Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558   IUP :10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558    Tam Metin (PDF)

Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi

Mustafa Bölükbaşı

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, parti kurumsallaşmasına yönelik kuramsal yaklaşımları, ampirik operasyonelleştirmeyle bir araya getirmektir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye demokrasisi örneğinde, farklı göstergeler kullanarak parti kurumsallaşması kavramının sistematik bir operasyonelleştirmesini sunmaktadır. Türk parti sistemi hakkında oldukça geniş bir literatür bulunmasına rağmen, Türkiye’de parti kurumsallaşması hakkında çok az tartışma yapılmıştır. Çoğu araştırmanın en zayıf noktası, parti kurumsallaşmasının nasıl ölçüleceği sorusuna yeterli bir cevap verememesidir. Bu sorunun üstesinden gelebilmek için, bu makale Parti Kurumsallaşma Endeksi’ni (PII) önermektedir. PII, parti kurumsallaşmasının dört boyutunun sistematik olarak operasyonelleştirilmesiyle elde edilmektedir: istikrar, sistemlilik, somutlaştırma ve kökleşme. Bu araştırma, bir siyasi partinin her bir boyutta önemli ölçüde farklı puanlara sahip olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, daha yüksek üyelik gücüne, coğrafi olarak yaygın büyük ölçekli örgütlere, daha yüksek kronolojik yaşa, daha fazla sayıda lider değişimine, daha düşük düzeyde seçim oynaklığına ve daha büyük seçim başarısına sahip siyasi partilerin daha fazla kurumsallaşacağını ve daha uzun süre varlığını sürdüreceğini öne sürmektedir. Bu araştırmanın bulguları, kurumsallaşma düzeyi en yüksek olan partinin CHP olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda HDP dışındaki siyasi partilerin görece yüksek düzeyde kurumsallaşma sergilediğine işaret etmektedir.

DOI :10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558   IUP :10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558    Tam Metin (PDF)

Measuring the Level of Party Institutionalization in Turkey

Mustafa Bölükbaşı

The main aim of this research is to combine theoretical approaches to party institutionalization with empirical operationalization. This study provides a systematic operationalization of the concept of party institutionalization using different indicators in the case of Turkish democracy. Although there has been extensive literature on the Turkish party system, there has been little discussion on party institutionalization in Turkey. The main weakness of most research is the failure to address how to quantify and measure party institutionalization. To overcome this problem, this paper offers the Party Institutionalization Index (PII). The PII is produced by the systematic operationalization of four dimensions of party institutionalization: stability, systemness, reification, and rootedness. The research shows that a political party may have significantly different scores in each dimension. This study argues that political parties with higher membership strength, geographically large-scale units, higher chronological age, more leadership changes, lower electoral volatility, and greater electoral success will become more institutionalized and survive longer. The results indicate that the CHP is the most institutionalized party in Turkey. This study also shows that political parties in Turkey, except for the HDP, display a relatively high level of institutionalization. 


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Amundsen, I. (1997). In Search of a Counter-force: State, Power and Civil Society in the Struggle for Democracy in Africa. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. University of Troms0. google scholar
  • Arslantaş, D., & Arslantaş, Ş. (2021). The evolution of the party model in Turkey: from cadre to cartel parties? British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1-18. google scholar
  • Arslantaş, D., Arslantaş, Ş., & Kaiser, A. (2020). Does the Electoral System Foster a Predominant Party System? Evidence from Turkey. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(1), 125-143. google scholar
  • Arter, D., & Kestila-Kekkonen, E. (2014). Measuring the Extent of Party Institutionalisation: The Case of a Populist Entrepreneur Party. West European Politics, 37(5), 932-956. google scholar
  • Ayan-Musil, P. (2015). Emergence of a Dominant Party System After Multipartyism: Theoretical Implications from the Case of the AKP in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 20(1), 71-92. google scholar
  • Aydın Düzgit, S. (2019). The Islamist-Secularist divide and Turkey’s descent into severe polarization. T. Carothers, & A. O’Donohue içinde, Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization (s. 17-37). Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. google scholar
  • Basedau, M., & Stroh, A. (2008). Measuring Party Institutionalisation in Developing Countries: A New Research Instrument Applied to 28 African Political Parties. German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)(69), 1-27. google scholar
  • Bedelski, R. E. (1994). The Transformation of South Korea. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Bertoa, F. C. (2017). Political parties or party systems? Assessing the ‘myth’ of institutionalisation and democracy. West European Politics, 40(2), 402-429. google scholar
  • Bolleyer, N., & Ruth-Lovell, S. P. (2019). Party institutionalization as multilevel concept: base-versus elite-level routinization. Z Vgl Polit Wiss(13), 175-198. google scholar
  • Bölükbaşı, M. (2021). A Reassessment of the Turkish Party System. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 30(2), 277-289. google scholar
  • Celep, Ö. (2021). A Contemporary Analysis of Intra-Party Democracy in Turkey’s Political Parties. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 768-794. google scholar
  • Çarkoğlu, A. (1998). The Turkish party system in transition: party performance and agenda change. Political Studies, 46(3), 544-571. google scholar
  • Çarkoğlu, A. (2011). Turkey>s 2011 general elections: towards a dominant party system? Insight Turkey, 13(3), 43-62. google scholar
  • Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2007). Turkish democracy today. New York, NY: I.B.Tauris. google scholar
  • Dix, R. (1992). Political Parties, Democratization and the Institutionalisation of Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 24(4), 488-511. google scholar
  • Duverger, M. (1964). Political parties: Their organization and activity in the modern state. (B. North, & R. North, Trans.) London: Methuen. google scholar
  • Esen, B., & Gümüşçü, Ş. (2017). A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017. South European Society and Politics, 22(3), 303-326. google scholar
  • Gunther, R., & Hopkin, J. (2002). A Crisis of Institutionalization: The Collapse of the UCD in Spain. In R. Gunther, J. Ramon, & J. Linz, Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges (pp. 191-229). Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Gümüşçü, Ş. (2013). The emerging predominant party system in Turkey. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 223-244. google scholar
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish politics and the military interventions. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Harmel, R., & Svâsand, L. (1993). Party leadership and party institutionalisation: Three phases of development. West European Politics, 16(2), 67-88. google scholar
  • Harmel, R., Svâsand, L., & Mjelde, H. (2018). Institutionalisation (and de-Institutionalisation) of Rightwing protest parties: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway. Colchester: Ecpr Press. google scholar
  • Harmel, R., Svâsand, L., & Mjelde, H. (2019). Party Institutionalisation: Concepts and Indicators. In R. Harmel, & L. Svasand, Institutionalization of Political Parties: Comparative Cases (pp. 9-24). London: ECPR Press. google scholar
  • Heper, M., & Landau, J. M. (Ed). (1991). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. London and New York: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers. google scholar
  • Hicken, A., & Kuchonta, E. (2014). Party System Institutionalization in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Hopkin, J., & Paolucci, C. (1999). The business firm model of party organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy. European Journal of Political Research, 35(3), 307-339. google scholar
  • Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. google scholar
  • Janda, K. (1980). Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: Free Press. google scholar
  • Kabasakal, M. (1991). Türkiye’de Siyasal Parti Örgütlenmesi: 1908-1960 [Political party organizations in Turkey: 1908-1960]. Ankara: Tekin Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Kuenzi, M., & Lambright, G. (2001). Party System Institutionalisation in 30 African Countries. Party Politics, 7(4), 437-468. google scholar
  • Kumbaracıbaşı, A. C. (2020). Models of party institutionalization and problems of democratic consolidation. Mediterranean Politics, 25(2), 215-244. google scholar
  • Levitsky, S. (1998). Institutionalization and Peronism: The Concept, the Case and the Case for Unpacking the Concept. Party Politics, 4(77), 77-92. google scholar
  • Mainwaring, S., & Scully, T. R. (Dü). (1995). Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. google scholar
  • Manacra, R. C., & Tan, A. C. (2005). Manufacturing Parties: Re-Examining the Transient Nature of Philippine Political Parties. Party Politics, 4(1), 77-92. google scholar
  • Musella, F., & Vercesi, M. (2019). Definitions and measures of party institutionalization in new personal politics: The case of the 5-star movement. Z Vgl Polit Wiss(13), 225-247. google scholar
  • Öney, B., & Selck, T. J. (2017). Exploring the level of party system institutionalization and party system type in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 18(2,), 209-228. google scholar
  • Özbudun, E. (1979). Siyasal partiler [Political parties]. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayını. google scholar
  • Özbudun, E. (2000). Contemporary Turkish politics: Challenges to democratic consolidation. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. google scholar
  • Özbudun, E. (2006). From Political Islam to Conservative Democracy: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. South European Society & Politics, 11(3-4), 543-557. google scholar
  • Özbudun, E. (2011). The constitutional system of Turkey: 1876 to the present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Panebianco, A. (1988). Political parties: organization and power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Pedahzur, A., & Brichta, A. (2002). The Institutionalisation of Extreme Right-Wing Charismatic Parties: A Paradox? Party Politics, 8(1), 31-49. google scholar
  • Randall, V., & Svâsand, L. (2002). Party Institutionalization in New Democracies. Party Politics, 8(1), 5-29. google scholar
  • Rose, R., & Mackie, T. T. (1988). Do parties persist or fail? The big trade-off facing organizations. In K. Lawson, & P. H. Merkl, When parties fail: emerging alternative organizations (pp. 533-558). Princeton: Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Sarıbay, A. Y. (2001). Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve Politik Partiler. [Democracy and political parties in Turkey] İstanbul: Alfa. google scholar
  • Sayarı, S. (1976). Aspects of Party Organization in Turkey. Middle East Journal, 30(2), 187-199. google scholar
  • Sayarı, S. (2002). The changing party system. In S. Sayarı, & Y. Esmer, Politics, parties, and elections in Turkey (pp. 9-32). Boulder: Lynne Rienner. google scholar
  • Sayarı, S. (2007). Towards a new Turkish party system? Turkish Studies, 8(2), 197-210. google scholar
  • Sayarı, S. (2012). Political parties. In M. Heper, & S. Sayarı, The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey (pp.182-193). New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Sayarı, S. (2016). Back to a predominant party system: The November 2015 snap election in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 21(2), 263-280. google scholar
  • Selçuk, O., Hekimci, D., & Erpul, O. (2019). The Erdoğanization of Turkish politics and the role of the opposition. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 19(4), 541-564. google scholar
  • Travits, M. (2013). Post-Communist Democracies and Party Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Tunaya, T. Z. (1952). Türkiye’de siyasi partiler [Political parties in Turkey]. İstanbul: Doğan Kardeş. google scholar
  • Türsan, H. (1995). Pernicious party factionalism as a constant of transitions to democracy in Turkey. Democratization, 2(1), 168-184. google scholar
  • Ufen, A. (2007). Political Party and Party System Institutionalisation in Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Giga Working Papers(44), 1-30. google scholar
  • Van Biezen, I., Mair, P., & Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, Going, . . . Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 54(1), 24-56. google scholar
  • Veugelers, J. W. (1995). The Institutionalization of France’s Front National. Department of Sociology. Unpublished Thesis: Princeton University. google scholar
  • Weghorst, K., & Bernhard, M. (2014). From Formlessness to Structure? The Institutionalization of Competitive Party Systems in Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 47(2), 1707-1737. google scholar
  • Weissenbach, K., & Bukow, S. U. (2019). Travelling concepts of party institutionalization? A comparative perspective. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 13(2), 157-174. google scholar
  • Yardımcı-Geyikçi, Ş. (2015). Party institutionalization and democratic consolidation: Turkey and Southern Europe in comparative perspective. Party Politics, 21(4), 527-538. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, K. (2020). Clientelism and dominant incumbent parties: party competition in an urban Turkish neighborhood. Democratization, 27(1), 81-99. google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Bölükbaşı, M. (2022). Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


AMA

Bölükbaşı M. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences. 2022;31(2):305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


ABNT

Bölükbaşı, M. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, [Publisher Location], v. 31, n. 2, p. 305-321, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Bölükbaşı, Mustafa,. 2022. “Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi.” Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences 31, no. 2: 305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


Chicago: Humanities Style

Bölükbaşı, Mustafa,. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi.” Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences 31, no. 2 (Dec. 2023): 305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


Harvard: Australian Style

Bölükbaşı, M 2022, 'Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi', Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 305-321, viewed 4 Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Bölükbaşı, M. (2022) ‘Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi’, Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), pp. 305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558 (4 Dec. 2023).


MLA

Bölükbaşı, Mustafa,. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi.” Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, vol. 31, no. 2, 2022, pp. 305-321. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


Vancouver

Bölükbaşı M. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences [Internet]. 4 Dec. 2023 [cited 4 Dec. 2023];31(2):305-321. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558 doi: 10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558


ISNAD

Bölükbaşı, Mustafa. Türkiye’de Parti Kurumsallaşma Düzeyinin Ölçülmesi”. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences 31/2 (Dec. 2023): 305-321. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1100558



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim08.04.2022
Kabul30.09.2022
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma13.10.2022

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.