Saadet

Yeni Teknolojilere İnsan Hakları Bakış Açısıyla Yaklaşmak: Kişisel  Özerklik ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı

Barış

Assoc. Prof.

Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 (P7-4) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), to which Turkey became a party in 2016, is interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) within the framework of the ne bis in idem rule. In this context, jurisprudence dictates that tax and criminal court proceedings dealing with the same issue should be “sufficiently close in substance and in time.” This approach, which emerged with the Glantz and Nykänen judgments in 2014, was applied by expanding its scope in the Kristjansson judgment in 2021. Even though the jurisprudence of the ECtHR does not proceed in a straight line, according to the established part, there is a requirement of the connection in terms of substance. As explained in the Nykänen and Glantz rulings with regard to both proceedings, the State Parties should avoid repetition in evaluating the facts of the case. This approach became more concrete in the A and B ruling, the Court concluded that in order to establish a connection in substance, evidence collected in one of the tax or penalty sets must also be taken into account in the other set. As can be seen from other rulings since the Johanesson ruling, the duplication of collection and evaluation of evidence leads to a breach of the P7-4. Moreover, the prolonged trial period due to this disconnection also leads to the problem of connection in terms of “time” because recollecting the same evidence in the second trial involves a duplication of work in terms of the trial as well as unnecessarily prolonging the process for the prosecuted. Therefore, in order to pass the connection test in terms of “substance” and “time,” eliminating the practices that lead to duplication is important, and the intertrial interaction method should be used for this.Apart from this procedure, no other legal regulation exists in Turkish law on ensuring the interactions between tax and criminal courts. Moreover, both courts collect evidence separately and conduct a deliberate examination of the same act. Clearly this situation is incompatible with the case-law of the ECtHR. In this respect, the study offers a possible solution to the problem with no need for a new regulation. In this context, acts subject to tax crimes in Turkish Law should be classified under two types, and the roles of the tax and criminal courts should be determined according to the nature of the act.Due to the crimes regulated in Article 359 of Turkish Tax Proceedings Law (VUK) being far removed from forming a systematic whole, acting in accordance with the characteristics of these crimes would be more appropriate than following a single&nbsp;procedure for all the crimes in the article. Therefore, such crimes can be divided into two types with regard to the intent to be investigated: Those that do and those that do not require knowledge of tax techniques. With its knowledge of tax techniques, the tax court is more competent regarding proceedings of the first type, such as forgery and accounting fraud, whether committed intentionally or not. The criminal court, on the other hand, has competences unavailable to the tax court with regard to finding the perpetrator of crimes that are understood to have been committed intentionally on behalf of a legal entity or person. In this context, no contradiction or connection problem occurs between the tax court’s failure to annul the triple tax loss penalty for issuing false documents on behalf of the legal person or entity on the grounds of intent regarding the incident nor with the acquittal of the legal person’s legal representative on the grounds that that person is not the perpetrator.Meanwhile, no special knowledge of tax techniques would be required during proceedings for the second type of crimes, such as concealment or invoices created without an agreement with the Ministry of Finance, and therefore the criminal court does not need to wait for the tax court’s ruling. On the contrary, the results from the criminal court should be made available to the tax court. This dual solution can be achieved by the case-law to be formed by the Turkish High Courts. Therefore, this interaction problem can be solved without the need for a new law to be made.&nbsp;&nbsp;

İHAM İçtihadı Açısından Türkiye’de Vergi ve  Ceza Yargılamalarının Etkileşimi Sorunu

Cüneyt

Prof.

Climate change emerges as a global problem directly affecting daily life, and its negative consequences will inevitably result in a deterioration of human rights. This reality has led to many attempts that rely on the current human rights mechanisms for coping with the climate crisis, and the relationship between climate change and human rights is becoming more intense with each passing day. Indeed, such mechanisms require states not only to refrain from violating human rights but also to protect these rights by fulfilling their positive obligations. This tripartite research aims to analyze how the relevant international institutions observe the link between climate change and human rights.The first part of this article draws a general outline of climate change from a human rights-oriented perspective. Climate change is actually expected to worsen the enjoyment of various human rights such as the rights to life, to property, to health, and to food. Human rights lawyers argue that states have certain positive obligations such as taking the necessary measures to adapt to the consequences of climate change in addition to refraining from actions that may increase the effects of climate change. Even though confirming this idea is possible at first glance, this progressive approach still has much to enlighten. Balancing competing rights is also a matter that needs to be resolved, because taking preventive measures against climate change in order to protect human rights on its own may also imply limitations on certain human rights. Moreover, due to climate change being a problem without boundaries, the question of how to allocate responsibility for these measures in order to promote human rights also requires attention.The second part of this article focuses on the responses the European Council has shown toward climate change’s actual and potential negative consequences regarding human rights. In this context, the article examines the respective approaches of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe toward this matter. While the ECHR has made no decisions about the issue yet in terms of applications, it does have jurisprudence that might also be relevant in terms of climate change as well. Although the European Convention on Human Rights has no specific article able to be directly linked to climate change, the Court can still act on the matter in cases involving a significant provable disadvantage regarding rights protected by the Convention, such as the right to life or the right to respect for private and family life, home, and correspondence. In addition, policy-making proposals are seen at the parliamentary level, with such initiatives becoming more likely to succeed when considering the fact that public awareness about climate change-related threats is rising.&nbsp;The third part of this article questions the role of the United Nations (UN) in regard to minimizing the negative effects human-induced global warming has on human rights. The UN has already introduced certain international legal instruments that directly focus on climate change. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is a general guide that states the principles for preventing and minimizing the negative consequences of climate change. Additionally, the Twin Covenants (i.e., the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) impose obligations on states to improve the rights and well-being of the individuals in their jurisdiction. In light of such international norms, this section summarizes the means and methods for protecting human rights against climate-related risk and how these are implemented by treaty monitoring organs such as the Human Rights Committee and the UN Human Rights Council.&nbsp;&nbsp;

İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadelede Bir Araç  Olarak Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku

Neslihan

In criminal procedural law, anything can be considered evidence provided it possesses characteristics pertaining to crime. As regards the principle of having free access to all evidence, no difference exists between digital and physical evidence. Also, due to the hierarchy of evidence being invalid with regard to criminal procedure, making a distinction between which evidence is important/strong or unimportant/weak is not possible. As a result of the tremendous developments in the field of technology also having increased the number of crimes committed regarding information systems, the need for digital evidence has gained increasingly greater importance, as well as its use as a means of proof. However, because the use of evidence obtaining measures such as the search, copy or seize of digital data belonging to individuals constitutes an infringement of many legal values, legislators have also regulated legal measures and bound these to strict conditions.The measure on searching, copying, and seizing evidences from information systems in relation to crimes committed with use of digital technologies is listed in Criminal Procedure Code (Law No. 5271) and constitutes a special instance of the search and seizure protection measures. Article 134 of this Criminal Procedure Code covers the procedures regarding the gathering of data stored on information systems.The topics of this study are the matters of the search, copy and seizure of digital evidence from information systems, and these matters are measures that can be applied to all criminal areas. Legislators have not limited the scope of crime in terms of the application of these measures. In this context, the relevant measures can be applied to all investigations that require the collection of digital evidence, whether for classical or cyber crimes.In order to make a decision regarding the measures regulated in Article 134 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the conditions stipulated in the law must be fulfilled. These conditions are: the presence of strong grounds of suspicion based on concrete evidence and the absence of the possibility of obtaining evidence any other way. Evidence obtained after search, copy and seizure procedures have been made that do not adhere to these legal conditions should also be noted as being unusable as criminal evidence due to being outside the confines of the law. In addition, obtaining digital evidence in accordance with the technical requirements is also extremely important. Obtained evidence must be submitted to the judicial authorities intact and in full. Otherwise, even if this evidence had been collected by field experts, it is neither acceptable as lawful evidence nor will it be taken as a basis for judgment.Article 134 of the Criminal Procedure Code should be amended in accordance with the requirements of the age in the face of the rapidly developing and changing digital technologies. This regulation should also safeguard suspects’ fundamental human rights and freedoms. In addition, the changes should occur rapidly and be sufficient to put an end to all the discussions regarding the doctrine. Due to digital evidence being among the most important evidence of the current day, guarantees should be introduced to ensure that this type of evidence is collected in accordance with the technical requirements and evaluated within the scope of scientific principles.In summary, this paper aims to analyze the processes related to detecting and evaluating digital evidence within the framework of the general principles of criminal procedural law. In this context, the paper examines the search, copy and seizure measures regarding the information systems covered in Article 134 of the Criminal Procedure Code and provides explanations with respect to computers, computer programs and digital files as listed in Article 134. The paper additionally discusses the legal nature of the measures, their conditions and the way they are applied within the framework of discussions regarding the doctrine, the problems experienced in practice and the judicial decisions.

Bilgisayarlarda, Bilgisayar Programlarında ve  Kütüklerinde Arama, Kopyalama ve Elkoyma

Hüsnü

Assist. Prof.

Res. Assist.

To determine whether a crime is committable through general or specific intent, the legal definition of the crime must first be examined. If the legal definition of a crime mentions that the perpetrator must act with a specific intent such as the aim of benefit, these kinds of crimes are only committable through specific intent.The text of Article 148 of the TCC regulating the crime of plunder does not specifically mention it having to involve the aim of benefit. Therefore, the crime of plunder is said to be committable through general intent. However, in order to determine whether a crime is committable with general intent or specific intent, one accordingly must examine all the features of the crime. For instance, the crime of plunder is considered a combined crime consisting of the theft and coercion or threat thereof in Turkish Criminal Law. As is understood by this, theft is an essential element of the crime of plunder. In other words, the crime of plunder is not committable without theft. Article 141 of the TCC regulating theft also specifically mentions “aim of benefit.” Therefore, this study considers the crime of plunder to be committable only through specific intent (i.e., the aim of benefit). As a matter of fact, the majority view regarding doctrine and court practices is of the same opinion as considered in this study.Both German (Article 249 of Strafgesetzbuch - StGB, in the version published on 13.11.1998) and Austrian law (Article 142 of Strafgesetzbuch – StGB, 23.01.1974) specifically mention “aim of benefit” with regard to the legal definition of the crime of plunder. Therefore neither doctrine nor court practices may dispute that the crime of plunder is only committable through specific intent in German and Austrian law.Due to the aim of benefit having a broad meaning, determine what makes up the content of aim of benefit is compulsory. The dissenting view in terms of doctrine considers the aim of benefit to only involve economic benefit, while the majority view in terms of doctrine acknowledges the aim of benefit to include both economic and immaterial benefits.According to this study’s opinion, the composition of the aim of benefit and the subject of the crime are different from each other. The crime of plunder is regulated in the section titled “Crimes Against Property” in the TCC (Article 148, 26.09.2004). The crimes in this section are intended to protect property, with property being defined as things possessing economic value. As also seen in Turkish Court practices, possessions without economic value (such as a love letter or photograph) cannot be subjected to crimes against property. However, the majority view in terms of doctrine considers that both things possessing economic value as well as things without economic value can be subjected to crimes against property. Due to the laws against crimes listed in the section titled “Crimes Against Property” being intended to protect property, the study considers only things possessing economic value to be subjectable to the crime of plunder. However, a perpetrator can act for both economic and immaterial benefits. In other words, the aim of benefit involve both economic and immaterial benefits.In German law, the perpetrator regarding the crime of plunder must act with the intention of acquiring property, with the intention of acquiring property not involving immaterial benefit. If the perpetrator does act with the aim of immaterial benefit (e.g., vengeance, joy, rage), the perpetrator is unpunishable for the crime of plunder. In Austrian law, the perpetrator regarding the crime of plunder must act with the intention of enrichment. Therefore, Austrian law states the aim of benefit to only involve economic benefit.This study examines the subjective element of the crime of plunder and the scope of what composes the aim of benefit by comparing the Turkish Criminal Code with the legal regulations in the German and Austrian Criminal Codes, their doctrines and judicial decisions and also evaluates certain types of criminal events that have been disputed within the scope of the crime of plunder by considering the German and Austrian models, with the resultant opinion of the study being presented.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Alman ve Avusturya Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı  Olarak Yağma Suçunda Manevi Unsurun  Belirlenmesine Yönelik Tartışmalar

Hüseyin

The attempt is being made these days to design and manage penal institutions as institutions that function to deter, rehabilitate, and prevent criminal behavior. Crime is a natural part of everyday life, especially for repeat offenders, and changing this pattern can be difficult for various reasons. Individuals adopt the social rules that are presented to them in the social environment in which they live; they behave similarly to the behaviors they see.A prisoner joins a new social circle in prison, one that has a significant impact on their future behavior. From this point of view, this study will revise the theories and findings regarding the social causes of crime in terms of prison and will discussed what characteristics an institute should have that will not result in the convict learning new criminal behaviors or methods. Crime transference is the main subject of the study and refers to how a convict with no intention, knowledge, or opportunity to commit a crime is directed toward criminal behavior due to their criminal experiences. Regardless of what crime was committed to get sent to prison, convicts may also conduct various criminal behaviors within the institution. Due to a prison’s structural features, convicts are likely to learn new crimes in order to gain power, status, and money; they may even start and continue to commit these crimes after being released.The first reason for crime transfer is physical proximity. After a convict enters prison, they meet prisoners who were convicted for many different crimes, and these convicts find the opportunity to meet and share their criminal experiences. Having individuals who’ve been convicted of different crimes stay together in crowded wards is a risk factor. In addition to physical proximity, how people spend their time at prison also becomes an important issue. As the time spent with other convicts during the day increases, so does crime transference among these convicts. Being away from emotionally important people (e.g., family, close friends) decreases positive social support factors that help prevent one from committing a crime and increases the likelihood of becoming close with criminals in jail. Society also needs to step in and take responsibility in addition to one’s family and friends. The type of prison is also another factor associated with crime transference. In open prisons, convicts have more opportunities to interact with different people and participate in events (e.g., trainings, workshops). Because of the greater security measures, these opportunities are quite limited in closed prisons, though sometimes convicts may have to contact more serious criminals. As the length of time in prison increases, the likelihood and severity of crime transference also increases. Day by day, prisoners lose their everyday skills (finding a job, avoiding criminals), and the likelihood of becoming a repeat offender also increases.Completely eliminating crime transfer in penitentiary institutions is not a realistic goal. However, measures can be taken to minimize it. Which measures to take and which legal regulations and possible changes in the physical and administrative structures of penitentiary institutions undoubtedly are in conflict in terms of priority. Although the existence of crime transfer is a real thing, the majority of convicts in prisons do not commit these crimes, do not join a crime organization, and do not establish crime partnerships. Therefore, having individuals stay in non-crowded units housing 4-6 people at maximum and having them avoid individuals guilty of other crimes may reduce crime transfer that is a result of physical proximity. Employing detainees and convicts in a workshop for regular, 8-hour work periods while taking into account security measures will not only reduce the possibility of crime transfer in their free time but also ensure that the individual does not wander away from their normal life responsibilities and order. Expanding measures to maintain relations external to a prison (e.g., e-meetings, e-mail opportunities) will protect convicts from crime transference and prepare them for life after release. Improving reliable assessment tools for measuring recidivism risks and suitability for release will help isolate highand low-risk prisoners from each other. Proper and successful isolation procedures prevent crime transference in institutions.While convicts are imprisoned, non-governmental organizations can support and become models in a variety of ways such as through correspondence, financial support, and role-playing projects. Carrying out projects in institutions can help rescue convicts from a passive and assisted position. Having prisoners adopt an effective attitude where they are responsible and a direct part of change, applying an approach that protects prisoners from crime transference, and preparing them for post-release are all very important.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Suç Aktarımı: Ceza İnfaz Kurumları Suç  Üniversiteleri mi?

Aydın

The changes in the scope of the concepts of crime, punishment, and execution throughout history have brought the issue of amnesty to the agenda when the necessary situations arise. Amnesty means the forgiveness of a crime and, as a legal concept, is the mitigation or complete cancelation of punishments that have been or are being lawfully imposed by the competent authority. This practice has a history as old as crime, punishment, and execution, is now found in many legal systems, and mainly concerns constitutional and criminal law.Amnesty laws were usually enacted during or after revolutions, wars, and revolts. The aim is to reintegrate into society those who have violated public order, restore state authority, and eliminate the need for soldiers. As with other laws, amnesty laws have explanations of the reasons for which they were legislated. However, sometimes these are not the main reasons for passing laws. Amnesty laws may also be promulgated on grounds where no benefit is seen to exist in continuing to punish a crime, where it is seen as a solution for closing loopholes in the law and remedying injustice, or where a particular group of crimes or criminals will be pardoned. These reasons also include state interests and the decimation of a repressive regime.Terms such as Afv-ı Âli, Afv-ı Umumi, and Afv-ı Şahane were used for the pardons declared in the Ottoman Empire. Amnesty laws with these words in their titles were often promulgated for the following reasons: • Pardoning prisoners with chronic illness, • Celebrating a Sultan’s accession to the throne, • Celebrating a Sultan’s birthday, • Forgiving some criminals as a result of a Sultan’s visit to a city, • Celebrating national/holy days,In addition, amnesty laws were declared before, during, or after wars and riots. The first of the most regulated periods of amnesty laws in Turkish history was during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. The main purposes of the pardons promulgated during this period were to use them as a political argument in foreign policy, to prevent seditious activities caused by many internal and external factors, and to restore public order and the state authority that had been damaged by riots and revolutionary movements.&nbsp;After the Second Constitutional Revolution in 1908, the government proclaimed a general amnesty for those who had committed acts referred to as political crimes. Thus, the rights of all victims who had been harmed by Abdul Hamid’s repressive rule were restored. In addition, people who had been arrested or convicted for political or serious crimes in Istanbul and other regions were evacuated by the government due to fear of a public uprising.As far as can be ascertained for this period covering 1908-1918, 34 laws are found in which the question off amnesty was regulated. Only six of these laws belonged to the first year of the Second Constitutional Revolution. The impact of the amnesty laws legislated between 1908-1909 regarding prisons, society, and public order were the most controversial issues of the Second Constitutional Revolution.During this period, amnesty laws that had been enacted for political crimes began to be implemented rapidly, but the amnesty was not easy to enforce because those excluded from the amnesty began to cause riots in the prisons. As a result, the government lost control over some prisons, and uncontrolled riots occurred.If the scope of the amnesty law had not been expanded after the government lost control, it would have obviously occurred by itself, and the state would have been humiliated. For this reason, amnesty was expanded to include serious crimes, and many people were freed from prison. However, the amnesty for serious crimes made people nervous, and the public organized protests against this type of amnesty.Between 1908-1918, numerous amnesty laws were enacted for various reasons. In particular, the release of people who had committed serious crimes led to an increase in the crime rate, because many of the old criminals who’d been released started committing crimes again. For this reason, repressive laws and practices were used to ensure public order, even if it meant limiting human rights.Between 1908-1918, numerous amnesty laws were enacted for various reasons. In particular, the release of people who had committed serious crimes led to an increase in the crime rate, because many of the old criminals who’d been released started committing crimes again. For this reason, repressive laws and practices were used to ensure public order, even if it meant limiting human rights.

II. Meşrutiyet’in İlk Günlerinde Uygulanan  Afların Mahiyet ve Etkileri (1908-1909)

Akif

The right to be informed of the accusation is not explicitly regulated in the Turkish Constitution. According to the Constitutional Court, the right to be informed of the accusation derives from Article 36 of the Constitution. Besides guaranteeing the general right to a fair trial, Article 6 protects specific rights, such the right to be informed of the accusation. Article 6 (3) (a) of the Convention enacts a right for the suspect/accused to be informed of the accusation. Article 6 § 3 (a) of the Convention guarantees the right for everyone charged with criminal offence “to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.” The scope of Article 6 § 3 (a) of the Convention must be assessed in light of the more general right to a fair hearing guaranteed by Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. The aim of this provision seems clear: the right to defend oneself can only be exercised effectively if the accused knows what he/she is accused of. Furthermore, the right to be informed of the accusation is related to the principle of equality of arms. It is not possible for a defendant who does not know the accusation against them to defend themselves.&nbsp;Within this article, we analyze the right to be informed of the accusation in the framework of the guarantees provided by the Constitution and the Convention in light of the decisions and judgments of the Constitutional Court and the ECHR. The case law of ECHR is also consistent in holding that information must include both the cause and nature of the accusation. The cause of accusation means the material facts alleged against the accused, while the nature of the accusation refers to the legal qualification of these material facts. While the extent of the “detailed” information depends on the particular circumstances of each case, who the victim is, where, when, how and why the crime was committed should be understood from the accusation.From the words “in a language which he understands” it follows that if a defendant is not familiar with the language used by the court, the information must be translated for him. The provision does not specify if the relevant information should be given in writing or translated in written form for a foreign defendant. Also, the information must be submitted to the accused in due time to prepare their defense. Whether the required information has been furnished “promptly” has to be assessed in the conditions of each individual case.During the course of the proceedings, the judge can give a new legal characterization to the acts on which the accusation is based. However, the accused must be duly and&nbsp;fully informed of any changes in the accusation and must be provided with adequate time and facilities to organize his defense based on any new information or allegations.The most important problem regarding the right to be informed of the accusation in Turkish law is that, at least, indictments are not prepared in accordance with the standards set by the Constitution. This problem is the main source of many problems related to the basic principles of criminal procedure law. Failure to prepare an indictment with the required standards causes people to be accused arbitrarily. However, The Turkish Code of Criminal Procedure includes provisions regarding this right far beyond the standards set by the Constitution and the Convention. These provisions should be implemented not only to reduce violations of rights, but also as a requirement of being a state that respects human rights.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Anayasa ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi  Çerçevesinde İsnadı (Suçlamayı) Öğrenme Hakkı

Adem

Ahmet

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Eren

Temporary apprehension is a protective measure that allows a person suspected of having committed a crime to be caught by people who witnessed the crime. Temporary apprehension is only made in actual cases without any judicial decision. By its nature, it is a type of apprehension that can be performed by anyone, not just law enforcement officers.Since the committing of a crime is often witnessed by civilians, it is a necessity to determine the limits of the measures in which people can make apprehension. In accordance with this obligation, the conditions for the temporary apprehension of civilians are regulated in Article 90/1 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Accordingly, temporary apprehension can be made in cases where the person is encountered while committing a crime, if there is a possibility that the person being pursued will escape due to an act of red-handed crime, or if there is no possibility of immediately determining the person’s identity. In addition to these objective conditions, when making a temporary apprehension, people must hold the suspect for prosecuting him for the crime he has committed. Considering the form of regulation in the law, temporary apprehension is not an obligation for civilians. It is a right. Although the person against whom a crime has been committed is protected by temporary apprehension, the main purpose is to punish the perpetrator for the crime he committed.In terms of apprehension, the duration of the pursuit due to a red-handed act is not important. It may take time until the person being pursued for the crime is apprehended. The person who makes the temporary apprehension does not necessarily have to be the person who initiated the initial pursuit. The person who witnesses and pursues the crime may ask other people to catch the perpetrator. While making a temporary apprehension, the suspect can be detained and slightly injured. The important thing is to perform a measured act in connexion with the current state of crime. Since the purpose of temporary apprehension is to ensure that the suspect is prosecuted, this protection measure must be carried out for a limited time.It is not necessary for the apprehended person to actually commit the crime, but it is sufficient that there is a strong suspicion. Because the temporary apprehension will be made by civilians, it is not possible to expect these people to determine whether a crime has been committed or not. On the other hand, if the person who is found guilty of a crime is a child, an evaluation should be made according to the distinction in Article 31 of the Turkish Penal Code. Since there is no punishment in the first group for minors, there can be no legal purpose in apprehending. In terms of the second and third groups, temporary apprehension can be made due to the presence of defect capabilities.It is possible to make temporary apprehensions in crimes subject to complaint. Since temporary apprehension will be made by civilians, it is not possible to expect these people to know whether the crime they encounter is based on a complaint or not. If it is understood by law enforcement officers that the crime is due to the complaint after the person’s apprehension, the capture will have to be stopped from that moment. Temporary apprehension may also be made for deputies, ministers, and diplomats for whom special trial conditions have been determined. So much so that if there is any doubt about the identities of these people who are found guilty of committing a crime, temporary apprehension can be made in such a case. However, if it is clear that the person has immunity, temporary apprehension should not be carried out.&nbsp;

Geçici Yakalama (CMK m. 90/1’e Göre Yakalamanın Herkes Tarafından Yapılması)

Ilya

Unauthorised Access to Computer Information: The Motives for Committing a Crime

Sadullah

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Zahir

Prof. Dr.

This research aims to reveal the effect of family support on the successful adaptation of ex-convicts to society and their recidivism. The phenomenological research model, one of the qualitative research models, was adopted in the study. The sample population of the study was specified as the Diyarbakır province. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques, which are non-random (not based on probability) sampling methods, were all utilised in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 50 ex-convicts over the age of 18 (who were imprisoned for drug, theft and injury crimes) who did not commit any crime for at least two years after their release from prison. A considerable percentage of those who were discharged from prison recidivate and return to prison within two years, according to the literature on criminology. Accordingly, the sample group was formed on the basis of the criterion that at least 2 years should have elapsed after their release from prison. The semi-structured interview technique was used as a data collection tool.Numerous factors, including the presence of family support, employment or participation in the labour force, development of personal motivation to change, abandonment of substance addiction, deterrence effect of prisons, effectiveness of prison-based rehabilitation programmes, the rejection of criminal environments and friendships, growth of spirituality and religiosity, maturation process, and activities carried out within the scope of probation, have been found to be effective in contributing to ex-convicts’ desistance from crime.Of these theories, the life course theory states that changes in the lives of offenders, such as marriage and employment, are effective in their desistance from crime, while the cognitive theory draws attention to the motivation of the individual for change. Social control theory highlights the effect of the individual’s increasing social commitment to values and institutions by maturing as they age, while rational choice theory asserts that desistance from crime may be related to the fact that it seems more reasonable (in terms of profit/benefit and loss/cost) for the individual. Narrative theories explain that during the process of desistance from crime, ex-offenders reconstruct their social identities toward recovery. The coercion and social support approach explains the exoffender’s capacity to tackle problems with the social support he/she receives from the community and the capacity to overcome problems with this help.&nbsp;In the study, it was revealed that those who stated that they abandoned crime and integrated into the society among the participants were overwhelmingly supported socio-psychologically (relational, social, emotional, etc.) and financially (housing, transportation, work, financial aid, etc.) by their families both in prison and post-prison. In other words, it has been concluded that among the familial variables, the fact that the offenders maintain contact with their family members both in prison and in the post-prison period and their financial support have a substantial effect on their desistance from crime. In this context, it has been discovered that the visits made during the imprisonment process lead to the strengthening of the convicts’ commitment to their family members and responsibilities. By virtue of this strengthened bond, it was revealed that the ex-convicts experienced a sense of regret for the crime they committed and tended to desist from the crime in order not to sadden their family members anymore.They also noted that the fact that individuals released from prison assist their families in earning a living, caring for them, and taking on various family tasks prevents them from recidivism. The fact that the participants began to feel responsibility for their families, and as a result of this responsibility, they endeavoured to earn their livelihood (especially their spouses and children), and acted with the motive of adopting and protecting their family members brought about a series of mental transformations in the participants. These mental transformations have caused a change in ex-offenders’ perspectives on their criminal behaviour.It is also observed that criminals that are married or who get married after imprisonment are more successfully adapted to society and desist from crime. Marriage plays an essential role in the process of building a proper family life, developing social and emotional bonds between family members, reducing interactions with the criminal environment, and detaching the individual from his/her criminal identity. In addition, it was concluded that bearing children also plays a deterrent role in preventing individuals from recidivism. In some participants, those who are married and have children stated that they longed for their children in prison, that their children would be victimised in case of recidivism, and that they fear that their children would emulate them, all of which led them to desist from crime.

Cezaevinden Çıkan Eski Hükümlülerin Suçu Terk Etmeleri Üzerinde Aile Desteğinin Önemi

Md. Bashir

Yanwen

Childhood Maltreatment and Violent Behaviour: A Systematic Review

Talha

Rural crime research, which focuses on crime and deviance in rural areas and communities, has been little addressed and mostly neglected within mainstream crime research (Donnermeyer, Scott and Barclay 2013). The prominence of cities as places where crime is more visible in the public sphere, the early sociological analyses being conducted in urban areas, and the consideration of crime as an issue needing urgent resolution in cities have led to a focus on urban-centred crime research within mainstream studies. Although this situation is quite natural and necessary, the focus on the city has also caused a negative situation that leaves rural crime research aside. However, crime also exists in rural areas and that it needs to be addressed through various researches and solutions must be produced. In the national literature, rural crime research is quite limited. This study aims to systematically review rural crime research and present a literature review.A systematic literature review refers to the systematic use and evaluation of clearly expressed questions to identify, select, and evaluate relevant research (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaf and Altman 2009). Although systematic literature reviews are mostly related to the field of health, they have also been used in social sciences in recent years and have achieved successful results (Dacombe, 2018).This study focuses on crime research conducted in rural areas in Turkey. By scanning the designated databases, all types of research that could be obtained from databases, such as articles, books, and theses written in Turkish and English, were included in the scanning. In the studies, it was especially considered that rural areas and rural communities were the focus. This study aims to systematically review rural crime research, which has just begun to be addressed in national literature, and to provide a resource for researchers in this field. It is assumed that such studies will benefit rural crime researchers in terms of being able to see the field more clearly, which areas are more focussed on, which methods are used more, and what kind of gaps there are in the field. It is also thought that it will help new systematic literature reviews as rural crime research increases in the future.For this purpose, 581 results were obtained as a result of scanning the keywords determined in the study in the determined databases between 01.05.2023 and 01.06.2023. Because of the application of the review and selection criteria, 89 studies were registered for further review. As a result of a detailed review, it was determined that 17 of these studies were duplicates and 30 of them were unrelated to rural crime or rural society. A final list was created and 42 studies were determined on which the rural crime literature would be reviewed.When the literature is examined, there are 21 theses (4 of which are at doctoral level), 19 articles, 1 paper, and 1 book related to rural crime research. It can be observed that the number of studies on rural crimes has increased over the years. When topics related to rural crime research are examined, forest crimes, which can be considered among environmental crimes, and rural public order crimes take the lead. There are also studies that focus directly on a type of crime, such a as blood feud.The study concludes that rural crime research in Turkey is still in its infancy. Although studies on the phenomenon of crime in rural areas, through both forest and rural violence crimes, began in early periods, the field has not developed as expected despite increased research opportunities and data sources. It can be said that the transformation of rural and urban areas in Turkey has a great impact on this. As mentioned, although the studies started as early as the 60s, the migration from rural to urban areas, societal transformation, and the decrease in the impact of agriculture on the gross domestic product, especially after the 80s, paved the way for the concentration of interest in the city in social sciences and the neglect of studies on rural areas. However, there has been a revival in studies on rural crime, especially after 2010, but it should be noted that many points remain untouched for researchers planning to conduct studies in this field.

Türkiye’de Kırsal Suç Araştırmaları: Sistematik Literatür Değerlendirmesi

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Asena

Res. Assist. Dr.

In historical times, vagrants have been the subjects of aid and punishment from time to time and have been positioned somewhere between these two extremes according to their social structure and needs. The dynamics that changed the perspective on work and poverty also affected the perspective on vagrancy, and heavy sanctions, such as death penalties, exile, and forced labor, could be imposed on vagrants. In times of labor demand, vagrants were sometimes forbidden to leave their settlements, imprisoned in workhouses, and forced to work in exile. In times of population mobility, when the security of life and property was in danger and social order was disrupted, sanctions such as death, stigmatization, beatings and, imprisonment were imposed on vagrants.The first laws punishing vagrancy in the West is the labor laws enacted in England in the 14th century. The vagrancy regulations enacted in this period were seen as an alternative way of providing cheap labor, which had become expensive due to the death of almost half of the population because of the Black Death and the loss of some lands. Until the 16th century, vagrancy regulations aimed at providing cheap labor were transformed to serve the purposes of discipline and social control. By the 19th century, vagrancy, which had been a status until then, was regulated as a crime by associating it with certain acts, and to provide the labor force needed by the industry, the conditions of those who received assistance worsened, and work was tried to be made attractive. In the 20th century, with the outbreak of world wars and the rise of welfare-oriented states, the approaches to vagrancy and homelessness changed.In the Ottoman Empire, as in Europe, people who did not work, were lazy, and wandered around were considered “dangerous” to society, and various ways were sought to eliminate this danger. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, methods such as forced labor or exile to the countryside were used against vagrants and beggars.After Tanzimat’s proclamation, the aim of rehabilitation through labor came to the forefront of the fight against vagrancy. The Law on Vagrants and Wrongdoing-Expected Persons, which entered into force during this period, remained in force until 1963.&nbsp;Today, vagrancy, which is included as a legitimate reason for limiting the right to liberty and security under the Constitution and the ECHR, continues to exist in a mixed manner with other legislative regulations, with the aim of protecting vagrants and preventing crime. Vagrancy is not criminalized under a condition or an act as it was in the past. However, in the changing social life with developments in the second half of the 20th century, work, poverty, and the position of vagrants have moved to a new place. Vagrants, whose labor force was utilized in the years following industrialization and who were supported and rehabilitated through social policies in the years when welfare state policies were effective, began to be addressed through their potential criminality and marginality.Today’s vagrants are the equivalent of the social science concept of “underclass”, which is defined as a social class that does not have employment opportunities in the labor market, is a burden on public welfare in proportion to its number, and is a source of drug and violent crime.Nowadays, when the need for the labor force has decreased due to technological developments, globalization, and economic policies, and full employment cannot be achieved, the criterion of “choosing not to work when one has the opportunity to work”, which serves to distinguish vagrancy from other poor groups, is no longer valid. On the other hand, the fact that social policies during the crisis of the welfare state are still being positioned as working and not being able to work due to temporary risks means that unemployed poor groups are included in the vagrant category as a whole. In such a context, without the need for vagrancy as a traditional concept, it seems inevitable that groups deprived of their work and social welfare will be subjected to surveillance and other preventive law enforcement activities with a focus on their dangerousness in terms of social order.In addition, the transformation of social life has inevitably led to changes in the field of criminal law, and as the critical literature emphasizes, criminal law has begun to assume a preventive function, emphasizing the aim of preventing possible future violations rather than past violations. The new trends focusing on risks in crime prevention and combating crime in criminal law, which has been expanding toward the pre-crime field, show that potentially dangerous vagrants have naturally reappeared on the radar of criminal law. In this case, vagrants are in the interest of criminal law not as criminals but as potential criminals.&nbsp;

Geçmişten Günümüze Serserilik (Suçu)

Assist. Prof. Dr.

In general, procedural impediments refer to prerequisites necessary for the initiation or progression of criminal proceedings. The concept of procedural impediments has been introduced into the doctrine of criminal law, mainly under the influence of civil procedural law. This concept was developed by the doctrine, embraced through jurisprudence, and incorporated into various legislations and has become one of the foundational institutions of criminal procedure. Procedural impediments are institutions designed to establish a balance between the actual state of affairs and ideals, thereby providing an exception to the principle of mandatory prosecution.The theoretical framework of procedural impediments is linked to understanding their purpose and classification. Their common characteristics could be meaningfully articulated by adopting this viewpoint. This paper distinguishes between procedural impediments into pure and complex categories, considering their reasons for existence and functions. This distinction depends on whether an impediment is evaluated solely within the merits of criminal procedural law or is influenced by other systems.Pure procedural impediments necessitate no exploration of crime policy or similar aspects when determining the rationale behind procedural impediments. In such cases, proceeding with a criminal trial would contradict the logic of adjudication or deviate from the minimum requirements of the legal system. The impediments in this category do not pose significant challenges in criminal proceedings, and their theoretical framework is relatively straightforward to delineate, as it can be fully explained by the requirements of the criminal procedural law system. The main challenge arises from impediments that cannot be explained by the logic of criminal proceedings.In cases of complex procedural impediments that necessitate balancing, it is insufficient to resolve issues by strictly adhering to the dynamics of criminal law alone; the situation must be examined within the expansive context of the law’s interrelation with other systems. This implies that decisions regarding the necessity of such impediments are not limited to criminal law expertise. Nonetheless, when contemplating the establishment of such an impediment, the measures necessary to achieve a balance cannot be determined without considering the dynamics of substantive and procedural law. It is crucial to acknowledge that when there is a need to balance criminal proceedings with other state functions, an evaluation by a criminal justice authority should be the preferred course of action. Specifically, if conducting an investigation poses a significant risk to public interests, entrusting the decision-making process to the discretion of the public prosecutor or facilitating consultation with various entities in exercising this discretion seems to be the most rational solution.&nbsp;

Ceza Muhakemesi Şartlarının Genel Teorisi

Ezgi

Climate activists have recently begun to take creative but illegal actions to draw the attention of both the public and the authorities to take necessary measures against climate change and global warming. For instance, they block the main roads of the city, organize sit-ins on the streets, glue themselves to the roads, throw soup on priceless artifacts in museums, stick their hands on the conductor’s desk during a symphony concert, etc. Such actions of protesters give rise to criminal liability for offenses such as violation of privacy of property, unauthorized entry, coercion, disturbing the peace and well-being of persons, obstructing public services, damaging property, and resisting the performance of duty. In many cases, although the protesters’ actions were criminal, it is also argued that their actions were not entirely at fault. Protesters argued that their actions should be considered acts of necessity and that they carried out a proportionate assault to prevent a serious and imminent danger to the environment and raise a defense based on necessity during the trial.&nbsp;Although the claim that civil disobedience falls within the scope of the state of necessity is not new, climate activists have recently used it. In countries such as the United States, Switzerland, and Germany, climate protesters are not punished using the defense of necessity, but many of these decisions are overturned on appeal. In Anglo-American judicial mentality, it is acceptable to commit minor offenses to mobilize the state to combat climate change and protect the environment. In Germany and Switzerland, on the other hand, the fulfillment of the conditions of necessity is examined and the preventability of imminent danger is debated.&nbsp;Although the legal nature of the state of necessity is controversial, it is generally accepted as a reason for compliance with the law or a state affecting culpability. In general, the following conditions are required for a state of necessity.&nbsp;These are; 1. The perpetrator is faced with grave and absolute danger, 2. The danger is directed against right 3. The danger is not intentionally caused [4]. There is a causal link between the danger and the perpetrator’s action, 5. There is no other way to protect against the danger, 6. There is a proportion between the danger and gravity of an act.7 The perpetrator is not obliged to resist the danger.Arguments in favor of evaluating the actions of climate protesters within the scope of the state of necessity support the circumstances. It is stated that climate change protects both the right to live in the natural environment, which is a collective interest, and people’s own right to life. They argue that the damage to these rights is imminent and cannot be prevented in the future if action is not taken to prevent it now. They argue that the protesters have created public opinion for its prevention through their actions and that there is a causal link between them, that the damage caused during the protests is small considering the proportion between the damage caused and the protection of the climate, and that state policies have been ineffective in taking other methods to prevent the damage. The opposite arguments, on the other hand, state that there is no causal link between actions and climate protection, that the actions are extremely uncertain, inappropriate, and effective in terms of preventing this danger, and that accepting that there is no other means of protection would mean the legitimization of unlawful actions in a democratic state of law based on the rule of law.In our opinion, it is not always possible to evaluate the actions of climate protesters in a state of necessity. However, it should be recognized that there is a difference between ordinary crimes and misdemeanors and the motives of climate protesters.&nbsp;Acts exceeding the scope of freedom of expression and the right to gather, demonstrate, and protest should be characterized as criminal acts. Therefore, these behaviors should be expected to be considered punishable. However, crimes committed within the scope of these protests should be subject to different mitigating conditions than ordinary crimes. Alternative sanctions, such as a judicial fine or public work, should be preferred before imprisonment, and methods, such as avoiding the upper limit or postponing sentences, should be preferred. In this way, these protests, which are considered to serve a morally correct purpose, will not be punished or will be punished less severely, while material criminal law instruments such as the state of necessity will not be adapted to the events through forced methods and interpretations.&nbsp;

İklim Savunması Zorunluluk Hali Kapsamında Değerlendirilebilir mi?: ABD, Almanya ve İsviçre Mahkemelerinin Kararları Işığında Bir Değerlendirme

Bekir

Currently, criminal law aims to prevent risks regarding benefits protected by law before occurring result of an offence. Thus, we can say that punishment for the risks of murder is more important than punishment for murder. Because there is a risk of realizing a crime in the criminal attempt, law punishes the attempt. The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) accepts criminal liability for attempt in Article 35. The criminal attempt is punishable only if the perpetrator acts with intent. However, two forms of intent exist in the TPC. In cases of direct intent, the perpetrator aims to commit the offence or knows absolutely that his act will cause to commit the offence. However, in cases of conditional intent, the perpetrator foresees the possibility of committing the offence. Therefore, the perpetrator knows the risk of committing the offence, but nevertheless, he or she acts. Although Article 35 of the TPC does not determine that the intention must be the direct intention, The Turkish supreme court (Yargıtay), and criminal law doctrine accept that there is no criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. For this reason, the rule that the conditional intent is determined according to the result of the offence is mostly valid in Turkish criminal law. Thus, the existence of conditional intent is conditioned on realizing the result in a practical but not theoretical sense. The background of this opinion is the concern that the range of criminal liability could be expanded intolerably. However, a different opinion in Turkish Criminal Law doctrine states that there is no difference between direct intention and conditional intent regarding the punishment of a criminal attempt.There are two important theories regarding conditional intent in German law doctrine. While risk theories determine the conditional intent according to the realized risk by the perpetrator, decision theories investigate the perpetrator’s decision, which is contrary to interests protected by law. Both parties concure with the opinion that criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent is possible. Thus there is no theoretical obstacle criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. However, some authors demand to limit the criminal liability for this attempt. First, an opinion refuses criminal liability in cases of impossible attempts with conditional intent. This view is compatible with Turkish law because in Turkish law, impossible attempts cannot be punished. On the one hand, according to an opinion, abandonment of an attempt with conditional intent must have conditions differ from those of direct intent. The German Federal Court of Justice easily decides that in some cases, an attempt has been abonded. However, abandonment of an attempt is not voluntary in such cases; for this reason, this approach is criticized in German teaching. Finally, the dolus alternativus can limit criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. Discussions on the dolus alternativus should, in our opinion, be further considered in Turkish law. Because an exception is stipulated in the Turkish penal code in terms of provisions for several offenses committed by one act (TPC art. 43 par. 3), and this exception brings practical importance to this discussion.If the perpetrator knowingly attacks a legally protected interest such as life, the conditional intent is not ambiguous. In this case, punishment for bodily harm rather than murder is unreasonable. Problems in accepting criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent can be limited, but no punishment for such an attempt causes unsolvable problems. This work aims to destroy the worry of criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent. For this purpose, we present solutions in German law, at the same time criticizing, some solutions that have constituted a system for criminal liability for attempt with conditional intent.&nbsp;

Olası Kastla Suça Teşebbüs Nedeniyle Ceza Sorumluluğunun Kabul Edilebilirliği

Mustafa

Two separate offenses have been established in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 282 of the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, with the subject being assets originating from a crime that requires a minimum sentence of six months or more imprisonment. The first issue investigated in this paper is whether these assets could have resulted from acts committed outside Turkey, provided only that, had they been committed within Turkey, they would have constituted a crime punishable by the same minimum sentence. There is no provision in Article 282 of the Turkish Penal Code or in other articles of the Code that necessitates attributing value to foreign country laws in determining what constitutes a property value or what offenses can be considered predicate offenses, or under what conditions the property in question can be considered to have been derived from the offense. Since the predicate offense is significant only in the context of determining the subject of the crime, Article 19(1) of Law No. 5237, which must be applied when prosecuting crimes committed outside Türkiye, does not apply in this context. Even if the predicate offense was committed abroad, as long as the criminal act such as transferring proceeds abroad, concealing their illicit origin, or attempting to make them appear legitimate is committed in Turkey, Turkish laws will apply in accordance with Article 8(1) of Law No. 5237. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude that dual criminality is required in the context of a predicate offense based on the articles and systematics of the LawTwo arguments are presented in response to the above arguments. First, when the predicate offense in the context of money laundering is committed abroad, the application of the principle of dual criminality should be seen as a legal consequence stemming from the rule of law and the principle of legality, rather than as a requirement for jurisdiction. However, as explained in the second part of this paper, the very application of the principle of dual criminality without any legal basis constitutes a violation of the principle of legality. Therefore, this argument is not acceptable. Second, some authors have argued that the principle of dual criminality should be applied in the determination of the predicate offense in Article 282 of Law No. 5237, in accordance with Article 6(2)(c) of the Palermo Convention, which is equal to domestic laws as per Article 90(5) of the Constitution. However, as shown in the first part of the paper, the authors making this claim misinterpret the relevant paragraph of the Palermo Convention by disregarding Articles 6(1), 6(2)(b), and 34(3) of the Convention. Therefore, this argument is also not acceptable.Positive law requires that the condition of dual criminality not be sought when the predicate offense has been committed abroad in the context of Article 282 of Law No. 5237. However, the lack of dual criminality creates political and moral problems in terms of both the principle of legality and legal security. It is a fact that not seeking dual criminality in the context of the predicate offense related to money laundering would mean that people who have legally earned income in their own country and brought this income to Türkiye could be deemed to have committed a crime, which would not be a fair approach, especially in cases involving offenses that require relatively lesser penalties. On the other hand, applying the principle of dual criminality universally, with no exception, in this context would hinder the achievement of the objectives of the Palermo Convention, as this approach would mean that even assets derived from serious crimes would not be subject to money laundering charges if the predicate offense is not defined as a crime in the country where it was committed. In today’s world, where the ability to move across borders has turned them into a porous veil, differences between national legal systems would be put at the service of criminals and criminal organizations. Therefore, applying the principle of dual criminality in an all-or-nothing manner in either scenario risks leading to unjust outcomes.&nbsp;To avoid the risks mentioned above, a narrowed dual criminality regime, as in European Union regulations and the laws of the United Kingdom and Germany, should be established. A legislative amendment is necessary to address this issue. Determining which crimes should be included in the catalog of offenses for which the principle of dual criminality should be sought requires a separate and comprehensive examination, considering the areas where criminal organizations are active, crimes frequently associated with international money laundering and the degree of wrongfulness of these crimes, which is beyond the scope of this article. The list of crimes for which dual criminality is sought, as set forth in European Union regulations, can serve as a guiding catalog for the aforementioned research.

TCK 282 Bağlamında Yurtdışında İşlenen Suçlardan Elde Edilen Malvarlığı Değerleri: Çifte Suçluluk Kuralı Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme

Leyla

Fahri

A fault is a common element that is necessary for both crime and tort. However, the meaning of this common concept may differ in terms of crime and tort. As a matter of fact, according to Art. 74/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, a civil judge is independent of the principles of criminal law in terms of determining fault in terms of acts that may constitute both crime and tort. The subject of this study is a comparison of the meanings of the concept of fault in terms of tort and crime. In this study, the differences and similarities between the approaches of criminal and civil law to this concept are revealed. Defining a person guilty is a more severe judgment than defining a person as debtor. On the other hand, depriving a person of his/her liberty is a more severe sanction than making him/her pay compensation. For these reasons, the conditions for a person being condemned for an unlawful act are more severe in criminal law than in civil law.The main points identified in this study regarding the similarities and differences between the meanings given to the concept of fault in terms of tort and crime are as follows:• The concept of fault is based on the judgment of condemnation by a legal order in relation to both tort and crime. However, in criminal law, an offender-oriented approach based on individuals is dominant in determining what is condemnable, whereas in civil law, a behavior-oriented approach where social and legal criteria come to the fore is dominant.• Since fault liability may be insufficient to compensate for damages incurred in some cases, there are cases of strict liability in the field of tort liability. However, in line with the principle of "without fault, there can be no crime", there is no strict liability in the field of criminal law.• There is no minimum age limit in terms of mental capacity in civil law. It can be concluded that a person who is incapable of imputation because of the minimum age limit stipulated in criminal law has mental capacity in the field of tort and has acted at fault.• Although, as a rule, an act must be committed with a fault at the level of intent in the field of criminal liability, even slight negligence is sufficient for civil liability to arise. The meaning given to the intent is similar in criminal and civil laws, and it means that the perpetrator/tortfeasor knows the unlawful result and desires or at least takes the risk of the result.• In criminal law, the subjective understanding of negligence is dominant. Although the duty of care and attention expected from a perpetrator is determined based on an objective criterion, whether the perpetrator can be condemned for not fulfilling this obligation is determined according to individual characteristics. Individual characteristics of a person capable of imputation, such as psychological, mental, physical weaknesses, or lack of talent, may prevent them from accepting the existence of criminal fault. On the other hand, in the field of tort, the measure of negligence has been objectified as a requirement for security in social life. The tortfeasor’s individual inadequacies and excuses were not considered in the assessment of fault. If the tortfeasor, who has mental capacity, deviates from the behavior expected under the same conditions and from the average reasonable type in the social category to which he belongs, it is accepted that he/she is negligent.• In the case of plurality of tortfeasors, to determine each plaintiff’s share of compensation in the internal relationship, the faults of the people in question must be determined proportionally. Since there is no sharing of responsibility in criminal liability, in the case of multiple perpetrators, there is no need to determine proportional fault.• The common fault of the victim does not eliminate criminal or civil liability unless it severs the causal link between the perpetrator’s/tortfeasor’s actions and the result, but reduces the amount of punishment and compensation.&nbsp;• The duty of expert witnesses in both criminal and civil proceedings consists of determining the obligations of the parties, whether they comply with these obligations, and the factors that caused the damage, using a technical dimension within their field of expertise. It is the duty of the judge to evaluate the existence and degree of the fault.

Kusur Kavramının Haksız Fiil ve Klasik Suç Öğretisine Göre Suç Bakımından Karşılaştırılması

İsmail

Drug, which is a medical term and derived from the word narco meaning sleep in Western languages, is also an important concept in criminal law. Because the production, supply, trade and use of drug and stimulant substances are subject to criminal regulations. Additionally, the trafficking of these substances is associated with organized crime and terrorism crimes; The use of these substances is closely related to crimes such as theft and prostitution. The word “drug” is used as a superordinate concept to include all addictive drug and stimulant substances that are intoxicating, pleasurable, stimulating, dream-inducing and provocative. Substance addiction is defined as the desire to use various types of drugs of plant or chemical origin that is continuous, repetitive and reaches a level that cannot be stopped without treatment.Drug and stimulant addiction is a disease that negatively affects a person’s physical and mental health, family, economic situation and social status. This disease is a serious problem for society, especially in the close circle of addicts. This problem is a study subject in different disciplines such as criminology, medicine, psychology, pharmacology, sociology, and economics, as well as criminal law. This multifaceted structure of addiction leads the classical rules of criminal law to be inadequate in combating addiction.Although heavy penalties are set for crimes within the scope of drug production and trafficking throughout the world, there are differences between countries’ crime and punishment policies regarding the punishment of personal drug use and possession of drugs for this purpose. Despite these criminal law regulations, the number of drug addictions has remained high for a long time. This situation, which also causes capacity problems and financial burdens for criminal justice systems, has led to the establishment of drug treatment courts in the United States, which are represent a different approach to combating addiction. Drug treatment courts, which are an example of problem-solving courts from the application areas of the therapeutic law approach, view drug addiction not as a classical crime but as a health problem with criminal consequences and aim to provide treatment to addicts through judicial intervention. The application and acceptance process adopted in the model, treatment, supervision, reward and temporary punishment system, opportunities such as education and employment offered to the participants and interdisciplinary cooperation are the basic criteria for the success of the model. This model, which has been found to be successful in preventing crime recidivism and reducing financial burden, has been taken as a precedent by many countries. Drug treatment courts operate in Canada, Australia, England, Scotland, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Chile, Bolivia, Jamaica and parts of Brazil. The number of courts in the United States has also increased over this period. While there were 1,621 drug treatment courts in 2004, this number reached 3,448 in 2014 and 4,008 in 2021.In our law, the purchase, acceptance, possession of drugs or stimulants for use or use is regulated as a crime in Article 191 of the Turkish Penal Code. Since the adoption of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), changes have been made in the said article, with laws numbered 5377, 5560, 6217, 6545, 6638, 7078, 7188, and 7445. The postponement of prosecution introduced by the amendment made by Law No. 6545 with regard to Article 191 of the TPC led to a decrease in the number of investigations and prosecutions for a period of two years, but these numbers then showed a general and significant increase. Statistical data show that drug addiction has become a serious problem in our country. According to 2017 data, the rate of drug addicts in the total population in our country is 1.54%. According to the 2023 Türkiye Drug Report prepared by the General Directorate of Security, action was taken against 241,821 suspects in 2022 in accordance with Article 191 of the TPC. In 2022, public expenditures within the scope of the fight against drugs in our country were 4,264,683,725 TL.Although the current provision and the relevant legislation contain some therapeutic provisions in terms of combating addiction, it is understood that there is a need for comprehensive regulation and organization for the effectiveness of the fight against addiction. We believe that drug treatment courts are more successful than our current law in combating drug addiction, that our current provisions are not sufficient, especially in therapeutic terms and that treatment structuring has not been completed. The drug treatment court model involves the participant’s application and acceptance into the program; treatment, supervision, rewards and temporary sanctions included in the program; education, employment and other opportunities offered to participants; it contains more effective provisions than our current law in many respects, such as the successful implementation of interdisciplinary cooperation. Many studies conducted in different countries have found that drug treatment courts are more successful in preventing recidivism than the classical approach of criminal law and reducing financial burdens. We believe that adopting the drug treatment court model will help prevent the criminal justice system from becoming a revolving door for drug-addicted criminals in our country, where the current workload regarding Article 191 of the TPC requires specialization. Thanks to the operation of this court in accordance with the problem-solving court model, beneficial results can be achieved for addicts, their families, society and our criminal justice system.

Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığıyla Mücadelede Tedavi Mahkemelerinin Rolü ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ayşe Özge

If we placed all of our personal data in a circle, the information coming from a molecular genetic analysis of our DNA would be located at the center point. This centre point symbolizes our sensitive personal data. Compared with other branches of law, criminal procedural law is the branch of law which most needs personal data and therefore performs the most interventions in accordance with its proceedings. Moreover, data in the category of sensitive personal data has a great importance in terms of criminal procedure. Since DNA samples cannot be manipulated and provide results with close to 100 percent accuracy, they offer a valuable type of evidence in terms of revealing the material truth. Depending on the offense committed, the molecular genetic analysis method therefore constitutes an important approach in the investigation and prosecution phases of criminal procedure, as being a method of reading the markers expressed in DNA data. Making use of DNA samples is important for criminal procedural law, but it requires using sensitive personal data. For this reason, the need for protecting sensitive personal data should be taken into consideration from the very beginning of the criminal procedure through to the conclusion. In this study, the molecular genetic analysis method in criminal procedural law will be evaluated, especially with regard to the protection of personal data. To this end, firstly the definition of personal data and the classification of specific personal data will be given and subsequently the legal provisions in Turkish criminal procedural law will be examined in detail. As will be seen, in terms of molecular genetic analysis, there are important provisions in the Turkish legislation regarding the protection of personal data. The most important one of these provisions is allowing the application of this method only in cases of where a judge renders a decision based on essentiality. In addition to specifically regulating confidentiality, the objectivity of the expert who makes this analysis and the destruction of the samples used in the analysis have also been regulated. After the evaluation of Turkish legislation, views on the possibility of establishing a national DNA data bank in Turkey, will be discussed. In this regard, opinions in the doctrine shall be presented and the obsolete draft Act on a national DNA data bank in Turkey will be explained. After this comprehensive analysis of the Turkish law, the next topic will be the&nbsp;regulation of molecular genetic analysis in comparative law. In that context, since the related Articles of the Turkish Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) have been translated from the German Criminal Procedure Code (StGB), the first country to be compared will be Germany. In this way, to avoid repeating the same provisions, two different methods will be explained which are regulated in the StGB but which do not appear in the CPC. These are: mass DNA analysis and data storage used for future criminal procedures. In other words a DNA data bank. The second country to be examined after Germany is the United Kingdom. This is because until the ECtHR’s famous decision in the Case of S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom this country had implemented a highly controversial system. Until this decision, the United Kingdom kept DNA cell samples for an indefinite period. Since this kind of application constitutes a very serious interference to the right to privacy regulated in Article 8 of ECHR, the ECtHR ruled against the United Kingdom, and the country made some amendments to its domestic law. Following the United Kingdom, the United States of America will be examined due to it having the largest DNA data bank in the world. This DNA data bank, named CODIS, is used by the FBI. Subsequently, other countries such as France, Italy and Canada (where national DNA data banks have existed for a long time) will be examined, and the different features of the practices in these countries will be explained. In the conclusion, a general evaluation and some important suggestions will be made which should be taken into consideration in case of the establishment of a national DNA data bank in Turkey. In this context, countries that have the most positive practices regarding the protection of personal data will be given as examples. Thus, the recommendations will be given for reaching and even going beyond the levels of international standards.&nbsp;

Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda Moleküler Genetik İncelemelerin Özel Nitelikli Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Our study examines the concept of “serious crime” that leads to withdrawal of donation. This may be due to the donee committing a serious crime against the donor or one of the donors’ relatives, which can be a reason for the withdrawal of donations, regulated by the Turkish Obligation Code (TOC) art. 295 I b 1. We refer to “severe crime,” as defined in the Turkish Civil Code art. 510, which regulates the grounds for debarment from inheritance. However, evaluations of severe crime that lead to debarment from inheritance may not be valid when considering the grounds for withdrawal of donation. In case of debarment from inheritance, the person whom the legator is debarring from his/her inheritance may be the heir according to the legator, yet there may be no such relationship between the donor and the donee. The proximity between the donor and the donee may not be as intense as in inheritance law. How can the concept of “serious crime” then be interpreted in terms of the withdrawal of donation? Is it possible, in this case, to deploy the assessments of criminal law? In the context of our study, we attempt to find answers to this question. To not exceed the scope of our study, we evaluate the concept of severe crime only with reference to withdrawal of donation. To gain an understanding of the concept of “serious crime” based on the TOC 295 I 1, a dual distinction must be in place to express the reason for a donee committing a serious crime against a donor or one of his/her relatives. The first distinction is “crime,” and the second distinction is “serious”. This distinction should not be regarded as purely theoretical because when withdrawing a donation, the offense committed by the donee is characterized as “crime” in terms of criminal law. When a donation is withdrawn, the offense committed by the donee is characterized as “crime” in terms of criminal law. To evaluate whether the offending act is a crime or not, referring to criminal law is sufficient. The fact that the offense is characterized as “crime” serves as an objective condition for the withdrawal of a donation when it is a serious crime. The second distinction required is to define the term “serious.” A crime is characterized as “serious” based on private law regulations in relation to the withdrawal of the donation. The criminal law issue will not be effective in this regard. The private law judge evaluates two types of issues when determining the concept of “serious crime”: objective and subjective. When determining subjective issues, the judge examines the following three elements: whether the crime justifies the existence of ingratitude, any damage caused to the donor because of the crime, and the objective justification for&nbsp;this damage. The judge should examine the nature of each specific case type, the extent of the donation, the motivation of the donor to donate, the motivation of the donee in relation to the offense, whether the donor is at fault or not, and whether these three elements exist together.

Bağışlamanın Geri Alınmasında “Ağır Suç” Kavramı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Boran Ali

Restorative justice is an alternative practice of justice whereby offenders and victims voluntarily encounter, empathise and finally reconcile with each other in the presence of family and relatives, and other mediators. It has emerged as a substitute for the criminalising effects and humane-fiscal cost of the retributive justice system and initiated the active participation of community members in justice procedure. In this regard, community values and norms function as replacements for the written law of the state and criminal justice courts but with regard to more integrating and inclusionary means. The aim is, simply, to restore the broken rule of law by reintegrating perpetrators into the law-abiding community. The main condition for reconciliation between parties relies on a mutual positive emotional interaction and transference between parties, the aim of which is to make offenders reflect on their illicit behaviours and ultimately feel shame and remorse. Even though debates mostly focus on the judicial and socio-cultural viability of this alternative justice system, it is the possibility of a positive emotional interaction that plays a critical role in setting peace and reconciliation between victim and offenders. The idealised process is personified by the revealing of positive emotional expressions, mutual empathy and understanding between the parties in a conflict of interest. A psychosocial criminological approach to the evidence found in the literature on restorative justice has thus far shown that shame and remorse are the two key emotions anticipated for reconciliation in this setting. While not referenced explicitly, this emotional interaction process bears rather on a psychosocial character given that certain psychoanalytical processes are implicitly at work when victims and offenders are seeking to empathise with each other. Given the previous successful results of restorative justice conferences, emotional interaction between the parties has been observed to lead to the construction of mutual empathy and final closure, relying on identification and transference. In the course of the interaction, certain emotional turning points have been identified as taking place between the victim and the offenders, the latter of whom attempts to initiate a possible closure by symbolicemotional posture, facial expressions and gestures. These emotional turning points usually change the course of the conversation between the parties, resulting in the expression of a cordial apology by the offender and its acceptance by victim. However, studies on restorative justice reveal the problem of offenders’ sincerity and the genuineness of their remorse and guilt in such encounters. Some researchers&nbsp;argue that a genuine flow of shame and remorse, in an idealised form, is not displayed by offenders in contrast to the idealised expectations. To exemplify this, setting out the findings of the South Australia Juvenile Justice Research and Conferencing Project, Kathleen Daly draws attention to the fact that victims thought that only 30 per cent of offenders’ apologies were genuine, whereas offenders claimed that 60 per cent of apologies were truly sorry. This means that victims do not think offenders’ apologies are sincere and that offenders think that their apology does not truly reflect any genuine intent. Put it another way, the evidences suggest that there is a radical difference between offenders’ psychic-inner experiences and the presentation of themselves regarding the imperatives of restorative justice setting. This paper offers a conceptual distinction between emotion and affect as viewed from a psychoanalytically-inflected psychosocial criminological perspective. It further argues that emotion refers to symbolic bodily–linguistic signifiers being adaptable and consciously manipulable according to social contexts, whilst affect indicates an energy or intensities experienced unconsciously and not being symbolised. Setting out various case studies and pieces of evidence, the paper suggests that under the pressure of negative affects such as anxiety and fear of a possible failure of the restorative justice conference, offenders tend to display positive symbolic-emotional representations in a way that would convince victims and other mediators of their guilt and shame. The latter usually leads to the expected–idealised result of the victim-offender encounter. Thus, affective intensities in the emotional turning points need to be considered within the interaction process between victim and offender. A psychosocial criminological perspective should always be taken into consideration while restorative justice practices are claimed to be successful and implemented in a specific social and judicial setting.

Onarıcı Adalet Pratiklerinde Mağdur-Fail Karşılaşması: Duygusal Temsiller karşısında Hakiki Duygulanımlar

Kerryn

Scott A.

Dale M.

Cinsiyet ve Cezaevi Koşulları Bakımından Tekerrür: Koruyucu Faktörler ve Risk Faktörlerinin Etkisi

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), açık erişimli, hakemli, Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’nin bir yayınıdır.

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), öncelikle ceza hukuku ve kriminoloji alanlarına odaklanan, suç ve suçlulukla ilişkili konularda yazılan makalelere açık olan bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, yüksek kalitede içerikle bu alanlara katkıda bulunan ve bilgi paylaşımı sağlayan uluslararası bir platform sunmayı amaçlar. Dergide, Türkçe makalelerin yanı sıra İngilizce, Almanca, Fransızca, İspanyolca ve İtalyanca makalelere de yer verilir. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

2024 itibariyle basılı versiyon durdurulmuştur. Dergi sadece online olarak yayınlanmaktadır.

Selman

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Advisory Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), açık erişimli, hakemli, Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa yayınlanan bilimsel bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’nin bir yayınıdır.Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), öncelikle ceza hukuku ve kriminoloji alanlarına odaklanan, suç ve suçlulukla ilişkili konularda yazılan makalelere açık olan bir dergidir. Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi, yüksek kalitede içerikle bu alanlara katkıda bulunan ve bilgi paylaşımı sağlayan uluslararası bir platform sunmayı amaçlar. Dergide, Türkçe makalelerin yanı sıra İngilizce, Almanca, Fransızca, İspanyolca ve İtalyanca makalelere de yer verilir. Derginin hedef kitlesini akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, profesyoneller, öğrenciler ve ilgili mesleki, akademik kurum ve kuruluşlar oluşturur.

Amaç ve Kapsam

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK - ULAKBİM TR Dizin  </li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li></ul>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

<div style="text-align: left;">Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology), yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing.</a></div>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale, editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi (Journal of Penal Law and Criminology) araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar, makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır. Bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan kişi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulu ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve/veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizörlüğü tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm kişiler, sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalı ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her kişi, yazar olarak gösterilmelidir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar, yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan, ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm kişiler, “teşekkür/bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler örnek olarak gösterilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Editör; makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından, siyasi ve felsefi düşüncesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Ayrıca editör, yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Hakemden gelen rapor doğrultusunda yazının yayınlanmasına, yazardan rapor çerçevesinde düzeltme istenmesine ya da yazının geri çevrilmesine karar verir ve yazarı durumdan en kısa sürede haberdar eder. Editör, içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Ayrıca editör, gerektiğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çatışmaya izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler; makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından, siyasi ve felsefi düşüncesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Hakemler, yazarların atıfta bulunmadığı konuyla ilgili yayınlanmış çalışmaları tespit etmelidirler. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilgilerin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafından herhangi bir telif hakkının ihlal edildiğini ve intihal yapıldığını fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlayamayacağını düşünüyorsa, editöre bu durumu derhal bildirmeli ve editörden hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör, hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri, başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kendileri için makalelerin kopyalarını çıkarmalarına izin verilmez. Ayrıca hakemler, editörün izni olmadan makaleleri başkasına veremezler. Yazarın ve editörün izni olmadan hakemlerin gözden geçirmeleri basılamaz ve açıklanamaz. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li style="text-align: left;">Makale gönderimi online olarak, <a href="http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/tr/journal/jplc/home" target="_blank">http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/tr/journal/jplc/home</a> üzerinden yapılmalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen yazılar, yazının yayınlanmak üzere gönderildiğini ifade eden, makale türünü belirten ve makaleyle ilgili bilgileri içeren (bkz: Son Kontrol Listesi) bir mektup; yazının elektronik formunu içeren Microsoft Word 2003 ve üzerindeki versiyonları ile yazılmış elektronik dosya ve tüm yazarların imzaladığı <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a> eklenerek gönderilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen makale ile birlikte yazar bilgilerini içeren <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CB3FD4EC91BA4FF18424B5350D90CD1E" target="_blank">kapak sayfası</a> gönderilmelidir. Kapak sayfasında, makalenin başlığı, yazar veya yazarların bağlı bulundukları kurum ve unvanları, kendilerine ulaşılabilecek adresler, cep, iş ve faks numaraları ve e-posta adresleri yer almalıdır (bkz. Son Kontrol Listesi).</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergide, hakem denetiminden geçen çalışmalar dışında, karar incelemesi, kitap incelemesi, mevzuat değerlendirmesi ve bilgilendirici notlara da yer verilir. Bu nitelikteki yazıların kabulü veya geri çevrilmesi, Editörler ve Yayın Kurulu tarafından yapılır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen yazılarla ilgili tüm yazışmalar ilk yazarla yapılır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazarların dergiye gönderdikleri çalışmaların derginin kurallarına uygun olduğu kabul edilir. Bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uyulmadığı veya olağanın üzerinde yazım yanlışlarının tespit edildiği yazılar, Editörler ve Yayın Kurulu tarafından geri çevrilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Gönderilen çalışmaların yazı karakteri Times New Roman ve yazı büyüklüğü-14 punto olması gereken bölüm başlıkları ve 10 punto olması gereken dipnotlar dışında- 12 punto olması gerekir. Satır aralıklarının da 1.5 değerinde olması gerekir. Yararlanılan kaynaklara ilişkin dipnotlar sayfa altında yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Yazar/yazarların adları çalışmanın başlığının hemen altında sağa bitişik şekilde verilmelidir. Ayrıca yıldız dipnot şeklinde (*) yazarın unvanı, kurumu ve e-posta adresi ve telefonu sayfanın en altında dipnotta belirtilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmaların başlıca şu unsurları içermesi gerekmektedir: Türkçe Başlık, Türkçe öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce başlık, İngilizce öz ve anahtar kelimeler; İngilizce genişletilmiş özet, ana metin bölümleri, son notlar ve kaynaklar.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Giriş bölümünden önce 180-200 sözcük arasında çalışmanın kapsamını, amacını, ulaşılan sonuçları ve kullanılan yöntemi kaydeden Türkçe ve İngilizce öz ile 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın İngilizce başlığı İngilizce özün üzerinde yer almalıdır. İngilizce ve Türkçe özlerin altında çalışmanın içeriğini temsil eden 3 İngilizce, 3 Türkçe anahtar kelime yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Araştırma yazılarında sorunsalın betimlendiği ve çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği GİRİŞ bölümünü “Amaç ve Yöntem”, “Bulgular”, “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar” “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” gibi bölümler takip etmelidir. Derleme ve yorum yazıları için ise, çalışmanın öneminin belirtildiği, sorunsal ve amacın somutlaştırıldığı “Giriş” bölümünün ardından diğer bölümler gelmeli ve çalışma “Tartışma ve Sonuç”, ”Son Notlar”, “Kaynaklar” ve “Tablolar ve Şekiller” şeklinde bitirilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Çalışmanın sonunda, kullanılan kaynakların yazar soyadına göre alfabetik sıraya dizildiği kaynakçaya yer verilmelidir. Ayrıca eserde kullanılan kaynaklar dipnotunda veya metin içerisinde kısa olarak yer almalıdır.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Eserlerin tablo veya grafik içermesi durumunda ayrı bir excel dosyası ile ham verilerin eserle birlikte gönderilmesi zorunludur. Çalışmalarda tablo, grafik ve şekil gibi göstergeler ancak çalışmanın takip edilebilmesi açısından gereklilik arz ettiği durumlarda, numaralandırılarak, tanımlayıcı bir başlık ile birlikte verilmelidir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Kurallar dâhilinde dergimize yayınlanmak üzere gönderilen çalışmaların her türlü sorumluluğu ve çalışmada geçen görüşler yazar/yazarlarına aittir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Hakem raporları doğrultusunda yazarlardan, metin üzerinde bazı düzeltmeler yapmaları istenebilir.</li><li style="text-align: left;">Dergiye gönderilen çalışmalar yayınlansın veya yayınlanmasın geri gönderilmez.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların OSCOLA’ya göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2DE5F68B92874A26A2E9D5398C6A61D3" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca vd dillerdeki makaleler) İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">Makalenin gönderileceği DergiPark sayfası adresi: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/49/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/49/submission/step/manuscript/new</a></li><li style="text-align: left;">Yapılan başvurularda, çalışmanın sorumlu yazarının (corresponding author) hesabı kullanılmalıdır. Sorumlu yazarın dışındaki yazarların ya da çalışmada yazar olarak yer almayan bir başkasının hesabı kullanılmamalıdır. Başvuru ile ilgili bütün yazışmalar DergiPark sistemi üzerinden gönderilen elektronik posta ile sorumlu yazara iletilmektedir.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 180-200 kelime makale dilinde ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet makale dilinde ve 3 adet İngilizce</li> <li>İngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn, Almanca, Fransızca, Türkçe vd dillerdeki makaleler ) İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract)  600-800 kelime</li> <li>Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5B1C2B40D7AB469E9A57486EF590CEB7" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/55AD51EFEC864EF685218DCAED509157" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>

Aşağıdaki listede yer alan hususların eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup•    Makalenin türü•    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi•    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)•    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı bilgisi (araştırma makaleleri için)•    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı bilgisi•    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği•    Kaynakların OSCOLA’ya veya APA6’ya göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/0CEFE36784F44C599A77D76F95DE3DAA" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F28B47DF92FD4F80BF9CB4775FBEF2F8" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a>•    Makalenin türü•    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı•    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri•    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu•    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metni dosyası•    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı•    Özetler 180-200 kelime Türkçe ve 180-200 kelime İngilizce•    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3 adet Türkçe ve 3 adet İngilizce•    Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 600-800 kelime•    Makale ana metin bölümleri•    Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)•    Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)•    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)•    Kaynaklar•    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Adem Sözüer
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi

CİLT 10, SAYI 2, 2022

Yeni Teknolojilere İnsan Hakları Bakış Açısıyla Yaklaşmak: Kişisel Özerklik ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı

İHAM İçtihadı Açısından Türkiye’de Vergi ve Ceza Yargılamalarının Etkileşimi Sorunu

İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadelede Bir Araç Olarak Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku

Bilgisayarlarda, Bilgisayar Programlarında ve Kütüklerinde Arama, Kopyalama ve Elkoyma

Alman ve Avusturya Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Yağma Suçunda Manevi Unsurun Belirlenmesine Yönelik Tartışmalar

Suç Aktarımı: Ceza İnfaz Kurumları Suç Üniversiteleri mi?

II. Meşrutiyet’in İlk Günlerinde Uygulanan Afların Mahiyet ve Etkileri (1908-1909)

Anayasa ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde İsnadı (Suçlamayı) Öğrenme Hakkı

BİLGİ

PAYLAŞ