Şahin

Prof.

Muhammet

Res. Assist.

Excise taxes are among the oldest forms of taxation in history because no general consumption (or sales) tax could be imposed in underdeveloped countries with limited administrative capacity of tax authorities. Heavy excise taxes were levied in the past even on basic living goods, such as salt, sugar, oil, and flour, which are subject to low tax rates within the scope of general consumption taxes in almost every country today. High tax rates on necessary goods and addictive substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, have aroused a great abomination against excises, especially in the Western civilizations.&nbsp;After World War II, parallel to the acceleration of countries’ steps toward representative democracy, the global trade volume boomed due to the elimination of customs barriers. After the 1970s, a new era has begun in which economies have become increasingly integrated, which is described as the “globalization process”. In this process, an international tax competition for foreign direct investments, the proliferation of tax havens and preferential tax regimes have led to the erosion of tax bases of source countries. The problems caused by globalization have caused compulsory transformations, which have had important consequences for excise taxes.&nbsp;Over time, important changes in the scope and aims of excise taxes have been implemented. These changes have also been reflected in tax revenues and tax structures. Due to the environmental pollution caused by rapid industrialization and technological advances, the high mobility of luxury goods and the social damage of alcohol, tobacco, and tobacco products have made the use of excise taxes popular again but for extra-fiscal purposes.&nbsp;In the globalization process, the rationale behind excise taxes has undergone diversification; ensuring justice in income distribution, internalizing negative externalities, and protecting public health through sin taxes have gained importance. Especially, sin tax policies have become prevalent to reduce the demand for demerit goods and services. In addition, improved social awareness of environmental degradation has increased excise tax rates on energy products and motor vehicle purchases.In developed countries and emerging market economies having modern tax administration systems, general consumption taxes with much lower rates than excise taxes on a small number of goods and services bas become logical and possible. Therefore, many goods and services considered in the past within the scope of excise taxes have been included in the general consumption taxes. Moreover, the scope of excise taxes has narrowed even more, particularly with the widespread use of value-added tax (VAT).&nbsp;Since the 1960s, the share of excise taxes in total indirect tax revenues has been decreasing. However, this decrease is a relative reduction mostly due to the increase in the weight of general consumption taxes. Simultaneously, imposing a VAT on goods and services, which were in the scope of excise taxes, increased the weightiness of general consumption taxes in total tax revenues. Moreover, narrowing the scope of these taxes has decreased the share of excise taxes in total tax revenues. Nonetheless, the heaviness of excise taxes on alcohol, tobacco, energy products, and motor vehicles reduces this effect. The absence of close substitutes for such goods has decreased the price elasticities of demand; thus, governments obtain high revenue from excise taxes inevitably even if the main purpose is not fiscal. Even though some relative decreases occurred in their shares in total tax revenues, excise taxes are still critical for both fiscal and extra-fiscal goals of taxation.&nbsp;Generally, the taxes levied on consumption in Turkey have followed a course parallel to the overall situation in the world, although it seems to lag at times. In the period from the proclamation of the Republic to the VAT Reform of 1985, the taxes on consumption were designed as excise taxes. After the adoption of VAT, economic, political, and social rationales have been considered in addition to fiscal purpose in the amendments made regarding excise taxes.&nbsp;In Turkey, the share of excise taxes in total tax revenues has been well above the world average. OECD, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean Region separately have the unweighted averages in relation to the VAT share in total tax revenues approximately three to four times more than the excise tax share. However, in Turkey, the difference mentioned has been much lower than the world average. This result due to the broadness in the scope of excise taxes and the higher tax rates on fuels and motor vehicle purchases in Turkey compared with other countries.&nbsp;

Teorik Temelleri ve Gelişimi Bakımından  Özel Tüketim Vergilerinin Analizi

Şeyma

Hakan

Assoc. Prof.

The growing centrality of the internet as an indispensable part of the daily life, and the spread of internet use in connection with the popularization of smart phones, tablets, and portable devices, as well as interest in the social media platforms, have led to significant changes in traditional advertising and marketing methods and strategies. In an environment of intense and fierce competition, enterprises now appear to prefer internet advertising over conventional advertising approaches because of its advantages. Internet advertising is a type of advertising through which firms and enterprises convey the merits of their products and services to end users online. The removal of physical barriers in the world of digital activities has raised challenges regarding the methods by which these advertising activities should be subjected to taxation. Regarding this issue, the concept of the digital workplace has been primarily used in the international arena and the country in which the internet servers that host such advertising are located has been deemed to have the tax authority. The acceptance of the internet server as a digital workplace is handled within the scope of the Double Taxation Prevention Agreements, and the physical presence of the internet server in a country is considered sufficient for the establishment of a business. Notably, due to the ease of server mobility, it is necessary to be established in the country where the service is provided for a reasonable period. In addition, the OECD prepared a report on the reorganization of international tax regulations to include digital transactions and the taxation of multinational companies, which incorporates the concept of significant economic assets. Another report prepared by the OECD on the subject stated that every country could subject digital transactions performed in its own sovereign area to temporary tax until an international consensus is reached. In contrast, the European Commission, considered the “Fair Taxation of the Digital Economy” issue on the agenda in March 2018 and prepared a proposal package. Within the scope of this proposal, it was stated that the application of corporate tax for digital businesses and the collection of taxes in the form of digital services tax from selected digital service income as part of a temporary measure until formal taxation is applied was appropriate. As with similar bodies in other parts of the world, the national authorities in Turkey pay close attention to this challenge and consider the possibilities of identifying and levying taxation fees for digital advertising. Recent legal arrangements over the past two years to impose taxes upon internet advertising and digital services endeavor to ensure that the revenue generated through these activities is subjected to tax-payment and that previously undeclared revenue is officially recorded. These efforts are in alignment with international initiatives. In examining these regulations, first, in 2018, foreign institutions that provide digital services are obliged to submit VAT returns. In 2019, within the scope of decision 476; a regulation was established, leveraging a 15% tax deduction from payments made for advertising services provided on the internet. This regulation requires that the payment of advertising services be made in full and is limited to individual taxpaye that provide advertising services in the internet environment and to limited taxpayer corporates. The deduction of this tax can be considered an important development for ensuring the tax security of the revenue from digital services and internet advertising services within the borders of the country. Application of the Digital Service Tax began in Turkey in March 2020, which is 7.5 % and includes the taxation of internet advertisement. The Digital Service Tax, which entered into force within the scope of the recommendations of international regulatory authorities, represents an important step toward reducing the informality of internet advertising and establishing the meaningful valuation of income in the sector.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de İnternet Reklamcılığının Vergisel  Boyutu

Mustafa

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

This study first deals with the tax structure of 31 transition economies in the period 2010-2019, which consists of tax rates, tax tariffs, and tax revenues. In this context, to evaluate the components of the tax structure, an evaluation was made by relating tax rates and tax response, economic freedom with tax revenues, and finally corruption and GDP per capita. Then, the factors that add to the corruption index of 24 transition economies in the 2010-2019 period were analyzed with panel data analysis. While corruption is the dependent variable in the model, tax revenues (control variable), GDP per capita, commercial openness, economic freedom, corporate tax rate, income tax rate, and excise tax rate are included as independent variables. In this context, the scope of the study is to examine the tax structure of transition economies in the 2010-2019 period and then analyze the institutional determinants of the tax structure of 24 transition economies. In this context, the study aims to investigate whether the tax system is rationalized as financing the transition process. In other words, the first purpose is to examine the relationship of the tax structure in these countries with tax response, economic freedom, and corruption. Secondly, in countries where free-market institutions are not developed, factors affecting the problem of corruption, such as bribery as a substitute for taxes, are examined in the tax system.&nbsp;In the study, tax rates, tax revenues, and tax tariffs are analyzed with descriptive and predictive statistical methods. Descriptive statistics, which is one of these methods, converts numbers and observations into descriptive indices. It is used to summarize, organize, and reduce many observations. Descriptive statistics are the best way to summarize data and interpret research results. On the other hand, inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions and make predictions in determining the similarities between the population and the sample. Additionally, many research questions require predictions about the universe from the sample.&nbsp;According to the results, corruption is high in countries with a low economic freedom index. Similarly, GDP per capita is low in economies with high corruption. It can be said that bribery in transition economies is seen as a substitute for tax due to reasons such as high tax burden, low justice in income distribution, and the institutional weakness of tax administrations. Within this framework, according to the findings of static analysis, a one-unit increase in income per capita in transition economies positively affects corruption at 0.0371%, openness at 0.0134%, economic freedom at 0.0394%, and income tax rate at 0.0122%. According to the findings of the dynamic analysis, two variables negatively affect corruption. Among these, economic freedom corruption negatively affects 0.073% and excise taxes 0.108%. On the other hand, tax revenues (0.064), per capita income (0.056), trade deficit (0.073), and income tax rate (0.063) positively affect corruption.The corruption perception index was used in the study to examine the institutionalization of the tax system. The relationship between economic freedom, which was examined in the first part, corruption, and GDP per capita was analyzed in the second part with panel data analysis. In this context, panel data analysis has been done with static and dynamic models. This is because the dynamic analysis does not neglect the periodic effect and the static analysis detects the annual effect. In static analysis, first, the F test, LR test, LM test, and ALM test were used to determine estimators. As a result of these tests, it was concluded that the pooled least squares method (PLSM) is invalid, and the random-effects (RE) model is valid. Then, the Hausman test was conducted to test the random effects model against the fixed effects (FE) model and the fixed effects estimator was decided upon. Variance, autocorrelation, and inter-unit correlation tests were performed for the three basic assumptions of the fixed effects estimator, and it was found that all three questions were present. For this reason, the Driscoll / Kraay fixed effects regression test was conducted, which gives consistent results against these problems. Additionally, the Arellano and Bover / Blundell and Bond system generalized moments (System GMM) estimators were used for dynamic panel analysis. The existence of autocorrelation in the model was checked by AR (1) and AR (2) statistics and it was concluded that there was no second-order autocorrelation. Using the Sargan test in the prediction tested the validity of the vehicle variables and it was concluded that it is appropriate.&nbsp;

Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Vergi Yapısı ve Kurumsal Belirleyicileri

Burcu

Officials working in taxation process obtain a considerable amount of confidential information and documentation concerning taxpayers and people related to taxpayer during the taxation process. It is necessary to ensure strict confidentiality of these documents and information. Otherwise, people may suffer both material and moral damage. On the other hand, taxpayers who do not trust that their information will remain confidential, will not want to cooperate with the tax administration. This situation negatively impacts the taxation process. The legal foundations of tax confidentiality are represented in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, the European Human Rights Convention, the Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698, the Tax Procedure Law No. 213 and other legal regulations. Tax confidentiality emerges as a right for both taxpayers and people related to taxpayers and is an obligation for tax affairs officials. Per Article 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, everyone has the right to demand respect for his/her private and family life. Privacy of private or family life shall not be violated. Personal data is defined as any information related to an identified or identifiable human being according to the Personal Data Protection Law. As understood from the definition, information and documents belonging to taxpayers and related ones are also considered personal data and subject to protection. Main regulation that forms the subject of this study is the Tax Procedure Law No. 213.People who are required to comply with tax confidentiality regulations are named in Article 5 of the Tax Procedure Law No. 213. The people listed in Article 5 are as follows: officials who are occupied in doing tax procedures and inspections, Tax court officials, including district administrative courts and The Council of State, people participating in commissions established as regards tax laws, experts working taxation businesses. The people listed in Article 5 are obliged to comply with tax confidentiality even after leaving their official duties. They may not disclose secrets or other private matters belong to taxpayers or people related to taxpayers that they may learn in the course of their duties. Secrets and other matters that must be kept confidential are related to personalities, transactions and accounts, jobs, workplaces, wealth or professions of taxpayers and related associates. It is prohibited to reveal secrets or other confidential matters, to use them for personal benefit, or third-party benefit. In other words, both revealing and using confidential information and documents are prohibited. It is why violationing tax confidentiality is one of the free-acting offenses. Since it is sufficient to commit one criminal act, there is no need for a result or harm. These types of offenses are referred to as crimes whose results are contiguous to action.Article 5 of the Tax Procedure Law No. 213 contains six exceptions to violating tax confidentiality. These exceptions are for public interest and also considered as justification. The exceptions listed in Article 5 will not be regarded as an offense of violating tax confidentiality. Sanctions are regulated in Article 362 of the Tax Procedure Law No. 213, and this article refers to Article 269 of the Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237. In Article 269 of the Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237 sanction of this offense is arranged 1 to 3 years of prison sentence and a judicial fine of up to 5,000 days. Per Article 239, this offense is an offense whose investigation and prosecution depends on the complaint of an aggrieved party. If information and documents are disclosed to a stranger who does not live in Turkey or officers of a stranger, the investigation and prosecution of the offense will not depend on a complaint.&nbsp;

Bir Suç Olarak Vergi Mahremiyetinin İhlali

Mikail

From a microeconomic point of view, taxation is undoubtedly a burden as it reduces the economic power of the individual being taxed. From a macroeconomic perspective, taxation transfers income from the private sector to the public sector. Taxation affects many things in an economy, with effects on income distribution, resource allocation, capacity utilization, employment, prices, and economic growth.Improving efficiency in resource allocation through taxation conflicts with the principle of fairness in income distribution; while taxation improves income distribution, resource allocation deteriorates. This conflict can be eliminated if optimal income and consumption tax rates can be determined. For this reason, it is important to include the burden of taxation in an analysis of this issue.Optimal taxation is based on assumptions that (i) do not apply head tax-type taxes that do not affect relative prices in the economy, (ii) a perfectly competitive market system and a fixed return to scale reflect the preferences of individuals, and therefore optimal taxation can be expressed as an effort to achieve maximum tax revenue with minimum administrative costs using a limited number of tax instruments. However, this balance is not easy to achieve. It may be easy to determine the benefit obtained using a model based on a single individual, but it is not easy to determine this in models that include all individuals in a society where preferences differ. In the optimal taxation literature, the focus is usually on reducing taxation costs. In the simplest models, the main goal is to minimize efficiency costs in taxation. In more complex models, an optimal tax system is obtained by establishing a balance between income distribution and efficiency costs.While this study is primarily focused on optimal consumption and income taxes, the concepts of excess burden and efficiency as they relate to the subject are explained first. Next, optimal taxation and the structure of optimal tax systems are examined. Then, optimal consumption and income taxes are discussed, emphasizing the theoretical impact on the economy. The aim of this study is to reveal how the concept of “optimal” applies to consumption and income taxes through a literature review, and to examine whether theoretical studies have been implemented in tax policies.Some constraints with respect to theory and practice make it difficult to design an optimal tax system. First, perfectly competitive market conditions are assumed in the theory of optimal taxation. In other words, market frictions and failures such as asymmetric information and externalities are not considered when determining an optimal tax structure. The second major constraint in terms of theory is that administrative costs are neglected. In practice, high administrative costs cause the tax gap to widen, which leads to a departure from optimal taxation. The third important constraint is that theoretical studies typically focus on developed countries. In practice, political constraints can be addressed from two perspectives: (i) limits due to national political taxation and (ii) the pressures of international organizations.Optimal taxation theory has been criticized on a number of points, and many state that these criticisms make the theory too far from reality to be useful. Given this, the criticisms are (i) focusing more on vertical fairness in taxation rather than horizontal fairness in the literature on optimal taxation, (ii) ignoring the existing tax system; in other words, it is assumed the existing tax system would be fully replaced by an optimal tax system if one could be designed, and (iii) excluding administrative and political constraints in the analysisBased on our analysis, we find that studies on the optimal tax theory focus on (i) flat rate taxation of income, (ii) zero marginal tax rates on high income, and (iii) a shift from direct taxation to indirect taxes, and find that these issues are reflected in actual tax reforms. However, we find that optimal taxation does not mean that every country applies the same prescription; tax systems should be considered in light of the specific socio-economic structures of both developed and developing countries, in a way that reflects the individual society. While discussions of optimal tax theory from past to present take place within the framework of efficiency and fairness, it can be said that discussions of optimality in taxation will continue as technology continues to develop. In addition, the level of development of a given country, international tax competition, capital flows, and environmental factors will continue to keep the issue of optimal taxation politically alive.&nbsp;

Tüketim ve Gelir Vergileri Açısından Optimal Vergileme

Ezgim

Hüseyin

Nazan

The historical process of the Turkish budget system can be said to go back to the Ottoman period when regular budget system was based upon the 1839 Rescript of Gülhane (Tanzimat Fermanı). As a result of the Edict of Reform (Islahat Fermanı) issued in 1856, the budget became a document submitted to the Sultan’s discretion. The first budget document, prepared between the years 1863 and 1864, shows the Ottoman Empire’s financial condition in a modern sense. Despite all the Tanzimat period’s efforts, work on the budget could not be completed due to the lack of financial stability. The increase in foreign debt and the interventions from other countries via the privileges derived from the Duyun-ü Umumiye Administration resulted in the restriction of tax and budget rights.After the proclamation of the Republic, the budget right was put into practice again with the Constitution of 1924. Along with this constitution, annual budgeting principles, allowance for the collection of revenues, making expenditure with annual budgets, and the negotiation and approval of the budgets in parliament were adopted. Issues related to budget and taxation, which reached a legal dimension with the 1924 Constitution, were made regular with the 1924 budget law.From 1927, when the General Accounting Law No. 1050 came into effect, until the 1960s, principles based on the classical budget system were applied in the budgets prepared. The most important feature of the classical budget system is that it is based only on inputs and does not consider the quantity and characteristics of the outputs to be obtained. In accordance with this method, the budget is prepared for the current year only and does not involve long-term planning. Its focus is on which administration will make public expenditures. In the 1960s, the public sector actively participated in the economic development and the use of state expenditures and revenues as effective tools of the development policy. However, both public expenditures and public revenues were too inadequate to meet the objectives and financial reform studies were necessary.In the 1973 fiscal year, the classical budget system was abandoned for the first time, and the Program-Budget system was implemented. Although there are many advantages and the model implemented in Turkey lasted until 2006, the expected success was not achieved. The public administrations that emerged due to expansion in the state organization were excluded from the scope of the budget regime and from Law No.1050, and the state budget and budget regime deviated from the budget principles with the addition of new institutions to these administrations. Besides, the enormous increases in budget deficits necessitated a greater public financial management reform compared to what was the case in 1973.Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018 were approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on December 10, 2003 and came into effect in 2006. This system aims to increase transparency and accountability in public finance, to transition to multi-year budgeting based on strategic planning and performance, to expand the scope of the budget, to harmonize internal control and external audit systems with European Union standards, and to expand the initiatives of public administrations in the field of financial management. In this context, the budget system was changed in line with efficiency and productivity objectives, and the performance-based budget system was put into practice. Performance-based budget practices have contributed to the development of medium and long-term planning understanding in public administrations, creating a performance management culture, and the development of institutional capacity in this field, thereby achieving significant gains in the public financial management system. Nevertheless, the weak link between the purposes laid out in the superior policy texts and the budgets prepared according to the analytical budget classification is the failure to include performance information prepared by the budget of public institutions to the extent requested. The fact that the current system does not significantly differ from the classical budget system has led to a new discussion about changing the budget system.The final restoration in the related laws was made on October 16, 2020. With these changes, a performance-based program budgeting was put into practice. The new system is not a substitute for performance-based budgeting, but attempts have been made to integrate it with the system currently being implemented.This study was prepared to evaluate the changes in the legal and institutional structure of the Turkish budget system between the period from the General Accounting Law No. 1050, enacted in 1927 to today. Moreover, it focuses on the reasons for the re-implementation of the program budget system with a new arrangement made in the budget system since 2020.&nbsp;

Türk Bütçe Sistemindeki Değişimler ve  Performans Esaslı Program Bütçe Sistemine Geçiş

Mutlu

Assist. Prof.

The government’s abandonment on the part of the tax collection within the scope of tax expenditures implies that particularly, taxation has shifted to nonfinancial functions. The purpose of tax expenditures is to improve macroeconomic indicators and ensure fair income distribution. These indicators are economic growth, economic stability, and efficiency in resource distribution. Tax expenditures are generally incurred as tax exemptions, tax exclusions, and tax deductions in tax practices. The size and distribution of tax expenditures in the tax system in Turkey are important. According to tax expenditure practices, the state forgoes tax receivables in the short term and leaves the collection of tax receivables to the long term. The study focuses on the economic and social objectives of taxation in the short term. Particularly with the improvement of macroeconomic indicators, more tax revenues will be collected in the long term. When the work conducted to date in the global epidemic will further consider the possible effects of a certain period, the state in terms of economic development goals of Turkey in 2023 has gone through a conflict process. Tax expenditures will occur in the form of certain tax exemptions, tax exclusions, and tax reductions, particularly in terms of income and corporate taxes, which are direct taxes. Again, an exemption is in the nature of tax expenditures in the corporate income tax as a result of the work. That is, exemptions and discounts, and foreign and domestic capital are used to expand their existing investments in Turkey, which aims to pave the way to engage in new investments. Expanding the scope of exemptions and exclusions in corporate tax and lowering the corporate tax rate can encourage capital owners to invest. Thus, Turkey’s 2023 targets are in line with the economic development goals, where in the medium term, corporate tax is imposed for financial purposes and tax expenditures are applied in the case of partial abandonment. In addition, in the medium term, investment, production, and economic increasing employment were delayed in the long term for an additional funding to the state treasury. This study focuses on improvement of growth and development conditions. When the tables are evaluated, the results indicated that the share of tax expenditure items within the scope of corporate tax in the current year and the next two years in total tax expenditures may increase. Thus, the state aims to increase real investment and production by decreasing the tax costs of the investor and the producer. Again, study believes that the level of tax expenditure within the scope of value-added tax can be increased to alleviate the burden of value-added tax on the goods and services sector and provide tax convenience for these sectors. To activate the economic dynamics and ensure the improvement of macroeconomic indicators, the tax expenditures made or to be made must be balanced, and the tax burden must be observed fairly. The exemption of the tax receivables that&nbsp;should be collected from certain individuals, sectors, or regions must not disrupt the distribution of tax burden and income distribution in the society. Therefore, the social purpose and the economic goals, such as increasing taxation, investments, and production, and improving employment and growth, should be considered while making tax expenditures. In this sense, the tax expenditures in corporate tax and value-added tax in terms of items, are increased, and the tax expenditure practices in income tax are decrease. This issue should be taken into consideration in terms of achieving fair and balanced tax burden and income distribution, because it is important for the economic purposes and long-term financial purposes of taxation. This study aims to evaluate taxation functions of tax expenditures in Turkey using a variety of indicators and economic figures in the 2019 - 2023 financial period. The analyses were conducted using the descriptive model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and the document analysis technique, which is one of the research techniques. The results show that within the framework of Turkey’s 2023 targets, which include income and corporate taxes, the tax expenditure item is determined as a fiscal tool that is effectively used in the plan.&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Vergi Harcamalarının  Vergilendirmenin Fonksiyonları Açısından  Değerlendirilmesi: 2019-2023

Mehmet

Dilşad

Taxes are the most important financing source of state budgets. Ensuring voluntary tax compliance while using tax as a tool to direct the economy offers advantages recognized in tax laws. These advantages aim to minimize the legal tax burdens. Taxpayers work within this framework to plan their taxes. Businesses focus on the management concept for effective tax planning. Managing their tax transactions provides knowledge on many advantages. These include voluntary tax compliance, tax collection compliance, determining the appropriate tax burden, controlling tax risk, reducing the pressure of paid tax, and tax planning. Specifically, tax management is a roadmap for businesses and is closely related to voluntary compliance, tax planning, and tax risk management. One of the goals of effective tax management is to achieve tax compliance. Thanks to compliance strategies and plans, businesses manage their tax transactions by defining and analyzing risk. Furthermore, it is necessary to manage conflicts arising between state and corporate interests. In this light, tax emerges as a phenomenon every business should administer. Businesses have to manage their tax transactions to reveal financial risk, minimize the amount of tax they have to control and manage, protect employee and company interests, and prevent scandals in corporate governance. In this context, tax management is a mechanism for ensuring voluntary tax compliance, preventing tax evasion, avoiding tax, ensuring justice, and reducing uncertainty. Tax management also helps detect mistakes and fraud, make better business decisions, and not lose prestige in the business sector.It is not enough for businesses to set their goals. They also need to evaluate the situation, create plans and strategies, and monitor each of these elements. The tax management process combines tax dispute management, tax strategies, tax accounting, reporting, tax risk management, tax planning, tax consultancy services, and tax risk provision practices. Tax management is becoming a worldwide phenomenon in business within the scope of revenue administrations. When the general view of tax management is examined, there exists an underlying framework of tax risk management, tax compliance, corporate governance, cooperation, and compliance. Developments in tax transparency within the Turkey’s tax administration framework are parallel to developments in international tax law. Turkey has been late in regulating this issue and managing tax disputes has been rough. For example, tax consultancy services are ignored in the resolution of disputes. Considering the significant number of tax amnesties, the effectiveness of tax compliance is debatable. As a result, it is&nbsp;an unfortunate deficiency in Turkey that cooperation-based adaptation models are lacking, uncertain tax transactions are not disclosed, and the concept of tax management is ignored. Turkish businesses require tax management, tax process management, tax dispute management, and tax risk insurance within a framework that maintains standards and oversight.&nbsp;

İşletmelerde Vergi Yönetimi ve Konuya  İlişkin Uluslararası Gelişmeler

Başak

Today, in order to ensure that cities are shaped in line with the requirements of urbanism discipline rather than rent-oriented, it is necessary to prevent urban areas from being viewed as an investment tool, and intervention methods should be developed to return rent to the public. In this context, the land value taxation method, which is a land policy tool, should be researched and opened to discussion. Within this framework, it is essential to understand the theoretical approach behind the land value taxation tool which is the subject of this study.When Henry George begins to discuss land value taxation, the starting point of his analysis is the question of “why wages tend to a bare minimum despite increasing productive power” (George, 1880/2006, p. XV). George (1879/2006, p. 51; 1880/2006, p. XV), drew attention to two theories that shape the answer to the question: the theory of wages and the Malthusian theory of population. Considering that these two theories were supported by Ricardo’s law of diminishing returns (1879/2006, p. 51), George explained the relationship among the three theories by interpreting the doctrines of wages and rent as “special examples of the general principle of the Malthusian theory of population” (George, 1879/2006, p. 54). As mentioned by George (1879/2006, p. 54), falling wages and rising rents due to increase in population are indicators of the “pressure of population against subsistence”. George, who considered the laws showing the distribution of wealth in terms of rent while investigating his question (see George, 1879/2006, p. 93), interpreted the laws of wages and interest as obligatory consequences of the law of rent (George, 1879/2006, p. 120). According to George’s formulation, wages and interest may increase when production increases more than rent (see George, 1879/2006, p. 93).In George’s words: “...rent, wages, and interest are all determined by the margin of production, the point in production where rent begins”. George thinks that wages and interests do not increase as a result of rent which increases parallel with material progress. According to George (1880/2006, p. XVI-XVII), the solution for alleviating poverty permanently is to make the land common property, and accepting a common right to land can be accomplished by taxing the land values without any shock or expropriation.When Henry George’s proposal is considered in the light of David Ricardo’s arguments, it becomes clear that the arguments of the two thinkers are similar in terms of the principle of diminishing returns, the relationship between wages and rent, and the effect of taxing rent on the tax burden and production. On the other hand, it appears that the views of the two thinkers differ on the effects of technological improvements on rent, population growth perspectives, private property, land speculation and the single tax approach and also landowner’s role in increasing rent. Moreover, it is an important distinction that George chooses to read his formulation of wealth over rent and positions labor and capital on the same side, while Ricardo focuses on the share of the profits of the capitalist by reading wealth through rent and wages. In addition, when&nbsp;comparing the interpretations of George and Ricardo, it is necessary to take into account that Ricardo’s unit of analysis is agricultural lands and George’s is urban lands. Furthermore, industrial production eventually became much more important in George’s time compared to Ricardo’s time.In general, Ricardo saw rent as a consequence of the process of the law of diminishing returns in the land, and discussed the rent tax, indicating landowners and rent as the cause of the declining profits of capital without questioning the concept of private property. George, on the other hand, saw rent as a result of the progress of society as a whole and considered it the cause of poverty. In this context, he questioned the private ownership system in the land. Moreover, he suggested that it is common ownership in the land that will permanently eliminate poverty. Eventually, he proposed land value tax at the point of returning rent to the society that created the progress. Therefore, in his proposals on the taxation of rent, it can be assumed that compared to Ricardo, George prioritizes society, and he is more effective in generating solutions for the return of rent to the public.

Ricardo’dan George’a Rantların Vergilendirilmesi

Salim

Sources of law consist of norms that create, improve, and constitute a basis of legal rules. These rules legally bind everyone and may differ according to place and time. Nonetheless, they include varying degrees of importance and power in themselves. In the consensus, these sources should usually be enacted as written. However, some rules of social order are unwritten and formed over time by themselves with no need for codification. Therefore, these societal norms constitute an unwritten legal source if and to the extent they address some fundamental features of the culture. Custom (and usage) can be a prominent source of the unwritten law.&nbsp;While custom is the source of law that maintains its importance in private law, it is hard to make the same claim for administrative and tax law in conformity with the legality of administration and legality of taxes. This controversial uncertainty intensifies even more in administrative practices, which may also be considered a kind of reflection of legal custom. However, it is virtually impossible to view these practices with the same lens. The primary reason is that administrative practices do not incorporate many features of legal customs. Therefore, if administrative practices were to be regarded as a source in tax law, they would have to be evaluated within the scope of the stable behavior of the administration rather than pursuant to the custom.This study focuses on the potential of administrative practices – with particular reference to the underlying customs –as a source of tax law and the problem of their compatibility with the principle of “legality of administration” and “legal security,” which is based on the rules, concepts, and principles of administrative law. As part of this focus, it argues that administrative practices should be one of the sources of tax law to ensure legal security in matters left to the discretion of the administration laid down by the laws, however only when not contrary to the principle of legal administration and the principle of legality of taxes.This study is composed of three parts. The first part (Feature of Custom Being a Legal Source in Law) assesses and embraces the lexical meaning of “custom.” It then examines custom characteristics necessary for it to be considered a source of law as well as the differences and similarities with administrative practices. The purpose of making a detailed explanation of custom here is to determine what they are and are not and thereby propose a particular line between custom and administrative practices. The second part (The Place of Customs and Administrative Practices in Administrative Law) provides a doctrinal treatment of customs and administrative practices and their acceptance as a source for administrative law. The section also analyzes the contribution of custom to form the basis of the consideration of meaning, scope, institution, concept, and principle for the last section. Finally, the last part (The Place of Customs and Administrative Practices in Tax Law), representing the main focus and thesis of the study, covers the distinction between primary and secondary sources of law and their explicit and implicit place in tax law. It further expounds on their role as a legal source for tax law as part of Tax Procedure Law, Inheritance and Gift Tax Law, Income Tax Law, Value Added Tax Law, Stamp Tax Law, and the Act of Fees. Afterward, in order to provide a principled basis for whether administrative practices can be considered a source of tax law, the paper returns to the principles of legal administration, the legality of taxes, and legal security, which are the requirements of the rule of law, concerning the doctrine and the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Council of State.This study concludes that when customs find their way into the tax laws, they should be recognized as the source of that tax law. Consistent with this expression and under the principles of the legality of administration and taxes, this idea illustrates that administrative practices probably should not pass for a source in those areas where the tax administration has a subordinate authority. However, the author concludes that administrative practices have formed and gained stability for a long time. In other words, the discretion granted to the administrations by tax acts should count as a source of law to protect the legal security principle. Consequently, tax administration should implement preventive regulations for the loss of rights, and not renounce its regular and stable practices. It should act objectively, transparently, comprehensibly, and accessibly. At the same time, the tax administration should refrain from arbitrary treatments and unpredictable practices while taking care of the principles of equality and administrative stability. Finally, the administration should carefully protect individual vested interests and legitimate expectations in areas it exercises discretion.&nbsp;&nbsp;

İdarî Teâmüllerin Türk Vergi Hukukuna  Kaynak Olma Vasfı

Cansu

Following the 1980 economic crisis, the Turkish economy faced economic crises in 1994, 2001, and 2008. Budget deficits and account balances resulted in the 1994 crisis, followed by political instability in 1995–1999. Resulting from rising inflation, public deficits, and debts, and reverberations of the effects of the crisis in other developing countries, Turkey faced another economic crisis in 2001. Although the 2008 global financial crisis was of international origin, it negatively affected Turkey in terms of exports, employment, economic growth, and borrowing. Before and during the economic crisis in Turkey, domestic and foreign borrowing increased instabilities. In this context, this study investigates these economic crises in Turkey in relation to the trajectory of domestic and foreign debts. The relationship between economic crises and the development of domestic and foreign debts are analyzed in five-year episodes, including two years prior to the crisis, the year of the crises, and two years following the crisis. The relationship between economic crises and domestic and external debt is evaluated according to the share of borrowing to total borrowing and debt burden variables. The study seeks to elicit practical insights for the prediction of future economic and/or debt crises based on the development of domestic and foreign debts before such crises.The frequency of economic crises in recent years has led to expanded definitions of economic crisis in the literature. Although the types and causes of crises differ, they can generally be attributed to two types, real sector crises and financial crises, and are categorized into financial, banking, foreign debt, currency/currency, and stock market crises. Although there is more than one definition of economic crisis, such crises generate economic instability in national economies, decrease growth rates, and negatively impact productivity. In addition, circumstances such as a declining GDP, rising inflation, and increasing unemployment are considered to be indicators of economic crises.The findings indicate that the amount of domestic and foreign debt increased before the 1994 economic crisis, decreased in the year of the economic crisis, and began to rise in 1995. The share of domestic debt in total debt decreased prior to the 1994 economic crisis and rose again following the economic crisis. Both internal and external debt burdens rose before and during the 1994 economic crisis and decreased in the post-crisis year.&nbsp;Before the 2001 economic crisis, the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose. In the year during the economic crisis, foreign borrowing decreased by about $5 billion and then rose again, and the amount of domestic debt increased from $58 billion to $99 billion. During and after the economic crisis, domestic borrowing remained flat and stable, whereas the share of external debt in total borrowing increased both before and after the 2001 crisis, decreasing in the year of the economic crisis. While the external debt burden increased before the 2001 crisis, the domestic debt burden remained constant. In the year during the economic crisis, both domestic and foreign debt burden increased significantly, and after the economic crisis, both internal and external debt burden declined.Before the 2008 global financial crisis and during the crisis year, the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose, and external debt rose again in the following year, although it was lower than the previous amount. Before 2008, the share of external debt in total debt increased, and remained stable following the crisis. Before the 2008 crisis and during the crisis year, the share of domestic and foreign debt in GDP declined, rising in 2009, and fell again in the following year.In summary, the three economic crisis years present similar trends, revealing that the amount of domestic and foreign debt rose prior to the crisis and the share of external debt in total borrowing also increased. Similar trends were not observed during the year of the economic crisis or in subsequent years. This may be related to the fact that the causes, dimensions, and results of the economic crises differ. It can be asserted that increases in domestic and foreign borrowing and in external debt in total borrowing are among the symptoms or causes of economic crises. As one of the identified symptoms or causes of economic crises is rising domestic and foreign borrowing, it is evident that borrowing was unsustainable in these years. For this reason, one strategic approach to avoid economic crises is to ensure and protection of the stability and sustainability of debts.

Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Yaşanan Ekonomik Krizler ile İç-Dış Borçlanma İlişkisi

Emrullah

Murat

Budgets are political texts instrumental in the implementation of government policies and for holding the status of a law approved by the legislature. Simultaneously, budgets are an instrument of economic policy because of their effects on economic activities. Budgets are the way political parties fulfill their promises to maximize their votes. Voters, who reveal their political preferences through voting, want to know how governments spend their public revenues. The acceleration of the democratization process increases the demand for transparency in public decision-making processes. That demand brings the concept of budget transparency to the fore. The expansion in the scope of the economic activities of the public sector is another factor that highlights the importance of budget transparency.Transparency and accountability are concepts that interact with each other. The transparency of the budgetary process is essential because it makes the state accountable to society. Simultaneously, budget transparency is necessary to avoid the asymmetric information problem and prevent corruption. Additionally, the public’s participation in the budgeting process is essential. Such participation by the public will increase the demand for transparency and accountability. This study aims to examine the situation of budget transparency in the world in general and Turkey specifically within the framework of current research. Based on this study, the paper will put forward suggestions for increasing budget transparency. In this context, the results of the Open Budget Survey, implemented by the International Budget Partnership organization in cooperation with local nongovernmental organizations, were analyzed and evaluated.The economic problems caused by insufficient budget transparency and the increasing perception of corruption have caused the level of budget transparency to be questioned in Turkey and many other countries. In response to these developments, especially since the beginning of the 2000s, Turkey’s efforts to increase budget transparency have started to rise. As the result of these efforts, the Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018, an essential reform in public financial management and budget transparency, emerged in 2003.Soon after the beginning of this century, with the increasing importance of budgetary transparency, studies on how to ensure and monitor budget transparency have increased. According to the 2019 results of the Open Budget Survey conducted by the International Budget Partnership in cooperation with the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) since 2006, Turkey is a country that provides limited information on budget transparency. According to the relevant results, Turkey’s budget transparency score is 51. This score is 7 points lower than that from the previous survey period, 2017. The publication of the Citizen Budget Guide was effective in increasing Turkey’s budget transparency score in 2017. However, the continuation of the change in the institutional structure brought about by the new governmental system may have been influential in the decline in 2019. Additionally, the global average budget transparency score in 2019 was 45.In addition to budget transparency, the Open Budget Survey measures budget oversight and the public’s participation in the budget process. Since there is no public participation in the budget process in Turkey, the relevant score of Turkey is 0, according to the 2019 survey. However, according to the 2019 survey, the budget oversight score is 56. This score demonstrates that the Turkish Court of Accounts’ control over the budget is limited. The ability to audit and overall authority of the Turkish Court&nbsp;of Accounts over both the central and local government budgets should be increased to ensure full budgetary transparency.Finally, the authors anticipate that the increase in budget transparency will also increase the public’s overall trust in and the predictability of public institutions. Any increase in budgetary transparency will indirectly contribute to economic stability and improve the quality of economic decisions. Successively, the political authorities will decide at the final stage the extent to which there will be any budget transparency. Political authorities may use the limited transparency of the budget as a choice to prevent the budget processes from being questioned. This situation causes efforts to increase budget transparency to be beneficial to the extent that political authorities allow.&nbsp;

Bütçe Şeffaflığı ve Türkiye

In Turkey, insurance premium incentives are an essential active employment policy tool with a wild range of applications. Hence, the number of insurance premium incentive regulations currently in effect has reached 17. These incentives basically have main purposes such as protecting the existing employment of the workplaces and preventing unemployment, providing additional employment, encouraging entrepreneurship, increasing the employment of young, women and those with vocational certificates, and employment of disadvantaged groups. It has also served other purposes such as ensuring that employers fully fulfill their social security obligations, preventing unregistered employment and fake insurance, preventing work accidents, supporting occupational health and safety services, supporting specific initiatives such as research, development, and design activities, as well as cultural investments. However, it also emerged as an essential fiscal and social policy tool besides being an effective employment policy tool.It is essential for the success of insurance premium incentives that incentive arrangements are applicable, not dispersed, and the targeted segment and financial source are determined correctly. Therefore, the nature of the insurance premium incentive must be determined correctly and appropriate remedies created. Thus, in determining the nature of these incentives, two concepts emerge as public and premium expenditures. Most insurance premium incentives applied in Turkey are like economic or social transfer expenditure, which is a type of public expenditure, as it does not reduce the budget of the relevant social security institution and is financed by other ministries/institutions. Consequently, work accident incentives, national mobilization (additional employment) incentives, and incentives to support work and social security services can be qualified as premium expenditures since they reduce the premium income of the relevant social security administration.The significance of insurance premium incentives in terms of protection, growth, and sustainability of employment is undeniable. However, failure to properly design these incentives and the emergence of challenges in implementation can result in both failure to meet the targeted objectives and waste of public resources. Thus, it is vital to monitor insurance premium incentives, periodically analyze their benefits, and discontinue the application of ineffective incentives. Nevertheless, it is impossible to compare or evaluate the effectiveness of complex incentive practices regulated by different laws in Turkey, where the implementers and supporters are diverse institutions. No structure ensures the coordination between the institutions that implement the incentives and institutions that provide the funds. Hence, the relationship between these institutions is limited to the transfer of funds from the&nbsp;budget. Therefore, it is considered that establishing an incentive coordination unit that will allow the collective monitoring and analysis of insurance premium incentives, reveal their effectiveness, and measure their performance, will be beneficial.In Turkey, most financing sources of insurance premium incentives are different ministries instead of the implementing social security administration, in other words, the incentives are public expenditures, and the research and follow-up of the efficiency of the incentives are seen as an unnecessary burden, leading to populist policies. Although the financing source of insurance premium incentives is not the Social Security Institution budget, which can be sustained with budget transfers, it can be handled positively, but it poses some challenges. Some of these challenges are that the Social Security Institution is excluded from the process, except for technical challenges, in the determination of incentive policies, statistical data is not shared with the public, and incentive legislation becomes dispersed and difficult to implement. In many incentives, it is seen that the source of financing is the unemployment insurance fund, whereas the unemployment insurance fund was established to provide financial support and job placement for certain periods and conditions, the unemployment insurance fund is exposed to criticism because it serves the purpose of reducing the financial burden of employers with insurance premium incentives. As a matter of fact, this situation causes insurance premium incentives to become a public expenditure and the amounts accumulated in the unemployment insurance fund to melt out of purpose. In this study, explanations were made regarding the determination of the nature of insurance premium incentives applied in Turkey and the observed problems were shared. In addition, for the first time in an academic study in Turkey, the concept of premium expenditure was used and tried to be explained.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Uygulanan Sigorta Prim  Teşviklerinin Niteliği Üzerine Bir Tartışma:  Kamu Harcaması mı, Prim Harcaması mı?

The effect of fiscal policy on economic growth is frequently discussed in the literature-; it is thought to have bipolar structure in which public intervention affects growth either positively or negatively. Turkey’s financial structure has undergone various changes in its fiscal policy to be integrated with global developments. When Turkey moved away from global integration, there were crises (i.e., such as the crises occurring in 1994, 1998, 2001, and 2008). Many changes in fiscal policy were made to avoid the negative effects of these crises. Perhaps the most important decisions were made to ensure fiscal discipline after the 2001 crisis. In Turkey, a substitution relationship emerges between the private and public sectors in times of crisis. After the contraction of demand during the crisis periods, the public sector follows non-cyclical fiscal policy in terms of expenditures and investment policy.This study examines the short- and long-term effects of public expenditure and income components on economic growth in Turkey in the period of 1999-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag error correction (ARDL-ECM) model. Investment and borrowing issues will be discussed in terms of public expenditures and revenues. The 1999-2019 period was chosen for this study due to data constraints. The reason for choosing the ARDL-ECM method is to analyze the econometric conditions in the data and the short- and long term coefficients between the variables.In theory, the efficiency of investment in public capital significantly affects the public capital stock. However, the -investment-growth relationship expresses how an increase in public investment is translated into more public capital and higher private capital productivity, resulting in greater economic growth (Gurara et al., 2019). The higher the rate of return on public capital, the greater the impact of increased public capital on gross domestic product (GDP). Therefore, the rate of return on public capital may result in higher output and positively affect the investment-growth relationship. However, marginal public investment can lead to lower GDP growth, especially in low-productivity countries. Ultimately, the effect of productivity on the investment-growth link is unclear (Berg et al., 2018, p. 28). Therefore, one way of assessing the public investment/debt relationship in countries is to look for higher GDP growth than public investment growth. To finance the increase in public investments, governments have to borrow domestic and foreign debt. To avoid large increases in the debt level, the government must make fiscal adjustments. These include public revenue generation (tax or non-tax revenues) and public spending cuts (public consumption and transfer cuts). However, the uncontrolled increase in debt accumulation may increase the vulnerabilities of countries arising from exchange rate risk (Kumar et al., 2019, p. 3-5). The theoretical structure also differs according to the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth, according to the countries’ public revenues, debt stock, and public expenditure efficiency. This difference in the theoretical structure is also seen in the quantitative studies in the literature.&nbsp;This study examines the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth in Turkey by examining the effect of the components of public revenue and expenditures on GDP growth in Turkey between 1999 and 2019 were examined. ARDL-ECM method was used to estimate the short- and long-term coefficients of the effects of the variables on growth. According to the findings of the study, a one-unit increase in tax revenues, non-tax ordinary incomes, factor incomes, and social funds affects economic growth by 4.90, -0.71, 3.64, and 0.63 units, respectively. In terms of public expenditures, current expenditures and transfer expenditures affect 2.41 and -1.85, respectively. According to another finding, the deviation from a short-term balance in terms of public revenues is approximately 1.6; In terms of public expenditures, it reaches a long-term balance by improving in 3.33 years. On the other hand, the longterm effect of public investment expenditures on economic growth was statistically insignificant.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Türkiye’de Maliye Politikalarının Büyüme,  Harcama ve Gelir İlişkisi: ARDL-ECM Modeli

Arzu

The Privacy Right of Legal Person Taxpayer

İlhan

Stress, the most common disease of the current era, has affected many people of all ages. Stress, encountered at every stage of life, causes physical and psychological disease. Today, human life, subject to constant change, creates psychological and economic pressure on those struggling to keep up with the changes, which results in stress.Every person suffers unique causes and symptoms of stress. For some, any given situation is normal and ordinary, while for others, the same situation can be a cause of stress. Of course, some situations can be shown as a common cause of stress for virtually everyone who experiences them.When we examine the factors that cause stress in working life, we see that one of the most important features of the job, among all environmental and physical factors, is the relationship between employees and their motivation. As a consequence of stress, many psychological and physical diseases occur in people, negatively affecting their performance in the working environment and causing behavioral disorders.Although stress is often experienced as a negative, it can also act as a stimulant and stimulate important human responses in situations of difficulty and change. While healthy anxiety may increase the ability to work, excessive pressure and strain can be distressing and cause loss of motivation and deterioration of health.When dealing with stress, there are no common methods of analysis that will apply to everyone. Every individual has a clear tolerable level of exposure to stress. Therefore, individuals should endeavor to find and implement methods suitable for their own lives and take their stress management into their own hands.In this study, we investigated their sources of stress and how they coped with that stress. In this descriptive case study with a qualitative holistic single-case design, the authors created semi-structured open-ended problem sentences and conducted recorded interviews with the participants. The data obtained from the interviews and accompanying document review were first coded and themes determined between these codes. The researcher then interpreted the findings obtained as a result of the themes.As a result of the interviews performed in this study, the authors concluded that annual periodic in-service training should be given to financial affairs employees or during process changes. Such training would enable these personnel to progress more confidently and carry out their work with fewer errors. Even though they are in different faculties, these employees often strive to overcome their ongoing problems by communicating with one another in a team spirit. In addition, the authors found that the number of qualified personnel desiring to work in this field in faculties is very low due to the acknowledged stressful work environment in the field of financial affairs.It is clearly impossible to eliminate stress completely. However, employees should attempt to maintain their stress at the lowest level possible in their particular situation and the conditions of their job. Further, they should aim to learn effective coping methods for stress and try to minimize the negative effects of stress on their work life. It is difficult to eliminate the factors that cause stress in business life but managing them is possible. People are not necessarily affected in similar ways by the stress they experience because of differences in their character. Nonetheless, the data argue that some stress is essential to maintain and increase the quality of an individual’s work.Based on the research findings, the authors make the following suggestions: (1) In order to reduce the stress of financial affairs employees resulting from the imposition of administrative fines, an additional compensation payment might be made in their salaries. (2) The acceptable margin of error in the work of this personnel could be minimized by providing a calmer and better equipped environment to reduce distraction by improving the working environment. (3) The number of trained financial affairs employees should be increased. (4) Faculty administration should regularly communicate with financial affairs personnel and support them in obtaining information about the various transactions to better understand these employees and the work performed by them.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Üniversite Fakültelerinde İdari Mali İşler Biriminde Çalışan Personelin Yaşadığı İş Stresi

Feride

Not all income segments of the society are equally affected by the pandemic. The inequality of income distribution worldwide, between regions and on a national basis, has become increasingly evident during the pandemic. This article discusses the effect of the injustice in income distribution on accessing housing opportunities. In every country, regardless of its development level, the homeless, those living in slums and crowded houses, refugees, workers, precarious workers, the unemployed, those who cannot pay their mortgages, etc. are more severely affected by the pandemic. In addition, they face problems in accessing housing opportunities. Having access to a house where one can stay safe is an important factor in protecting oneself from the virus and reducing the risk of transmission during the pandemic.The legal ground for safe housing has been developed within the framework of the right to shelter so that everyone has access to a house where they can live in healthy conditions. This right is enshrined in the constitutions of 69 countries, the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Conventions, and European Union documents. The declarations of the UN conferences titled HABITAT are among the current documents on housing policies in the international arena.When we look at the historical development of housing, the general trend shows that housing has been commodified as a financialization tool and has now become an investment tool rather than a place to live. However, we can see a deviation from this trend in the period of the Socialist Bloc, when housing policies were applied widely as a policy of the welfare states. In the face of the extraordinary increase in housing prices during the pandemic, recommendations on evacuation bans for protecting the right to housing against the commodification process, stopping the rent increases, protecting the homeless, preventing real estate from turning into an investment tool more unfairly than in normal times, etc. are presented. However, the rate of evacuations experienced while the pandemic was still in progress shows that the recommendations in question did not find many places in implementation. In the countries where these policies were implemented, these policies have caused deficits in the budgets, and it is estimated that the financing of these deficits will disrupt the income distribution.The last section of this article discusses the possibilities of providing housing through social housing as part of longer-term strategies. Although there are different applications on a country basis, there are two basic elements in the definition of social housing: the amount of housing and the condition and quality of social housing are affected by political decision-making processes, and they are allocated to individuals without any profit motive. Social housing practices vary from country to country. Accordingly, social housing can be offered to a small audience, or it can be open to the use of every member of society. Social housing policies can be formulated by regional governments, local governments, housing cooperative associations, national governments, or for-profit organizations. Financing of social housing is realized through rental income, borrowing from the owner of the house, or publicly provided debts, subsidies, guaranties, and tax deductions.Today, social housing policies are also affected by policies aimed at narrowing the public sector in&nbsp;general, and as a common feature added to the differences in country practices, it is emphasized that social housing policies are becoming increasingly private-sector driven. In this context, the already worn-out social housing stock, which is a result of the reduction of funds for social policy, is decreasing due to the lack of renovations and the inability to produce new ones, resulting from the decrease in public investments. The existing stock of social housing is privatized, and therefore, it becomes a policy tool that can serve only smaller target groups. The role of the private sector in the financing of social housing, which is a purely political choice, is increasing not only in investments but also in financing investment. All these developments in the current stage of capitalism show that social policy cannot offer housing opportunities for everyone and that social housing policies remain a promise that only politically presents the right to housing.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Pandemide Barınma

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Zafer

TÜRKİYE’DE KAMU ÖZEL ORTAKLIĞI YÖNTEMİNİN HUKUKÎ ALTYAPISI

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Işıl

Naci

OBEZİTE VERGİSİ ÜZERİNE TEORİK İNCELEME

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Maliye Araştırma Merkezi yayımı olan Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, açık erişimli, hakemli, yılda iki kere Mayıs ve Kasım aylarında yayımlanan, uluslararası bilimsel bir dergidir. 1955 yılında kurulmuştur. Derginin ismi 2020 yılında Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi – Journal of Public Finance Studies olarak değiştirilmiştir. Derginin önceki ismi  Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları’dır (ISSN: 1304-0251).
Dergiye yayımlanması için gönderilen bilimsel makaleler Türkçe ya da İngilizce olmalıdır.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, maliye, kamu ekonomisi ve kamu kesiminin çeşitli sorunları hakkında teorik ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayımlamayı ve bilimsel bilginin gelişimine katkı sunan uluslararası bir platform sağlamayı amaçlar.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi’nin kapsamını kamu maliyesi, kamu ekonomisi, kamu politikası, maliye politikası, kamu bütçesi, davranışsal maliye, vergileme ve ilişkili konular oluşturur. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

ProQuest

DOAJ

EBSCO

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Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi

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Editor in Chief

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Editorial Management Board Member

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Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi - Journal of Public Finance Studies, maliye, kamu ekonomisi ve kamu kesiminin çeşitli sorunları hakkında teorik ve uygulamalı araştırmalar yayımlamayı ve bilimsel bilginin gelişimine katkı sunan uluslararası bir platform sağlamayı amaçlar.Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi’nin kapsamını kamu maliyesi, kamu ekonomisi, kamu politikası, maliye politikası, kamu bütçesi, davranışsal maliye, vergileme ve ilişkili konular oluşturur. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2757-6728?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222757-6728%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank">DOAJ</a>ProQuest CentralEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi-Journal of Public Finance Studies, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir.Ön değerlendirmeyi geçen yazılar iThenticate intihal tarama programından geçirilir. İntihal incelemesinden sonra, uygun makaleler Editör tarafından orijinaliteleri, metodolojileri, makalede ele alınan konunun önemi ve derginin kapsamına uygunluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Editör, gönderilen makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.- Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?- Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?- Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?- Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?- Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?- Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDergide Türkçe, İngilizce makaleler yayımlanır. Gönderilen makalelerde makale dilinde öz, İngilizce öz ve İngilizce geniş özet olmalıdır. Ancak makale İngilizce ise, İngilizce geniş özet istenmez.Yazıların Hazırlanması ve Yazım KurallarıAksi belirtilmedikçe gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılacaktır. Makale gönderimi online olarak <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jpfs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jpfs</a> sayfasından erişilen <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır. Gönderilen yazılar, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili detayları içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EF423919F5A644509CA7C08C8C031AE0" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.1. Çalışmalar, A4 boyutundaki kağıdın bir yüzüne, üst, alt, sağ ve sol taraftan 2,5 cm. boşluk bırakılarak, 10 punto Times New Roman harf karakterleriyle ve 1,5 satır aralık ölçüsü ile hazılanmalıdır. Ana makale dosyası, çift taraflı kör hakemlik gereği yazar bilgilerini içermemelidir.2. Yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EF423919F5A644509CA7C08C8C031AE0" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).3. Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 5 İngilizce, 5 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır. İngilizce genişletilmiş özet İngilizce olmayan makaleler için zorunludur.4. Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; yabancı dilde başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.5. Araştırma makalelerinde bölümler şu şekilde olmalıdır: “GİRİŞ”, “AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM”, “BULGULAR”, “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR” “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER”. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “GİRİŞ” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ”, ”SON NOTLAR”, “KAYNAKLAR” ve “TABLOLAR VE ŞEKİLLER” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.6. Çalışmanın başında yer alan giriş bölümü “1. Giriş” şeklinde belirtilmelidir. Gönderilen çalışmalarda sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği tüm bölüm ve alt bölümler numaralandırılmalıdır. Bu düzenlemede, bölümler sırasıyla 1,2,3,4 şeklinde numaralanırken, alt bölümler ve onların da altındakiler için 1.1., 1.2., 2.1., 2.2., ve 1.1.1., 1.2.1, 1.2.2., 2.1.1., 2.1.2 gibi birden çok haneli şekilde olmalıdır.7. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.8. Referanslar derginin benimsediği American Psychological Association (APA) 6 stiline uygun olarak hazırlanmalıdır.9. Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu ve çalışmada geçen görüşler yazar/yazarlarına aittir.

Yazım Kuralları

İstanbul Üniversitesi Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi, metin içi alıntılama ve kaynak gösterme için APA (American Psychological Association) kaynak sitilinin 6. edisyonunu benimser. APA 6. edisyon hakkında bilgi için:- American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org/</a>Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar aşağıdaki örneklerdeki gibi gösterilmelidir. Metin İçinde Kaynak GöstermeKaynaklar metinde parantez içinde yazarların soyadı ve yayım tarihi yazılarak belirtilmelidir.Birden fazla kaynak gösterilecekse kaynaklar arasında (;) işareti kullanılmalıdır. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Örnekler: Birden fazla kaynak; (Esin ve ark., 2002, s. 43; Karasar 1995, s. 197-198)Tek yazarlı kaynak; (Akyolcu, 2007, s. 62)İki yazarlı kaynak; (Sayıner ve Demirci 2007, s. 72)Üç, dört ve beş yazarlı kaynak; Metin içinde ilk kullanımda: (Ailen, Ciambrune ve Welch 2000, s. 12–13) Metin içinde tekrarlayan kullanımlarda: (Ailen ve ark., 2000)Altı ve daha çok yazarlı kaynak; (Çavdar ve ark., 2003, s. 34)Kaynaklar Bölümünde Kaynak Gösterme Kullanılan tüm kaynaklar metnin sonunda ayrı bir bölüm halinde yazar soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak numaralandırılmadan verilmelidir. Kaynak yazımı ile ilgili örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir.Kitapa) Türkçe Kitap Karasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8.bs). Ankara: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd. b) Türkçeye Çevrilmiş Kitap Mucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler (A. Kotil, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. c) Editörlü Kitap Ören, T., Üney, T. ve Çölkesen, R. (Ed.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık. d) Çok Yazarlı Türkçe Kitap Tonta, Y., Bitirim, Y. ve Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme. Ankara: Total Bilişim. e) İngilizce Kitap Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. f) İngilizce Kitap İçerisinde Bölüm Bassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. g) Türkçe Kitap İçerisinde Bölüm Erkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi. M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi kitabı içinde (s. 233–263). Bursa: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Yayımcının ve Yazarın Kurum Olduğu Yayım Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. (1974). Adlandırma ilkeleri. Ankara: Yazar.Makalea) Türkçe Makale Mutlu, B. ve Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(60), 179–182. b) İngilizce Makale de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002 c) Yediden Fazla Yazarlı Makale Lal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184</a> d) DOI’si Olmayan Online Edinilmiş Makale Al, U. ve Doğan, G. (2012). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü tezlerinin atıf analizi. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 26, 349–369. Erişim adresi: <a href="http://www.tk.org.tr/" target="_blank">http://www.tk.org.tr/</a> e) DOI’si Olan Makale Turner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910</a> f) Advance Online Olarak Yayımlanmış Makale Smith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867</a> g) Popüler Dergi Makalesi Semercioğlu, C. (2015, Haziran). Sıradanlığın rayihası. Sabit Fikir, 52, 38–39. Tez, Sunum, Bildiri a) Türkçe Tezler Sarı, E. (2008). Kültür kimlik ve politika: Mardin’de kültürlerarasılık. (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. b)Ticari Veritabanında Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans Ya da Doktora Tezi Van Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI No. 9943436) c) Kurumsal Veritabanında Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Yaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portali d) Web’de Yer Alan İngilizce Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Tonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/phd/ickapak.htmle) Dissertations Abstracts International’da Yer Alan Yüksek Lisans/Doktora Tezi Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica-tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428. f) Sempozyum Katkısı Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B. &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at American Psychological Association meeting, Orlando, FL. g) Online Olarak Erişilen Konferans Bildiri Özeti Çınar, M., Doğan, D. ve Seferoğlu, S. S. (2015, Şubat). Eğitimde dijital araçlar: Google sınıf uygulaması üzerine bir değerlendirme [Öz]. Akademik Bilişim Konferansında sunulan bildiri, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir. Erişim adresi: http://ab2015.anadolu.edu.tr /index.php?menu=5&amp;submenu=27 h) Düzenli Olarak Online Yayımlanan Bildiriler Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105 i) Kitap Şeklinde Yayımlanan Bildiriler Schneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice içinde (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0 j) Kongre Bildirisi Çepni, S., Bacanak A. ve Özsevgeç T. (2001, Haziran). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının fen branşlarına karşı tutumları ile fen branşlarındaki başarılarının ilişkisi. X. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu Diğer Kaynaklara) Gazete Yazısı Toker, Ç. (2015, 26 Haziran). ‘Unutma’ notları. Cumhuriyet, s. 13. b) Online Gazete Yazısı Tamer, M. (2015, 26 Haziran). E-ticaret hamle yapmak için tüketiciyi bekliyor. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.milliyet c) Web Page/Blog Post Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/ d) Online Ansiklopedi/Sözlük Bilgi mimarisi. (2014, 20 Aralık). Vikipedi içinde. Erişim adresi: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisi Marcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/ e) Podcast Radyo ODTÜ (Yapımcı). (2015, 13 Nisan). Modern sabahlar [Podcast]. Erişim adresi: http://www.radyoodtu.com.tr/ f) Bir Televizyon Dizisinden Tek Bir Bölüm Shore, D. (Senarist), Jackson, M. (Senarist) ve Bookstaver, S. (Yönetmen). (2012). Runaways [Televizyon dizisi bölümü]. D. Shore (Baş yapımcı), House M.D. içinde. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting. g) Müzik Kaydı Say, F. (2009). Galata Kulesi. İstanbul senfonisi [CD] içinde. İstanbul: Ak Müzik. Yukarıda sıralanan koşulları yerine getirmemiş çalışma kabul edilmez, eksiklerinin tamamlanması için yazara iade edilir. Yayım Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen yazılar basıma kabul sırasına göre yayımlanır. Baskı tashihleri yazarlar tarafından yapılır.

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:<ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin türünün belirtilmiş olduğu</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi varsa, bunun belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Referansların derginin benimsediği APA 6 edisyonuna uygun olarak düzenlendiği</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>● Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/481FF55077164CF6AB5AD7D093ECD3B6" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> <li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> </ul>● Makale ana metni<ul type="disc"> <li>Önemli: Ana metinde yazarın / yazarların kimlik bilgilerinin yer almamış olması gerekir.</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Öz: 180-200 kelime</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5 adet makale dilinde ve 5 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce geniş özet: 600-800 kelime (İngilizce olmayan makaleler için)</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> <li>Başlıkların doğru numaralandırılması</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5F22F3EC6CAF4ED6A6A8413CE9D9A7BE" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5B9AF08DDDEB46A28A5F861ACE422A0B" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a></li><li><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3FB24BF0483C4CDEAC57D482ADD687E2" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a></li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Tarih	03.05.2021
Editör(ler)	Salim Ateş Oktar
Kapak (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi

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