographical appearance of Iğdır, which was known as “Green Iğdır,” has started to change significantly. In conclusion, the spatial expansion and population growth in the city of Iğdır, located in the south of the plain, continues unabated with the effect of various dynamics, despite the fact that the Iğdır Plain was declared as a “great plain conservation area” in 2016 upon the decision of the Council of Ministers.&nbsp;

Iğdır’da Şehirsel Gelişme ve Mekânsal Değişim

Burak

Arzu

Prof. Dr.

Many environmental concerns arise as the world’s population grows, as well as the natural repercussions of urbanization, industrialization, and the increase in the number of vehicles. Air pollution is one of the most serious of these issues. Air pollution emissions are rising as a result of both human and natural forces. Air pollution not only causes diseases and deaths in humans, but it also harms the ecosystem and other living creatures. To reduce and prevent the effects of air pollution on individuals, it is critical to monitor and assess air pollution. The goal of this study was to look at the seasonal, temporal, and spatial changes in air pollution. The change in air pollution in the city of Kocaeli was evaluated for this purpose by studying the years 2008, 2014, and 2019. Kocaeli, which is located in the Marmara Region, was focused on because it is one of Turkey’s most important industrial cities. The study examined the PM10 and SO2 air contaminants. The concentration values of pollutant parameters in the form of hourly and daily averages from stations in certain regions of the cities are presented via the website thanks to the national air quality monitoring network established by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change of the Republic of Turkey. Data on the PM10 and SO2 concentrations for Kocaeli were obtained as an hourly average from 12 stations which measure Kocaeli, via the national air quality monitoring network. The data produced has been presented as hourly averages, daily averages, monthly averages, and finally seasonal averages. For those places where measurements could not be made from the available data, the interpolation approach was used to generate concentration values. One of the interpolation methods employed was the inverse distance weighted technique (IDW). Pollution maps for the winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons of 2008, 2014, and 2019 were produced for Kocaeli by providing data continuity with the produced values. For a simplified reading of the maps, the values of the same season of each year were reclassified with the same concentration ranges. The change in air pollution in Kocaeli from 2008 to 2019 may be easily interpreted with these maps. The maps were compared to the European Union’s and nationally-determined pollutant limit values. Temporal variation maps were produced using geographic information systems technology and overlay analysis. Via overlay analysis, arithmetic operations can be carried out between data in two raster forms. Variation maps were obtained by extracting the 2008 map from the 2014 map and the 2014 map from the 2019 map. The variation maps include negative and positive values where negative pixel values and positive pixel values indicate the concentration value has been reduced or increased respectively as a result of this process. As a result, using the newly constructed maps, 2014 was rated according to 2008, and 2019 was rated according to 2014. The locations where the concentration rose or decreased from 2008 were identified in 2014. Similarly, regions, where concentrations rose or fell in 2019 compared to 2014, were identified. Although there was a general decline in concentration values from 2008 to 2019, it was discovered that some places exceeded the European Union and national pollutant concentration limit values in 2019. The PM10 limit of 40 µg/m3 was surpassed in 156188.50 hectares in the winter, 186623.25 hectares in the spring, 490.75 hectares in the summer, and 135603 hectares in the autumn of 2019. The SO2 parameter in 2019 exceeded the 20 µg/m3 limit value calculated on an area of 2799.5 hectares only in the autumn season, according to the findings. With this study, it was demonstrated that GIS technology can be used to detect the temporal and spatial variations in air pollution and that the maps developed may be used to plan for air pollution prevention, take required precautions, and improve inspections.&nbsp;

Sanayi Kenti Kocaeli İlinde Meteorolojik Koşullara Bağlı Olarak Ana  Hava Kirleticilerinin ve Konsantrasyonlarının Mekânsal ve Zamansal  Değişimi

Semra

Assoc. Prof.

With the increase in average global temperatures observed since the beginning of the 20th Century, an increase has reportedly been observed in the vegetation periods in the medium and higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The changes in the vegetation growth season (phenology) are crucial factors that help us understand the reactions to climate change shown by terrestrial ecosystems, which in turn could help us understand changes in ecosystem dynamics in the future. This is why the vegetation period, the start and end dates, and the changes and trends in them need to be investigated. Although many studies have been made in Turkey examining global warming, climate change, and their impact, particularly in recent years, with their results predicting changes in vegetation periods, very few studies have been made that directly examine the vegetation period, trends and changes in its start and end dates, and their connection with climate change. Our study aims, therefore, to reveal the changes and trends in the vegetation periods in the Aegean Region, changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start and end dates, and their connection with average temperatures. To do this, the author obtained average daily temperature figures recorded by 12 selected meteorology stations in the Aegean Region for the period between 1960 and 2019 from the Turkish State Meteorological Service. The study considered temperatures of 5°C and 8°C as the threshold values for determining the vegetation periods and included those days when the average daily temperature was an uninterrupted 5/8°C or higher in the study. The start and end dates of vegetation periods have been determined. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the year-long changes and trends in both the vegetation periods and the beginning and ending dates of the vegetation period, and to test their statistical significance. The non-parametric Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship between the average temperatures in the study area and the vegetation period, as well as the changes in the beginning-end dates of the vegetation period. Based on the temperature thresholds in the Aegean Region, the shortest average vegetation period at 5o C was observed in Kütahya (200 days) and the longest being in Izmir (305 days). At 8o C, the shortest average period was again in Kütahya (170 days) and longest in Muğla (277 days). On examination of the timelines of the 12 meteorological stations for the vegetation periods at the 5o C threshold value, all stations appeared to show an upward trend in vegetation periods. According to the Mann-Kendal test, this upward trend was significant in Akhisar, Bergama, Denizli, Izmir, and Ödemiş, with 95% probability (α=.05). There was a statistically non-significant upward trend seen at the other stations. At the 8o C threshold value, an upward trend was observed in Afyon, Denizli, İzmir, and Kütahya, again with a 95% probability (α=.05), while a statistically non-significant upward trend was found at the other stations. The data from the 12 meteorological stations in the Aegean Region included in the study showed that at the 5o C threshold value, the vegetation period began on average on March 12 (day 71) and ended on average on November 27 (day 331). When we examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start dates (at the 5o C threshold value), we see that the vegetation period in the Aegean Region has begun on average four days earlier (March 8, day 67) over the past 30 years. According to the Mann-Kendal test, these changes in the start date of the vegetation period are statistically significant. When we then examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period end dates, we see that this has been occurring a day late (November 28, day 332) over the past 30 years, but this change is not statistically significant. In conclusion, the vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 5o C threshold value is now five days longer on average. The vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value begins on March 31 (day 90) and ends on average on November 14 (day 318). When analyzing these changes and trends, we again notice a statistically significant change and trend in the vegetation period start dates and no statistically significant change or trend in the end dates. In conclusion, going by the long annual average for the past 30 years, we found that the vegetation period starts two days early and ends two days late. This shows that the vegetation in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value is now four days longer on average.&nbsp;

Ege Bölgesi’nde Vejetasyon Süresi ile Vejetasyon Dönemi Başlama ve  Son Bulma Tarihlerindeki Değişme ve Eğilimler

İhsan

Berna

Metehan

The district of Dosemealti is located in the Mediterranean Region, north of the city of Antalya, between 36° north latitude and 30° east longitude. The district is bounded on all sides by the Western Taurus Mountains, and the Dosemealti Plain has a slightly rugged terrain in the north and west. The Kirkgoz spring water is the most important water source in the area.The research area’s vegetation consists of a forested area surrounded by pine trees. It has the province’s richest forest areas in terms of plant and tree species, as well as fauna. In terms of climate, the research area is dominated by the Mediterranean climate, which has hot summers and rainy, warm winters. However, due to average temperature differences of 4-5 degrees Celsius compared to the city center of Antalya, it has slightly cooler air and lower humidity. Although plateau climatic qualities are not effective in general, some towns, such as Dagbeli, have plateau climate characteristics.Cotton, olive, wheat, barley, corn, oat, sesame, onion, citrus, and other types of vegetables and fruits have been the source of livelihood in the research area, which has had an agriculture-based economy for many years. Ovine and cattle breeding, as well as Dosemealti carpet weaving, provide additional income. However, because the region has been zoned today, agricultural lands have been reduced, and with the establishment of the Organized Industrial Zone, the workforce has migrated in this direction.Rural settlements and housing are one of the most controversial problems in human geography, with definitions, names, and characteristics that vary little over lengthy time periods, yet greatly over short distances. Rural settlements and housing with similar purposes and qualities can occasionally be found with small differences in naming from region to region. Turkey serves as an excellent example in this regard. These distinctions should be documented in the literature with local studies to be conducted.The hovel settlements in the research area are one of the most important examples. Shepherd’s huts, also known as “hovels”,’ are structures that are used year round and are built in locations where grasslands are widespread, similar to corrals in other parts of Turkey, far from agricultural areas outside the villages, and used in order to rear sheep and cow. The aim of this study is to illustrate how people’s relationships with the natural and cultural surroundings are represented in the settlements and dwellings by evaluating the general characteristics of the hovel settlements. In the field studies conducted, it has been determined that the local residents’ knowledge of the local geography, and the cultural accumulation and experience from the past have been effective in the functional characteristics of the “hovel” settlements, the factors influencing the selection of the establishment site and the materials preferred during the construction phase.The study used qualitative research methodologies, including field research, interviews, and document analysis. Between November 2020 and September 2021, visits were made to monitor how the “hovels” were made, where they were placed, and how much attention was paid during these trips. Hovel owners who have active in cattle breeding for a long time were interviewed. The function of the parts that make up the hovels, as well as how they were made and with what materials, were explained in light of their regional names.The study emphasizes recommendations for solutions to the problems determined in the hovel settlements. It is critical to develop incentive investments and projects in order to maintain local livestock, which is one of the fundamental dynamics of rural development, to develop and protect their socioeconomic and socio-cultural characteristics, and to protect and evaluate cultural heritage in rural tourism.

Antalya Döşemealtı İlçesinde Küçükbaş Hayvan Barınakları Yatakların Yerleşme ve Kır Meskenleri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Fatih

Orhan

In hydrologic modelling, precipitation is an important component in maintaining the atmospheric balance. The magnitude of precipitation has been intensified in most regions of the world by the recent global warming caused by the water content increase in the atmosphere as indicated by both climate model simulations and observations. Consequently, precipitation values higher than all previously observed extreme precipitation values are also increasing with climate change. This situation makes it more important than ever to predict extreme weather events with the worldwide increase in the frequency and intensity of water-related disasters like floods and droughts and dwindling water supplies. Gaining knowledge of the climate variation and predicting the probable extreme precipitation values is also very essential in efficiently preventing potential natural disasters. Proper design of water structures and prevention of loss of lives and environmental damages are directly associated with accurate calculation of design rainfall. Due to these reasons, hydrological design and water resources management studies should consider the changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes. A two-dimensional periodic behavior is generally observed in hydrologic data because of the seasonality associated with the hydrologic cycle. Precipitation generally shows significant variations throughout the year, but the observations in the sub-periods (months, seasons, etc.) tend to be in a definite range. In Turkey, minimum precipitations are generally observed in July-September (summer) period varying in a low range while the highest precipitations are experienced within the November-January (winter) period. The uncertain, nonstationary and sometimes chaotic behavior of precipitation makes the observation, quantification, estimation and forecasting of precipitation challenging even though the behavior is generally seasonal. Polynomial regression is a powerful tool that can be used to describe trend curves to model complicated patterns of sorted temporal data. It can be visually observed that the time series graphs of sorted monthly total precipitation series generally depict a nonlinear behavior and the slope of the curve always increases towards the higher values. As a result, polynomial regression was selected as the method to estimate the future extreme values based on this property of sorted precipitation series. In this study, future extreme precipitations were predicted for each month of the year at a 95% confidence level by using the precipitation data of 66 stations in Turkey. In the context of the developed method, the observed precipitations of each station for each month are sorted in ascending order and the best polynomial fitting to the data is determined, then the expected extreme precipitation values higher than all previous observations are determined by extrapolation. The prediction bounds for each monthly series are determined by using a 95% confidence level. The observations are located on two-dimensional matrices where months are in rows. The results of the software developed for predicting the expected maximum precipitation values by determining the degrees and coefficients of the best-fitting polynomials for each month at each station show the months and regions at risk of extreme precipitation and flooding. The forecasted extreme precipitation values have values exceeding all previous observations and provide crucial information, especially for consideration in water resource management projects. Also, maps showing the predicted monthly extreme precipitation events throughout Turkey were generated for each month. The presented method has a flexible structure in that new observations can be easily appended to the existing input dataset and the best-fitting polynomials might be updated accordingly. This allows for consideration of non-stationary precipitation series. According to the obtained results, excessive precipitation might be expected in the Aegean and Mediterranean shorelines in January, February and March; in the Western Mediterranean in April; in Hatay, Ağrı and the Western Black Sea Region in June; in Hatay, Hakkari, Western Black Sea and Northern Marmara Regions in July, in Istanbul, Mid- and Western Black Sea and Southern Marmara Regions in August; in Marmara and Western Aegean Regions in September; in Marmara, Western Aegean and Western Mediterranean Regions in October and western Marmara, Aegean and the whole Mediterranean Regions in November and December. These findings provide important temporal and spatial estimations of extreme precipitation events in Turkey. One of the precipitation events confirming the results of the study occurred on August 10th-11th, 2021 in Bartın (Western Black Sea Region) which was recorded as an all-time high event. The PolReg software developed as part of the study is freely presented together with the manuscript to readers of the journal.&nbsp;

Türkiye Maksimum Yağışlarının Polinom Regresyonuyla Tahmini

Betül

Hurşit

Sedat

Migration, that is the process of replacement in terms of location, is based on political, economic, cultural and social reasons. Climate change and variability is also one of these reasons. Especially since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gases, the concentration of which has increased in the atmosphere, have caused significant changes in climate events on both the global and local scales. This in turn leads to migrations and conflicts in places which are underdeveloped and vulnerable to climate changes. While climate-related migration has been an ongoing process that started long ago, its effects have increased because of the rising pressure of global warming today.The aim of this study is to present the effect of climate change and variability on the issue of migration, which has a very complex and dynamic structure. Moreover, another aim is to explain that this situation is a factor that can start armed conflicts in disadvantaged areas like the Middle East as its unstable climate forms a threat to food, agriculture and water security. The study also addresses the negative effects of drought on socio-economic activities that emerged in Diyarbakır and Siverek in southeast Turkey between 2007-2010. The towns of Siverek (in the Şanlıurfa province) and Diyarbakır, which are located in Southeast Turkey, are among the regions at risk in terms of the potential negative effects of global warming. The fact that water sources are weak in many parts of the region decreases its biological productivity and causes ecological deterioration. Due to their vulnerability to climate change and variability, Diyarbakır and Siverek are the main focus areas of this study.&nbsp;For this study, academic articles, international conference outputs and research reports were examined and an extensive literature review was conducted. Drought analysis was performed with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) using the monthly rainfall data of Siverek and Diyarbakır stations from General Directorate of Meteorology. In the study area, data of population and livestock farming from Turkish Statistic Institute (TÜİK-2020) were used in order to demonstrate whether there were any changes in demographic and economic features related to the drought.&nbsp;One of the most important results of climate change and variability is drought, especially for countries with limited access to fresh water. While this process puts the security of food production at risk, the degree to which it can cause direct conflicts and migration remains controversial. However, the indirect effects of drought cannot be ignored. The results of related studies conforms with this situation. For instance, the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC indicated that the effect of climate change on migration is intenser and faster compared to previous expectations. Moreover, in the World Bank Groundswell Part 2 report (2021), it is expected that by 2050, 216 million people will experience internal migration due to climate change-related reasons.&nbsp;The losses in agricultural lands and the decrease in biological productivity due to drought has a higher effect on societies living under the pressure of conflicts and anti-democratic governments. For example, although it is debatable whether there is a relationship between the severe drought that took place between the years 2007 and 2010 and the ‘Arab Spring’ that started in North Africa in 2010, and the civil war that broke out in Syria in 2011, the internal migration triggered by the drought process in Syria and accordingly, the increasing population pressure in the immigration-receiving cities has been accepted as an indirect contributing factor to the conflicts. In other words, areas experiencing climatic stress and drought are likely to fuel anti-government protests.Turkey experiences the negative effects of climate change and drought from time to time in its semi-arid regions. Especially Siverek and Diyarbakır experienced widespread severe meteorological drought in 2007-2008. According to the results of statistical analysis, it was observed that the annual total precipitation in 2007 and 2008 occurred at the α=0.05 statistical significance level, well below the lower confidence limit. In addition, according to the drought analysis made by calculating the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), it was determined that very severe and extraordinary droughts were experienced in Siverek and Diyarbakır in 2008/2009. The livestock sector, which has an important economic return in the region, was also greatly adversely affected by these dry years and sharp decreases were experienced in the number of animals. The population and population growth rates in Siverek and the rural settlements of Diyarbakır are examined by years, as a result, it has been determined that there was an abrupt change in the years 2007-2008. In the same period, there were sudden increases in the population and population growth rate of Diyarbakır. This demonstrates the rural-to-urban migration caused by the drought.&nbsp;In conclusion, climate change and variability undoubtedly cause migration and this trend will continue in the upcoming decades. However, data from unstable regions often contain contradictions and therefore should be analyzed carefully. Numerical analysis and evaluations are difficult to perform in this situation. Consequently, although it is not yet known to what extent a severe and prolonged drought that triggered internal migration may have contributed to the civil war, it is obvious that it had indirect effects.&nbsp;

İklim Değişikliğinin ve Değişebilirliğinin Yerel Göç ve Çatışmalardaki  Rolü: Siverek-Diyarbakır (Karacadağ Yöresi) Örneği

Pelin

Ebru

When considering the European Union’s (EU) current principles regarding rural development policies, a paradigm shift has clearly occurred in rural development. As the world changes, rural areas are no longer just seen as areas where agricultural activities are primarily done but as areas that have evolved to fulfill the demands of consumers living in urban areas and places where relevant economic activities are performed. The EU has various support programs within this scope for both candidate and member countries, one of these being Component V of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), which was designed to implement rural development and is known as Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance on Rural Development (IPARD) supports. The IPARD program aims to overcome imbalance between regions by diversifying and improving economic activities in rural areas, to inhibit migration from rural areas to urban areas, to improve quality of life, and to also assume EU Acquis in rural areas (Mehter Aykın &amp; Gürsoy, 2011).Türkiye has been an EU candidate since 1999 and thus can benefit from the funds and supports the EU has generated for candidate countries. IPARD applications in Türkiye are run by the Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (ARDSI), which was established in 2007 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. This program takes into account criteria such as GDPs, immigration rates, economic assets of rural areas, geographical properties (Uçar &amp; Vuran, 2016; Özkul &amp; Bozkurt, 2019) and has chosen 42 of the 81 cities in Türkiye as beneficiaries of IPARD grants. ARDSI allows IPARD funds to be utilized through invitations to projects it periodically determines. The data analysis shows 12,989 projects in Türkiye to have been supported as part of IPARD between 2011-2020.The aim of the article is to analyze how the EU’s IPARD program, which came into effect in 2007, is utilized in candidate countries and to investigate homogeneity by studying the distribution of grant amounts and grant regions in Türkiye. In this context, the article focuses mainly on answering two questions. Firstly, the study inquires into how the grants that are given as part of IPARD are distributed in terms of amount and location in Türkiye and then analyzes all the IPARD I (2011-2015) and IPARD II (2016-2020) projects. Secondly, the article investigates whether or not inequalities exist in terms of the distribution of and access to IPARD grants. To answer these problems, the study first conducts a literature review of the IPARD supports before using quantitative research techniques to compile and analyze the data obtained from ARDSI regarding the approved IPARD I (2011-2015) and IPARD II (2016-2020) projects.This study’s analysis of how the supports are distributed shows that a focus to occur on certain cities and subjects. Predominantly only cities’ powerful sectors are supported, and not all cities benefit the same amount regarding access to the program. Another point to consider is that people with a certain level of education are the ones who access these grants, as most locals are unaware that such grants even exist. In addition, being able to write a project proposal is critical for accessing these grants. At this point, the study recommends forming and customizing a solution with the help of local actors to be key rather than just heading in one certain direction. In other words, IPARD grants are important tools for rural development, and innovative solutions are needed to stop them from causing other inequalities among regions. Meanwhile, when examining the types and distribution of the supports, the supports provided to individual initiatives that fail to develop a local holistic rural approach may cause inequalities in that rural region as well as between regions. Therefore, the primary focus should be on local development strategies. In conclusion, this paper argues that IPARD grants on their own are insufficient for rural development and that the existence of such grants triggers local initiatives regionally.&nbsp;

Tarım ve Kırsal Kalkınma Aracı olarak IPARD II Programının Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları ve Desteklerin Mekânsal Dağılımı

Mucip

Determining where to install solar panels and power plants is a very complex and difficult to analyze spatial decision-making problem series. In order to solve this series of problems, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods integrated into Geographic Information Systems software have been preferred in recent years.&nbsp;In the research, raster and vector format raw data were obtained from various open sources for the AHP analysis of the determined criteria that affect the location selection of areas with solar energy production potential in Kars province. Based on the results, the potential areas for solar energy installation in the Kars province were determined in the GIS environment.In line with the main purpose of the research, seven main criteria were determined by considering the literature studies and the results of the projects implemented in the research field. A preliminary decision questionnaire was created by using an importance scale with values ranging from 1 to 9, suggested by Saaty for AHP analysis based on binary mixing among the determined criteria. This decision questionnaire was submitted to the scoring of three expert decision makers who carried out implementation projects in the field, and the final decision weight questionnaire was created by taking the averages of the results obtained. By applying this questionnaire on the interactive software developed by Goepel, a pairwise comparison matrix was created and thus the weights of the research criteria were determined.&nbsp;The consistency rate of the criteria considered for the study was calculated as CR = 0,061 and the (CR) baseline for such studies is below the 0,1 limit value. This shows that the research is appropriate in terms of reliability and pairwise comparisons are acceptable. As a result of the pairwise comparison matrix, it was determined that the Land Cover and Use Condition criterion had the highest weight with 35.3 % and the temperature criterion with the lowest weight with 2.4 % for Kars province.According to the results, an area of 54,581 km2 is very suitable for solar power plant installation in the Kars province, and these lands constitute 55 % of the province’s surface area with a total surface area of 10,193 km2 . Most of the provincial land is reserved for agriculture and animal husbandry activities. Although it consists of high class soils, the amount of areas where solar power plants can be established is significantly high due to the low slope of the land and the possibility of establishing facilities in meadow and pasture areas.1048 km2 , constituting 10 % of the 9860 km2 area, which has the potential for the establishment of solar power plants in the Kars province, is very suitable, 44.2 % of it is suitable 4480 km2 of which 44.2 % is suitable, 4332 km2 of which 42.8 % is less suitable, and 263 km2 of which 2.7 % is unsuitable.The lands that have the potential for solar power plant installation in the Kars province show a heterogeneous distribution, and most of the lands with this feature are located in the Aras valley within the borders of the Kağızman district, where the relatively sloping lands of the province are located and the energy transmission lines are concentrated.Since there are 8 district centers and 383 village settlements in the Kars province and these settlements show a homogeneous distribution, energy transmission lines also show a very homogeneous and frequent distribution in accordance with this distribution. Due to this situation, the distribution of energy transmission lines does not constitute a restriction in the location selection of solar power plants to be built in Kars.54,581 km2 , constituting 55 % of Kars province’s surface area, has a very suitable and suitable potential for solar power plant installation. However, this potential is almost never used, since only autoproducer commercial enterprises are allowed to be produced by EIAS, except for residential roof applications.According to the Soil Conservation and Land Use Law No. 5403, “for solar energy production; absolute agricultural lands, special crop lands, planted agricultural lands, irrigated agricultural lands, irrigated-dry I, II, III, IV. Class agricultural lands and the surrounding lands should not cover the areas that disrupt the integrity of agricultural use”. The majority of the lands found to be suitable for GES installation in this research conducted for the province of Kars, taking this provision as a criterion; pastures, natural meadows, sparsely vegetated lands. Despite this, in these areas where livestock activities are carried out in the province, based on natural and economic realities, the installation of SPP is not very suitable. For this reason, it is thought that it would be more appropriate to continue the SPP production in the province with panels to be installed on the roofs of industrial facilities and residences.

Kars İlinde Güneş Enerjisi Santrali Kurulum Potansiyeli Taşıyan Alanların, CBS Analizleri ve AHP Yöntemi Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi

Serhat

Res. Assist.

Taner

Countries need access to and use of digital technology in order to transition from traditional industrial society to the information society. Societies deprived of the possibilities of this technology are doomed to stay out of the developed world system. Although the exclusion in question has tried to be explained by socio-economic structure and cultural reasons, the root of the problem is based in geography. While the most obvious geographical dimension is the global digital divide, which represents the gap between developed and developing countries, persistent digital inequalities exist even within developed countries. The global digital divide was examined in the early 2010s with subscription criterion to the Internet. Although the Internet spread to the less developed parts of the world towards the 2020s, the digital divide has not been resolved. Digital inequalities are increasing as today’s digital economy and digital entertainment require high-speed Internet and high-performance computers. A similar gap exists between cities, between the rural and the urban, and between regions and genders. In order to reveal these digital inequalities, it is necessary to refer to criteria such as fixed broadband internet connection, internet speed, fibre connection subscription and computer access. In order to contribute to the gap in the literature, this study aims to reveal the geographical digital gap in Turkey, which targets Industry 4.0, based on global digital differences. This article aims to map the geographical digital divide in Turkey by using data about internet access, internet speed, computer ownership, and internet cafe access from the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, TurkStat, Speedtest, Information Technologies and Communications Authority, and Google Earth. As a result of the findings, four geographical dimensions of the digital divide in Turkey have been reached. First, in the global digital divide, Western European and North American countries have developed digital infrastructure, while developing countries such as Turkey fall short in fibre connection and fixed broadband internet. Secondly, there are sharp digital disparities between cities in west and east Turkey. Third, the difference in digital development between cities also exists between regions. While Internet and computer access is high especially in industrialized cities, internet speed is very low in rural areas. Finally, in the eastern regions where education levels are lower, women’s access to computers is extremely inadequate compared to men. The low level of education, income and social life quality of the provinces, especially in the Eastern Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions, is also reflected in the digital divide. As a result, in Turkey, which is behind developed countries in digitalization, there are increasing digital inequalities between urban-rural and regions due to insufficient infrastructure and income. The fact that women have less access to digital technology compared to men shows that the digital divide problem in Turkey has not only an economic but also a cultural dimension. The results of this study show that the geographic digital divide is not only caused by low income levels, but can occur within cultural boundaries as well. This is particularly evident in the eastern regions, where women’s digital participation rates are low and women have limited access to the public sphere. Finally, it is clear that geography still matters in digitization. Access to quality Internet and computers is deeply conditioned by one’s location, and this is a reflection of wealth and power relations. The long-standing hierarchy of core and periphery is also very evident in cyberspace, as is the gap between developed and less developed countries or cities and rural areas. Many factors combine to produce the unequal spatiality of digital transformation. Differences in income, education, gender relations and telecommunications policies inevitably create a multi-scale geography of cyberspace. At this point, digitalization turns into a crucial social development problem as both the cause and the result of the unequal geographical order. National policies are needed in order to not exacerbate the inequalities brought by digitalization to the social inequalities that lie in issues such as economy, education, culture and social life. Otherwise, the unequal geographical texture of digitization may deepen inequalities in other areas. Moreover, this article contains innovations for the field of geography. The importance of geographical research and techniques in addressing social problems has also been demonstrated by addressing the issue of digitalization in Turkey for the first time from a geographical perspective. For further studies between geography and digitalization, quantitative and qualitative research methods can be developed on the basis of intra-city districts and neighbourhoods.&nbsp;

Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün  Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri

Dilek

Şakir

Serkan

Yunus

Res. Assist. Dr.

The Havran Lagoon, an ecologically valuable wetland covering an area of approximately 1 km2, is located at the mouth of the Havran Stream, the Havran district of Balıkesir, on the Aegean Sea coast. The lagoon is open to the anthropogenic effects of the Havran Stream basin and the coastal region. The Edremit–Havran region is characterized by intensive agriculture, industry, and settlement activities. There are agricultural areas dedicated to olive, citrus, and pulse production, as well as factories processing olive products, solvent factories, and mines around the lagoon and in the Havran Stream basin. Summer residences, which have increased rapidly in recent years, have surrounded the lagoon. This study hypothesized that increased anthropogenic activities in the region would cause ecological risk by increasing the metal accumulation in the lagoon sediments.The study aimed to investigate the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution in the lagoon sediments as a result of the rapidly expanding agriculture, tourism, settlement, mining, and other industrial activities in the region. In this context, a 34 cm-long core was obtained and divided into 2 cm slices. Then, chlorophyll degradation products (CDP) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis were performed to determine their role in the transport processes of the elements. Elemental analyzes were performed with ICP-MS at the Bureau Veritas Analytical Laboratory, Canada. The natural/anthropogenic sources of the elements were determined using the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The toxic risk index (TRI), ecological (mER), and potential ecological risk (mPER) indices were used for ecological risk assessment. Elemental sources were identified by multivariate statistical analyzes and GIS-supported land use maps.The average concentrations of the elements (ppm) were as follows: Fe (25700) &gt; Al (15000) &gt; Mn (980) &gt; Ti (500) &gt; Zn (60) &gt; Cu (33) &gt; Pb (32) &gt; Cr (31) &gt; As (27) &gt; Ni (22) &gt; Mo (2) &gt; Cd (0,18) &gt; Hg (0,05). According to mean values, the enrichment factor for the elements is in a decreasing order of: As (2.31) &gt; Cd (1.92) &gt; Ti (1.58) &gt; Mn (1.57) &gt; Mo (1.53) &gt; Fe (1.16) &gt; Hg (1.09) &gt; Cr (1.03) &gt; Pb (0.99) &gt; Zn (0.96) &gt; Ni (0.95) &gt; Cu (0.92) &gt; Al (0.90). Based on mean data, As shows moderate enrichment. However, the minimum and maximum values reveal that Mo, Ti, Mn, and Cd were moderately enriched and As was significantly enriched in different parts of the core, suggesting that these specific elements were affected by anthropogenic activities.The toxic risk index data was shown to be at a moderate level due to high As contamination in the deep part of core. The toxic risk index values also decreased due to the decreasing As concentration on the surface of the core. According to the mean data, the toxic risk in the lagoon was low. As was identified to be responsible for 51.33% of the toxic risk in the lagoon, while Ni explained 12.35% of the toxic risk.The following values were obtained based on mean values of ecological risk analysis (mER) data: Cd (57.48) &gt; Hg (43.79) &gt; As (23.08) &gt; Cu (7.66) &gt; Pb (4.58) &gt; Ni (4.81) &gt; Cr (2.06) &gt; Mn (1.02) &gt; Zn (0.99). According to these data, Hg and Cd account for a moderate ecological risk, while the other elements did not. According to the potential ecological risk index data, there was a moderate ecological risk hazard in the lagoon. The agricultural lands make up an important area in the river basin. The increases in mER values are thought to be related to the fertilizers used in agricultural areas.Findings of the research indicated that Havran Lagoon has experienced ecological problems in terms of Mo, As, Tiand Hg due to discharges in the past years. Today, Mn and Cd produce moderate enrichment and continue to pose an ecological threat. Cd especially causes a moderateto-significant ecological risk in the lagoon due to its high toxic effect. In addition, the rapidly increasing CDP and TOC concentration in recent years indicate organic pollution. In order to eliminate this risk, discharge of organic pollutants into the lagoon ecosystem should be prevented.Increasing primary production indicators towards the surface of the core indicate that domestic waste inputs are increasing. Preventive measures should be taken to prevent the input of domestic waste. It is recommended to take the necessary measures to control the increase in elements associated with agricultural activities carried out in the region.

Havran Lagünü’nde (Balıkesir) Ekolojik Risk Seviyesinin Zamansal Değişimi

Hasan

Prof.

Abdullah

Flood hazard analysis is obtained by evaluating flood depths and velocity because combining these two features of floods increases the hazard size for people and structures. To obtain the depth and velocity of the flood water most accurately, the surface topography and the structures should be represented in the base data. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which contain this information, are the primary data used in the hydraulic modelling of floods and checking their accuracy. The present study aims to reveal the variability of the hazard at the base of the Ulus settlement (Bartın) by performing flood hazard analyses with different source and resolution DEMs, which are used in global and local scale studies as primary input data. For this purpose, DEM data, discharge data, and hydrodynamic model selection constitute the main components of the study. Six different data sets with different resolutions were used in this study. These are: MERIT DEM (90m), FABDEM (30m), TopoDEM (10m), DEM5 (5m), LiDAR DEM (1m), and UAV DEM (0.1m). The first two of these datasets (MERIT and FABDEM) are global datasets produced by Yamazaki et al. (2017) and Hawker et al. (2022), respectively. TopoDEM and DEM5 are national datasets, while LiDAR and UAV data are produced by project-based high-resolution data. The TopoDEM was generated from topographic contours scaled at 1:25000 using the TopotoRaster function in ArcGIS Pro. The DEM5 data was produced by the General Directorate of Mapping from the stereo photos taken in 2013, with ±3m vertical accuracy. The LiDAR and UAV data generation steps are provided in Figures 4 and 5. Since there is no gauge data in each tributary converging in the Ulus settlement, the SWAT (The Soil &amp; Water Assessment Tool) model was used to obtain the data to simulate the hydraulic model. The SWAT rainfall-runoff model is a physical-based and semidistributed model and overlays the digital elevation model (DEM), land-use, soil, and slope to obtain the Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) level and force the model via weather data based on the water balance equation at HRU. The precipitation (mm), minimum/ maximum temperature (o C), and relative humidity (%) of the Ulus weather station (17615) between 1970 and 2020 and the gauge data of Emirce-Ulus station (D13A088) between 2016 and 2020 were used in the model (Figure 1). The sensitive parameters model was manually calibrated based on the suggestion of Abbaspour et al. (2015), with the NSE value being found to be 0.3 on a daily scale, which is sufficient to use in the model. For steady flow simulation, the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution includes three distributions. Namely, Gumbel, Frèchet, and Weibull were fitted to simulate each probability (return period) based on the annual maximum series (AMAX). Finally, the 500-year flow data was produced for the steady-state flow simulations (Fig. 6). We ran simulations for the 500-year flow data for four main tributaries using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model LISFLOODFP to produce flood depth and velocity data. While modeling is done by distributing the 500-year flow of river tributaries to the back of the basin with Shreve order (1966) in MERIT, FABDEM, TopoDEM, and DEM5 data. The LiDAR and UAV DEMs-based modeling was performed with point-source flow data about 1 km behind the Ulus settlement. The results indicate that flood modeling studies, especially in areas where settlements spread up to the upper basins, are best to make modeling studies and hazard analyses involving the river networks in the entire basin instead of settlement based. However, the cost of acquiring data and difficulties and increases in computational power from low resolution to high resolution in flood modeling (Table 1) make it difficult to carry out these studies with high resolution across the entire basin. The flood extent of the 500-year flow has decreased 50% from the MERIT to the UAV data (Figure 9). Although the maximum depth values vary between 4.4 and 7.7 m, the increase in maximum velocity is more due to the increase in resolution. The high flood hazard class is distributed over a large area in flood hazard analyses, based on MERIT, FABDEM, and TopoDEM data with low resolution and no riverbed form. In the DEM5, LiDAR, and UAV data, where the bed form started to occur, there was a decrease of up to 50% in the areal distributions of this class. This situation has made the number of buildings exposed to floods and intervention more acceptable in the building-based flood hazard analysis, especially in the very high hazard class, from 152 buildings in the MERIT data to 2 and 0 buildings in the LiDAR and UAV data, respectively (Figure 10). As a result, flood hazard analyses vary depending on the area to be studied, the data detail, and computational power. It should not be forgotten that the results will vary depending on the characteristics of the projects or academic research and that evaluations and risk studies should be carried out within the resolution framework.&nbsp;

Sayısal Yükseklik Modellerindeki Mekânsal Çözünürlük  Değişkenliğinin Taşkın Tehlike Analizine Etkileri

Neslihan

Öğretim Görevlisi

Tolga

Makro Yerşekillerinin Tanımlanmasında Ölçek ve Örneklem Pencere Boyutuna İlişkin Belirsizlikler

Barbaros

MAKALE ÇAĞRISI

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

İsmet

Assist. Prof.

Merve

Burcu

Mehmet

Mountain Research and Development Dergisi Üzerinden Dağ Araştırması Literatürünün Bibliyometrik Analizi: Mevcut Durum ve Gelecek Yönelimler

Yasin

Cemile

Koray

Sakin Şehir ve Turizm Birlikteliği

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Gülcan

Kadir

Yolcu

There is a common rhetoric among those who have been living in Istanbul for a relatively long time: these areas used to be fields or swamps. This sentence is of key importance in making sense of the urban development of Istanbul. Indeed, the inclusion of a new district or municipality in the urban area in Istanbul can happen in only a short period of time in a human lifetime. For these areas, the beginning of the story often happens in a similar way and for similar reasons. Intense migration, industrialization and informal settlement are the most frequent reasons. However, as the narrative progresses, different processes and conclusions for each place are listed one after the other. This is reflected above all in the spatial fabric of the related sites. Therefore, the analysis of the fabric of the city is very important for interpreting both the development of these areas and their current problems. With this approach this study focuses on Bağcılar, a settlement area with one of the most problematic spatial structures in the urban area of Istanbul.&nbsp;In this context, two different data sources have been used in the study. The first source is comprised of images with sub-meter resolution obtained by remote sensing techniques. They provide an adequate framework for an object-oriented interpretation of the city’s texture and evolution. The second data type is comprised of positional information of recently closed and currently existing enterprises. The enterprises have been spatially coded and the representative texture of both closed and existing enterprises have been analyzed. Thus, the association between the perceived shape of the city from a given height and the utilization under that structure has been established.&nbsp;The findings of the study can be collected under four different categories. The first is that the oil stain growth, which has been the basic course of development in Istanbul until this period, has been relatively ineffective in Bağcılar. The development of the Bağcılar urban area initially started in the form of sprawling. Every area in the district was covered with buildings within a short time, so much so that in many places the land cover is comprised only of buildings and roads. Therefore, the phenomenon of sprawling is limited to a short-term effect. The second category includes change in the forms of housing presentation and their asymmetrical appearance. Gecekondu, which were widespread in the urban area of Istanbul until the 1980s, have been partially interrupted in Bağcılar and replaced by apartment buildings. At the beginning of the 2000s, luxury housing presentation forms became widespread in the district. Some stand side by side and are often in zoned areas for various sectors, while others are found irregularly dispersed among industrial plants. When they all converge, spatial conflicts increase. The third is the transformation observed in various parts of the city in recent years, especially in large industrial buildings. These structures are being replaced with Istanbul’s favorite projects. However, this change does not mean that the industrial sectors of both Istanbul and Bağcılar are on the decline. While large enterprises are dispersed in various parts of Istanbul, small facilities still dominate the spatial outlook of Bağcılar. The last textural feature is based on the distribution pattern of enterprises. The positional information indicates that enterprises have chosen a location in the city according to their wishes, except for a few restricted zones. This means that even discordant sectors are located side by side and on top of each other. The fact that the enterprises which are closing down have the same distribution pattern as the existing ones is a reflection of the recurrence of the problems. In short, the irregular structure formed by the buildings deforms their utilization.&nbsp;In conclusion, the premature evolution of Bağcılar has caused a problematic structure in its existing texture. Although today there are some attempts to regulate the texture of the city, it is not easy to realize this in one of the busiest settlements of Istanbul. Even the ratio of the site that is planned to be restructured is as high as 70%. In short, Bağcılar faces a pathological problem. This problem has resulted in the residents of the district leaving the area. Indeed, the population of the district has started to decrease for the first time in the last few years.

Kentin Hücresel Boyutu: Bağcılar (İstanbul) Üzerine Bir Deneme

Diyar

Mesut

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed in the study. Quantitative data: In the light of the bulletins published by Directorate General of Migration Management and based on the data regarding the students in various age groups who attended schools in 2018- 2019 academic year in Şanlıurfa province by districts and schools obtained from PICTES Department of Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate for National Education, the neighborhoods where the schools are located were determined and distribution maps for the districts and neighborhoods were prepared. Qualitative techniques: In-depth interviews and participant observation techniques were used with 20 Syrian families to determine the situation of Syrian refugees. The questions were prepared for participants in advance, but additional questions were also asked in the course of interviews. Unique contents of the obtained data were adhered to, and the analyses were made based on the citations from the statements of participants. In order to obtain more realistic results from the study, snowball sampling or the chain sampling technique was used in neighborhoods where spatial clustering was intense.Şanlıurfa is one of the provinces affected most by the civil war in Syria. Determination of the number of Syrian students attending schools in various age groups, determination of the spatial clustering of Syrian refugees in the Şanlıurfa province, determination of the relationship between the spaces where distribution is intense and socio-economical structure, being able to make integration plans by age groups, and socio-economical, cultural and spatial influences of Syrian refugees on the city are the factors that make this study significant.Obtaining important results at the end of the face-to-face interviews made with Syrian refugees regarding their status before migration, migration processes, their nutrition and sheltering, their belonging, relationships with local community and repatriation after the war are other factors which make this study important.The distribution of Syrian students in the Şanlıurfa province by districts and neighborhoods helped us gain insight about the distribution of Syrian refugees in the province. Accordingly, it was observed that the refugees prefer to settle in the Akçakale, Ceylanpınar and Suruç districts as they are located on the border, and in the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts as there are more employment opportunities, possibilities and a chance to have an urban life-style in these districts. The number of Syrian refugees in the Birecik and Viranşehir districts is higher than that of the Bozova, Halfeti, Hilvan and Siverek districts because they are located on the historical Silk Road. Bozova, Hilvan and Halfeti are socio-economically underdeveloped districts and consequently, the distribution of Syrian refugees in these districts is not high.&nbsp;The distribution of Syrian refugees by neighborhoods is shaped depending on the socio-economical structure. While the distribution in rural neighborhoods is low, the areas in the cities where there are central working areas and where the home rental prices are low are preferred. In the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts where the distribution of refugees is high, the highest distribution of refugees is observed in Devteşti, Bağlarbaşı, Süleymaniye, Ahmet Yesevi, Cengiz Topel, Bamyasuyu, Şehitlik, Yeşil Direk, İmam Bakır, Şair Nabi, Sancaktar, Hayatı Harrani, Eyüpkent, Direkli, Akşemsettin, Eyyüpnebi, Muradiye, Akabe, Topdağı, Haleplibahçe, Kurtuluş, Onikiler and Hakimdede neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods constitute the core of Şanlıurfa province, but squatting is rather high in some others as a result of migration from rural areas and people from low income groups are settled in them. For this reason, the Syrians who have economic difficulties are mostly distributed in these neighborhoods.Even though the consequences of businesses started by Syrians in business centers are positive in terms of supply and demand in Şanlıurfa, as in many other provinces, the local community shows individual and mass reactions to Syrians as they are regarded as low-cost labor and the number of unemployed persons in the province has increased. Even though social and spatial clusters formed by Syrian refugees have positive consequences in terms of having their own identity and culture, this seems to create problems in respect to their sense of belonging and social cohesion. As a matter of fact, it is observed that neighbor relations are weakened and exclusion has increased after 2017. Furthermore, the provision of healthcare and education services to Syrian refugees for free sets off reactions among the local community.One of the issues that makes it difficult for female Syrian refugees to fit into society is the perspective of the local community on female children or women. Seeing Syrian women as a purchasable and sellable commodity, having them as second wives, getting them to marry with old persons for money make it difficult for female refugees to fit into the community.As a consequence, Syrian refugees have become one of the most important problems for our country. Although the local community exhibits some exclusionary behaviors against the Syrians, the majority of the participants are not considering going back to Syria for security reasons.

Suriyeli Mültecilerin Mekânsal Analizi: Şanlıurfa Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Hüseyin

A coast is a geomorphological unit with unique characteristics representing a landform in-between a body of water (marine, lake, river) and a land environment (Turoğlu, 2017a). Due to its widespread use in this study, the water body is referred to here as the “Sea”. The “Marine Coastal Borderline” is the sea-side border of the coast and the “Terrestrial Coastal Borderline” represents the border of the coast on the land side. The area between these two borders is a landform, a geomorphic unit, termed a “Coast”. The line formed by the points where the sea water touches the land is defined as the “Shoreline” (Erinç, 1971; Turoğlu, 2017a). The Nearshore, Foreshore, and Backshore are all parts of a natural coast (Erol, 1991; Turoğlu, 2017a). The parts of a natural coast are determined based on geomorphological, hydrographic, biogeographical and sedimentological evidence (Edwards, 2001; Bird, 2008; DavidsonArnott, 2010; Erginal &amp; Öztürk, 2010; Karunarathna, 2012; Avcı, 2017). Artificial coasts arise from filling of the sea either legally or illegally for various reasons (Anthony, 1994; Kelletat, 1995; Hudson, 1980; Szabó, 2010; Kobayashia, 2015; Li et al., 2017; Turoğlu, 2019). Problems are experienced in construing the geomorphological definition of an artificial coast along with its planning and usage, property issues, etc. In order to solve these problems, Turkish Coastal Law was taken as the basis of this study and expert opinions were obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that different assessments have been made of similar problems.This study aims to provide a geomorphological description of artificial coasts in which the natural shore, natural coastal parts and boundary features are discussed as well as their meaning and significance in the legal framework of artificial coastal geomorphology. The geomorphology of the Diliskelesi (Koceli, Turkey) coast was selected as the case study area because it has examples of typical artificial coastal features. The subject was investigated working with 1:18000 scale aerial photographs from 1962 and 1976, current Google Earth images, a 1:25000 scale topography map dated from 1972, old photos, bathymetry data, and ArcMap 10.2 software. The evaluation results were tested and verified with field observations.“Diliskelesi coast” as a geomorphologic unit is described as having artificial coastal geomorphology. From the 1962 aerial photographs, it is understood that the geomorphology of the study area was a natural coast consisting of “Narrow-High Coast” and “Large-Low Coast” types. In the early 1960s, during the construction of a railway line and tunnel, the sea was filled with excavated material, representing the first stage in Diliskelesi becoming an artificial coast. In the following years, filling the harbour/port along with dock construction continued and the current artificial coast was formed. The area and dimensions of the artificial coast were determined by evaluating drilling data and old photographs. The thickness of the artificial filler, depth of marine sediments, bedrock depths and drilling locations were used as the determinative data.&nbsp;As a result, the coast was transformed into the current geomorphological unit. Indicator evidence defines the coast as being shaped and developed under the influence of current morphodynamic factors and processes. The coast now being artificial may cause differences in the activity of current morphodynamic factors and processes but does not change the reality of the “current coast” from the geomorphological perspective. Morphodynamic factors and processes continue to affect erosion, transportation and accumulation based on the characteristics of man-made artificial coastal geomorphology, maintaining the shape of the new artificial coast. The previous natural coast is now an old (paleo) coast, and has geomorphologically lost its coastal nature. The usage of artificial coasts and property problems are different aspects of the issue and should be evaluated within the framework of legal regulations.

Yapay Kıyıların Jeomorfolojik Tanımlaması: Diliskelesi Kıyıları Örneği (Kocaeli, Türkiye)

Meral

Vejetasyon Döneminin İklim Değişimi Senaryolarına Göre Değerlendirilmesi: İç Batı Anadolu Bölümü Örneği

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

Coğrafya Dergisi zamana ve mekana bağlı fiziki ve beşeri problemler için çözüm üreten coğrafi yaklaşımlara ait (fiziki, beşeri, doğal çevre ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri) bilimsel araştırmaların yayınlanmasına, bu yönüyle bilimsel bilginin paylaşılmasına imkan sağlayan bir dergidir. 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren dergi bu yönüyle Türkiye’deki en eski coğrafya bilimi dergilerinden birisidir.

Derginin ana motivasyonu çağın gerektirdiği sosyal, fiziki ve doğa-insan ilişkilerinin ve bunun sistematiğinin anlaşılması için bilimsel çözümler üreten eserlere bir platform oluşturmaktır. Bu bakımdan dergi, coğrafya bilimini uygulayarak beşeri ve fiziki coğrafya problemlerine çözüm üreten her özgün makaleye açıktır.

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Coğrafya Dergisi

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.Coğrafya Dergisi zamana ve mekana bağlı fiziki ve beşeri problemler için çözüm üreten coğrafi yaklaşımlara ait (fiziki, beşeri, doğal çevre ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri) bilimsel araştırmaların yayınlanmasına, bu yönüyle bilimsel bilginin paylaşılmasına imkan sağlayan bir dergidir. 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren dergi bu yönüyle Türkiye’deki en eski coğrafya bilimi dergilerinden birisidir.Derginin ana motivasyonu çağın gerektirdiği sosyal, fiziki ve doğa-insan ilişkilerinin ve bunun sistematiğinin anlaşılması için bilimsel çözümler üreten eserlere bir platform oluşturmaktır. Bu bakımdan dergi, coğrafya bilimini uygulayarak beşeri ve fiziki coğrafya problemlerine çözüm üreten her özgün makaleye açıktır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Humanities Source</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığının belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editörler, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlarlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti ederler. Editörler içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludurlar. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Hakemler yazarların atıfta bulunmadığı konuyla ilgili yayınlanmış çalışmaları tespit etmelidirler. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kendileri için makalelerin kopyalarını çıkarmalarına izin verilmez ve editörün izni olmadan makaleleri başkasına veremezler. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların HazırlanmasıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iucografya" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iucografya</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Yazılar, yazının Dergide yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ve Derginin hangi bölümü (örn: orijinal araştırma, derleme, vb) için başvurulduğunu belirten bir mektup ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">‘Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu’</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.<ol><li>Çalışmalar, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazırlanmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışmalar en fazla 25 sayfa olmalı, sayfa numaraları sayfanın sağ üst köşesinde yer almalıdır.</li><li>Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li>Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3 İngilizce, 3 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li>Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; yabancı dilde başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li>Çalışmanın giriş bölümü “1. GİRİŞ” şeklinde belirtilmelidir. Alt bölümler her bölüm içinde bölüm numarası kullanılarak, “1.1”, “1.2” şeklinde numaralandırılmalıdır. Araştırma yazılarında sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği GİRİŞ bölümünü “AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM”, “BULGULAR”, “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR” “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” gibi bölümler takip etmelidir. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “GİRİŞ” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR”, “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.</li><li>Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.</li><li>Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/13B2FE2FDF9D4829B168CF615620FD0C" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li>Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li>Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li>Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D105DD51F7B0455986901D9EFE6F8A34" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/1399/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/1399/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li> <li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar​<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıDergiye gönderilen makalelerde American Psychological Association (APA) kaynak sitilinin kullanılması esastır. Yazarlar, makale metninde ve kaynakçada yer alan atıfları, APA stiline uygun olarak belirtmelidir.Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin vd., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen vd., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar vd., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). 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(2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). 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Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu vd. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması </a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/32BCC147570B4CEC8F7BD6652ABF6843" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A0142DDF933F41C7B8FC909499B4BB19" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA 6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E70647F74063458FA9E5F0B73EC35571" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metni dosyasıü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler 180-200 kelime Türkçe ve 180-200 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelimeü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Barbaros Gönençgil
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