Serhat

Res. Assist.

Taner

Assoc. Prof.

Countries need access to and use of digital technology in order to transition from traditional industrial society to the information society. Societies deprived of the possibilities of this technology are doomed to stay out of the developed world system. Although the exclusion in question has tried to be explained by socio-economic structure and cultural reasons, the root of the problem is based in geography. While the most obvious geographical dimension is the global digital divide, which represents the gap between developed and developing countries, persistent digital inequalities exist even within developed countries. The global digital divide was examined in the early 2010s with subscription criterion to the Internet. Although the Internet spread to the less developed parts of the world towards the 2020s, the digital divide has not been resolved. Digital inequalities are increasing as today’s digital economy and digital entertainment require high-speed Internet and high-performance computers. A similar gap exists between cities, between the rural and the urban, and between regions and genders. In order to reveal these digital inequalities, it is necessary to refer to criteria such as fixed broadband internet connection, internet speed, fibre connection subscription and computer access. In order to contribute to the gap in the literature, this study aims to reveal the geographical digital gap in Turkey, which targets Industry 4.0, based on global digital differences. This article aims to map the geographical digital divide in Turkey by using data about internet access, internet speed, computer ownership, and internet cafe access from the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat, TurkStat, Speedtest, Information Technologies and Communications Authority, and Google Earth. As a result of the findings, four geographical dimensions of the digital divide in Turkey have been reached. First, in the global digital divide, Western European and North American countries have developed digital infrastructure, while developing countries such as Turkey fall short in fibre connection and fixed broadband internet. Secondly, there are sharp digital disparities between cities in west and east Turkey. Third, the difference in digital development between cities also exists between regions. While Internet and computer access is high especially in industrialized cities, internet speed is very low in rural areas. Finally, in the eastern regions where education levels are lower, women’s access to computers is extremely inadequate compared to men. The low level of education, income and social life quality of the provinces, especially in the Eastern Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions, is also reflected in the digital divide. As a result, in Turkey, which is behind developed countries in digitalization, there are increasing digital inequalities between urban-rural and regions due to insufficient infrastructure and income. The fact that women have less access to digital technology compared to men shows that the digital divide problem in Turkey has not only an economic but also a cultural dimension. The results of this study show that the geographic digital divide is not only caused by low income levels, but can occur within cultural boundaries as well. This is particularly evident in the eastern regions, where women’s digital participation rates are low and women have limited access to the public sphere. Finally, it is clear that geography still matters in digitization. Access to quality Internet and computers is deeply conditioned by one’s location, and this is a reflection of wealth and power relations. The long-standing hierarchy of core and periphery is also very evident in cyberspace, as is the gap between developed and less developed countries or cities and rural areas. Many factors combine to produce the unequal spatiality of digital transformation. Differences in income, education, gender relations and telecommunications policies inevitably create a multi-scale geography of cyberspace. At this point, digitalization turns into a crucial social development problem as both the cause and the result of the unequal geographical order. National policies are needed in order to not exacerbate the inequalities brought by digitalization to the social inequalities that lie in issues such as economy, education, culture and social life. Otherwise, the unequal geographical texture of digitization may deepen inequalities in other areas. Moreover, this article contains innovations for the field of geography. The importance of geographical research and techniques in addressing social problems has also been demonstrated by addressing the issue of digitalization in Turkey for the first time from a geographical perspective. For further studies between geography and digitalization, quantitative and qualitative research methods can be developed on the basis of intra-city districts and neighbourhoods.&nbsp;

The Geographical Digital Divide: Urban-Rural, Regional and Gender Inequalities of Digital  Transformation in Turkey

Fatih

Orhan

In hydrologic modelling, precipitation is an important component in maintaining the atmospheric balance. The magnitude of precipitation has been intensified in most regions of the world by the recent global warming caused by the water content increase in the atmosphere as indicated by both climate model simulations and observations. Consequently, precipitation values higher than all previously observed extreme precipitation values are also increasing with climate change. This situation makes it more important than ever to predict extreme weather events with the worldwide increase in the frequency and intensity of water-related disasters like floods and droughts and dwindling water supplies. Gaining knowledge of the climate variation and predicting the probable extreme precipitation values is also very essential in efficiently preventing potential natural disasters. Proper design of water structures and prevention of loss of lives and environmental damages are directly associated with accurate calculation of design rainfall. Due to these reasons, hydrological design and water resources management studies should consider the changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes. A two-dimensional periodic behavior is generally observed in hydrologic data because of the seasonality associated with the hydrologic cycle. Precipitation generally shows significant variations throughout the year, but the observations in the sub-periods (months, seasons, etc.) tend to be in a definite range. In Turkey, minimum precipitations are generally observed in July-September (summer) period varying in a low range while the highest precipitations are experienced within the November-January (winter) period. The uncertain, nonstationary and sometimes chaotic behavior of precipitation makes the observation, quantification, estimation and forecasting of precipitation challenging even though the behavior is generally seasonal. Polynomial regression is a powerful tool that can be used to describe trend curves to model complicated patterns of sorted temporal data. It can be visually observed that the time series graphs of sorted monthly total precipitation series generally depict a nonlinear behavior and the slope of the curve always increases towards the higher values. As a result, polynomial regression was selected as the method to estimate the future extreme values based on this property of sorted precipitation series. In this study, future extreme precipitations were predicted for each month of the year at a 95% confidence level by using the precipitation data of 66 stations in Turkey. In the context of the developed method, the observed precipitations of each station for each month are sorted in ascending order and the best polynomial fitting to the data is determined, then the expected extreme precipitation values higher than all previous observations are determined by extrapolation. The prediction bounds for each monthly series are determined by using a 95% confidence level. The observations are located on two-dimensional matrices where months are in rows. The results of the software developed for predicting the expected maximum precipitation values by determining the degrees and coefficients of the best-fitting polynomials for each month at each station show the months and regions at risk of extreme precipitation and flooding. The forecasted extreme precipitation values have values exceeding all previous observations and provide crucial information, especially for consideration in water resource management projects. Also, maps showing the predicted monthly extreme precipitation events throughout Turkey were generated for each month. The presented method has a flexible structure in that new observations can be easily appended to the existing input dataset and the best-fitting polynomials might be updated accordingly. This allows for consideration of non-stationary precipitation series. According to the obtained results, excessive precipitation might be expected in the Aegean and Mediterranean shorelines in January, February and March; in the Western Mediterranean in April; in Hatay, Ağrı and the Western Black Sea Region in June; in Hatay, Hakkari, Western Black Sea and Northern Marmara Regions in July, in Istanbul, Mid- and Western Black Sea and Southern Marmara Regions in August; in Marmara and Western Aegean Regions in September; in Marmara, Western Aegean and Western Mediterranean Regions in October and western Marmara, Aegean and the whole Mediterranean Regions in November and December. These findings provide important temporal and spatial estimations of extreme precipitation events in Turkey. One of the precipitation events confirming the results of the study occurred on August 10th-11th, 2021 in Bartın (Western Black Sea Region) which was recorded as an all-time high event. The PolReg software developed as part of the study is freely presented together with the manuscript to readers of the journal.&nbsp;

Prediction of Maximum Precipitation in Turkey with Polynomial Regression

Hasan

Prof.

Abdullah

Instructor

Flood hazard analysis is obtained by evaluating flood depths and velocity because combining these two features of floods increases the hazard size for people and structures. To obtain the depth and velocity of the flood water most accurately, the surface topography and the structures should be represented in the base data. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which contain this information, are the primary data used in the hydraulic modelling of floods and checking their accuracy. The present study aims to reveal the variability of the hazard at the base of the Ulus settlement (Bartın) by performing flood hazard analyses with different source and resolution DEMs, which are used in global and local scale studies as primary input data. For this purpose, DEM data, discharge data, and hydrodynamic model selection constitute the main components of the study. Six different data sets with different resolutions were used in this study. These are: MERIT DEM (90m), FABDEM (30m), TopoDEM (10m), DEM5 (5m), LiDAR DEM (1m), and UAV DEM (0.1m). The first two of these datasets (MERIT and FABDEM) are global datasets produced by Yamazaki et al. (2017) and Hawker et al. (2022), respectively. TopoDEM and DEM5 are national datasets, while LiDAR and UAV data are produced by project-based high-resolution data. The TopoDEM was generated from topographic contours scaled at 1:25000 using the TopotoRaster function in ArcGIS Pro. The DEM5 data was produced by the General Directorate of Mapping from the stereo photos taken in 2013, with ±3m vertical accuracy. The LiDAR and UAV data generation steps are provided in Figures 4 and 5. Since there is no gauge data in each tributary converging in the Ulus settlement, the SWAT (The Soil &amp; Water Assessment Tool) model was used to obtain the data to simulate the hydraulic model. The SWAT rainfall-runoff model is a physical-based and semidistributed model and overlays the digital elevation model (DEM), land-use, soil, and slope to obtain the Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) level and force the model via weather data based on the water balance equation at HRU. The precipitation (mm), minimum/ maximum temperature (o C), and relative humidity (%) of the Ulus weather station (17615) between 1970 and 2020 and the gauge data of Emirce-Ulus station (D13A088) between 2016 and 2020 were used in the model (Figure 1). The sensitive parameters model was manually calibrated based on the suggestion of Abbaspour et al. (2015), with the NSE value being found to be 0.3 on a daily scale, which is sufficient to use in the model. For steady flow simulation, the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution includes three distributions. Namely, Gumbel, Frèchet, and Weibull were fitted to simulate each probability (return period) based on the annual maximum series (AMAX). Finally, the 500-year flow data was produced for the steady-state flow simulations (Fig. 6). We ran simulations for the 500-year flow data for four main tributaries using the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model LISFLOODFP to produce flood depth and velocity data. While modeling is done by distributing the 500-year flow of river tributaries to the back of the basin with Shreve order (1966) in MERIT, FABDEM, TopoDEM, and DEM5 data. The LiDAR and UAV DEMs-based modeling was performed with point-source flow data about 1 km behind the Ulus settlement. The results indicate that flood modeling studies, especially in areas where settlements spread up to the upper basins, are best to make modeling studies and hazard analyses involving the river networks in the entire basin instead of settlement based. However, the cost of acquiring data and difficulties and increases in computational power from low resolution to high resolution in flood modeling (Table 1) make it difficult to carry out these studies with high resolution across the entire basin. The flood extent of the 500-year flow has decreased 50% from the MERIT to the UAV data (Figure 9). Although the maximum depth values vary between 4.4 and 7.7 m, the increase in maximum velocity is more due to the increase in resolution. The high flood hazard class is distributed over a large area in flood hazard analyses, based on MERIT, FABDEM, and TopoDEM data with low resolution and no riverbed form. In the DEM5, LiDAR, and UAV data, where the bed form started to occur, there was a decrease of up to 50% in the areal distributions of this class. This situation has made the number of buildings exposed to floods and intervention more acceptable in the building-based flood hazard analysis, especially in the very high hazard class, from 152 buildings in the MERIT data to 2 and 0 buildings in the LiDAR and UAV data, respectively (Figure 10). As a result, flood hazard analyses vary depending on the area to be studied, the data detail, and computational power. It should not be forgotten that the results will vary depending on the characteristics of the projects or academic research and that evaluations and risk studies should be carried out within the resolution framework.&nbsp;

The Effects of Spatial Resolution Variability of Digital Elevation Models on Flood Hazard  Analysis

Betül

Hurşit

Sedat

Migration, that is the process of replacement in terms of location, is based on political, economic, cultural and social reasons. Climate change and variability is also one of these reasons. Especially since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gases, the concentration of which has increased in the atmosphere, have caused significant changes in climate events on both the global and local scales. This in turn leads to migrations and conflicts in places which are underdeveloped and vulnerable to climate changes. While climate-related migration has been an ongoing process that started long ago, its effects have increased because of the rising pressure of global warming today. The aim of this study is to present the effect of climate change and variability on the issue of migration, which has a very complex and dynamic structure. Moreover, another aim is to explain that this situation is a factor that can start armed conflicts in disadvantaged areas like the Middle East as its unstable climate forms a threat to food, agriculture and water security. The study also addresses the negative effects of drought on socio-economic activities that emerged in Diyarbakır and Siverek in southeast Turkey between 2007-2010. The towns of Siverek (in the Şanlıurfa province) and Diyarbakır, which are located in Southeast Turkey, are among the regions at risk in terms of the potential negative effects of global warming. The fact that water sources are weak in many parts of the region decreases its biological productivity and causes ecological deterioration. Due to their vulnerability to climate change and variability, Diyarbakır and Siverek are the main focus areas of this study.&nbsp; For this study, academic articles, international conference outputs and research reports were examined and an extensive literature review was conducted. Drought analysis was performed with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) using the monthly rainfall data of Siverek and Diyarbakır stations from General Directorate of Meteorology. In the study area, data of population and livestock farming from Turkish Statistic Institute (TÜİK-2020) were used in order to demonstrate whether there were any changes in demographic and economic features related to the drought.&nbsp; One of the most important results of climate change and variability is drought, especially for countries with limited access to fresh water. While this process puts the security of food production at risk, the degree to which it can cause direct conflicts and migration remains controversial. However, the indirect effects of drought cannot be ignored. The results of related studies conforms with this situation. For instance, the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC indicated that the effect of climate change on migration is intenser and faster compared to previous expectations. Moreover, in the World Bank Groundswell Part 2 report (2021), it is expected that by 2050, 216 million people will experience internal migration due to climate change-related reasons.&nbsp; The losses in agricultural lands and the decrease in biological productivity due to drought has a higher effect on societies living under the pressure of conflicts and anti-democratic governments. For example, although it is debatable whether there is a relationship between the severe drought that took place between the years 2007 and 2010 and the ‘Arab Spring’ that started in North Africa in 2010, and the civil war that broke out in Syria in 2011, the internal migration triggered by the drought process in Syria and accordingly, the increasing population pressure in the immigration-receiving cities has been accepted as an indirect contributing factor to the conflicts. In other words, areas experiencing climatic stress and drought are likely to fuel anti-government protests. Turkey experiences the negative effects of climate change and drought from time to time in its semi-arid regions. Especially Siverek and Diyarbakır experienced widespread severe meteorological drought in 2007-2008. According to the results of statistical analysis, it was observed that the annual total precipitation in 2007 and 2008 occurred at the α=0.05 statistical significance level, well below the lower confidence limit. In addition, according to the drought analysis made by calculating the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), it was determined that very severe and extraordinary droughts were experienced in Siverek and Diyarbakır in 2008/2009. The livestock sector, which has an important economic return in the region, was also greatly adversely affected by these dry years and sharp decreases were experienced in the number of animals. The population and population growth rates in Siverek and the rural settlements of Diyarbakır are examined by years, as a result, it has been determined that there was an abrupt change in the years 2007-2008. In the same period, there were sudden increases in the population and population growth rate of Diyarbakır. This demonstrates the rural-to-urban migration caused by the drought.&nbsp; In conclusion, climate change and variability undoubtedly cause migration and this trend will continue in the upcoming decades. However, data from unstable regions often contain contradictions and therefore should be analyzed carefully. Numerical analysis and evaluations are difficult to perform in this situation. Consequently, although it is not yet known to what extent a severe and prolonged drought that triggered internal migration may have contributed to the civil war, it is obvious that it had indirect effects.&nbsp;

The Role of Climate Change and Variability on Local Migration And Conflict:  The Case of Siverek-Diyarbakır (Karacadağ Territory)

Semra

With the increase in average global temperatures observed since the beginning of the 20th Century, an increase has reportedly been observed in the vegetation periods in the medium and higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The changes in the vegetation growth season (phenology) are crucial factors that help us understand the reactions to climate change shown by terrestrial ecosystems, which in turn could help us understand changes in ecosystem dynamics in the future. This is why the vegetation period, the start and end dates, and the changes and trends in them need to be investigated. Although many studies have been made in Turkey examining global warming, climate change, and their impact, particularly in recent years, with their results predicting changes in vegetation periods, very few studies have been made that directly examine the vegetation period, trends and changes in its start and end dates, and their connection with climate change. Our study aims, therefore, to reveal the changes and trends in the vegetation periods in the Aegean Region, changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start and end dates, and their connection with average temperatures. To do this, the author obtained average daily temperature figures recorded by 12 selected meteorology stations in the Aegean Region for the period between 1960 and 2019 from the Turkish State Meteorological Service. The study considered temperatures of 5°C and 8°C as the threshold values for determining the vegetation periods and included those days when the average daily temperature was an uninterrupted 5/8°C or higher in the study. The start and end dates of vegetation periods have been determined. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the year-long changes and trends in both the vegetation periods and the beginning and ending dates of the vegetation period, and to test their statistical significance. The non-parametric Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship between the average temperatures in the study area and the vegetation period, as well as the changes in the beginning-end dates of the vegetation period. Based on the temperature thresholds in the Aegean Region, the shortest average vegetation period at 5o C was observed in Kütahya (200 days) and the longest being in Izmir (305 days). At 8o C, the shortest average period was again in Kütahya (170 days) and longest in Muğla (277 days). On examination of the timelines of the 12 meteorological stations for the vegetation periods at the 5o C threshold value, all stations appeared to show an upward trend in vegetation periods. According to the Mann-Kendal test, this upward trend was significant in Akhisar, Bergama, Denizli, Izmir, and Ödemiş, with 95% probability (α=.05). There was a statistically non-significant upward trend seen at the other stations. At the 8o C threshold value, an upward trend was observed in Afyon, Denizli, İzmir, and Kütahya, again with a 95% probability (α=.05), while a statistically non-significant upward trend was found at the other stations. The data from the 12 meteorological stations in the Aegean Region included in the study showed that at the 5o C threshold value, the vegetation period began on average on March 12 (day 71) and ended on average on November 27 (day 331). When we examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period’s start dates (at the 5o C threshold value), we see that the vegetation period in the Aegean Region has begun on average four days earlier (March 8, day 67) over the past 30 years. According to the Mann-Kendal test, these changes in the start date of the vegetation period are statistically significant. When we then examine the changes and trends in the vegetation period end dates, we see that this has been occurring a day late (November 28, day 332) over the past 30 years, but this change is not statistically significant. In conclusion, the vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 5o C threshold value is now five days longer on average. The vegetation period in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value begins on March 31 (day 90) and ends on average on November 14 (day 318). When analyzing these changes and trends, we again notice a statistically significant change and trend in the vegetation period start dates and no statistically significant change or trend in the end dates. In conclusion, going by the long annual average for the past 30 years, we found that the vegetation period starts two days early and ends two days late. This shows that the vegetation in the Aegean Region at the 8o C threshold value is now four days longer on average.&nbsp;

Changes and Trends in the Vegetation Period and the Start and End Dates of the Vegetation  Period in the Aegean Region

Burak

Arzu

Many environmental concerns arise as the world’s population grows, as well as the natural repercussions of urbanization, industrialization, and the increase in the number of vehicles. Air pollution is one of the most serious of these issues. Air pollution emissions are rising as a result of both human and natural forces. Air pollution not only causes diseases and deaths in humans, but it also harms the ecosystem and other living creatures. To reduce and prevent the effects of air pollution on individuals, it is critical to monitor and assess air pollution. The goal of this study was to look at the seasonal, temporal, and spatial changes in air pollution. The change in air pollution in the city of Kocaeli was evaluated for this purpose by studying the years 2008, 2014, and 2019. Kocaeli, which is located in the Marmara Region, was focused on because it is one of Turkey’s most important industrial cities. The study examined the PM10 and SO2 air contaminants. The concentration values of pollutant parameters in the form of hourly and daily averages from stations in certain regions of the cities are presented via the website thanks to the national air quality monitoring network established by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change of the Republic of Turkey. Data on the PM10 and SO2 concentrations for Kocaeli were obtained as an hourly average from 12 stations which measure Kocaeli, via the national air quality monitoring network. The data produced has been presented as hourly averages, daily averages, monthly averages, and finally seasonal averages. For those places where measurements could not be made from the available data, the interpolation approach was used to generate concentration values. One of the interpolation methods employed was the inverse distance weighted technique (IDW). Pollution maps for the winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons of 2008, 2014, and 2019 were produced for Kocaeli by providing data continuity with the produced values. For a simplified reading of the maps, the values of the same season of each year were reclassified with the same concentration ranges. The change in air pollution in Kocaeli from 2008 to 2019 may be easily interpreted with these maps. The maps were compared to the European Union’s and nationally-determined pollutant limit values. Temporal variation maps were produced using geographic information systems technology and overlay analysis. Via overlay analysis, arithmetic operations can be carried out between data in two raster forms. Variation maps were obtained by extracting the 2008 map from the 2014 map and the 2014 map from the 2019 map. The variation maps include negative and positive values where negative pixel values and positive pixel values indicate the concentration value has been reduced or increased respectively as a result of this process. As a result, using the newly constructed maps, 2014 was rated according to 2008, and 2019 was rated according to 2014. The locations where the concentration rose or decreased from 2008 were identified in 2014. Similarly, regions, where concentrations rose or fell in 2019 compared to 2014, were identified. Although there was a general decline in concentration values from 2008 to 2019, it was discovered that some places exceeded the European Union and national pollutant concentration limit values in 2019. The PM10 limit of 40 µg/m3 was surpassed in 156188.50 hectares in the winter, 186623.25 hectares in the spring, 490.75 hectares in the summer, and 135603 hectares in the autumn of 2019. The SO2 parameter in 2019 exceeded the 20 µg/m3 limit value calculated on an area of 2799.5 hectares only in the autumn season, according to the findings. With this study, it was demonstrated that GIS technology can be used to detect the temporal and spatial variations in air pollution and that the maps developed may be used to plan for air pollution prevention, take required precautions, and improve inspections.&nbsp;

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Main Air Pollutants and Their Concentrations in Relation  to Meteorological Conditions in the Industrialized City of Kocaeli

Adem

Hüsniye

Even though the periods when the space was occupied by squatting in Turkey have now come to an end, the conversion of agricultural lands to different urban uses continues to a significant extent in the plains declared as “Agricultural Protected Area” such as Iğdır. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the historical change of population growth and distribution across the space as well as the periodic changes in the geographical appearance of the city of Iğdır, which was established in the south of the Iğdır plains. The problems associated with the growth and development of the city have been discussed from various perspectives with regard to the spatial change of the city. The historical and spatial development of the settlement in Iğdır was investigated across certain periods: 1828-1920, 1920- 1950, 1950-1990, and finally post-1990. This periodization was based on the historical, social, and economic developments, which had a profound effect on the region. First of all, different monographic sources (theses, articles, books, etc.) were reviewed to investigate the historical and urban development process of the settlement. Iğdır was a part of Russia until 1920, therefore the demographic statistics provided in the annals of the Кавказский Календарь (Caucasian Calendar) were used for the first period between 1828-1929. The population and demographic data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) were used for the years after 1927. Furthermore, the investigation for the purposes of the present study included various sources, such as travel books about Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) and its surroundings written in different centuries, books based on exploratory trips, official reports about Iğdır (especially subsequent to the establishment of modern Turkey), and biographies of public officials. Accordingly, a spatial development map and land use graphs of the settlement were produced based on long-term geographical observations, maps made in different years, and spatial analyzes of the satellite images of the study area. Satellite images taken on different dates and from different areas between 1977 and 2018 were used in the preparation of the abovementioned map and the graphs. There are a variety of problems in connection with spatial use in the city of Iğdır, similar to the other urban centers established on the agricultural plains, including the Bursa, Malatya, Adapazarı, Adana, and Samsun provinces in Turkey. Originally founded on fertile agricultural lands over the alluvial depressed plains, the Iğdır settlement maintained a limited spatial reach until the 1990s. However, especially after the 1990s, the population has increased rapidly, leading to the start of the spatial expansion, due to the migration of people mostly from rural areas and different provinces, including Ağrı and Kars. As a natural result thereof, new neighborhoods emerged and certain villages were integrated with the city. The push and pull factors in the rural areas and Iğdır, respectively, played an important role in the foregoing. Furthermore, the fertile agricultural areas have been transformed for new urban uses. In Iğdır, the ratio of residential areas has increased; it was approximately 3% in 1977, which increased to 6% in 1989, 11% in 2000, 23% in 2010, and approximately 24% in 2018. The fertile agricultural lands were forsaken for the benefit of housing, service, recreation, and other uses. As a natural result thereof, the geographical appearance of Iğdır, which was known as “Green Iğdır,” has started to change significantly. In conclusion, the spatial expansion and population growth in the city of Iğdır, located in the south of the plain, continues unabated with the effect of various dynamics, despite the fact that the Iğdır Plain was declared as a “great plain conservation area” in 2016 upon the decision of the Council of Ministers.&nbsp;

Urban Development and Spatial Changes in Iğdır

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

MAKALE ÇAĞRISI

Mbanga

Dingha

Sulak Alan Dinamikleri, Eğilimleri ve Çevresel Etkileri: Kamerun’da Bamenda II ve III  Belediyeleri için Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma

Mehmet

Along with globalization, cities have become living spaces where people work fast, live fast, consume more than they produce, and are not self-sufficient. Cities have turned into sites for people to move and work, rather than places where people live securely together. The idea of the unsustainability of the lifestylepromoted by popular culture has prevailed in people, and from this the slow movement started. The Cittaslow movement emerged for the first time in Italy in 1999 as a reaction to the uniform city model imposed by globalization with the intention of reducing its effects in every area. The Cittaslow movement has many purposes, such as maintaining sustainable urban development based on local resources, equalizing urban infrastructure services, providing spaces for city residents to have fun and rest, protecting the natural environment, promoting environmental attitudes among city residents, preserving the historical urban design, restoring historical buildings, emphasizing urban aesthetics, and promoting a culture of hospitality. Today, the borders of the Cittaslow movement have exceeded the European continent, with the number of member cities having increased to 283 in 32 countries as of 2022. The number of member cities soared in a short time in Turkey, which encountered the Cittaslow movement through the municipality of Seferihisar in 2009. Remarkable changes have occurred in most of the Cittaslow cities in Turkey once they gained Cittaslow city status.This study purposes to discover the advantages, disadvantages, and transformations that emerged in Cittaslow cities upon receiving this title, as well as the residents’ attitudes toward these changes. In this regard, the main purpose of the study is to reveal whether the criteria to become a Cittaslow have been preserved over time, what kind of differences have emerged in Cittaslow cities in terms of before and after receiving the Cittaslow title, what positive or negative effects has this title had on cities, and how has it affected the perspectives of the local people. The universe of the study involves the 19 Cittaslow cities in Turkey as of 2022, with the sample of the study consisting of seven Cittaslow cities located in different geographical regions of Turkey. The reasons for selecting these seven Cittaslow cities from seven geographical regions of Turkey are to reflect the characteristics of the universe of the study and to reveal the differences in the geographical localities. The data sources of the study consist of printed works prepared in various scientific fields and the surveys, focus group interviews, and on-site observations that were applied in the research area. During the field study, surveys were conducted within the scope of research by handing questionnaires to the residents of these cities. The qualitative and quantitative data that were obtained from the on-site observations and surveys were analyzed according to the distribution, connection and casuality principles of geography in order to reach the results.Having the Cittaslow status undoubtedly brings along some advantages and disadvantages. The research results have disclosed the Cittaslow philosophy to have not been adequately explained to the local people and the residents of the Cittaslow cities to view this process as a tool for tourism-oriented development. The revival of the tourism sector in the Cittaslow cities has created a public perception where the local people accepted the Cittaslow movement as an economic phenomenon. Although the Cittaslow status has not generally impacted the economic development of the Cittaslow cities in Turkey, many locals do think that it has increased the income levels of a particular segment of the local people. For instance, the local people in the cities of Seferihisar, Taraklı, and Halfeti think that the Cittaslow status has increased their income levels. According to the perspective of Cittaslow city inhabitants, the Cittaslow status has created an awareness among the local people about maintaining historical, touristic, and natural places, in addition to its significant contributions toward promoting these places. The inhabitants of Cittaslow cities also think that having this title has increased female employment and contributed to the local economy,Being designated a Cittaslow city also has caused adverse effects in addition to the favourable ones. The Cittaslow movement was expected to offer a cleaner environment and living space with reduced environmental problems; however, this protection hasn’t been provided in cities that host too many visitors despite Cittaslow’s environmental policies. Moreover, some Cittaslow cities have opened up agricultural areas to construction. Local public opinions have also exposed traffic jams originating from hosting visitors beyond the city’s capacity to be a big problem. Being designated a Cittaslow city has impaired the traditional food and beverage culture in some cities such as Gökçeada, Halfeti, and Seferihisar. In other cities such as Vize and Yalvaç that attract relatively few tourists and possess a historical-cultural identity, the traditional food and beverage culture has not been affected adversely. Perşembe and Taraklı attract more tourists, however, and have tended toward being dominated by fast food. Meanwhile, many local people have ignored some of the downsides caused by the Cittaslow status due to the economic gains

Yavaş Şehirlerde Yaşayan Halkın “Yavaş Şehir” Statüsüne Bakışı

Assist. Prof.

Instrumental observations in basins have an important place in understanding the spatial and temporal variations of river systems through processes such as sediment transportation, floods, and droughts. Furthermore, understanding the impact of climatic and anthropogenic changes in basins requires comprehensive and reliable data, because the processes for distinguishing whether something is climatic or anthropogenic in basins are so complex. However, observing reliable data for each basin is no easy task. Even if the positive trend for observational instruments such as gauges increases around the globe, obtaining data in some areas such as mountainous or densely forested areas remain quite difficult. For this reason, hydrological models that simulate all water balance parameters (e.g., runoff, evapotranspiration) are useful tools for modeling ungauged areas. However, these models still contain various types of uncertainties due to the many potential sources that result from things such as the internal structure of the models, observations, and scale factors. Although some observations made through remote sensing retrieve data from water balance parameters around the globe, even they need to be corrected by models. Therefore, hydrological models can help extract reliable information about earth system processes.This study models the Bartın basin, which has been exposed to many flood events at higher frequencies, in order to obtain low (drought) and high (flood) characteristics for ungauged basins. Based on the Advance Land Observation System 30-meter Digital Elevation Model (ALOS World 3D-30m DEM), 90 sub-basins have extracted for the whole area of the Bartın river system. Furthermore, hydrological response unit (HRU) was generated by overlaying many different datasets such as land-use, soil, and slope using the full multiple HRU definition, with 1901 HRUs being obtained within the Bartın Basin. Simulations were carried out based on the water balance at a daily scale using many meteorological data from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (MGM). The model parameters that are sensitive to high and low flows were calibrated using the SWAT-CUP calibration program. The calibration used the 1970-1986 period based on Station E13A031 data and used the 1987-2002 period for validation. The model results have been deemed sufficient for simulating the basin water balance based upon the evaluation criteria. After modeling the ungauged basin, many characteristics such as magnitude, frequency, duration, and timing with regard to low and high flows were calculated using the threshold values of the percentiles.A comparison of the flow metrics illustrates good coherence to be present between the modeled and observed data regarding the high flow and low flow characteristics in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, and timing. However, over- and under-estimations also occurred for some metrics such as timing, duration, and magnitude of the low and high flows, in particular for high flows. This situation may have emerged due to the many different sources of uncertainty, such as using scales from other data sources in the model, the number of the gauges/meteorological stations, and the number of calibration simulations. Moreover, the study has mapped different high and low flow metrics to distinguish spatial gradients in ungauged basins. The maps demonstrate the Kocanaz basin to vary in terms of timing, magnitude, duration, and frequency of the high and low flow characteristics compared to other sub-basins. In particular, the timing of the low and high flows in this basin explains the impact of topography (snowmelt) and different weather systems that can influence metrics.Using these kinds of hydrological models can also help understand future perspectives on the dynamic earth. For example, land-use change has immense impacts on rainfall-runoff relations in terms of hydrological modeling. Furthermore, climate change will also affect many statistical characteristics of climatic sub-systems. Adding parameters to hydrological models will make comprehending the changing world more sensible. In this context, hydrological models offer opportunities for planning and watershed management in terms of understanding climate change and land-use change.&nbsp;

Tüm Modeller Yanlıştır, Ancak Bazıları Faydalıdır: Akım Gözlem  İstasyonu Bulunmayan Havzalarda Düşük (Kurak) ve Yüksek  (Taşkın) Akım Davranışlarının Belirlenmesi

Çağlar

The role of nature-based tourism in the tourism industry grows daily. A high level of environmental quality, an environmentally conscious group of nature tourists, and sensitivity in commercial nature-based tourism enterprises and other stakeholders are undoubtedly greatly needed for successful nature-based tourism. In order to plan the nature-based tourism market correctly, many issues such as tourist profiles, travel characteristics, natural area preferences, travel motivations, and nature-based tourism activities should be investigated very well and their reasons revealed. This study attempts to determine the demographic and some travel characteristics and nature tourist profiles of nature tourists living in Izmir who travel within the scope of nature-based tourism activities according to the Nature Tourism Scale. Bu ölçeğin hazırlanmasında faydalanılan bazı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Nature tourists in Izmir were specifically classified after the four basic nature tourist types used by Ziffer (1989) and Laarman and Durst (1987) to classify tourists participating in nature-based tourism events: “determined nature tourist,” “dedicated nature tourist,” “nature tourist following a certain current,” and “random nature tourist” (Lindberg, 1991, p. 3). On the other hand, the two main criteria used in the studies by Weaver (2005, 2001, p.2) and Page and Drowling (2002) to divide nature-based tourists into hard (active) nature tourists and soft (passive) nature tourists were used in the typological classification of nature tourists. The questions presented in the second and fourth sections to identify Natural Area Preferences and motivations were generated using the scale developed by Eagles (1992) to examine the travel motivations of Canadian ecotourists. In addition, the author prepared some other questions related to the scale.In addition, the study examines the relationships certain demographic variables have with motivation (a sub-dimension of the scale), the features sought in a natural touristic destination, the preferred natural area, and the preferred nature-based tourism activity preference. The study used the quantitative research method to apply nature tourism scale to 357 people participating in nature tourism activities. When considering that the population consists of approximately 4,000 people, the study determined that selecting 286 people would provide a 95% confidence interval with a 0.05 tolerance amount according to the simple random sampling method (Çıngı, 1994). The obtained data were analyzed using the program R-Project and the package program SPSS-26. In addition to descriptive statistics, the data analyses also involved Cronbach’s alpha of reliability analysis, CFA, and the Mann Whitney-U and Kruskall Wallis-H tests as nonparametric tests due to the data from the scale not being normal distributed.Cronbach’s alpha for the overall scale and its sub-dimensions are 0.936, 0.820, 0.841, 0.843, and 0.924, respectively. According to the findings, the χ² / df = 3.116, which is within acceptable limits due to being between 2 and 5, and the AGFI is greater than 0.875. In addition, RMSEA was calculated between 0.08 and 0.10, which is also within the limits of moderate agreement. When examining the other fit indices, the values for GFI, AGFI, and TLI are all quite close to 0.9. Meanwhile, the CFA statistics show that all sub-items from the Nature Tourism Scale to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). According to the graphical structure obtained as a result of the CFA, the standardized load values for all items are seen to be greater than 0.38. Meanwhile, a p &gt; 0.05 on the Nature Tourism Scale, is understood to not show normal distribution. Therefore, the Mann-Whitney-U test and Kruskall Wallis-H test were applied in the analyses.This study has attempted to determine the tourist profiles and travel motivations of nature tourists living in İzmir within the scope of nature-based tourism, and its most important result is that interest in nature gains more importance in line with tourists’ ages, regardless of gender. In particular, the participation rate for the 25-year-old and younger group in nature-based tourism activities was seen to be lower. Due to a significant part of the tourists being in the middle-income level, tourism expenditures were seen to be 2,000 TL and below. Some activities required extra expenditures, which was effective in making these activities less preferred. Meanwhile, the education and cultural levels of nature tourists are understood to be quite high, with these tourists being conscientious nature tourists. Based on the scale’s results, nature tourists in Izmir were determined to generally make travel plans with their friends and families freely without engaging in certain patterns rather than purchase the package tour services tour companies offer. Therefore, more than half the nature tourists use private vehicles for their travels. However, the fact that tents came to the fore with regard to nature tourists’ accommodation preferences is the most important indicator that these tourists want to spend more time in nature. In addition, nature tourists were determined to stay an average of three days, based on the type of activity in the natural destinations being visited. Among the travel characteristics, while a significant number of the nature tourists in İzmir see themselves as soft nature tourists, more than half of them see themselves as close to the nature tourist class who are passionate and devoted toward nature. However, some nature tourists&nbsp;This study has attempted to determine the tourist profiles and travel motivations of nature tourists living in İzmir within the scope of nature-based tourism, and its most important result is that interest in nature gains more importance in line with tourists’ ages, regardless of gender. In particular, the participation rate for the 25-year-old and younger group in nature-based tourism activities was seen to be lower. Due to a significant part of the tourists being in the middle-income level, tourism expenditures were seen to be 2,000 TL and below. Some activities required extra expenditures, which was effective in making these activities less preferred. Meanwhile, the education and cultural levels of nature tourists are understood to be quite high, with these tourists being conscientious nature tourists. Based on the scale’s results, nature tourists in Izmir were determined to generally make travel plans with their friends and families freely without engaging in certain patterns rather than purchase the package tour services tour companies offer. Therefore, more than half the nature tourists use private vehicles for their travels. However, the fact that tents came to the fore with regard to nature tourists’ accommodation preferences is the most important indicator that these tourists want to spend more time in nature. In addition, nature tourists were determined to stay an average of three days, based on the type of activity in the natural destinations being visited. Among the travel characteristics, while a significant number of the nature tourists in İzmir see themselves as soft nature tourists, more than half of them see themselves as close to the nature tourist class who are passionate and devoted toward nature. However, some nature tourists&nbsp;&nbsp;According to the analyses made on the demographic variables and the sub-dimensions of the scale, significant differences were determined to exist for age with nature-based tourism activity preferences and the features sought in a natural touristic destination, for marital status and nature-based tourism activity, for gender and the characteristics sought in a natural touristic destination, and for the nature tourist’s income level with natural site preferences and motivation (p &lt; 0.05).Developing and ensuring the sustainability of nature-based tourism, especially in an area, are constantly criticized due to the negative effects of tourism. Therefore, if nature-based tourism is to be developed in natural areas, tourism types need to be developed that are compatible and complementary with that society’s resource values. Thus, protecting fragile nature systems and their surrounding society become possible in parallel with the development of sustainable tourism. In this context, tourism investments in areas that are the scene of nature-based tourism and the development of tourism activities and their diversity have great importance in investigating the relations enterprises in the tourism sector have with nature tourism marketing strategies and the attitudes of the local society, in addition to examining the preferences, profile characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, and motivations that push or attract these tourists to travel to natural areas. In this way, nature-based tourism in natural areas will have the opportunity to develop in harmony with the environment and society.

İzmir’de Doğa Temelli Turizm Faaliyetlerine Katılan Yerli Turistlerin Motivasyonları ve Turist Profilleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Dilek

İbrahim

Mücahit

Türkiye’de Seçilen Bazı Istasyonlarda Sıcaklık Ekstremlerinin Dönemsel Değişimleri, 1970-2018

The last few centuries have seen important developments in human history. Humans are more powerful than ever. This new epoch is called the Anthropocene. Many problems have emerged regarding the exploitation of nature during the Anthropocene. Ecological crises and the risk of climate change have been reported in many studies as some of the most significant problems of the Anthropocene Epoch. These days, human activities are disrupting the ecological balance. As a result, the number of existing species and their diversity are decreasing, the climate is changing, and the balance of the ecosystem in general is deteriorating. Ecology involves various systems, and which ecological systems are in crisis needs to be understood well. For this reason, ecology needs to be examined by separating it into various planetary boundaries and revealing in which boundaries a crisis occurs more clearly and quantitatively. This approach is called the planetary boundaries framework. The main purpose of the planetary boundaries framework is to determine the safe zone for a healthier life for all living things, especially humans. One of the main goals of the planetary boundaries framework is to reform the existing system and reconcile it with nature. The planetary boundaries concept was put forward in 2009 by a group of scientists doing research on the environment. The leaders of this approach are Johan Rockström, Director of the Climate Impacts Research Institute in Germany, and Chemist Will Steffen, Director of the Australian Climate Commission.The planetary boundaries framework has currently determined nine categories. When the concept was first introduced in 2009, the ecological ceiling had been exceeded in two categories. As a result of the update made in 2015, four safe zones were reported to have exceeded. This approach aims to reach solutions to 11 social problems using nine planetary boundaries in the shape of a doughnut. The basic purposes of the planetary boundaries framework are to emphasize social inequality and offer suggestions for solving them, to support a sustainable economic model for sustainable nature, to emphasize the importance of implementing biopolitics, and to contribute to the ability to measure and predict environmental problems. The planetary boundaries framework allows the possibility of comparing the risk level of an ecological problem from the pre-Industrial Revolution to its current status. The important problems of the earth are revealed through the planetary boundaries’ doughnut chart. This chart is marked with various colors. Green areas indicate the event (boundary) to be in the safe zone, and thus the problem is not yet a high risk and remains under control. Yellow areas show the safe zone has not yet been exceeded, but the risk is increasing. Red-colored areas show that the ecological ceiling has been exceeded and the risk is now high. Controlling these problem areas is very difficult. In this context, the safe zones regarding carbon dioxide emissions, radiative forcing, loss of biodiversity, and the nitrogen and phosphorous cycles have been exceeded and the risk levels are indicated in red. For example, 350 ppm had been determined as the safe zone for CO2 levels, but currently this value has been exceeded and reaches around 400 ppm.The increasing risk level of categories in the planetary boundaries framework has been associated with pollutants from agriculture and industry, greenhouse gas emissions, and land cover changes. In this context, the destructive effects of current agricultural and industrial activities need to be emphasized. According to the planetary boundaries framework, adapting agriculture and industry is important for reducing the risk of climate change and ecological crises. According to the planetary boundaries approach, problems such as loss of biodiversity, climate change, land cover changes, and the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles have crossed their safe zones, are at great risk, and also negatively affect society.&nbsp;

Ekolojik Sorunların Analizinde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Planeter Sınırlar

Derya

Bathymetric data for shallow waters are important for spatial planning and research on obtaining information about water depths and underwater topography in coastal areas of oceans and seas and in streams and lakes. Due to bathymetric data collection being difficult, time-consuming, and costly, the use of new technologies that provide quick economic results for bathymetric mapping has become increasingly common. This study created the digital bathymetric model (DBM) of Atikhisar Reservoir based on the Stumpf algorithm using Landsat-5 TM multispectral data from August 15, 2008 to test whether Landsat-5 TM images are suitable data sources for the bathymetric mapping of reservoirs. The study first processed the image, rectifying the Landsat-5 TM image using land reference points from a 1/5000 scale bathymetric map. The root mean square error (RMSE) was kept below 0.5 pixels during the rectification process. The nearest neighbor algorithm was applied to preserve the original pixel values during the resampling phase of the rectification process. After rectification, a radiometric calibration of the image was carried out, and the digital pixel values of the bands were converted to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflection values. The dark object subtraction (DOS) model was applied to the data that had been converted to TOA reflectance values for atmospheric correction.The water-covered area (the reservoir) was identified by integrating the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The Stumpf algorithm was applied using the blue and green bands of the Landsat-5 TM satellite image of the reservoir. The Stumpf algorithm uses an equation based on the ratio of the two bands to derive water depth based on the principle that water has different absorption properties at different bands. The Stumpf algorithm requires reference points of known depth to scale the ratio to the proper depth. This study obtained five different group training reference points by forming the length and cross-sections of the reservoir area. The training reference points were created as a point data layer in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment according to x, y position values, and the actual depth values and satellite image-based log-ratio values were added to the database as attributes by overlaying the 1/5000 scale digital bathymetric map with the Stumpf log-ratio image. Linear regression coefficients were generated using depth and log-ratio values for training reference points. According to the regression coefficients for the five different sample sets, depth values were obtained for the whole reservoir area, and DBMs were created. The coefficients of determination (R2 ) were calculated to validate the regression models. Additionally, RMSEs were calculated using 125 test points that had not been used during the training phase to evaluate the accuracy of the DBMs. The model that gave the best results was calculated to have an R2 value of 0.701 and RMSE of 2.1 m. To examine the extent to which the accuracy obtained from the study meets the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards, the total vertical uncertainty (TVU) was calculated as 1.1 m at 20 m depths. The study results reveal potential to exist for using Landsat satellite images to determine bathymetry in shallow reservoirs. However, because the accuracy level did not meet IHO standards, this procedure should be used as a preliminary investigation and evaluation tool prior to time-consuming and costly high-resolution surveys of reservoir areas. This study’s model can also be used to monitor large changes over a long time.As a result, the DBMs derived from the Landsat satellite image using the Stumpf algorithm are promising for shallow waters provided that the models have been validated using accurate ground truth data. Developing countries in particular can use this as an alternative to on-site depth measurement techniques that require intensive labor and time for areas where bathymetric data are unavailable, incomplete, or costly to obtain and the accuracy level is sufficient.&nbsp;

Atikhisar Baraj Gölü Batimetrisinin Landsat-5 TM Uydu Görüntüsünden Stumpf Algoritması Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi

Emine

Emre

Kentlerin markalaş(ama)ması ve Kurumsallaş(ama)ma Perspektifi: Van Örneği

Mustafa

Çetin

This study was carried out in and surround Yayla Lake, which is located 5 km west of the town center of Buldan in Denizli Province. Yayla Lake (1,150 masl) is located within the borders of Süleymanlı Village as an administrative border. The mountainous area of the Aydin Mountains in which Yayla Lake is located separates the Büyük Menderes, Gediz, and Küçük Menderes basins from each other. The aim of the study is to determine the modern pollen distribution characteristics of the surroundings of Yayla Lake. Modern pollen monitoring was carried out in different environments with tree density and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values for high, low, and open areas. The aim of the study was achieved using modern pollen data obtained from Tauber pollen traps, moss samples, and surface sediment samples. Modern pollen monitoring was carried out using Tauber pollen traps and moss samples in 3 different directions at different elevations, as well as on the lake shore and on the lake. The altitudes where the modern pollen monitoring was carried out in the study area range from 335-1,173 m. A three-year monitoring was conducted between 2018-2021 with the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples. Surface sediment samples were taken from nine different points of the lake in 2020 using the Glew corer sampler. The methodology determined by the European Pollen Monitoring Program Protocol (EPMPP) was followed for analyzing the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples. The surface sediment sample analyses used the classical method, also known as the fossil pollen analysis method.According to the modern pollen findings obtained from the Tauber pollen traps, moss samples, and surface sediment samples, the taxa with the high percentage and density (Pinus sp. Quercus evergreen, Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and Poaceae) were similar for the modern pollen distributions found between 2018-2021. However, the ratio of taxa varied according to the differences in source, elevation, and local vegetation. According to the modern pollen data for the three-year Tauber polen traps, Pinus sp. was present between 10.8%-96.6%, Quercus evergreen between 0.2-43.6%, Quercus deciduous between 1.3-35.7%, Olea europaea between 0-20.2%, and Poaceae between 0-21.2%. The total percentage of woody taxa (AP) varied between 42.3%and 99.4%. For the moss samples, the maximum and minimum percentage values of these taxa were determined as Pinus sp. At 63.4-83.7%, Quercus evergreen at 3.2-6.5%, Quercus deciduous at 1.6-7%, Poaceae at 2-14.2%, and Olea europaea at 1-3%. The rate of AP varied between 79.2-94%. For the surface sediment samples from the nine different areas of the lake, the rates were calculated for Pinus sp. as 63.4-83.7%, Quercus evergreen as 3.2-6.5%, Quercus deciduous as 1.6-7%, Olea europaea as 1-3%, and Poaceae as 2-14.2%. The AP rate varied between 79.2-94%. According to the modern pollen data, the three-year average percentage of Olea europaea was 18.7%near the olive trees and 6.1%in the lake. The average rate of Olea europaea in the surface sediment samples was 2%. Principal component analysis was carried out on the modern pollen data obtained from the surrounding of Yayla Lake and applied to the trap, moss, and trap-moss-surface sediment results; significant clusters were seen to have formed in accordance with differences in vegetation and to be similar to each other. However, no significant clusters occurred in the surface sediment samples.The modern pollen distribution characteristics of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp. forests are important taxa for Anatolian paleovegetation, and this study presents their representation in modern pollen results. In addition, information was obtained regarding the pollen distributions of Olea europaea taxon, which is one of the important indicators of paleo land use in the Mediterranean basin. In conclusion, this study presents 3-year modern pollen monitoring results from Yayla Lake and its surroundings, with the differences in vegetation and land use among the sample areas being reflected in the modern pollen results.&nbsp;

Yayla Gölü (Buldan-Denizli) ve Çevresinin Güncel Polen Dağılımının  Tuzak, Yosun ve Yüzey Sediman Örnekleri ile İncelenmesi

Faruk

Throughout history, rapidly changing environments have always brought great challenges to human communities. In recent years, the threats have diversified and exceeded expectations. The tsunami caused by the 2011 submarine earthquake east of Tohoku, Japan had exceeded the sustainable level for which the global community was prepared. Faced with threats, not only academia but other international organizations as well are paying attention to resilience. In order to apply resilience indicators to every field beyond the level of conceptual research, studies on measurement methods are being conducted alongside policy studies. The 2011 Van earthquakes caused great damage and changes to the city. A decade after the earthquake, can one say that the city of Van has recovered? Although various studies have been conducted on the effects of earthquakes, no research yet exists that provides a quantitative answer to this question. Therefore, this research has two goals for answering this question. The first is to find a method for measuring the impact of earthquakes and the post-earthquake recovery process in terms of resilience. The second is to use these measurements to provide objective data indicating whether the city of Van has recovered from the 2011 earthquakes by taking into account its previous state. The spatial scope of the research targets the entire city of Van, especially the 42 neighborhoods in the downtown area that had been heavily damaged by the 2011 earthquakes. Population data, being the most basic data on human geography, was used to measure resilience. The time span involves 2007-2019, before the impact of COVID-19.This study presents a method for measuring resilience in terms of population by measuring the resilience of the local economy. The five variables this study proposes for measuring resilience in terms of population are: decline year, drop, rebound, resilience index, and slope change. Among these, rebound and resilience index have been examined from both short-term and long-term perspectives. As a result of the study, the decline year appeared as 2011 for both the city and district levels. At the neighborhood level, however, seven neighborhoods showed their lowest drop during the studied period to have occurred not in 2011 but in 2013. Due to these neighborhoods being mainly in the downtown area, this drop can be interpreted as the influence of urban regeneration and TOKİ. With regard to drop, İpekyolu, which had suffered the most damage during the earthquakes, was found to be the least durable, while Tuşba was found to be the most durable. At the neighborhood level, the analysis revealed the downtown neighborhoods where the population growth rates had been high before the earthquake to have low durability. As for rebound, Edremit and Tuşba had high values for 2012, and Edremit’s recovery rate was high for 2019. At the neighborhood level, the neighborhoods where TOKİ was building showed high recovery in 2012, and the neighborhoods with urban regeneration projects or TOKİ showed high recovery in 2019. The standardized resilience index value did not show the previous population growth rate to have recovered at the city or district level. At the district level, Tuşba showed relatively high resilience, İpekyolu showed low resilience, and Edremit showed the most improvement in resilience over the long run. At the neighborhood level, nine neighborhoods showed resilience in 2012, including Kevenli, Kavurma, and Bardakçı, but 29 neighborhoods, including those in the downtown area, showed negative values and did not escape the impact of the earthquake. As of 2019, the analysis showed 13 neighborhoods to have resilience, mainly those with TOKİ and those near the city center. On the other hand, 25 neighborhoods including those near TOKİ, showed low resilience. Looking at the slop change (ED) value, the city as a whole had not recovered to its pre-earthquake growth rate by the end of 2019; however, this value is expected to exceed 1 in all three central districts and recover to its previous growth rate over the long-term. At the neighborhood level, 19 neighborhoods showed a value of 1 or higher in 2019, indicating that the previous growth rate had been restored.Synthesizing the resilience measurement results in terms of population, the population growth rate for the overall city had not returned to pre-earthquake levels by the end of 2019. However, the population growth rates for the neighborhoods of Edremit and Tuşba had recovered from the earthquake, with only İpekyolu not having fully recovered. When measuring the resilience indicators at the neighborhood level, the neighborhoods where TOKİ had built and the neighborhoods part of the city center showed high resilience, while the resilience indicators for the neighborhoods near TOKİ were low. In conclusion, appropriate measures do not appear to have been taken from the perspective of the entire city of Van for overcoming the effects of the 2011 earthquakes.&nbsp;

2011 Van Depremi ve Kent Nüfusunda Yaşanan Rezilyans

Celal

Süheyla

OBOR Girişiminde Orta Koridorun Jeopolitik ve Ekonomik Açıdan Türkiye’ye Etkisinin  Analizi

Müjde

Introduction Human beings are constantly interacting with the environment and influencing the location. In addition to the responses of the people living in similar places, people living in the same years can behave similarly in terms of people reactions to the events. The most common method of categorizing generations as a specific group that shares important life events during birth years, age periods, place of residence, and critical development stages is to classify them based on their birth years. However, it is not correct to classify generations based solely on the time zones of birth. Indeed, identifying the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the communities that make up the generations also comprise important suborders in classifying them. In the study, generations were accepted as 1946-1964 Baby Boomers, 1965-1979 Generation X, 1980-1999 Generation Y, 2000-2020 Generation Z. Although this classification varies by country and culture, many studies have classified it based on these five generations.Data and Method The study covers the evaluation of quantitative data from women giving birth in Turkey, obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The time interval used in the study was chosen because recorded information was available by this date. The quantitative data is supported by charts, graphs and covers the detection of generations of women in Turkey’s childbirth from 2001 to 2021. The study recognized the generations as the 1946-1964 Baby Boom, the 1965-1979 X Generation, the 1980-1999 Y Generation and the 2000-2020 Z Generation. A classification literature scan is determined, with the most common classification periods taken into account.Findings From 2001 to 2009, it is believed that the number of infant boom mothers was particularly high after the age of 45, from 2001 to 2007, when their numbers began to decline after 2008, especially after the age of 48 and were below 300. In general, Infant Explosion reveals that mothers have fallen from 45 years of childbirth, that they do not want to be mothers as they grow older, but that they attend fewer births than in the past, even though they are of an age of the same age. From 2001 to 2021, all women between 22 and 55 are found to have been born in Generation X. Generation X mothers gave birth at a higher rate than mothers of the previous generation. This is because the youngest of the Baby Boom women is 37 years old and 22 the Generation X women. Mothers born in Generation Y gave birth to the highest number of children born in Generation Z. Generally; there were the highest birth rates for women born in Baby Boom and Generation X in 2001 and subsequent periods, with women in Generation Y occurring between 2012 and 2020. In Generation Y mothers with over 1.000.000 births, the highest rate of birth attendance was in 2017, when they were 18-37 years old. The mothers of Generation Z, who also fed their generation, were the youngest and most recent of the women who gave birth to Generation Z. From 2014 to 2021, it took place in 2021, when women aged under 15 were born, up to 21 years of age, most were born to Generation Z mothers. In Generation Z individuals, the number of births has also decreased over the years, with the number of women giving birth at age 19 in 2018 decreasing by more than 4.000 in 2021.Conclusion&nbsp;This study, which covers the number of women giving birth in Turkey from 2001 to 2021, as well as the age at which they become mothers, demonstrates that women’s birth trends have shifted. Women born during the Baby Boom generation are seen actively attending labor after the age of 40, whereas this trend is declining in Generation X. Women born in Generation X preferred to become mothers at a younger age, whereas women born in Generation Y were less likely to give birth in their early 20s, and had more children after the age of 28. As the total number of births in Turkey declined from 2001 to 2021, the age of childbirth started shifting and women preferred to become mothers later. There has been a significant decline in the last 20 years, particularly among mothers aged 18 and under and women aged 20 to 25.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de 2001-2021 Yılları Arasında Doğum Yapan Kadınların Yaş  Kuşaklarının Tespiti ve Kuşaklara Göre Doğum Eğilimleri

Ferdi

Füsun

This study focuses on transhumance as shaped by pastoral farming, rural cultural, rural economic, and geographic conditions. Transhumance culture is at risk of transformation due to global pressures and threats and forms the main problem of the study. This process is worth investigating because it will draw attention to the transformation and disappearance of this ancient culture from the face of the earth and as well as the emergence of new developments related to rural culture, rural economy, rural development, migration, food security, biodiversity, and natural and cultural ecosystems. In this context, the first aim of the study is to determine which subjects are involved in transhumance culture’s transformation in the world, the second is to reveal the factors that initiate this process, the third is to introduce efforts for protecting transhumance, and the fourth and final is to give examples from around the world. The study has been prepared as a thematic and descriptive compilation and is supported with spatial examples in order to add a geographical dimension. Transhumance currently faces many threats such as aging and urbanization in rural areas, failures in rural development, migration to and from mountains, climate change, and over tourism. In addition, green, circular, and digital technologies, as well as economic and political decisions, have opportunistic value for transhumance. In order to protect transhumance, international and national institutions have made many decisions and supported transhumance activities. As a result, this study can be expected to contribute some valuable implications for Turkey by looking at the transhumance transformation and the measures taken from a global perspective. Common global problems such as climate change, migration from mountains, the aging population, and abandonment of the shepherd profession indicate that transhumance in Turkey, which has been in great decline, should benefit from the world agenda.Data and MethodThe study uses the qualitative research method and obtained data sources by scanning the literature and dividing them into three groups: (i) Scientific works; (ii) publications from global institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the UN World Tourism Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); and (iii) works from national government agencies, networks, and associations. Thus, the study makes a compilation with references from different sources and embodies transhumance culture by presenting spatial examples. With these aspects, the study is a descriptive and thematic compilation, as well as a study of cultural geography. The study has been prepared under the following four main sections by looking at transhumance from a global perspective: (1) literature reviews and basic concepts related to transhumance, (2) the basic components and functions of transhumance culture in the world, (3) the factors that prepare the transformation of transhumance culture, and (4) protection measures and case studies. Thus, the study examines transhumance culture in the world in accordance with the principles of mutual interest, causality, and distribution.ConclusionAlthough the problems related to the transformation of transhumance culture in the world arise through different dynamics in developed or underdeveloped countries, the result is the same in all: the disappearance or alienation of transhumance. Seasonal migrations of herds in transhumance have a holistic structure, and the deterioration of this structure means the end of transhumance. Two of the most sensitive interlocking patterns are the loss of shepherds as a function and the loss of rural women as cultural transmitters with their skills and ancient knowledge. In addition, the routes of transhumance and its unique celebrations must be preserved as examples of cultural heritage. However, some strong threats such as the loss and aging of populations in mountains, the failures in rural development policies, rural poverty, migration, and climate change are reducing transhumance. Despite the negative aspects in this regard, rural communities in the mountains are recommended to transition to circular and green economies through protectionist decisions that are able to support transhumance. Therefore, policy, strategy, planning, governance, and monitoring are truly crucial to the future of transhumance. The pioneering works from international organizations such as the UN, FAO, UNESCO, and EU, as well as from non-governmental organizations, on protecting transhumance culture have great importance in terms of setting examples for central and local governments. Efforts to protect transhumance have multidimensional effects such as protecting rural women, shepherds, pastures, livestock, organic production, biodiversity, and rural culture, which are the basic symbols of this ancient culture. Turkey has been experiencing problems with transhumance similar to the rest of the world and should closely follow these decisions, measures, and projects that have been undertaken globally and nationally and should benefit from the relevant funds.&nbsp;

Dünyada Yaylacılık Kültürüne Coğrafi Bir Bakış

Merve

There are many explanations for why people are drawn to the events, happenings, and objects around them in the natural and human world. Over time, among a wide variety of activities and interests, recreational activities have gained more and more importance from the individual to society. There are a wide variety of venues that serve the tourism activities carried out in many areas of the world. The purpose of people visiting these places is directly or indirectly related to their cultural backgrounds, wishes, and desires. This issue has revealed a situation that needs to be evaluated from three perspectives. The first is spatial diversity, the other is the historical traces created by temporal differences and the last one is the diversity and difference in human knowledge, interests, wishes, and desires. There are a wide variety of venues that serve the tourism activities carried out in many areas of the world. People’s purpose for visiting these places is directly or indirectly related to their cultural background, wishes, and desires. This issue has revealed a situation that needs to be evaluated from three perspectives. The first is spatial diversity, the other is the historical traces created by temporal differences and the last one is the diversity and difference in human knowledge, interests, wishes, and desires. Tourism activity is an economically based and diverse cultural activity, which is carried out by people with a mutually developed service concept. Tourism is known as a social phenomenon as well as an individual activity; it refers to a journey from one place to another to relax, spend time, have fun and learn. Since the beginning of humanity, it has attracted attention that people have been in a dynamic order. It is possible for humans, who have experienced both the beneficial and negative effects of change brought about by moving from one area to another throughout history, to occasionally abandon their daily routines and travel regardless of distance or closeness. On the other hand, the desire to be in various places that attract people’s curiosity to discover and see new places and to have different experiences has prepared the ground for the diversification of tourism. History is full of various stories created by both the natural structure and the human environment. The desire of people to learn the story of space and life has greatly enriched tourism activities. Tourism activities, which have developed as an added value from time to time in various periods of history, set the ground for it to be an economic activity over time.&nbsp;Demre, which we believe will provide a valuable example of camping/caravan tourism in the future, served as the foundation for the subject matter of our study. Demre, an administrative district of Antalya, is situated in a geomorphologically protected area surrounded on three sides by mountains. It is a popular destination for both domestic and international visitors since it has a mild, rainy climate with a Mediterranean impact and a hot, dry summer. Thus, the fact that Demre is on the route of an important cultural and trekking route the Lycian Way is an indicator of its value. Due to its natural features, it is one of the areas chosen for camping/caravan tourism in terms of alternative tourism. Nowadays, in addition to the 4 campsites that still exist, there are also camps outside the campsite. Making investments in this regard creates an opportunity that will ensure sustainability in alternative tourism planning, is compatible with nature, and has a high level of awareness. Because this field of activity has an important economic potential as in other alternative tourism opportunities.&nbsp;

Değişen Turizm Algısında Kamp/Karavan Turizmi: Demre Örneği

Mihriban

Aygün

Unplanned urbanization most often results in destructive consequences for cities. The main purpose of spatial planning, which is the activity of regulating space at different scales, is to ensure that urbanization is managed appropriately. In this way, spatial planning enables the sustainable use of resources for food, drinking water, shelter, transportation, health, and recreation for a growing population. However, the increase in populations worldwide, neoliberal state policies, and the ideals of branding cities in the era of globalization have caused planning decisions for medium-scale cities and even small settlements to become unstable. The literature this study reviewed implies the effects of these to have mostly been seen in natural areas and on agricultural lands. In cities where interventions on agricultural lands are intense, “livability” as one of the basic principles of planning is seen to decrease. These lands provide important ecosystem services such as fresh air and food security, as well as act as a buffer against environmental pollution. In order to regulate and make guiding decisions for agricultural lands that remain under pressure by existing between dense urban land uses, the current situation first needs to be demonstrated through the case of actual plans.One of the most effective legal instruments in Türkiye after the 1950s was the authority granted to local governments for preparing, approving, and implementing planning activities in areas not restricted by special laws (e.g., tourism areas, urban transformation areas, and industrial areas) through Urban Planning Law No. 3194 that was enacted in 1985. The rapid population growth, especially after the 1950s, and the flow of populations from rural to urban areas caused planning to fall behind with regard to how cities were being shaped. As a result of neoliberal policies, the supply/demand for planning activities and road- and construction-oriented growth policies had increased, and cities began to develop rapidly due to the rising role of local governments by the 2000s until the centralization of their authorities in the following decade. Therefore, both local and central authorities adopted a process of increasing and distributing the urban rents on land. An accompanying legal tool for this process was ironically the Act of Soil Protection and Land Use, which was enacted in 2005.This study investigates the impacts of these policies and processes and the complementary urban rent interest on agricultural lands in the urban peripheries regarding the spatial plans for a middle-scale settlement. To this end, the study examines the 1/5000 scale Revised LandUse Plan and 1/1000 scale Revised Implementation Plan for Çukurçayır Settlement in Trabzon Province, both of which were approved in 2013. This investigation involves a singular case study of the plans from 2013, leaving out the plans of the settlement that were approved in previous years. Three main reasons exist for choosing this settlement. First, the population of the settlement in 2014 (18,884) was found to be about six times larger compared to its population in 1995 (average annual population growth rate between 2007-2014 of 18.9% according to Turkish Statistical Institute’s [TurkStat] data on the Addressed-Based Population Registration System [ABPRS]), which is in contrast to the scarce land resources of the Black Sea Region’s geography where it is located. Secondly, in contrast to the east-west expansion of the city of Trabzon, Çukurçayır settlement, which was left to the domination of the construction sector, was demanded to expand to the south where agricultural lands are found engaged in hazelnut production, a specialty crop peculiar to the Black Sea Region. Thirdly, the settlement went through eight spatial planning processes between 1989 and 2013, approaching areas partially in the north and south or completely; according to the calculations made from the satellite images, the increase in the settlement area was found to have changed from about 4 hectares in 2002 to 135 hectares in 2022. As a result of the examination, the study has determined the building density of Çukurçayır to have increased gradually after 2008 by means of high floor area ratio (FAR) values and the corresponding housing and public facility requirements for the increasing population figures having been obtained from agricultural lands according to the 2013 plan. As of 2021, the population of this medium-scale settlement near the city center of Trabzon was 31,937 according to TurkStat’s (2021) ABPRS data. This means that at the time of this article’s writing, the population of the Çukurçayır neighborhood had exceeded those in thirteen of Trabzon’s districts, which are eighteen in total. This indicates a critical misguidance of this settlement in terms of spatial planning decisions.Even if the methodology of the study should be implemented over the plans of a similar scale city anywhere else in Türkiye, the results are unlikely to differ as long as the approaches of the decision makers toward space remain the same. The scope of the study has been limited to the examination of a single settlement. Future studies can research more than one settlement in Trabzon or the settlements of a different city. Aside from studying the impacts of two-dimensional spatial plans on paper, in future, sociological research can be made regarding how planning decisions reflect on individuals, especially in the context of urban social structure. Another focus could be on researching the planning decisions for Çukurçayır between 2013 and 2022 using geographic information systems based on the current planning works that were approved after Trabzon gained the status of being a metropolitan municipality.&nbsp;

Tarım Alanları Üzerindeki Planlama Baskısı: Trabzon-Çukurçayır Örneği

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Coğrafi Dijital Uçurum: Türkiye’de Dijital Dönüşümün  Kentsel-Kırsal, Bölgesel ve Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri

Türkiye Maksimum Yağışlarının Polinom Regresyonuyla Tahmini

Sayısal Yükseklik Modellerindeki Mekânsal Çözünürlük  Değişkenliğinin Taşkın Tehlike Analizine Etkileri

İklim Değişikliğinin ve Değişebilirliğinin Yerel Göç ve Çatışmalardaki  Rolü: Siverek-Diyarbakır (Karacadağ Yöresi) Örneği

Ege Bölgesi’nde Vejetasyon Süresi ile Vejetasyon Dönemi Başlama ve  Son Bulma Tarihlerindeki Değişme ve Eğilimler

Sanayi Kenti Kocaeli İlinde Meteorolojik Koşullara Bağlı Olarak Ana  Hava Kirleticilerinin ve Konsantrasyonlarının Mekânsal ve Zamansal  Değişimi

Iğdır’da Şehirsel Gelişme ve Mekânsal Değişim

Gülcan

Kadir

Yolcu

There is a common rhetoric among those who have been living in Istanbul for a relatively long time: these areas used to be fields or swamps. This sentence is of key importance in making sense of the urban development of Istanbul. Indeed, the inclusion of a new district or municipality in the urban area in Istanbul can happen in only a short period of time in a human lifetime. For these areas, the beginning of the story often happens in a similar way and for similar reasons. Intense migration, industrialization and informal settlement are the most frequent reasons. However, as the narrative progresses, different processes and conclusions for each place are listed one after the other. This is reflected above all in the spatial fabric of the related sites. Therefore, the analysis of the fabric of the city is very important for interpreting both the development of these areas and their current problems. With this approach this study focuses on Bağcılar, a settlement area with one of the most problematic spatial structures in the urban area of Istanbul.&nbsp;In this context, two different data sources have been used in the study. The first source is comprised of images with sub-meter resolution obtained by remote sensing techniques. They provide an adequate framework for an object-oriented interpretation of the city’s texture and evolution. The second data type is comprised of positional information of recently closed and currently existing enterprises. The enterprises have been spatially coded and the representative texture of both closed and existing enterprises have been analyzed. Thus, the association between the perceived shape of the city from a given height and the utilization under that structure has been established.&nbsp;The findings of the study can be collected under four different categories. The first is that the oil stain growth, which has been the basic course of development in Istanbul until this period, has been relatively ineffective in Bağcılar. The development of the Bağcılar urban area initially started in the form of sprawling. Every area in the district was covered with buildings within a short time, so much so that in many places the land cover is comprised only of buildings and roads. Therefore, the phenomenon of sprawling is limited to a short-term effect. The second category includes change in the forms of housing presentation and their asymmetrical appearance. Gecekondu, which were widespread in the urban area of Istanbul until the 1980s, have been partially interrupted in Bağcılar and replaced by apartment buildings. At the beginning of the 2000s, luxury housing presentation forms became widespread in the district. Some stand side by side and are often in zoned areas for various sectors, while others are found irregularly dispersed among industrial plants. When they all converge, spatial conflicts increase. The third is the transformation observed in various parts of the city in recent years, especially in large industrial buildings. These structures are being replaced with Istanbul’s favorite projects. However, this change does not mean that the industrial sectors of both Istanbul and Bağcılar are on the decline. While large enterprises are dispersed in various parts of Istanbul, small facilities still dominate the spatial outlook of Bağcılar. The last textural feature is based on the distribution pattern of enterprises. The positional information indicates that enterprises have chosen a location in the city according to their wishes, except for a few restricted zones. This means that even discordant sectors are located side by side and on top of each other. The fact that the enterprises which are closing down have the same distribution pattern as the existing ones is a reflection of the recurrence of the problems. In short, the irregular structure formed by the buildings deforms their utilization.&nbsp;In conclusion, the premature evolution of Bağcılar has caused a problematic structure in its existing texture. Although today there are some attempts to regulate the texture of the city, it is not easy to realize this in one of the busiest settlements of Istanbul. Even the ratio of the site that is planned to be restructured is as high as 70%. In short, Bağcılar faces a pathological problem. This problem has resulted in the residents of the district leaving the area. Indeed, the population of the district has started to decrease for the first time in the last few years.

Kentin Hücresel Boyutu: Bağcılar (İstanbul) Üzerine Bir Deneme

Diyar

Mesut

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed in the study. Quantitative data: In the light of the bulletins published by Directorate General of Migration Management and based on the data regarding the students in various age groups who attended schools in 2018- 2019 academic year in Şanlıurfa province by districts and schools obtained from PICTES Department of Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate for National Education, the neighborhoods where the schools are located were determined and distribution maps for the districts and neighborhoods were prepared. Qualitative techniques: In-depth interviews and participant observation techniques were used with 20 Syrian families to determine the situation of Syrian refugees. The questions were prepared for participants in advance, but additional questions were also asked in the course of interviews. Unique contents of the obtained data were adhered to, and the analyses were made based on the citations from the statements of participants. In order to obtain more realistic results from the study, snowball sampling or the chain sampling technique was used in neighborhoods where spatial clustering was intense.Şanlıurfa is one of the provinces affected most by the civil war in Syria. Determination of the number of Syrian students attending schools in various age groups, determination of the spatial clustering of Syrian refugees in the Şanlıurfa province, determination of the relationship between the spaces where distribution is intense and socio-economical structure, being able to make integration plans by age groups, and socio-economical, cultural and spatial influences of Syrian refugees on the city are the factors that make this study significant.Obtaining important results at the end of the face-to-face interviews made with Syrian refugees regarding their status before migration, migration processes, their nutrition and sheltering, their belonging, relationships with local community and repatriation after the war are other factors which make this study important.The distribution of Syrian students in the Şanlıurfa province by districts and neighborhoods helped us gain insight about the distribution of Syrian refugees in the province. Accordingly, it was observed that the refugees prefer to settle in the Akçakale, Ceylanpınar and Suruç districts as they are located on the border, and in the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts as there are more employment opportunities, possibilities and a chance to have an urban life-style in these districts. The number of Syrian refugees in the Birecik and Viranşehir districts is higher than that of the Bozova, Halfeti, Hilvan and Siverek districts because they are located on the historical Silk Road. Bozova, Hilvan and Halfeti are socio-economically underdeveloped districts and consequently, the distribution of Syrian refugees in these districts is not high.&nbsp;The distribution of Syrian refugees by neighborhoods is shaped depending on the socio-economical structure. While the distribution in rural neighborhoods is low, the areas in the cities where there are central working areas and where the home rental prices are low are preferred. In the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts where the distribution of refugees is high, the highest distribution of refugees is observed in Devteşti, Bağlarbaşı, Süleymaniye, Ahmet Yesevi, Cengiz Topel, Bamyasuyu, Şehitlik, Yeşil Direk, İmam Bakır, Şair Nabi, Sancaktar, Hayatı Harrani, Eyüpkent, Direkli, Akşemsettin, Eyyüpnebi, Muradiye, Akabe, Topdağı, Haleplibahçe, Kurtuluş, Onikiler and Hakimdede neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods constitute the core of Şanlıurfa province, but squatting is rather high in some others as a result of migration from rural areas and people from low income groups are settled in them. For this reason, the Syrians who have economic difficulties are mostly distributed in these neighborhoods.Even though the consequences of businesses started by Syrians in business centers are positive in terms of supply and demand in Şanlıurfa, as in many other provinces, the local community shows individual and mass reactions to Syrians as they are regarded as low-cost labor and the number of unemployed persons in the province has increased. Even though social and spatial clusters formed by Syrian refugees have positive consequences in terms of having their own identity and culture, this seems to create problems in respect to their sense of belonging and social cohesion. As a matter of fact, it is observed that neighbor relations are weakened and exclusion has increased after 2017. Furthermore, the provision of healthcare and education services to Syrian refugees for free sets off reactions among the local community.One of the issues that makes it difficult for female Syrian refugees to fit into society is the perspective of the local community on female children or women. Seeing Syrian women as a purchasable and sellable commodity, having them as second wives, getting them to marry with old persons for money make it difficult for female refugees to fit into the community.As a consequence, Syrian refugees have become one of the most important problems for our country. Although the local community exhibits some exclusionary behaviors against the Syrians, the majority of the participants are not considering going back to Syria for security reasons.

Suriyeli Mültecilerin Mekânsal Analizi: Şanlıurfa Örneği

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Hüseyin

A coast is a geomorphological unit with unique characteristics representing a landform in-between a body of water (marine, lake, river) and a land environment (Turoğlu, 2017a). Due to its widespread use in this study, the water body is referred to here as the “Sea”. The “Marine Coastal Borderline” is the sea-side border of the coast and the “Terrestrial Coastal Borderline” represents the border of the coast on the land side. The area between these two borders is a landform, a geomorphic unit, termed a “Coast”. The line formed by the points where the sea water touches the land is defined as the “Shoreline” (Erinç, 1971; Turoğlu, 2017a). The Nearshore, Foreshore, and Backshore are all parts of a natural coast (Erol, 1991; Turoğlu, 2017a). The parts of a natural coast are determined based on geomorphological, hydrographic, biogeographical and sedimentological evidence (Edwards, 2001; Bird, 2008; DavidsonArnott, 2010; Erginal &amp; Öztürk, 2010; Karunarathna, 2012; Avcı, 2017). Artificial coasts arise from filling of the sea either legally or illegally for various reasons (Anthony, 1994; Kelletat, 1995; Hudson, 1980; Szabó, 2010; Kobayashia, 2015; Li et al., 2017; Turoğlu, 2019). Problems are experienced in construing the geomorphological definition of an artificial coast along with its planning and usage, property issues, etc. In order to solve these problems, Turkish Coastal Law was taken as the basis of this study and expert opinions were obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that different assessments have been made of similar problems.This study aims to provide a geomorphological description of artificial coasts in which the natural shore, natural coastal parts and boundary features are discussed as well as their meaning and significance in the legal framework of artificial coastal geomorphology. The geomorphology of the Diliskelesi (Koceli, Turkey) coast was selected as the case study area because it has examples of typical artificial coastal features. The subject was investigated working with 1:18000 scale aerial photographs from 1962 and 1976, current Google Earth images, a 1:25000 scale topography map dated from 1972, old photos, bathymetry data, and ArcMap 10.2 software. The evaluation results were tested and verified with field observations.“Diliskelesi coast” as a geomorphologic unit is described as having artificial coastal geomorphology. From the 1962 aerial photographs, it is understood that the geomorphology of the study area was a natural coast consisting of “Narrow-High Coast” and “Large-Low Coast” types. In the early 1960s, during the construction of a railway line and tunnel, the sea was filled with excavated material, representing the first stage in Diliskelesi becoming an artificial coast. In the following years, filling the harbour/port along with dock construction continued and the current artificial coast was formed. The area and dimensions of the artificial coast were determined by evaluating drilling data and old photographs. The thickness of the artificial filler, depth of marine sediments, bedrock depths and drilling locations were used as the determinative data.&nbsp;As a result, the coast was transformed into the current geomorphological unit. Indicator evidence defines the coast as being shaped and developed under the influence of current morphodynamic factors and processes. The coast now being artificial may cause differences in the activity of current morphodynamic factors and processes but does not change the reality of the “current coast” from the geomorphological perspective. Morphodynamic factors and processes continue to affect erosion, transportation and accumulation based on the characteristics of man-made artificial coastal geomorphology, maintaining the shape of the new artificial coast. The previous natural coast is now an old (paleo) coast, and has geomorphologically lost its coastal nature. The usage of artificial coasts and property problems are different aspects of the issue and should be evaluated within the framework of legal regulations.

Yapay Kıyıların Jeomorfolojik Tanımlaması: Diliskelesi Kıyıları Örneği (Kocaeli, Türkiye)

Meral

Vejetasyon Döneminin İklim Değişimi Senaryolarına Göre Değerlendirilmesi: İç Batı Anadolu Bölümü Örneği

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Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

Coğrafya Dergisi zamana ve mekana bağlı fiziki ve beşeri problemler için çözüm üreten coğrafi yaklaşımlara ait (fiziki, beşeri, doğal çevre ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri) bilimsel araştırmaların yayınlanmasına, bu yönüyle bilimsel bilginin paylaşılmasına imkan sağlayan bir dergidir. 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren dergi bu yönüyle Türkiye’deki en eski coğrafya bilimi dergilerinden birisidir.

Derginin ana motivasyonu çağın gerektirdiği sosyal, fiziki ve doğa-insan ilişkilerinin ve bunun sistematiğinin anlaşılması için bilimsel çözümler üreten eserlere bir platform oluşturmaktır. Bu bakımdan dergi, coğrafya bilimini uygulayarak beşeri ve fiziki coğrafya problemlerine çözüm üreten her özgün makaleye açıktır.

Barbaros

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Coğrafya Dergisi

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Haziran ve Aralık aylarında yayınlanan, 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren bilimsel bir dergidir. Dergiye yayınlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.Coğrafya Dergisi zamana ve mekana bağlı fiziki ve beşeri problemler için çözüm üreten coğrafi yaklaşımlara ait (fiziki, beşeri, doğal çevre ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri) bilimsel araştırmaların yayınlanmasına, bu yönüyle bilimsel bilginin paylaşılmasına imkan sağlayan bir dergidir. 1985 yılından beri yayın hayatını sürdüren dergi bu yönüyle Türkiye’deki en eski coğrafya bilimi dergilerinden birisidir.Derginin ana motivasyonu çağın gerektirdiği sosyal, fiziki ve doğa-insan ilişkilerinin ve bunun sistematiğinin anlaşılması için bilimsel çözümler üreten eserlere bir platform oluşturmaktır. Bu bakımdan dergi, coğrafya bilimini uygulayarak beşeri ve fiziki coğrafya problemlerine çözüm üreten her özgün makaleye açıktır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Humanities Source</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Coğrafya Dergisi - Journal of Geography, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığının belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editörler, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlarlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti ederler. Editörler içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludurlar. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Hakemler yazarların atıfta bulunmadığı konuyla ilgili yayınlanmış çalışmaları tespit etmelidirler. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kendileri için makalelerin kopyalarını çıkarmalarına izin verilmez ve editörün izni olmadan makaleleri başkasına veremezler. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizce’dir.Yazıların HazırlanmasıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak ve <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iucografya" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iucografya</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Yazılar, yazının Dergide yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ve Derginin hangi bölümü (örn: orijinal araştırma, derleme, vb) için başvurulduğunu belirten bir mektup ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">‘Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu’</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.<ol><li>Çalışmalar, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 12 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazırlanmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışmalar en fazla 25 sayfa olmalı, sayfa numaraları sayfanın sağ üst köşesinde yer almalıdır.</li><li>Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li>Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3 İngilizce, 3 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li>Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; yabancı dilde başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li>Çalışmanın giriş bölümü “1. GİRİŞ” şeklinde belirtilmelidir. Alt bölümler her bölüm içinde bölüm numarası kullanılarak, “1.1”, “1.2” şeklinde numaralandırılmalıdır. Araştırma yazılarında sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği GİRİŞ bölümünü “AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM”, “BULGULAR”, “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR” “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” gibi bölümler takip etmelidir. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “GİRİŞ” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR”, “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.</li><li>Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.</li><li>Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/13B2FE2FDF9D4829B168CF615620FD0C" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li>Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li>Yayın kurulu ve hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li>Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların APA6’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D105DD51F7B0455986901D9EFE6F8A34" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/1399/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/1399/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li> <li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar​<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul>

Derleme yazıları okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “advance online publication” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stili ve FormatıDergiye gönderilen makalelerde American Psychological Association (APA) kaynak sitilinin kullanılması esastır. Yazarlar, makale metninde ve kaynakçada yer alan atıfları, APA stiline uygun olarak belirtmelidir.Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir.Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayın tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir. Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler:Birden fazla kaynak;(Esin vd., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Tek yazarlı kaynak;(Akyolcu, 2007)İki yazarlı kaynak;(Sayıner ve Demirci, 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak;Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch, 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen vd., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak;(Çavdar vd., 2003)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak GöstermeKullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir.Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe KitapKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş KitapMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.c) Editörlü KitapÖren, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe KitapTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim.e) İngilizce KitapKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde BölümBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde BölümErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu YayınTürk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe MakaleMutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182.b) İngilizce Makalede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı MakaleLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş MakaleAl, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/e) DOI’si Olan MakaleTurner, S. J. (2010). 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(2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora TeziAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Sempozyum KatkısıKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). 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Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu vd. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Kongre BildirisiÇepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, BoluDiğer Kaynaklara) Gazete YazısıToker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13.b) Online Gazete YazısıTamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyetc) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Ansiklopedi/SözlükBilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisiMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastRadyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir BölümShore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Müzik KaydıSay, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik.Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayın Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayınlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması </a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/32BCC147570B4CEC8F7BD6652ABF6843" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A0142DDF933F41C7B8FC909499B4BB19" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların APA 6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/1BAE9E0BA45B4FB5AFAA5C2416C2F28D" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E70647F74063458FA9E5F0B73EC35571" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metni dosyasıü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler 180-200 kelime Türkçe ve 180-200 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelimeü    Makale ana metin bölümleriü    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

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