Esra

Assoc. Prof.

This study covers the conditions of abuse of the right to apply for the escape clause, which is a restriction of share transfer regulated in article 493/1 of the Turkish Commercial Code1 , and the consequences of abuse. The study does not examine the elements of the right to apply for the escape clause in detail. The components of the right and restrictions of share transfer are mentioned in general as needed.This study covers the conditions of abuse of the right to apply for the escape clause, which is a restriction of share transfer regulated in article 493/1 of the Turkish Commercial Code1 , and the consequences of abuse. The study does not examine the elements of the right to apply for the escape clause in detail. The components of the right and restrictions of share transfer are mentioned in general as needed.According to the TCC 493/1, a company may reject approving share transfer in terms of non-quoted registered shares by citing a significant reason in the articles of association or by proposing that the transferor purchase shares at their real value to the account of itself, other shareholders, or third parties at the time of application. According to the second paragraph of the same article, the provisions of the articles of association regarding the composition of the shareholders’ circle constitutes a significant reason if it justifies the approval rejection in terms of the business function of the company or the economic independence of the enterprise. For the company to reject the approval request based on the significant reason indicated in the articles of association, it is not required to make a purchase proposal for the shares subject to transfer (dry rejection). The fact that the significant reason has been made public with the articles of association constitutes the justification for the company application for dry rejection.According to the TCC 493/1, a company may reject approving share transfer in terms of non-quoted registered shares by citing a significant reason in the articles of association or by proposing that the transferor purchase shares at their real value to the account of itself, other shareholders, or third parties at the time of application. According to the second paragraph of the same article, the provisions of the articles of association regarding the composition of the shareholders’ circle constitutes a significant reason if it justifies the approval rejection in terms of the business function of the company or the economic independence of the enterprise. For the company to reject the approval request based on the significant reason indicated in the articles of association, it is not required to make a purchase proposal for the shares subject to transfer (dry rejection). The fact that the significant reason has been made public with the articles of association constitutes the justification for the company application for dry rejection.dated 31.7.2019, stated that it is unnecessary to have a significant reason to apply for this method; however, the application decision for the escape clause “must be based on a reasonable economic reason”. There is no decision of the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals directly related to the abuse of the right to apply for the escape clause. Meanwhile, the Eleventh Civil Department of the Court, in its decision numbered 3863/5475 dated 17.9.2019, decided that the approval request could not be rejected without a justified reason, handling the TCC 493/1 without exception between the dry rejection or the escape clause.The acceptance that the escape clause can be applied without any significant reason is contrary to the spirit of the provisions of Turkish Commercial Code 492. This acceptance makes the share transfer restrictions a rule rather than an exception and forces the joint-stock company to become a “limited liability company.” Although it is impossible to apply for the escape clause without a significant reason, it is unnecessary to indicate why in the articles of association. The reason the escape clause is applied by making a purchase proposal is that the significant reason has not been made public by the articles of association. When the right to apply for the escape clause is abused, the principle of freedom of share transfer is violated. In this case, the decision to apply for the escape clause is null, and a declaratory action can be filed against the decision under TCC 494/3. The person encumbered by the share transfer to him/her can claim that the right to apply for the escape clause has been abused by applying for the escape clause. However, the transferor who accepts the company’s purchase proposal of the company does not have the right to sue. The decision of the court as a result of this action is retroactive (ex tunc). It is not able to apply the provision of the TCC 497/4 using the method of analogy. Acceptance of the contrary encourages the abuse of the right to apply for the escape clause and is contrary to the TCC 494/3.

Borsaya Kote Edilmemiş Nama Yazılı Payların Devrinde Kaçış Klozuna  Başvuru Hakkının Kötüye Kullanılması

Gökçe

Assist. Prof.

The aging population is considered one of the most significant demographic megatrends, along with overpopulation, immigration, and urbanization. According to the United Nations Economic and Social Council report in 2019, one out of every 11 individuals is over 65 years old, and the ratio is estimated to be 1:6 by 2050. Another report highlights that Turkish people over 65 years constitute between 5–10% of the entire population. This percentage will likely increase to 25–30% by 2050. Although the aging population trend is per se a great success for humanity, certain problems follow this current trend.As a result of the aging population and rise in the average life expectancy, the visibility of psychiatric diseases causing loss of mental competence has considerably increased. According to the World Health Organization, 20% of individuals over 60 years cope with some kind of mental or neurologic condition, particularly dementia or depression. As a result, adjustments were made to social life and legal support systems. These changes are attributed to a combined effort of academic and legislative bodies toward finding ways to support patient autonomy and self-involvement in decision-making in case of loss of mental competence. This article discusses and analyzes these efforts from a comparative lens.This paper examines the concept of advance healthcare directives in a wider sense, including instruction directives and durable powers of attorney. First, we analyze the genesis and development of advance healthcare directives in the United States, as the concept was introduced in Europe more recently. In order to have a general look over the European systems, we examine the Article 9 of the Oviedo Convention and the Recommendation (2009)11 of the European Council. Next, we scrutinize recent developments in Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy, to critically examine the commonalities and differences between the choices made in the respective legal systems.The concept of advance healthcare directives is almost unknown in Turkish law, unlike in the previously mentioned systems. One reason is the continued dominance of the paternalistic approach toward the patient–doctor relationship. The other reason is the lack of a legal rule rendering these kinds of dispositions binding. Although it is possible to offer a validated mandate for the condition of loss of mental capacity, the content will be sensitive due to disputes on whether “highly personal” decisions can be made through a representative. The second reason is the role of the guardian. Unlike German or Austrian law, legal representation is not a subsidiary or secondary legal institution in Turkish law. Therefore, although an advance directive gets drafted, it may be revoked by the guardian if deemed necessary, even if it is related to matters that are not considered highly personal (such as asset administration). Considering the recent developments in the United States and certain European countries, while keeping in mind Turkish ratification of the Oviedo Convention, a swift change in policy regarding the concept of advance health care directives would not be a surprise. To support this change, certain de lege ferenda proposals for Turkish law, in line with the comparative findings, have been proposed at the end of this paper.

Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış Açısıyla İleriye Dönük Hasta Direktifleri ve  Türk Hukuku İçin Öneriler

Özge

The values of personality are interrelated, a person’s body, mental existence, and social integrity are in constant interaction with one another; consequently, an intervention directed toward one affects the others. Similarly, medical intervention for physiological integrity exerts important effects on the psychosocial existence and integrity of a person. The nature of the method and information used are aspects that characterize intervention to personality values as medical intervention rather than the objective of the intervention or who conducts the intervention.In general, a person exposed to an intervention using medical information is situated in a weak position owing to the lack of this information. Moreover, the fact that the relationship established with a patient or a counselee is at risk of exploitation is also based on this asymmetry. Such qualified information not only leads to the establishment of a hierarchical relationship but also is instrumentalized by the ruling owner for the continuity of order. Furthermore, obedience from individuals is transformed into a tool of social control over bodies through various arguments and medicine. Thus, the present study highlights the effects of social control motivation on the condition of usefulness in medical interventions from the viewpoint of biopolitics. When the conditions of the lawfulness of consent are reviewed using the aforementioned approach, interventions should not be considered necessary for health or beneficial in terms of health welfare. However, they should be oriented toward a legitimate purpose. When such interventions are declared necessary or beneficial for health in line with subjective evaluations, an unjustified restriction can be imposed on the right of individuals to determine their relations, body, and future. In other words, a certain lifestyle can be imposed on individuals. Moreover, it recommendations within interventions may change over time in terms of the nature of the disease and, therefore, cases that require medical intervention. Notably, medicine is extremely political, especially in terms of mental illnesses.Although the concept of superior interests is arguably the mainstay of all medical interventions without consent, no real conflict exists in terms of the will of the person in terms of medical interventions for personal interests based on the assumed consent. This study discusses the legitimacy of medical interventions conducted without consent of the person or their legal representative. Moreover, distinguishing the criteria regarding conflict with legal representatives as discussed herein is necessary. However, legal representatives are not entitled to evaluate and make decisions arbitrarily because they make decisions for another person’s body and not theirs. The sole purpose of the powers granted to legal representatives is to protect the interests of mentally incapable persons, to allow the necessary interventions, and to prevent unnecessary interventions. At this point, if the mentally incapable person that requires intervention does not resist, refuse, and, therefore, does not engage in conflict, then the interests of the said person have decisive importance instead of the opinion of the legal representative. In this respect, the study discusses vaccines for infants and differentiates them from mandatory vaccines intended for adults. By contrast, in a situation where a competent person who is undergoing medical intervention is engaged in a conflict with him the legal representative, whether the consequences that may occur owing to the lack of intervention will damage the state power or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others should be examined. The rationale for preserving an abstract state power frequently does not serve other interests apart from disciplining people and obtaining their obedience.If the benefits provided by an intervention are considerably nonsignificant in the face of the burdens that the intervention creates for the individual in the case of violation of autonomy, intervention should be avoided because it cannot be regarded with proportionality as per the Constitution. One of the aspects that must change is the regulation that envisages forced examination for victims of sexual violence because the compulsion of the victims will create secondary trauma and will lead to continued violence. Alternatively, the present study emphasizes that exceptions should not be made for the avoidance of intervention without consent. This condition applies to biological substance donation and experiments for scientific purposes only owing to the lack of moral justification for expecting an individual to make sacrifices despite the fact that the conditions of the person do not create a burden for society.

Tıbbi Müdahalelerde Onam Hakkının Sınırı Olarak Üstün Yarar

Cemre

Res. Assist.

There are three parties within the commercial relationships which are concluded via agencies. The first party is the agency; who is an aid, performing on behalf of their client. The second party is the client, main commercial party which instructs agency to perform on their behalf. The third party is the customer, which is entering into a transaction with client by signing an agreement with the agency. Agencies perform and conclude commercial transactions on behalf of their clients. Client initiates commercial relationships with customers and pays fees to the agency according to their performance. According to Turkish law, agencies have the authority to represent their clients and file claims against customers on behalf of their clients regarding the disputes arising from the agreements which they concluded. It is also stipulated at Turkish Commercial Code that customers may address their claims from the Client, to the agencies as well (Art. 105).&nbsp;The role of the agency in the aforementioned lawsuits is important. Therefore in the first section of this study, the role of the agency in the lawsuits regarding the agreements they concluded has been examined. Aforesaid examination has been made through the Turkish commercial law and procedural law doctrine. According to procedural law, it is mainly accepted that, anyone who is presented as plaintiff and defendant is a party of that lawsuit. However, the regulations in Turkish Commercial Code regarding the role of agencies mention otherwise. Because it is mentioned that decision given by the court shall not be enforced against the agency, it can only be enforced against the client, common interpretation in procedural law shall not be applied here. Agencies shall not be deemed as a party of the lawsuits regarding the agreements conducted by them.&nbsp;As it is accepted that the agencies are not the party of the lawsuits, their actions must be classified to evaluate further procedural matters. It is legally acceptable that agencies act as a proxy for the clients in the lawsuits, because they can not be deemed as a party. The second part of the study focuses on the jurisdiction agreements in which foreign courts are appointed. Parties may appoint foreign courts regarding the resolution of their disputes in the agreement they conclude. Conditions required for the appointment of foreign courts stipulated at Art. 47 of Code on Private International and Procedural Law, numbered 5718. Validity of jurisdiction agreements in which foreign courts were appointed, disputes shall have three conditions: foreign element, arising from an obligational relationship and the non-existence of exclusive jurisdiction of Turkish courts.&nbsp;Foreign element means having a relation with more than one state. This may occur in various forms, e. g. having citizenship of a foreign country, having a domicile or habitual residence in a foreign country, performing the agreement in a foreign country, etc. There is no limitation for the occurrence of the foreign element. The second condition regarding the validity of the jurisdiction agreement is dispute shall arise from an obligational relation. Therefore any disputes regarding the family law and non-obligational relations shall not be subject to a jurisdiction agreement. The third condition is that there shall be no Turkish courts with an exclusive jurisdiction. Exclusive jurisdiction of Turkish courts effect the validity of jurisdiction agreement. When a Turkish Court has exclusive jurisdiction on the dispute, the jurisdiction agreement shall be null and void.The main result of a valid jurisdiction agreement in Turkish Law is that foreign court has an exclusive jurisdiction over the dispute. If the lawsuit is brought up in Turkish a court, objection regarding the Turkish courts’ international jurisdiction shall be accepted and the claims shall be declined accordingly. The third section of this study focuses on the effects of the regulation in Turkish Commercial Code (Art. 105) regarding the agencies’ authority to represent their client to the jurisdiction agreements. Authority to the agencies is given for creating opportunity to bring up a lawsuit in Turkish courts against foreign clients by the customer resides in Turkey. Although agreement concluded via agency has a jurisdiction clause in favor of a foreign court, customer has an opportunity to bring up a lawsuit in Turkish courts, as well. Therefore, customer has a choice between Turkish courts and a foreign court mentioned in jurisdiction agreement. However, Turkish Court of Cassation has a different approach to the matter. According to three Court of Cassation decisions given in 2020, the jurisdiction agreements are null and void, due to the exclusive jurisdiction of Turkish courts. Court of Cassation ruled that the Art. 105 of the Turkish Commercial Code grants an exclusive jurisdiction to Turkish courts. Therefore, any jurisdiction agreements for the appointment of foreign courts signed by agencies shall be null and void. The decision regarding the exclusive jurisdiction is not appropriate and acceptable with respect to private international and procedural law. In this study, it is aimed to focus on the effects and critique of the article 105 of Turkish Commercial Code and the recent decisions of Court of Cassation.

Acentenin Müvekkilini Davada Temsil Yetkisine İlişkin 6102 Sayılı  Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nda Düzenlenen Hükümlerin Yabancı Mahkeme  Lehine Akdedilen Yetki Anlaşmalarına Etkisi

Musa

Vehicles having foreign license plates can enter Turkey with several requirements. According to applicable legislation, all vehicles having foreign license plates shall be accepted in Turkey if they are insured with obligatory automobile liability insurance at the border gate or with Green Card Insurance valid for Turkey. Article 91/5 of Highway Traffic Law regulates that compulsory automobile liability insurance must be done at the border gate under circumstances determined by Undersecretariat of Treasury for vehicles, providing that vehicles having foreign license plates have no valid insurance in Turkey.Obligatory automobile liability insurance taken in Turkey is only valid within the borders of the Turkish Republic. Taking out an insurance abroad is also possible. However, specific provisions are in place for taking out an insurance that is valid outside the country. For example, Article 14 of the Turkish Insurance Law specifies the requirements of insurance taken outside the country. Therefore, for the insurance to be valid outside the country, either separate insurance must be taken in that state or valid insurance contracts should be present for usage in the country as well as abroad. After World War II, not only international trade but also international tourism has prospered. Thus, the use of motor land vehicles between European countries has increased too. Hence, the Working Party on Road Transport of the Inland Transport Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations was established to diminish the problems. The Committee drawn up Recommendation No. 5, in which the basis of the Green Card System was founded. With such recommendation, the working group recommended to the governments of the member states to establish uniform and easily enforceable policies to ensure that drivers will be satisfactorily insured upon entering countries where drivers must have insurance. Alternatively, in the recommendation, member states agreed to establish a central organization under the name “bureau” to ensure the operation of such insurance system in each member state.The Green Card System aims to facilitate the passage of motor land vehicles across international borders with an internationally valid insurance certificate and protect victims of accidents that involve vehicles with foreign license plates in the country where they are traveling to. In 1959, the European Convention on Compulsory Financial Liability Insurance for Motor Vehicles was prepared and opened for signature by the Council of Europe. The contract entered into force in September 22, 1969. The Convention was signed, with some reservations, in 1974 and confirmed in 1999 by Law No. 4477. Thus, as stipulated in the Convention, Turkish Motor Insurers’ Bureau (TMIB) has been founded to exercise Green Card Insurance operations in Turkey. Damages borne by third parties are compensated by the TMIB on behalf of foreign insurance companies or offices in cases of traffic accidents involving vehicles with foreign license plates with a Green Card. Victims can directly apply to the TMIB instead of filing a lawsuit against foreign insurance companies or the office that issued the Green Card. The article examines the legal basis of the liability and particularly analyzes the legal status of the TMIB against victims within the scope of the paper. The article indicates which law applies to dispute in accidents involving vehicles with foreign license plates and specifies the role of the mandatory rules in applicable law.

Yabancı Plakalı Motorlu Kara Taşıtlarının Karıştıkları Kazalardan  Dolayı Yeşil Kart Sigortası Kapsamında Türkiye Motorlu Taşıt  Bürosuna Dava Açılması

The Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, which were completed by the ILC in 2001, focus on the definition of the basic rules governing the international responsibility of the state. They define, among others, the general conditions for invoking state responsibility. As for detailed provisions on the requirements necessary for invoking international responsibility by exercising a state’s right of diplomatic protection, they have been supplied by the Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection adopted by the ILC in 2006. To establish whether a state invoked international responsibility on the basis of a direct injury to itself or an indirect one suffered through an injury to a national constitutes the most critical point for determining the requirements to apply in terms of admissibility of the claim. The international customary requirements of diplomatic protection (the rule relating to the nationality of claims and the rule of exhaustion of local remedies) are applicable with regard to second-type claims but not to first-type ones.In practice, the parties to a dispute often differ on the applicability of the rule of exhaustion of local remedies. The main reasons underlying this issue are that states frequently claim, in the same proceedings, that they have suffered both direct and indirect injuries caused by an internationally wrongful act, and/or request the authorized court to rule on both. While there is no doubt that the local remedies rule is applicable in principle in cases where the claimant state is indirectly injured as a result of internationally wrongful acts of another state, it is not easy to decide whether an international claim should be classified as a direct claim or an indirect one where it is a mixed one in the sense that it contains elements of both injury to the state and injury to the nationals of the state and accordingly, whether that rule applies or not in those cases.Some criteria are suggested to make a decision on the applicability of the requirement in question in such mixed claims based on both direct and indirect injuries. Article 14(3) of the ILC’s Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection provides that local remedies shall be exhausted where an international claim is brought “preponderantly” on the basis of an injury to a national. In the Commentary to the Draft Articles, the ILC states that the court or tribunal should examine the different elements of the claim and decide whether the direct or the indirect element is preponderant. According to the ILC, while applying this test, some factors such as the subject of the dispute, the nature of the claim, and the nature of the remedy claimed should also be considered. The preponderance test has, to some extent, been applied together with one or more of these factors in some international judicial and arbitral decisions in order to qualify the claim. Some authors maintained that it is also related to the nature of the substantive rights allegedly violated. Support for this approach is to be found in the practice of judicial authorities, especially ITLOS’ case law.&nbsp;To classify an international claim as a direct or an indirect one for the purpose of deciding the applicability of the requirement of exhaustion of local remedies, which is one of the most complex and controversial questions in international law, it may be necessary to consider all the circumstances around the case. In this context, to determine whether the direct or the indirect injury is preponderant in a certain claim, different elements and aspects of the claim should be distinguished from each other, weighed up and then objectively assessed as a whole. In the process of determining the nature of the claim, international courts and tribunals may consider its true substance rather than its formulation by the applicant state, as the case may be.There is no uniformity in the practice of qualifying international claims in terms of the applicability of the requirement of exhaustion of local remedies, and judicial authorities have sometimes made the distinction arbitrarily or without proper legal reasoning. Although it is difficult to argue that the relevant suggestion of the ILC offers a valid remedy for every situation, it cannot be ignored that it provides important guidance for the authorities concerned. Considering the developments in international law and international relations such as increasing recognition of the rights of individuals, increase in the activities of individuals and companies in the international arena, and diversification of international relations, it may be argued that the subject of the present article will continue to be legally discussed and improved within the framework of various cases in the future.&nbsp;

Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğa Ağırlıklı Olarak Diplomatik  Himaye Çerçevesinde Başvurması: İç Başvuru Yollarının Tüketilmesi  Şartının Uygulanabilirliği

Sabahattin

Furkan

State is defined as a community of people who have sovereignty within a specified territory; hence, elements of state are a community of people, a specified territory, and sovereignty. According to this definition, the existence of the state dates back to ancient times. The first states emerged a long time ago and had elements similar to those of modern state, such as a community of people, a specified territory, and sovereignty. However, these states did not have a constitution as we now understand it. Although most discussions are not in terms of territory and population but in terms of sovereignty, and considering that the concept of sovereignty emerged together with that of the modern state, some only view the state as the modern state. However, it is clear that some states in the past had sovereignty over a territory and a community of people, and this element of sovereignty was generally theocratic in origin. On the other hand, when its source shifted from theocracy to democracy, constitutionalism began to emerge.Constitutionalism aims not only to regulate any state organization but also to create a state that limits the power and guarantees the freedom of individuals. We believe that theories of democratic sovereignty—and especially the theory of national sovereignty—also constitute the basis of constitutionalism; therefore, this study aims to bring a new perspective to constitutionalism in the context of sovereignty theories.Although the elements of community and specified territory are basic material conditions of the state, the main factor that ensures its existence must be sovereignty because the power of the state over the territory and the community is related to it. Some theories have been proposed to explain sovereignty and its origin. States and their constitutions are shaped according to the theory of sovereignty that they are based on or adopt. Contemporary democratic states are based on popular sovereignty or national sovereignty.A state uses its sovereignty equally with and independently from other states externally; nevertheless, it uses its sovereignty having absolute and permanent power against its own people internally. As a matter of fact, the word “sovereignty” is derived from the Latin superannus, meaning supreme; in short, it means supreme power.There are different theories about the origin of sovereignty. First, theocratic theories had emerged and dominated for a long time. Later, with the development of democratic thought, the origin of sovereignty ceased to be God and began to be found in the people/nation. Nowadays, democratic theories have been adopted by most contemporary states. In the theory of popular sovereignty, it is claimed that sovereignty belongs to the people and that the people are the sum of the individuals living in that state. On the other hand, in the theory of national sovereignty, it is claimed that sovereignty belongs to the nation, which is an abstract personality&nbsp;separate from the sum of the individuals living in that state. Thus, the concept of nation includes not only the present but also the past and the future; in this respect, it is necessary to limit even the majority of the people within the understanding of the theory of national sovereignty.Constitutionalism is the antithesis of arbitrary power, although it does not include external limitation. Therefore, limitation that undermines the sovereignty of the state is incompatible with constitutionalism. In our opinion, the wider the source of sovereignty, the more limited the power; for instance, as the idea of human rights is based on very wide framework, the ideas of human rights and international courts of human rights significantly limit power. However, it cannot be considered the source of sovereignty, and it undermines the sovereignty of the state. In contrast, constitutionalism claims that power must be limited within the state itself. In this respect, the theory of national sovereignty stands out as the state limits its own power within itself.Aritcle 16 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen states that “[a]ny society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no constitution.” In this respect, the limitation of the power, which is the aim of constitutionalism, can only be achieved with the separation of powers, and the guarantee of rights is possible with a superior constitution and a functional constitutional court. Then, these features of constitutionalism are closely related to the theory of national sovereignty. Moreover, constitutionalism aims to limit the power of the majority and aims to protect individuals against it. As a result, by seeking to provide a limited power within the state, constitutionalism is closely related to the theory of national sovereignty, which bases the source of sovereignty on the widest framework within the state itself.&nbsp;

Halk Egemenliği ve Milli Egemenlik Teorileri Bağlamında  Anayasacılık

Sezen

Alper

Political parties emerged as a result of universal suffrage and public participation in the government/governance. The concept of the political party has undergone many transformations since its emergence. Today, one of the most important transformations is being experienced thanks to digital technologies. The phenomenon of digitalization affects political parties in various ways.The first distinction between political parties is benefiting from technological developments and parties engaged in direct electronic activity. Along with digitalization, traditional political parties have included digital technologies in their activities. Traditional political parties use technology in their internal and external operations. Internal functioning refers to intra-party decision making mechanisms. External functioning is the conduct of political communication.Considering the use of technology in the decision making process of traditional political parties, it is difficult to talk about a fundamental digital transformation. Particularly in the pandemic, focusing on online meetings is a prominent feature in internal relations. However, this situation is limited to consultation activities. In external relations, mass communication is provided through social media platforms.The most important digital transformation of political parties has been the emergence of digital political parties. Digital political parties carry out their organizations and internal functions using electronic means. They are emerging in many countries around the world. These parties use a variety of software programs to carry out their internal operations. Through these programs, party members are able to determine the policy of the parties and select candidates and party bodies.The notion of digitalization, besides transforming traditional political parties, reveals a new type of political party. However, although it is claimed that class-based demands have become less important with digitalization and the network society is not in line with the hierarchical structures of political parties, it is necessary to consider digital political parties as a new phenomenon.&nbsp;At this point, although digital political parties differ from each other in various ways, certain examples are explained hereinbelow. In this context, the Pirate Party, which is organized in many countries around the world, is discussed first. The party carries out decision making processes with software called LiquidFeedback. The Pirate Party also makes new claims in accordance with the emergence of digitalization. It is also achieving successful results in elections in different countries.Another example is the Argentina-based Democracia en Red. This formation developed software called DemocracyOS that does not belong to any party, and later established a party called El Partido de la Red. The issues determined through DemocracyOS are opened up to discussion by members. If the party shall win parliament seats, it has promised to vote in parliament as agreed upon the application. Italia 5 Stelle, as an example emerging in Italy, operates decision making mechanisms with the software named Rousseau. In particular, the Party’s candidacy process is carried out digitally. The party now runs the national government in Italy.Podemos is an example of digital political parties in Spain. The party has grown using digital infrastructure. Candidates supported by Podemos in the 2015 local elections won the elections in the municipalities of Madrid and Barcelona. The party conducts intra-party discussions through a software platform called Participa. Decisions such as party policies and party’s executives are made on this platform. In Turkey, there is only one digital political party called E-Party. It was established as a political party in 2014 and unlike other political parties, it included Electronic Assemblies among its central bodies. In addition, the Provincial and District E-Commissions have also been involved in the party’s provincial organization. However, Electronic Assemblies were not sufficient for the organization of the party in accordance with the Law on Political Parties numbered 2820. Therefore, the official identity of this political party as the E-Party was terminated in 2016. This situation shows that the legislation on political parties in Turkey is not ready for digital political parties yet.In the conclusion, it is mentioned that technological developments can create a change from representative democracy to direct democracy. This situation pushes traditional political parties based on representation into a transformation towards technological developments which are direct instruments of democracy. However, legal change is not that fast. Although the legal framework is wide and flexible in terms of global examples, there is no political party law in which digital parties have yet been officially recognized. Nevertheless, it is said that the flexibility of laws in force allows the existence of digital parties. It is likely that these developments will spread to Turkey. However, unlike other examples in the world, Turkish law has a very detailed and strict law on political parties. Therefore, the change in this understanding of the law stands out as the main point in following digitalization trend in the world.

Yeni Bir Siyasi Parti Türü Olarak Elektronik Siyasi Partiler

Demet

Emine

Extraordinary circumstances such as epidemics, economic depression, or natural disasters can cause arbitrary government action in certain circumstances. In these circumstances, governments must make rapid and effective decisions to deal with extraordinary crises. Therefore, power restrictions can be halted temporarily and political powers rarely remain on the edge of the constitutional state borders. Emergency declarations and international conventions are suspended, especially in democratic countries, since extraordinary measures are not taken with existing laws in the battle against epidemics. Therefore, the announcement of an unusual situation is preferred because the political power is not competent enough to appeal to extraordinary measures with legal powers in democratic countries. It was debated whether to impose a curfew with the emergency declaration of coronavirus cases that first appeared in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).The President of the TRNC requested a state of emergency per the Constitution, but the current government stated it was not necessary on that date. There have been several discussions on emergency declarations in public, and they have caused tension between the President and the government. The Constitution states that the Council of Ministers (CM) needs to meet under the minister of the Republic to declare a state of emergency. After that, the deputy Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister said a curfew was out of the question. However, due to the increasing number of cases, more extreme measures were needed.&nbsp;The government resorted to preventative measures limiting constitutional rights and freedoms. In this context, the curfew, which limits the freedoms of movement and residence, protected by the Constitution (Article 22), is the main subject of this study. The study focuses on the legal dimension of the curfew. It reveals the result of ceasing fundamental rights and freedoms without the need for an emergency declaration. In this context, according to the Curfew Law (1955, Chapter 156) by the CM’s Order, partial curfew was declared with few exceptions on March 23 2020. A regulation that predicts a curfew is an Order. The basis of the Order is Chapter 156, an English-era law on the island. An Order is a decision, verdict, written order, or legal process stemming from the Anglo-Saxon legal system in TRNC, especially in administrative law and judicial body proceedings.In our current extraordinary time, the legislature gives broad regulatory power to the executive. Epidemic disease is a legitimate cause for declaring a curfew that imposes restrictions on travel freedom in the TRNC Constitution. Most importantly, rights and freedoms are limited only by law. Considering these basic constitutional rules, the legality and judicial supervision of the Curfew Law and the procedures carried out accordingly and their compliance with the Constitution, especially the&nbsp;fundamental rights and freedoms, should be examined. The law does not reflect the current political power enacted and applied here by the English government on that date. This law should not be enforced under the Constitution since it is unconstitutional. In our opinion, it is unconstitutional because Transitional Article 4 of the Constitution states, “The legislation in force on the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution shall continue to be in force, in so far as such legislation is not contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution.” Therefore, the law is not in line with the restraint regime of rights and freedoms (Article 11). Its limits must be clear, predictable, and transparent by law with legitimate reasons. The legislative branch has recently enacted the Law on Infectious Diseases. This law has been inadequate in the fight against the current epidemic in terms of limiting travel freedom. In the Curfew Law context, the Order, as an administrative regulatory action, its enforcement, and related decisions, should be discussed within a constitutional framework.

Sokağa Çıkma Yasağına İlişkin Emirnameler: KKTC’de Salgın  Hastalıkla Mücadelede Olağan Hukuk ile Olağanüstü Tedbirler

Florian

Prof.

Sevda

Yönetim Kurulu Toplantı Odasındaki Robotlar: Yapay Zeka ve Şirketler Hukuku

Ömer

Numan

Publicity on movable goods is mostly based on the concept of possession. However, possession cannot provide the same function if an immovable property is at stake. Immovable is a crucial concept for both individuals and states. Thus, various forms of land registry systems have emerged from the past to the present.&nbsp;Land registry is understood as a registration book where all the immovable properties are registered. Until recently, land registry records were registered, organized, and maintained by civil servants. This method, which is a paper-based land registry, is about to be revolutionized through information and communication technologies. In several countries today, title deed records of real estate are stored in databases in the digital environment. Recently, there have been examples of countries, both developed and developing, abandoning paper-based land registries, although most of the world’s population still lacks title deeds showing that the land they own is registered. However, the registry of immovable properties is a sign of trust in the government. Thus, the innovation potentialities that have been proven by blockchain technology present novel capabilities.&nbsp;&nbsp;The starting point of this technology is the development of a secure payment method without intermediaries. Thus, blockchain is associated with cryptocurrencies. However, this technology has potentialities for both private and public services of which land registry is an example. Blockchain is fundamentally a data recording system. Unlike classical databases, it has a distributed structure rather than a centralized one. The data recorded in the blockchain are stored in blocks and each block has a specific capacity. When data is recorded, it is timestamped and a code is generated using a hash code algorithm. The code of each block is stored in the next block. Thus, it can be understood when the data in a block is changed or corrupt. The transactions conducted in the system are visible to other users, giving the impression that the technology is completely secure.This study makes a comparative analysis of the application of blockchain technology in land registration. This technology’s data recording system is convenient for its application in land registry. Projects are being developed to apply this technology to transform the land registry system. Georgia, Sweden, the United States, and India, were the four most notable countries examined in this study. Among&nbsp;them, Georgia has officially started using a blockchain-based land registry system, particularly for sales and mortgage transactions. There are some pilot programs in other countries. However, Sweden is determined to employ a blockchain-based land registry. The existence of a protocol between land registry administrations and blockchain companies is common among the countries being studied. In the projects implemented in Sweden and the United States, there are also different partners such as banks, telecommunication companies, or law firms.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the second part of this study, we discussed whether the blockchain-based method is suitable for the Turkish land registry system. Turkey has made significant progress in keeping their land registry through electronic means. However, it is sudden to discuss a full transformation to an electronic land registry. However, it would be crucial to inquire if and how a blockchain-based land registry can be implemented, and if possible, what do we need to legislate? First, within the framework of these questions, this study evaluates the results of blockchain technology concerning principles that govern the Turkish land registry system. In addition to the registration’s dependence on the cause, and the principles of publicity, the principles of registration creates the most fundamental problems here. After evaluating these principles, this study explains the basic requirements for using a blockchain-based land registry. Finally, the blockchain model developed for the Turkish land registry was evaluated to understand its potential legal shortcomings.&nbsp;The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Existing legislation concerning land registry is insufficient to implement a blockchain-based land registry. 2. If a blockchain must be used, then the feasible solution is a private or hybrid blockchain. 3. In the Turkish legal system, it is impossible to make an electronic contract for immovable properties. Thus, contracts cannot be made through a blockchain-based system. 4. The identification problem must be rectified. 5. The public blockchain model contradicts the principle of relative publicity that dominates Turkish land registry. 6. It may be necessary to reconsider the responsibility of the state in keeping a land registry. 7. It is necessary to study the advantages of blockchain-based land registry.&nbsp;

Dijital Tapu Sicili: Blokzinciri Teknolojisinin Tapu Sicilinde  Kullanılmasına Dair Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme

Ayşen

Adoption is a legal institution that creates an “artificial” filiation relationship between the adopted child and the family. This legal structure distinguishes between the understanding of family based on genetic affiliation and the understanding of family based on social intimacy. The filiation established by adoption is not based on genetic ties but is established directly by the judge’s decision allowing the adoption. The purpose of adoption as a way of establishing filiation is to give people who do not have biological children the experience of being parents, including passing on inheritances, and most importantly, to give children who cannot grow up with their parents the chance to grow up in a family order.Articles 305 and 320 of the Turkish Civil Code (TMK) regulate the conditions and consequences of adoption, including detailed provisions that protect the best interests of the adopted children. The articles codify strict conditions for adoption that reflect legislator’s understanding of protecting the child’s best interests (Kindeswohl), since the principle of the child’s best interests dominates child law and family law on many terms.TMK, which came into force in 2002, was mostly created by translating obsolete provisions of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), which Turkish law doctrine heavily criticized. Today, adoption under Swiss law has changed fundamentally following extensive ZGB amendments in 2003, 2012, 2013, and finally 2018; with the 2018 amendment the Turkish and Swiss adoption systems diverged greatly. Turkish law adopted simple adoption (Teiladoption), rather than a full adoption system (Volladoption) which entails differently regulating the legal consequences of adoption, especially the legal status of adopted minors. This hybrid system of original Turkish law provisions intertwined with the translations from Swiss law is criticized because it contains many regulations that are inconsistent. For instance, critics argue that if legislators intended to take ZGB as an example, they should have considered the law as a whole because it is open to debate how or whether these TMK regulations serve a child’s best interests. This precondition means that the child’s interests supersede those of both biological and adopted parents, which are only considered if they are directly linked to and affect the interests of the minor. Child’s best interests here means that the conditions resulting from adoption must improve the development of the minor.ZGB Art 267/1 expressly enacts a full adoption system under which the adoptee’s filiation to biological family is terminated and the minor enters into a filiation relationship with the adoptive parents; this in turn gives an adopted child identical legal status to that of any biological children of the adopted parents in terms of name, citizenship, place of residence, maintenance, child support obligations and&nbsp;inheritance. Consequently, the filiation relationship of the adoptee with biological parents terminates completely. The inheritance relationship between the adoptee and his biological family ends. A mutual inheritance relationship is established between the adoptee and the adoptive parents. This structure break all ties between adopted minors and their biological families, allowing them to integrate into their new families without the interference from their past. It is clear that this structure serves the best interests of the child, which is the main aim of adoption of minors. Thus, in Turkish law, which adopts the simple adoption system, the best interest of the child is not protected in proper manners. For this reason, Turkish lawmakers must amend the above regulations to eliminate such gaps in the legal protection status of adopted children considering their best interests.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Evlat Edinmeye İlişkin Düzenlemelerin Küçüğün Menfaatine Etkisi  Üzerine İsviçre Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme

When transferring the shares of a limited-liability company, the question of whether the transferee is already a partner or a third party requires several measures to be taken as set out in the Turkish Commercial Act numbered 6102, just as in its predecessor, Turkish Commercial Act numbered 6762. Among these regulations, the one that has attracted the attention of doctrine and is discussed in the rulings of the courts is the resolution of the general assembly. The approval of the transfer agreement lies in the hands of the general assembly exclusively and no other organ or person can validify the transfer.&nbsp;When it comes to coining the legal definition of the resolution of the general assembly, there are numerous factors that need to be considered. The resolution of the general assembly is first the will of the company. It is an isolated legal transaction; therefore, it does not constitute integrity with transfer agreement and notarization. From another perspective, the resolution of the general assembly is a provision of applicability. Furthermore, TTK 595/II, which foresees that for the transaction agreement to be effective, the general assembly must approve the transfer, is a legal bond. However, this requirement is not obligatory.Following the legal definition, the outcomes of the legal transaction that occurred in the interim (after the transfer agreement but before the resolution of the general assembly) should be clarified. In German law doctrine, it is said that the legal transaction approved by the general assembly first is effective and that the second conflicting transaction is treated as void. We consider this solution a sensible one and acknowledge that it can be implemented in Turkish law. However, the confiscation of the share is an exception, and the transfer cannot be executed.The rules to be applied to the general assembly do not differ from the general rules. However, we find it necessary to highlight that the transferrer should vote positively in the general assembly. It is his/her obligation to rise from the transfer agreement. Shareholders outside the transfer agreement do not have the liability to vote positively in the general assembly. However, fidelity and good faith binds the shareholders. Apart from these principals bound by the said principles, other shareholders and transferees or transferrers can draw up a voting agreement. We consider that the&nbsp;claimant of this agreement can demand a specific performance.&nbsp;&nbsp;The transfer agreement becomes null if the transfer is rejected; therefore, it becomes impossible to fulfill. Provided that the transferrer is at fault in the rejection, it increases his/her liability. However, the approval validates the transfer agreement and the share transfers. If the general assembly does not reject the transfer within three months after notification regarding the transfer is made, approval of the transfer agreement is implied.The general assembly is not required to justify its rejection. However, we believe that the reason for rejection should be specified in the resolution. Furthermore, good faith and equality draw the line for arbitrariness. In the event of annulment of the resolution regarding rejection, we suggest the possibility of a demand for the determination of an affirmative resolution to validify the transfer agreement. Annulment and determination of an affirmative resolution can be demanded within the same lawsuit. Thus, the outcome of not only the contradiction to the law in voting but also the contradiction to the liability of positive voting of transferrer can be resolved. The ruling validates the transfer agreement.The resolution of approval can also be annulled; however, if, three months after notification of the transfer agreement have passed without a rejection, the transfer is considered approved by the law and thus cannot be annulled.&nbsp;

Limited Şirket Esas Sermaye Payının Devrine İlişkin Genel Kurul  Kararı ve İptal Edilebilirliği

Kerem

Cihan

Most favored nation (MFN) clause is a contractual provision in which a seller agrees to give the buyer the best contractual terms it makes available to any other buyer. Through these clauses, the seller guarantees that other (rival) buyers will not be treated more favorably than the contracting buyer. The expanding position of the platform business model in online commerce led to the widespread use of MFN clauses in markets where platforms operate. Although such clauses are also used in traditional markets, the economic dynamics of online commerce have made these clauses indispensable for digital platforms.Unlike traditional MFN clauses, platform MFN clauses, which include restrictions on consumer purchase price, have a significant impact on the market and are often the subject of complaints from commercial users, such as retailers, restaurants, and hotels. As a result, platform MFN clauses have been scrutinized by competition authorities in recent years, and under some conditions, such conditions have been intervened on the grounds that MFN clauses restrict competition.MFN clauses are generally divided into distinct narrow and wide categories. Narrow MFN clauses link the price (and other terms) quoted on a platform to those available directly on the retailer’s own sales channel. This ensures that the platform price will not be less attractive than the price established in the retailer’s own sales channel. Wide MFN clauses link the price (and other terms) quoted on a platform to any other sales channels, including rival platforms and the retailer’s own sales channel (e.g., the retailer’s website). Thus, a wide MFN provides the same protection as one that is narrow, but on a wider scale.Among the different decisions of competition regulators, primarily wide MFN clauses (depending on the existence of market power) are prohibited. In contrast, narrow MFN clauses are, in principle, considered legal; however, under certain conditions, narrow MFN clauses may also harm the competitive environment in the market. This is particularly true of scenarios of high market power of the platform for which the narrow MFN clause is accepted, and the direct channel serves as an important alternative for consumers.Narrow MFN clauses are distinguishable from wide MFN clauses, as they do not link the prices of different platforms; therefore, narrow MFN clauses are, in principle, less restrictive in terms of potential effects in the market. Moreover, in cases where a narrow MFN clause is implemented, the increased commission rates of the MFN beneficiary will probably experience competitive disadvantage as rival platforms will not be negatively affected by this price increase. Subsequently, narrow MFN clauses, in principle, do not allow a platform to increase commission rates without any competitive loss; however, in certain scenarios wherein the market is highly concentrated, narrow MFN clauses could also be problematic from the perspective of competition law.First, narrow MFN clauses may have a similar effect as wide MFN clauses. This will be the case particularly when the retailer attaches significant importance to the competitiveness of its direct sales channel. In cases wherein the cost of sales through the retailer’s own direct sales channel are lower than sales through a platform, the retailer is expected to attribute greater value to the competitiveness of its sales channel.Second, narrow MFN clauses reduce competitive pressure from the direct sales channel. Narrow MFN clauses can remove the competition in the market in cases wherein the direct sales channel is the only source of competitive pressure. In such cases, narrow MFN clauses can be considered problematic.Third, narrow MFN clauses may reduce the consumer surplus arising from the competition in the market. This has two dimensions. First, consumers not using the platform must pay a higher price when purchasing from the direct sales channel. Second, retailers attaching significant value to the direct sales channel may not become active in the platform. In such cases, consumers will have less choice.In any case, market dynamics have a crucial influence on the assessment of narrow MFN clauses. In the presence of inter-platform competition, the negative effects of narrow MFN clauses will likely be negligible. In the absence of interplatform competition, the use of narrow MFN clauses will be more problematic as they eliminate the only viable source of competitive pressure.&nbsp;

Rekabet Hukuku ve İktisadı Bağlamında Dar Platform EKM Koşulları

Güzide

In pactums (i.e., purchase-sale contracts), which were considered as goodwill contracts in Roman Law, it was possible to add some clauses in favor of the buyer or the seller. Unlike other clauses added in this context (such as in diem addictio, pactum displicentiae, pactum arrhale, and lex comissoria…), “ut manumittatur (i.e., shall be manumitted),” “ut exportetur” (i.e., shall be exported), “ne manumittatur” (i.e., not to be emancipated), and “ne serva prostituatur” (i.e., shall avoid behavior that will lead to prostitution) could be added to sales contracts for the sale of slaves. The clauses “ut manumittatur” (shall be manumitted) and “ne manumittatur” (shall not be manumitted) concerned emancipating the slave. Refusing to grant them freedom was seen as a criminal act. The clause “ut exportetur” (shall be exported) involved the exportation of slaves from one place to another. This clause was added in the interest of the seller as it was intended to ensure his safety. Based on relevant legal texts, it was also possible to determine sanctions to ensure that if the buyer violated his commitment, the seller could take back the slave, the subject of the purchase-sale contract, with manus iniectio and the buyer would either be liable to penal sanctions determined by the parties, or the slave would be freed.D 18.7.9 contains information about sales contracts with the clauses “ut exportetur” and “ne serva prostituatur.” It states that if the buyer does not comply with these clauses in the purchase-sale contract, the sanction of manus iniectio will be applied and the buyer will lose ownership of the slave. The violation of the sales contract with the clause “ne serva prostituatur” may also include a more severe sanction than manus iniectio from the owner who has the property right to the slave. If the sales contract in which the slave is the subject includes the stipulation that the slave will be freed when forced into prostitution, the slave is freed (by the first buyer or the second buyer in the subsequent sale) regardless of who violates the obligation. Emperor Vespasian subsequently introduced an arrangement whereby a subsequent buyer assumes responsibility under the clause even when the buyer is not aware of the clause “ne serva prostituatur.” This created a new legal situation that is contrary to the principle of proportionality of contracts and completely alien to the real rights protected by actiones in rem in case of a violation. The new buyer, who was not a party to the first contract and was therefore unaware of the clause in the contract, was held responsible as if they were a party to that contract. An arrangement bearing the will of the empire determines the clause “ne serva prostituatur” as the limit of the property right. Thus, the will of the first seller to keep the slave away from prostitution was also protected by the emperor. Moreover, D 2.4.10.1 indicates that the order even protects against any attitude contrary to the will of the first seller who introduced the clause “ne serva prostituatur.” To this end, the clause “ne serva prostituatur” is remarkable in that it reveals the intervention of state policy regarding prostitutes in the private law system of the Roman State.As we have included in our study, the clause “ut manumittatur” was aimed at granting freedom to the slave in different ways. Therefore, the clause added to the contract with the will of the seller would create an expected right in the slave’s interest. Within the scope of private law, if the buyer acts contrary to his obligation, the fact that the seller had the opportunity of manus iniectio and that the penal clause could be accepted as a sanction constituted important factors affecting the freedom of the slave. Such sanctions were the elements that left the slave’s attainment of the expected right to the initiative and mercy of the seller.The emperor intervened in this issue and accepted that an act contrary to the obligation arising from the clause “ut manumittatur,” added with the will of the parties, would give the slave ipso iure freedom as of the 2nd century AD. In other words, the understanding was that the slave, who anticipated attaining their freedom with the purchase and sale contract to which the clause “ut manimittatur” was added, should be protected by favore libertatis (in favor of freedom) gained strength over time in Roman Law. The sanctions added to the purchase-sale contract based on the will of the parties were also invalidated by the imperial regulations. Therefore, when there was a violation of the clause “ut manumittatur,” the regulations based on the will of the empire created a limitation on the ownership of the slaves.&nbsp;

Roma Hukukunda “Ut Exportetur”; “Ne Serva Prostituatur”; “Ut Manumittatur” ve “Ne Manumittatur” Kayıtları

Mehmet

There is no consensus in historical sources on what the nexum exactly was and the specific procedure that was used to make the transaction valid. The main reason for the lack of information is that we do not have any primary sources from the times when nexum was commonly used. Furthermore, it is seen that the meaning of the word has changed over time After the enactment of Lex Poetelia Papiria, nexum had gained a different meaning from its former usage, and the word was used to describe the legal bond, obligatio in a general sense. This change of meaning also confused ancient Roman writers who lived centuries after the technical meaning of nexum had faded. In consequence, a diversity of opinions emerged concerning what the nexum transaction was originally in the archaic Roman law. Although several theories have been put forward by Romanists in the modern Roman law doctrine, two principal theories have come into prominence over the last few decades.Huschke, a German Romanist, propound the first view of nexum in 1846. He claimed in his book that nexum was a formal loan contract made with copper and scale (per aes et libram). To make this per aes et libram transaction valid, the involvement of libripens and five witnesses was necessary. The nexum gained public nature by weighing metals with libripens, which is usually done before five witnesses, representing five classes of Roman society. If the debtor fails to repay, the creditor declares him “damnas” by saying some mystical words (dare damnas esto) before the witnesses. Hence, because of the public and mystical nature of the transaction, it allowed the creditor to seize the debtor by manus iniectio without judgment. However, one of Huschke’s assertions that the nexum debtors could also be subjected to the punishments stated in the XII Tables such as death, being sold as a slave, or being cut into pieces, has been criticized by many writers.&nbsp;In 1901, another German Romanist, Mitteis rejected Huschke’s theory by claiming that the association of the right of seizure with the mystical words “dare damnas esto” is a misconception. Mitteis propounded that there were two nexum transactions and none of them allowed the creditor to apply execution directly. The first nexum transaction was a normal loan contract that can be enforceable by legis actio sacramento in personam. However, the second nexum was a self mancipatio and was made by the insolvent debtors voluntarily to avoid harsh penalties provided by the XII Tables. This theory of Mitteis has also been criticized on the basis that the first nexum loan enforceable by legis actio and the hypothetical second nexum with self mancipatio that led to debt bondage is highly objectionable. Nevertheless, there are some logical aspects to the theory. Especially the argument that nexum was preferred by the debtors voluntarily to avoid the harsh penalties provided in the XII Tables appears plausible to explain why this old transaction was commonly used.&nbsp;&nbsp;Consequently, to reach a logical conclusion, the provision related to the execution of debts in XII Tables is of great importance. We believe that the expression of “acknowledged money debts” (aeris confessi) in XII Tables should be considered to include nexum debtors who were declared as damnas by the creditor. So, the debtor could not claim that the nexum transaction had not been conducted. Therefore, we can conclude that; creditors who sought to seize their nexum debtors had to bring them to the court and follow manus iniectio procedure just because nexum loans were acknowledged as money debts. However, for the ongoing provisions of the relevant text (starting with ni iudicatum facit) the law only refers to judgment debtors who were convicted by iudex. Thus, it should be admitted that after the expression of ni iudicatum facit, the provisions about nexum ended, and punishments stated in the ongoing provisions of XII Tables could not be applicable for nexus.&nbsp;&nbsp;As a result, we came to the same conclusion as Huschke that nexum is a formal type of loan contract made with copper and scale, and if the debtor could not repay the loan on the agreed date, the creditor could apply manus iniectio directly. The public nature of nexum created this right of execution against the debtor without judgment. It is possible to confirm this view by interpreting some texts in the Institutiones of Gaius. But after manus iniectio, the debtor had to submit to personal restraint and was obliged to work for the creditor and not be killed, sold as a slave, or cut into pieces as Mitteis propounded. Nevertheless, what prevented borrowers from being subjected to these penalties was not self mancipatio transactions, it was because nexum loans were considered acknowledged money debts, and people who made nexum were exempted from the penalties prescribed in the XII Tables.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Roma Hukukunda Nexum İşlemi

Muhammed

For the first time in our law, the group of companies regulated in the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) numbered 6102 refers to an organization that does not have a legal personality and is financially and administratively united. The legislator aimed to resolve conflicts of interest between persons within a company as well as companies within the community in favor of the community interest. In TCC Art 208, when the minority shareholder in a subsidiary company hinders the operation of the company, acts against good faith, causes noticeable distress, or acts recklessly, its shares can be forcibly purchased and removed from the company. The regulation on the appraisal right of the controlling company has led to an important paradigm change in joint-stock companies because, in practice, companies that make up a group of companies are largely joint-stock companies. As a rule, it is not possible for a shareholder of a joint-stock company to be squeezed out from the company against its will. It is no doubt that it is not a coincidence that this regulation, which may be against the structure of joint-stock companies, is allowed for a group of companies. This is because the emergence of conflicts of interest in a group of companies is higher than that of individual companies.The appraisal payment is basically a value that is equivalent to the demand right corresponding to the capital share of the company partner. In accordance with the principle of protecting the capital of stock companies, while the company continues its existence, the partners cannot reclaim what they have given to the company as capital. However, although the shareholder who leaves the company will no longer benefit from being a partner, the capital share s/he has brought to the company still belongs to the company. To prevent this situation that will cause unjust enrichment, the legislator has established the appraisal payment system. Three valuation methods are used in determining the value of company shares in our country. Among these, the asset-based valuation method is the most frequently used in judgments because of its easy auditing and applicability. In the classical sense, the equity value is determined by subtracting the liabilities from the company’s assets, and this value is proportioned with the relevant share. In today’s world, it is obvious that it is unfair for companies to be valued only with elements such as tables, chairs, and computers. The second frequently used method is the market-based valuation method. In this method, the value of a company is determined by comparing it with companies that are in a similar market situation with it. This method does not include the expectation&nbsp;determinations about the future of a company, but in this method, the annual cash flow in the company is largely determinant. The least used generally accepted valuation method is the income-based valuation method. In this method, in addition to the procedures of the first two methods, a company’s future expectations are also added to the calculations.In both TCC Art 208 and other relevant cases in the TCC, determining the cash equivalent of the appraisal payment corresponding to the capital share in the company of the leaving partner is important in preventing disputes. After the determination of the payment amount, in our opinion, there is no objection to the appraisal payment with benefits. According to TCC Art 4, disputes about appraisal payment are absolute commercial cases. In this respect, according to TCC Art 5/A, it is required to apply to a mediator to file a lawsuit for the appraisal payment. The emergence of various and versatile solutions in the mediation practice of our country, which aims to create a “win-win” situation, is promising in terms of our consensus culture. Alternative solutions, such as hiring the applicant or a relative under certain conditions and selling the company’s property to the applicant at a discount instead of cashing out the appraisal payment, are some of the examples that are in the interest of both parties. After it has been agreed that the appraisal payment is to be settled with a non-cash benefit, in the event of default on this debt, the debtor company may be requested to pay the initial cash provision.The current legal regulation does not allow the squeezing out of a partner of a jointstock company who violates the obligation of loyalty, prevents the company from working, and disturbs the peace within the company by violating good faith, except when it is a partner of a subsidiary company in a group of companies. However, in practice, to establish peace within the company and to sustain the existence of the company, the provisions about the squeezing out of a partner of a joint-stock company for a just cause should be regulated in the law.&nbsp;

Şirketler Topluluğunda Satın Alma Hakkı, Ayrılma Akçesi ve Anonim  Şirketten Çıkarma Üzerine Düşünceler

Uğur

The aim of the execution proceedings regarding claims for money is to pay the amount of money owed to the creditor by encashing the seized assets. Although the creditor has no right to request a seizure unless the proceeding is legally executable, the creditor’s right has to be exercised within a period of one year starting from the date of notification of a default summon. Furthermore, in case of an objection or action, the time limit stands still until the final judgment about the matter has been handed down, i.e., res judicata. However, there is a lack of clarity as to the exact moment for pausing the time limit based on the objection and action; in other words, when will the period for requesting a seizure be suspended?There are opinions and court decisions that support that the moment of the debtor’s objection and request for a seizure standstill should be the moment the creditor applies or sues for the annulment of the objection. Another view, which is originated from the time period to sue for annulment of the objection, suggests that the moment of the notification of the objection delivered to the creditor should be accepted as the starting moment of the one-year period. Some court decisions seem to support this point of view.However, there is some ambiguity as to the precise meaning of the legal terms objection and action. If they are interpreted as the debtor’s objection, the action remains meaningless; if they are interpreted as the creditor’s choice to eliminate the debtor’s objection, then the objection seems unnecessary. The second view suggests that the term objection should be understood as the objection of the creditor against the objection of the debtor. In other words, the period to request a seizure, starting from the date of notification to the debtor, will be suspended when the creditor makes his/her objection against the objection of the debtor in enforcement courts. This option which is available to the creditor is regulated under Article 68 and 68/a of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code. According to this view, the other choice that the creditor has is to sue for the annulment of the objection in a general court, which is regulated under Article 67 and referred to as an action in Article 78 regulating the period to request seizure. This interpretation is meaningful and suitable to the letter of law.Meanwhile, accepting the period to request a suspension of the seizure as the moment the creditor applies or sues for the annulment of objection causes another problem. The time limitation to apply or sue for the annulment of objection starts from the date of notification of the debtor’s objection to the creditor; consequently, it becomes possible that the debtor’s objection can be annulled, but the seizure cannot be requested after the annulment. This conclusion does not seem right.&nbsp;A third opinion is that the moment the notification of objection is delivered to the creditor should be accepted as the starting point of the one-year period for both requesting the seizure and the annulment of the debtor’s objection. However, because this last opinion is in contradiction with the clear letter of the law, which expresses that the time limit of the right to request a seizure starts with the notification of a default summons, it can be said that the opinions supporting the moment the creditor applies or sues for the annulment of objection should be accepted as the moment the time limit to request a seizure standstill. This notwithstanding, it is necessary to amend the law regarding the right to request a seizure to minimize possible problems and conform to previous related legal amendments. Hence, we argue that the appropriate amendment is to begin calculating the period for the right to request a seizure only after the creditor gains the right to request a seizure, which is the moment the execution proceeding is legally executable.&nbsp;

Takibe İtiraz Edilmesi Hâlinde Haciz Talep Etme Süresi

Tolga

Necdet

As a constitutional mandate, the legal decision-makers in Turkey have a clear obligation to directly implement certain international norms in the domestic law system. The meaning and scope of this obligation have been subject to broad debate. However, the practical aspect of this implementation has been mostly overlooked. Against this backdrop, this article focuses on the practical challenges in implementing international law in the domestic law system. In this regard, there are three major problems. The first is the problem of finding the appropriate international norm. Like other modern states, Turkey’s international legal obligations are fast increasing, and these usually carry human rights aspects. It is unrealistic to expect all decision-makers to be familiar with all aspects of a significant number of international obligations. While international treaties ratified by Turkey are, as a rule, published in the Official Gazette, the decisions of the treaty bodies are not. These decisions are hard to find since the websites of treaty bodies are highly complicated, especially for those not particularly familiar with their systems. This article suggests that the problem may be solved by introducing an online commentary that captures the essence of all relevant international norms while being written from a national law perspective. Another useful step to address this problem would be introducing a transparent mechanism to examine the legislative, executive, and judicial organs’ levels of compliance with the international norms. The second problem is related to the first but reflects a different challenge for the decision-maker: that official translations of certain international treaties include several errors. Some of these translation errors are important enough to negatively affect the decisions. Whether a Turkish judge or a legal practitioner can use their linguistic proficiencies to rectify such mistakes is not clear. Our solution to this is included in our solution to the third problem, which is the difficulty of understanding and implementing the treaty body decisions made in a foreign language. As mentioned, most of these decisions are not translated into Turkish, and it is not clear whether Turkish judges and prosecutors can directly implement a treaty body decision made in a foreign language by resorting to their linguistic proficiencies. In this article, four different ways of implementing international norms made in a&nbsp;foreign language in domestic law are examined: a) the decision-makers making use of their linguistic proficiencies; b) resorting to a certified translator; c) resorting to a court expert’s report; and d) asking for an official translation from the relevant ministry. While it is acknowledged that all of these methods are applicable, each has its disadvantages. This problem can be addressed by resorting to the iura novit curia principle. If the national decision-makers have the language proficiency they need to understand and implement the international norms in question, they should be allowed to use this knowledge. It is thus argued that the principle of iura novit curia (“the judge knows the law”) applies to international law. If the judges in question do know the international law, they should be free to implement the law without having to ask for a translation from the ministry, a certified translator, or a court’s expert. For others who do not have sufficient linguistic proficiency, the relevant international norms should be translated into Turkish. Ideally, it is argued, an autonomous and independent national human rights institution accredited as complying with the Paris Principles should undertake this task. Accordingly, the structure and functioning of the Turkish Human Rights and Equality Institution, the yet-to-be-accredited national human rights institution in Turkey, should be reformed following the Paris Principles.&nbsp;

İnsan Hakları Sözleşmelerinin İç Hukukta Uygulanmasının Önündeki  Pratik Güçlükler: İlgili Uluslararası Normu Bulma ve  Türkçeleştirme Sorunu

In this article, I will try to explain the transformation of the theory of sovereignty and modern international law, through the perspectives offive famoustheoreticians.In this way, the emergence of today’s international law system may be better understood and the predictions for the future will be more tenable. The international legal system that exists today is based on a system called European Public Law, which regulates relations between modern states. Thus, choosing the phrase “modern law of nations” for the title of the study emphasizes this point.The development of modernity in political science can be explained from two different contexts. One is the sociological/historical plane that presents the facts, and the second is the theoretical plane. Theoretical explanations are given in this study. The key concept in understanding the modern state from an intellectual point of view is sovereignty. It is the name given to the modern interpretation of the legitimacy relationship on which political power is based. In the Middle Ages, the legitimacy of power was derived from external or divine principles. With its development over time, the concept of sovereignty brought a completely nonreligious understanding of politics. Auctoritas and potestas were united in one hand, and this emerging structure became permanent and absolute.Machiavelli, in his work Il Principe, is not interested in what should be related to politics and distances himself from the a priori judgments of medieval political thought. Legitimacy is identified with politics and the practice that ensures the retention of power is legitimate to the extent that it serves this purpose. In this respect, there is no need to seek further legitimacy. Bodin sees the element of continuity that Machiavelli could not. He defines the République/State as the lawfull government of many families and what is common to them by the sovereign power. Sovereignty is inherent in the state, and this distinguishes the state from other forms of community. According to Bodin, sovereignty is absolute and cannot be limited by any other power; it is perpetual, being isolated from the body of the sovereign; is one, indivisible and inalienable. Suárez, on the other hand, comes up with the idea of twostage empowerment. For him, political power is given primarily to society by God— which is the first empowerment. Society decides for itself how to use this power, and whether the democratic structure is maintained or transferred to a monarch or an aristocratic structure―which is the second empowerment. The social contract theory is thus empowered by placing the public between auctoritas and potestas.Each of these new sovereign structures, which do not need external legitimacy and whose legitimacy originates from itself, manifests sovereignty in various ways, both internally and externally. A set of rules is needed to define the relationships in this emerging new system of modern states. International law regulates this area. The&nbsp;subjects of this legal system are equal structures. Three theoreticians, thinking of international law in the modern sense, have drawn the basic framework that remains relevant today.In his Relectiones Theologicae, Vitoria reinterpreted the concept of jus gentium, which came from Roman law and which consisted of regulating legal matters between Roman citizens and foreigners. He envisaged a new system that can today be called the “law of peoples.” What is at issue in Vitoria is the establishment of applicable rules between all nations, peoples, or tribes of the world, which is also different from the system of international law in the modern sense. He views this, particularly through the Spanish discoveries and relations with the natives, and constructs his thoughts on the theory of just war.Suárez also uses the term jus gentium, but this concept will now be drawn into positive boundaries. In De Legibus, the theoretician reveals the difference of jus gentium from other disciplines. He even distinguishes different uses of jus gentium and concludes that jus gentium is a legal discipline that different societies and nations have to follow in their relations with each other. Thus, the ideas of this famous theologian subsist in the international law of modern times. He cites the law of war, slavery, peace treaties, and ceasefires as examples of the issues this principle regulates. Moreover, Suárez distinguishes jus gentium from natural law in that it is subject to the consent and therefore can be changed.The Dutch writer, Grotius, fulfills the task of compiling and systematically explaining the views of early writers, such as Vitoria and Suárez, and others, like Balthazar Ayala and Alberico Gentili, who will be mentioned only by name in the study. In his comprehensive work of international law, De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres, Grotius dealt with broad issues from legal theory, just war, sovereignty to property, liability law, and the law of war. He also now understands jus gentium as rules based on the consent of sovereign modern states and which regulates the relations between them.As a result, the state-like structures of the Middle Ages evolved into sovereign states with modernity, jus gentium, one of the unique premodernity legal disciplines, transformed into international law, which regulates interstate relations in the modern sense.&nbsp;

Machiavelli’den Grotius’e Egemenlik Kuramının ve Modern Devletler  Hukukunun Gelişimi

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Ayşe

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

İşverenin Engelli İşçi Çalıştırma Yükümlülüğü

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Ayşe Ledün

Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

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<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Legal Source   </li></ul><div> </div>

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak COPE ve ICJME yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) ve World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5750CB1484324495A8C74D69447BFD44" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/31F96BBD2789401F92877085635FE53C" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250-300 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Tarih	29.07.2021
Editör(ler)	Ömer Ekmekçi, Ali Paslı
Kapak (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

CİLT 79, SAYI 2, 2021

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