Ecehan

Assoc. Prof.

In light of Article 1369 of the Turkish Commercial Code and the wording of Article 3 of the 1999 Arrest Convention (hereinafter “Convention”), arrest of an associated ship was not allowed. Because the relevant article of the Turkish Commercial Code is taken from the Convention, this study pays particular attention to Article 3 (2) of the Convention.&nbsp;The main purpose of the study is to reveal the intent hidden by the drafters in this Convention through the method of historical interpretation, examining the provision and determining whether there is a conscious legal gap or qualified silence regarding the associated ship in Article 3 (2). If this leads to the conclusion that there is, in fact, a conscious legal gap, it will be shown that the Convention leaves leeway to fill this gap to lex fori. If, however, it is seen as qualified silence, this will show that the Convention does not allow the application of arrest on associated ships, and therefore, this provision was deliberately omitted.&nbsp;If historical interpretation shows that the drafters of the Convention were unwilling to prohibit the arrest of associated ships and that this issue was not included within the scope of the Convention because international unity was not seen as a necessary objective, the study’s ultimate goal is the application of the “corporate veil theory” to the subsidiary companies to enable the arrest of the ship of the single-ship subsidiary company, which does not appear to be indebted, as an “associated” ship.&nbsp;At the Diplomatic Conference, which was the final stage of the preparation phase of the Convention, it was deemed appropriate for the lex fori to decide whether it is necessary to identify the real owner of the debt by lifting the corporate veil, although this was not clearly expressed in the JIGE draft at the time. When this provision was brought up for discussion, the UK delegation presented an alternative text, which through an explicit provision made possible the arrest of associated ships to be identified by lifting the corporate veil. Simultaneously, CMI proposed an addition to the provision 3(2) of the JIGE draft, which clearly refers to lex fori, that said, “Whether a ship belongs to the person responsible for maritime claim is determined by the law of the State to which the arrest will be applied.” This addendum sought a compromise between the provision in the JIGE draft and the alternative text presented by the UK delegation. Thereupon, the discussions continued as to whether it would be appropriate to enable the arrest of associated ships by making a clear reference to the law of the state party or by including a clear provision on lifting the corporate veil in the Convention.Although the majority passed on the latter option, they nonetheless argued that the concepts used would pose practical difficulties or that consensus could not be achieved given the various legal systems. In response to these criticisms, the UK delegation submitted a new proposal for discussion.&nbsp;However, this version of the text aroused even more concern because it clearly mentioned “effective control” and “connection” along with the concept of control. It was considered by the majority as too vague and dangerous to include in the Convention. Instead, the text of the article was accepted in its simplest form, as it was in the JIGE draft, with the concept of ownership and no clear reference to the lex fori.However, the participating states, despite their different legal systems had certain concerns in common: i. whether this type of corporate law issue had a place in an international convention; ii. the challenge of choosing concepts (control, effective control, authority, connection, etc.) that allow the corporate veil to be lifted; iii. clearly defining the selected concepts and preparing a list of acts that would guide the court in the substantive case; iv. the necessity of maintaining a balance between different interest groups in the maritime sector; and v. the most appropriate solution was leaving the issue to the lex fori.&nbsp;Considering the current provision 3(2) of the Convention, the emphasis in the text rests on the concept of ownership, but evaluating the concept of ownership is left to the legal system of the relevant state.

“Bağlantılı Gemi”nin İhtiyati Haczi Yolunda Perdenin  Kaldırılması Teorisi

Fahri

Assist. Prof.

According to Art. 1/III Turkish Civil Code (TCC), a judge may make use of scientific views while ruling on a case to which they might apply. When we examine the codification of Swiss law, it is clear that scientific views are deemed to be sources of law. Therefore, the Preliminary Draft (1900) and the Draft (1904) of the Swiss Civil Code mandates that where there is no applicable provision in the law or customary law that relates to the issue at hand, the judge may rule based on prevailing scientific views. As stated by Art. 1/II of the Preliminary Draft (1900) and the Draft (1904) of the Swiss Civil Code, scientific views are among the sources of law, although more precisely in the third rank of acceptable sources. In other words, the judge must first search for an applicable provision in the statutory law. In the absence of such a provision, the judge must investigate customary law. If again, there is no such custom relevant to the case at issue, the judge may rule in a manner consistent with scientific views. In a case where there is no pertinent scientific view, the judge decides in accordance with procedures that would be applicable to the legislature. However, the provision permitting this was severely amended in the drafting committee in 1907, where scientific views were removed from the acceptable sources of law and reduced to serving as an auxiliary means of finding the law. Thus, in both the Swiss Civil Code and TCC, scientific views are simply regarded as one of a number of auxiliary means that the judge may make use of when ruling on a given case.	Although only scientific views are mentioned in Art. 1/III TCC, it is accepted that what is actually intended by the provision is the use of established scientific doctrine. However, no guidance is provided for the characteristics required for a scientific view to be deemed an established doctrine. The legislature did not address the issue, and the resolution remains open. The prevalence of the scientific view, the high reputation of its adherents, or the fact that the scientific view is long established are not solely sufficient cause to confirm that a given scientific view is to be considered established doctrine. However, these features of a scientific view can comprise an indication of its eligibility to be considered established doctrine. In essence, to be deemed an established doctrine, a scientific view must be materially correct, accurately reasoned, reliable, consistent, and convincing in the context of the given case. While ruling on a case in which a scientific view is at issue, the judge should highlight the scientific views on that subject and then elucidate why he/she adopted or did not adopt a particular scientific view. This discussion can be supported by the requirement that court decisions must include reasoning. However, there appears to be no explicit sanction in Art. 1/III TCC for the case where a judge declines to consider scientific views while ruling. In conclusion, the judge cannot ignore the relevant scientific views while issuing a ruling, but also cannot be content with merely citing the scientific views or only learning the established doctrine and following it.&nbsp;Conversely, he/she must examine and evaluate scientific views critically. Thus, the judge will ultimately decide which of the scientific views is regarded as established doctrine. This inference can be supported by the requirement that court decisions must be supported by reasoning. According to Art. 141/III of Turkish Constitution, any court decision must be reasoned. In addition, Art. 297/I/c Turkish Civil Procedure Code lists reasoning as one of the elements of a decision. Since there is no explicit sanction in Art. 1/III TCC for a judge that does not consider established doctrine while forming an opinion, the accepted viewpoint is that Art. 1/III TCC comprises lex imperfectae. However, if the judge were to make a wrong decision owing to his/her disregard of scientific views, such a decision would most likely be reversed by the court of appeal. On the contrary, if the decision were correct in the end, it would not be reversed because only established scientific doctrine is not considered or a scientific view is considered to be established doctrine.

Hâkimin Karar Verirken Bilimsel Görüşlerden Yararlanması  (TMK m. 1/III)

Serpil

Res. Assist.

If officers of enforcement and bankruptcy departments cause third parties to incur damages due to their acts and transactions as they undertake necessary enforcement activities in accordance with their tasks, then they will be responsible for the recovery of the damages that emerge. Article 5 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law (EBL) No. 2004 under the heading “Responsibility” (hereafter Article 5 of the EBL) regulates the rule applied in indemnification cases opened for the purpose of recovering losses caused to third parties as a result of the faulty acts and transactions committed by enforcement and bankruptcy officers in the fulfillment of their tasks. In indemnification cases that enter the agenda regarding damages to third parties due to the fault of enforcement and bankruptcy law officers as per Article 5 of the EBL, the party responsible in the first degree shall be the “government” (Ministry of Justice; Article 5/f 1, c 1 of the EBL). In this respect, if the government loses an indemnification case that was opened against it, then it gains the opportunity to open a counter recourse case against the enforcement and bankruptcy department officers who caused the said third parties to incur damages due to their acts or transactions and to claim repayment of the indemnification that was paid (Article 5/f 1, c 2 of the EBL).Within the scope of the study, revealing the meaning of the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers as stated in the provision of Article 5 of the EBL is important. Accordingly, the legal arrangement described in Article 5 of the EBL and that specifies that an indemnification case can be directly opened against the government overlaps with the concept that the government holds first degree responsibility due to damages that emerge as a result of faulty acts and transactions caused by enforcement and bankruptcy department officers due to their tasks or during the execution of their assignments.Although the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers is regulated as per the SchKG Art. 5, the indemnification case that will be opened against the government is similar to an indemnification case originating from unfair acts described in the provisions of Article 49 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) No. 6098 (Article 41 of the Law of Obligations No. 818), which became effective on 01.07.2012. For this reason, the conditions of an indemnification case opened due to liability in accordance with Article 5 of the EBL will be similar to an indemnification case originating from an unfair act. Hence, the conditions required in an indemnification case opened against the government due to the acts and transactions of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers shall be called “legal violation,” “fault,” “damage,” and “causal link.” Moreover, considering the provisions of Article 49 of the TCO is necessary to understand or explain the particulars meant by the concepts of “legal violation,” “fault,” “damage,” and “causal link,” which are required in indemnification cases opened due to the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers. Furthermore, as per the aspects of the liability cases described in Article 5 of the EBL, an indemnification case is subject to the law of procedures because it will be opened due to the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers and will be part of the assignment area of legal judgment (Article 5/c 3 of the EBL). Therefore, the regulations foreseen in Civil Procedures Law No. 6100 shall be valid in relation to an indemnification case opened in first-instance courts due to damages caused by enforcement and bankruptcy department officers with regard to the topics of “assignment,” “authorization,” “evidence,” etc., which are particulars in relation to civil judgment.In a situation where the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers is observed, one particular point that could be discussed in relation to the doctrine is whether the third parties that incurred damages due to faulty acts and transactions of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers shall apply to cancel the transaction that caused damages to arise and shall claim recovery of the damages incurred in accordance with the rules of legal liability as specified in Article 5 of the EBL. For this reason, in a situation where the legal responsibility of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers is required, if the party incurring such damages does not cancel the faulty transaction, then a situation of “fault of party incurring damages” shall arise to form the basis of the TCO (faute concomitante, das Selbstverschulden; Article 52 of the TCO; Article 44 of the Law of Obligations No. 818). Hence, it is accepted, without doubt in the doctrine and by decision of the Supreme Court, that in such a situation, the fault of the party incurring damages will arise. Furthermore, if the party incurring damages has fault, then the outcome outlined in the law is not applied. For this reason, in Turkish legal doctrine, different opinions are asserted about the effect of the fault of the party incurring damages on the legal liability of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers.Firstly, the study provides general explanations about the responsibility defined in Article 5 of the EBL in relation to the legal responsibility of enforcement and bankruptcy department officers (SchKG Art. 5). Evaluations are then made regarding the impact of situations where the party incurring damages does not use the opportunity to cancel the faulty transaction in situations where enforcement and bankruptcy department officers bear legal liability. Accordingly, all opinions asserted in relation to the doctrine and approach of the Supreme Court will be expressed, and, by considering the contributory fault concept explained in Article 52 of the TCO, a conclusion about the relevance of such opinions will be formulated.

İcra İflas Dairesi Görevlilerinin Hukuki Sorumluluğu Kapsamında Zarar Görenin Kusurlu İşlemi İptal Ettirme İmkânını Kullanmamasının Etkisi

Şeyda

According to Article 611 of Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) Number 6098, a lifetime maintenance agreement is a contract through which the beneficiary undertakes to transfer an estate or individual assets to the settlor in return for an undertaking to provide maintenance and care for the beneficiary’s lifetime. In this context, the primary obligation of the settlor is to provide the beneficiary with maintenance and care for life. On the other hand, the main obligation of the beneficiary is to transfer an estate or individual assets to the settlor.According to Article 565 of Turkish Civil Code (TCC) Number 4721, inter vivos gifts are added to the deceased’s estate and are subject to abatement. A lifetime maintenance agreement, on the other hand, is a reciprocal agreement; therefore, the transfer of an estate or individual assets to the settlor made by the beneficiary is not subject to abatement and cannot be added to the deceased’s assets. However, sometimes, the lifetime maintenance agreement can be accompanied by a donation agreement. The resulting agreement can then be defined as a mixed gift. In this context, the gratuitous portion of the gifts provided under the agreement is subject to abatement.The majority of cases related to abatement of a lifetime maintenance agreement relate to the alienation made by the beneficiary with the obvious intent to circumvent the limitations on his or her testamentary freedom. An obvious intent of the beneficiary to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement) can be found when the beneficiary transfers an estate or individual assets when he is aware of the violation of the compulsory portion of certain heirs by virtue of this transfer. However, there is no obvious intent if the beneficiary has no heirs entitled to the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement) at the time of the transfer.The Turkish Court of Cassation has set forth some criteria regarding the intent to violate the compulsory portion in the context of the lifetime maintenance agreement. According to the Court, for instance, the beneficiary will be found to have an intent to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement) if the beneficiary is not in need of special care at the inception of the contract period. In addition to the established criteria, according to the Court of Cassation, the beneficiary shows an intent to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement) if the beneficiary transfers all or most of his assets to the settlor. If there is an imbalance between the obligation of the beneficiary and those of the settlor, the Turkish Court of Cassation considers the intent of the beneficiary to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement). However, no one of the established criteria is deemed solely sufficient to show the beneficiary’s intent to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement). In order to establish the intent of the beneficiary to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement), the criteria found by Turkish Court of Cassation must be supported by additional evidence.As mentioned previously, according to TCO Article 565, the alienations made by the beneficiary with the obvious intent to circumvent the limitations on his or her testamentary freedom are subject to abatement. In order to avoid abatement, the beneficiary may transfer his estate or individual assets with a fictitious transaction. In such a case, the transfer of the estate and individual assets made within the context of a lifetime maintenance agreement is not valid. Any one of the heirs entitled to the compulsory portion can claim against the fictitious contract. In this context, the heir making the claim must prove that the donation agreement, hidden behind the lifetime maintenance agreement, represents the agreement of the parties regarding a fictitious transaction in addition to proving the intent of the beneficiary to violate the compulsory portion (the statutory entitlement).

Ölünceye Kadar Bakma Sözleşmesi Kapsamında Bakım Alacaklısının Saklı Payı İhlal Kastı ile Yaptığı Sağlararası Kazandırmaların Tenkisi

Pınar

The “de facto organ” plays an important role in the implementation of the will of the legal person. A de facto organ is an individual who has the authority to make decisions independently in matters related to the management of the organ and who continuously uses these powers apart from for daily affairs. The de facto organ fulfills the functions that an organ will traditionally perform, even though it is not a formal organ.Turkish Civil Code Article 50/2 requires that organs designate the legal person or persons under obligation in their legal transactions and all other acts. In this context, the legal transactions of the organs are binding on the legal person, and the legal person will be responsible for the illegal acts of the organs. However, it is necessary to make a distinction between legal transactions and illegal acts of organs: Within the framework of the legal person’s responsibility for the illegal acts by the organ, it is necessary to consider the organ in a broad sense and to evaluate de facto organs as well as the formal organs within the scope of the organ. This consideration is necessary because the definition of “de facto organ” has been developed precisely to hold the legal person liable for the illegal acts of the person/persons acting as an organ.&nbsp;This assessment is based on a just and reasonable belief that would be held by an honest and reasonable person. Indeed, individuals who do not constitute an organ according to the law or the status of the legal person but act as an organ and continuously play a significant role in the formation of the legal person’s will can be reasonably viewed as organs by third parties. In order to protect third parties, the legal person must be held responsible for the illegal acts of de facto organs.&nbsp;However, a different assessment must be made regarding the legal transactions carried out by de facto organs. It is unacceptable that legal transactions made by a person acting on behalf of the legal person as a de facto organ should bind the legal person. As the de facto organ does not have the authority to represent the legal person, there would be an unauthorized representation regulated in Article 46 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Unauthorized representation does not bind the principal, unless there is a rare exception where the transaction of the unauthorized representative will bind the legal person.&nbsp;The first of these exceptions is where, in accordance with Article 46/1 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, the principal ratifies the transaction. The other exception appears when a notification or representation has been made to third parties by the principal regarding the existence of the de facto organ’s authority to represent the legal person. This notice creates external representation authority. The notification to third parties gives such third parties confidence in the de facto organ’s authority in this regard. Due to this trust given to third parties, their good faith reliance on the existence of the declared authority to represent is preserved.Even if the principal has not given the representative such authority in the internal relationship (or a narrower authority has been given or even revoked in the internal relationship), the authority declared to the third party replaces the lack of power, provided that he relies on it in good faith. Consequently, the contract concluded by the unauthorized representative still binds the principal. Except for in the specific circumstances mentioned here, however, a transaction performed by the unauthorized representative will not bind the principal.As a matter of fact, the Swiss Federal Court made a clear decision in this direction in its ATF 146 III 37 decision dated 09.10.2019, wherein it ruled that the legal acts of de facto organs (except for the exceptions listed above) do not and will not bind the legal person. Therefore, it is necessary to interpret the concept of an organ narrowly in terms of the rule that the legal transactions of the organ bind the legal person. It must be accepted that only formal organs can act on behalf of the legal person, as only they have the authority to represent them.&nbsp;

Tüzel Kişilerde Fiili Organ Kavramı ve Fiili Organın Hukuka Aykırı Fiilleri İle Hukuki İşlemlerinin Doğurduğu Sonuçlar

Gürkan

The ideal of rule of law (RoL) generally is associated with Lon Fuller and his understanding of rule of law comprising eight principles. Even though Fuller conceives of RoL as procedural, Jeremy Waldron asserts that when seen in cold light, it is highly probable to qualify Fuller’s eight principles as formal rather than procedural. The majority of his principles emphasize how the legislature should enact laws if it is to achieve its objective of guiding the behaviors of legal subjects. Moreover, legal-positivist approaches to the RoL emphasize the legislature, rules, and lawmaking dimension of the law at the expense of the courts, adjudication, and procedural principles observed before the courts. That is why RoL theories, introduced under the legal-positivist camp, concern themselves with the following question: What are the basic conditions of effective lawmaking? In short, they, by overemphasizing the output aspect of law, overlooked the question of how the enacted laws, namely legal acts, are applied in concrete cases. That is why Waldron turns his attention to the courts, adjudication, and adjudicative procedures and brings forward a novel procedural approach to the RoL.The first part of this paper will set the stage for Waldron’s procedural approach to the RoL by pointing out the connection between the concepts of law and rule of law. Without a doubt, our conception of law will have a huge impact on the conception of RoL we defend. For instance, legal positivists are associated with formal conception thereof, natural lawyers support RoL’s substantive conceptions. In short, Waldron’s aim is to steer a middle course between them. He does so by not only overcoming the deficiencies of Fuller’s theory but also benefiting from the inspiring ideas of Dworkin. However, Waldron is also highly cautious of staying away from a substantive conception of RoL.The problem that Waldron tackled is as follows: On the one hand, RoL means that rules, which are general, clear, prospective, promulgated, and so on, will guide behaviors of individuals. On the other hand, law is an argumentative discipline, and individuals, lawyers, and judges discuss what the law is in each concrete case and particular situation. Then the question arises: How could an argumentative and constantly regenerating discipline be clear and determinate enough to instruct individuals what to do in a concrete case? That is the tension for which Waldron struggles to find an answer. The middle way that he strives to follow will haunt us in the second part of the paper. Law is of a relatively indeterminate character, and that is because of the rights endowed to citizens such as access to justice, right to a hearing, and right to a fair trial. However, law also should be at least sufficiently clear enough to provide guidance to individuals and endow them with at least minimum freedoms, such as to live according to their own preferences and choices.The third part of the paper will dwell on Waldron’s procedural RoL and touch on the four foundational criteria of any conception of law that Waldron introduced. It will also pay attention to the unorthodox connection that Waldron established between the concepts of law and RoL. This part will also engage with the point of view taken by Waldron in his novel approach to the RoL by pointing out Waldron’s emphasis on the real subjects, namely citizens, of the RoL. By doing so, he argues that we should adopt a deeper or real internal point of view by leaving behind discussions between legal academics on the meaning or essence of the concepts. Thus, it is not an exaggeration to claim that Waldron in some sense has internalized the internal point of view by applying its insights to his theory. As such, the addressee of the RoL has undergone such a transformation that it has become an active center of intelligence from Fuller’s passive and rule-applying subject. Last, the study also aspires to establish a connection between the shortcomings of the formal conception of the rule of law and its global crisis, which we are experiencing at every level, say; domestic, supranational, and international.

Jeremy Waldron ve Prosedürel Hukuk Devleti Anlayışı

İlhami

Arif

The vital importance of political parties to democratic political life does not mean that they are permitted to exercise their right to engage in political activity under any and all circumstances. In the presence of certain circumstances, the mandatory closure of political parties and the termination of their legal personality do not mean that their right to engage in political activity has been denied. Rather, in some cases, it is legitimately possible to close down a political party in Turkey. In the case of the occurrence of one or more of these circumstances, a lawsuit will be filed before the Constitutional Court by the Office of the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Court of Cassation for the closure of the political party. As a consequence of this lawsuit, if the court is convinced that there is at least one circumstance supporting the closure, the political party may be closed down or partially or completely deprived of state aid. If, however, the Court determines that there exists no reason for closure, the request for closure will be rejected.There are different opinions in the doctrine about the legal nature of political party closure cases. There is no consistency in the decisions taken by the Constitutional Court regarding this issue. These different opinions generally focus on the question of whether political party closure cases are criminal cases or specific cases. According to one opinion in the doctrine, primarily based on the provision in Article 52 of the Law on the Establishment and Judicial Procedures of the Constitutional Court No. 6216, which states that the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code appropriate to the nature of the case will be applied in party closure cases, these cases have a criminal character. Another view states that political party closure cases and the sanctions imposed as a result of these lawsuits differ from the classical criminal prosecutions. Hence, these cases have their own distinctive character. The Constitutional Court has long held in its decisions that these cases are criminal cases and recently has overruled the case law stating that the legal nature of these cases has a unique character.When the opinions in the doctrine and the decisions of the Constitutional Court are taken together, we conclude that the political party closure cases are peculiar forms of “criminal cases.” Two main points support this conclusion. First, the sanctions imposed as a result of party closure cases are similar to two types of sanctions in the Turkish Criminal Law system.&nbsp;In the Turkish Criminal Law system, although the existence of an intentional crime is usually accepted by rule in order to impose security measures, this rule is not always valid. For example, in the fourth paragraph of Article 54, which regulates the confiscation of goods constituting one of the security measures of the Turkish Penal Code, it is regulated that “goods whose production, possession, use, transportation, purchase, and sale constitute a crime” will be confiscated. As can be seen here, even when there is no crime and no criminal yet, it is possible to order security measures. The aim here is to prevent crimes that may be committed in the future by seizing certain substances that are deemed to pose a danger to public security, even when there is no crime yet. The sanctions imposed in the case of political party closure are also security measures imposed for similar reasons. Here too, the aim is to prevent political parties from committing and inciting people to commit crimes, especially by using their power of influence over the masses.The second primary pillar of our argument is that because the sanctions imposed as a result of these cases are severe, it would be more appropriate to impose them only when subject to strict rules of reason such as are found in criminal proceedings. The principle of being used as a last resort applies in criminal law. If the alleged violations can be remedied with any other sanctions of the law, the criminal law will not be applied. When working with the criminal law, it is essential to adhere to a very strict procedure because the sanctions imposed as a result of criminal actions are so severe.&nbsp;The sanctions imposed in political party closure cases are also highly severe sanctions imposed against political parties, which are of great importance to the nation’s democratic political life. When the provision in Article 52 of the Law on the Establishment and Trial Procedures of the Constitutional Court is evaluated in the context of these reasons, it is understood that political party closure cases are criminal cases. Therefore, accepting these sanctions as criminal law sanctions and mandating that the rules of criminal procedure are valid in order to impose these sanctions reveal that party closure cases are appropriately defined as criminal cases.

Siyasi Parti Kapatma Davalarının Hukuki Niteliği

Muradiye

Archaeological sites are settlements above the ground, underground, or under water that contain cultural assets reflecting social, cultural, geographical, economic, and/or political characteristics of civilizations dating from the beginning of humanity to present day. Archaeological sites provide people with a sense of history and allow them to know themselves by connecting with their past. Therefore, protecting archaeological sites is closely related to the person’s right to protect and develop their material and spiritual entity as specified in Article 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey.&nbsp;According to Article 63 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, the administration is obliged to protect historical, cultural, and natural assets. The archaeological site decision is one of the most important tools for protecting archaeological areas. Competent authority to decide on registration of an archaeological area as an archaeological site and removal of a registered area as a protected area belongs to the regional council for conservation.&nbsp;The first step of the archaeological site decision is the detection process. This process involves activities carried out by the detection team to reveal whether an archaeological area is a cultural asset that must be protected. In case an area is announced as an archaeological site, it is required that opinions are taken during this process from relevant institutions and organizations whose activities may be affected. If relevant institutions and organizations do not express their opinions within 45 days, works are finished by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.&nbsp;All research conducted during the detection process must be documented. Based on the evaluation of this documentation, the regional council for conservation decides whether an area is to be registered as an archaeological site. The registration depends on the the regional council for conservation’s decision making whether an area whose detection and documentation process are finished is a cultural asset that must be protected. The moment that archaeological site decision results emerge is when the registration decision has been made by the regional council for conservation. Therefore, the registration in the land registry is not constitutive but declarative.&nbsp; The other important issue regarding archaeological site decisions is the announcement of this decision. Because in the Article 65 of the Law on Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property (Law no. 2863), specific punishments are regulated for actions that damage culturel assets that must be protected. While the criminal responsibilities of individuals are determined, it is necessary to investigate whether registration decisions made by the regional council for conservation are duly announced.The scope of this study is limited by the legal nature of the archaeological site decision. Urban, historical, and natural sites fall outside of the scope of this study. In this study, the scope of the archaeological site concept is clarified, and the data on the website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is examined. Based on these data, the number of archaeological sites within protected areas in Turkey is determined, and these archaeological sites are compared according to their grades. Afterward, the detection, registration, and announcement process are examined based on the Law on Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property, the Regulation on Detection and Registration of Immovable Cultural Property and Sites Requiring Conservation, and other related regulations.The archaeological site decision is important for the protection of archaeological areas. However, current developments show that the most important element in the protection of archaeological sites is raising the awareness of the need for protection. Although the administration is in charge of the protection of historical, cultural and natural assets, individuals should assume equal responsibility and participate in studies on protection, as these studies will always be deficient if conducted without concurrent awareness-raising efforts.&nbsp;

Türk İdare Hukukunda Arkeolojik Sit Alanı Kararı

Ebru

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court’s (the ICC or the Court) founding treaty, requires a state to be unwilling or unable (Article 17) to prosecute international crimes for a case to be admissible before the ICC. In addition to unwillingness and inability, a case should also satisfy the gravity threshold set in Articles 17 and 53 of the Rome Statute. Both unwillingness and inability tests and the gravity threshold are ambiguously regulated in the Rome Statute. The ICC Prosecutor has the authority to evaluate a state’s criminal justice system in order to determine whether it is sufficient to prosecute international crimes and also to make a decision on whether international crimes committed in some part of the world are grave enough to be prosecuted by the Court. It can therefore be said that the ambiguity embedded in the Rome Statute grants wide discretion to the Prosecutor in interpreting and implementing the admissibility conditions.This article examines the ways in which the admissibility conditions are used by the Prosecutor during the processes of situation and case selection. The article is divided into two main bodies: in the first part, unwillingness and inability and in the second part the gravity threshold are examined. An examination of the former criteria shows that the Prosecutor accepted the self-referral of a willing and able state in contradiction to both the Article 17 and the complementarity principle in the Rome Statute. In addition, the Prosecutor, in various cases, investigated only the crimes committed by the rebel forces and neglected the crimes perpetrated by the regime forces. As a result of such practices, state parties started to cooperate with the ICC with the purpose of defeating the rebel forces in their territories. Thus, the ICC has become an instrument which states could use for their domestic political gains. In the first section, it is also argued that the Prosecutor’s selection of cases mostly from one particular region (Africa) diminishes the objectivity of the Prosecutor. The Prosecutor fails to explain and legitimize the processes of situation and case selection.&nbsp;In the second part, the definition and the scope of the gravity threshold are scrutinised. Whereas the Rome Statute refers to the gravity in different articles (Articles 17 and 53) as an admissibility condition, there is not enough explanation in relation to the meaning of the term. This article argues that the ambiguity in the Rome Statute grants wide discretion to the ICC Prosecutor in interpreting and implementing this criterion. With examples, the article shows that the Prosecutor’s interpretation of the gravity threshold is problematic and strengthens the criticisms against the ICC’s legitimacy. The article brings forward reports published by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor with the aim of clarifying the criteria used in defining gravity. Whilst these efforts of the Prosecutor are appreciated, it is difficult to say that the reports have concretised the concept. In this section, the cases of Lubanga and Ntaganda are examined. These cases are of importance since they are specifically related to the gravity issue. An examination of these cases shows that there are different and even contrasting understandings in relation to the meaning and the scope of the concept of gravity even within the ICC’s bodies.&nbsp;This article acknowledges the difficulties that the ICC Prosecutor faces. In order not to overwhelm the ICC with numerous applications, the Prosecutor has to reject some of them. During the elimination process, the Rome Statute might also remain unhelpful because of the ambiguity embedded in its wording and the Prosecutor might be given the whole authority and responsibility in the processes of situation and case selection. Having admitted that, this article shows that the Prosecutor’s practices regarding the admissibility conditions aggravate the criticisms against the ICC’s legitimacy and objectivity. The examples in this article illustrate that the admissibility conditions were interpreted in a way which contrasts with the Rome Statute itself. In order to prove the Court’s objectivity and to strengthen its legitimacy, the Prosecutor has to use the discretion granted by the Rome Statute in a more transparent, consistent and impartial way.

Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Savcısına Kabul Edilebilirlik Değerlendirmesinde Tanınan Geniş Takdir Yetkisinin Kullanımında Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar

Sezercan

When there is an outbreak of a pandemic in the world, the first course of action is to isolate the virus and access its genetic data. Only then will it be possible to carry out scientific studies that will end the pandemic. Rapid sharing of the virus’ genetic data and the isolated biological sample of its pathogen with researchers is vital in combating a pandemic and curtailing the spread and number of fatalities. The greatest responsibility falls on the states where the virus first appeared. Although with the current COVID-19 pandemic, relevant data was quickly shared with the world by the People’s Republic of China, where the virus first appeared, this was not always the case during previous pandemics, as countries were not willing to share data and samples. In fact, in the case of the emergence of a lethal form of H5N1 in Indonesia in 2006, Indonesia did not want to share the samples of this virus that emerged within the country with other countries and claimed sovereignty over the virus based on the principle of absolute state sovereignty over natural resources. Indonesia characterized the virus as a “natural resource” according to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol, leading to the emergence of a new type of sovereignty in academic litereture called “viral sovereignty.”The central idea behind Indonesia’s claim was not based on issues with the sharing of data and treatments such as vaccines, medicines, etc. that are developed by the developed countries, as is the case with the current pandemic as argued by developing countries. However, although these arguments are justified, current international has not considered situations involving virus pathogen samples as captured in these arguments. If viruses are accepted as “natural resources,” it means that they are to be considered as the “common heritage of mankind” which has economic value, therefore making it imparative for information on them to be shared with other countries. However, the bargaining process at the point of sharing virus pathogen samples may slow down the pace of the fight againt pandemics, resulting in delays in developing treatments. As a matter of fact, this happened with the Mers-CoV virus that emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012; the development of treatments was delayed till after the virus spread to other countries. Today, the World Health Organization (WHO) has only issued the Global Influenza Preparedness Framework to ensure the sharing of influenza virus pathogen samples, but it has not been able to realize any other solution regarding the sharing of other virus pathogen samples.Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to create a fair balance in sharing virus pathogen samples that will improve access to treatment tools for all countries within the scope of the right to health, which is a fundamental human right. Within this context, it is obvious that accepting virus pathogen samples as “natural resources” and providing them with economic value may be incompatible with the right to health. However, it should not be forgotten that the CBD, from which “natural resource” claims are derived, imposes obligations on countries to prevent the spread of the virus. Thus, the claims made by developing countries for “viral sovereignty” are justifiable. However, there are certain steps that must first be undertaken: the WHO should obtain an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on whether the virus pathogen samples will fall within the scope of the sovereignty of states. Depending on the result of this opinion, considering that the CBD does not only permit a definition of virus pathogen samples as “natural resources” but also includes obligations to prevent epidemics, by approaching the issue especially in the context of the right to health, it needs to abandon the strict “natural resource” understanding and adopt the “common heritage of mankind” argument, but this time on a fair basis. In this context, as an expert international organization, the WHO should take initiative and play an active role. The WHO, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic that increased the general awareness of pandemics and showed the undeniable emergence of the importance of combating epidemic diseases, should ensure the establishment of an international agreement that will bind all signatory states and ensure wide participation of states. In order to achieve this goal, the organizational structure of the WHO would have to be reconsidered.

Uluslararası Hukuk Ekseninde Devletlerin İleri Sürdüğü  “Viral Egemenlik” İddiasının Değerlendirilmesi

Ömer

Prof.

Hakkı

Instructor

Personal rights entail the absolute rights a person has over their body and property that make up their personality. Personality rights recognize individuals as physical and spiritual beings and allow them to enjoy their sense of existence; these rights are protected to various degrees in different countries. The human-oriented nature of laws makes the regulations regarding personal rights and legal status even more important. The impact of this importance reveals itself not only in private law but also in all other legal areas. The first and most important feature of personality rights are that they are absolute rights. Other features of personality rights are that they involve the rights of personal property and are closely dependent on the individual. The principle of limited independent variety does not apply to personal rights, and things such as a person’s life, health, bodily integrity, title, visage, photograph, honor and dignity, voice, and living space are considered within the scope of personality rights. With regard to German Law, the presence of a general personality right can be mentioned that covers all aspects of personality and can be accepted as a source from which concrete, private personality rights arise spontaneously. The general personality right guaranteed by Grundgesetz [Basic Law/GG] § 1 is regulated in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch [Civil Law Book/BGB] § 823/1 as a fundamental norm in tort law. Basic norms regarding the protection of personality in Swiss privacy law appear in the Zivilgesetzbuch [Swiss Civil Codes/ZGB] Articles 27 and 28 These appear as general articles that should be specified in terms of personal rights andprotections. The concept of general personality rights cannot be mentioned with regard to English Law, whose legal system was largely developed on the basis of individual cases and case law. In terms of English Law, personal rights and their violations and protections are evaluated within the scope of tort law. Titles and honorifics are the general name given to all the forms parties use to address one another during mutual conversations and generally show a sign of respect. Honorifics are obligatorily used among people of a certain status and are extremely important for the development and smooth progress of social relations. However, as the degree of status inequality between people changes and familiarity increases, honorifics and any other titles are seen to be avoided. The honorifics that are used also reveal an effect in terms of establishing the connection to the language society uses with regard to social events. An individual’s reputation can be considered as an aspect of personality rights. Reputation arises from the fact that a person is just a human being and involves the values that embody that person in society in terms of moral value judgments. In addition, everyone has equal dignity and respectability. In this regard, a connection can be established between an individual’s reputation and the honorific used to address them. Based on all of these facts, this study believes that evaluating and linking honorifics to the social personality rights that are considered alongside an individual’s dignity and reputation to be appropriate. However, despite this relationship between honorifics and personality rights, points are also found where these things differ from each other. To abstain from using the honorifics that are generally used as a sign of respect in a society or to use slang or mockery to address an individual may constitute a violation of personal rights. However, while making this determination, each situation needs to be evaluated internally as well as through its dynamics. Inother words, things should be taken into account such as an individual’s position, social status, and the surrounding order of events. If some of the titles or honorifics used involve slangs or sarcasm, a violation of personal rights may occur here as well due to the ability this can have to damage a person’s social reputation.

Hitap Bir Kişilik Hakkı Mıdır?

Deniz

Settlement procedures in competition law involve a method based on the principle of obtaining reduced fines and reaching an agreement regarding specific measures in return for accepting liability that they have committed the violation under investigation and giving up certain rights granted to them, thus allowing for the early termination of the investigation. The settlement mechanism was adopted in Turkish law through the amendments made to Law No. 4054 on the Protection of Competition through Law No. 7246 After these amendments, the Settlement Regulation entered into force by being published in the Official Gazette on July 15, 2021 in order to determine the procedures and principles of the settlement mechanism. Shortly after, the Turkish Competition Board and parties to the proceedings provided the first examples. The settlement mechanism is primarily related to the enforcement policy and has an expanding effect on the competencies of the Turkish Competition Board. Therefore, the mechanism deserves to be examined in detail. Based on this matter’s importance, the current article will discuss the settlement mechanism, which is a new institution in Turkish competition law. While doing so, the article will examine the Settlement Regulation comparatively with two other sets of regulations. The first is the Draft Settlement Regulation, which was opened to public opinion prior to the final version of the Settlement Regulation. The article will assess the change in provisions between the two regulations, as well as the legal consequences that may result. The second comparison occurs with the regulations in the European Union competition law, which were taken as a general example when creating the regulations in the Turkish competition law. Even though these regulations are broadly similar, they have some fundamental differences, and the article will reveal its findings and opinions in this regard. The article consists of five sections. The first heading under Section 1 will explain the meaning of settlement in competition law. The second heading will present the concept of hybrid settlements and the relevant main procedural and legal problems. The article will discuss in this context whether hybrid settlements violate the presumption of innocence of the non-settling parties in light of the decisions made in the European Union. Section 2 will explain how the settlement mechanism has been designed in Turkish law through all its phases. This same section will also discuss the constitutionality of the Settlement Regulation regarding closing the right to seek legal remedy as a result of the settlement. The article considers this provision to possibly contradict the principle of the rule of law in Article 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (1982), as well as the right to legal remedies in Article 36 of the Constitution. Meanwhile, the article will also mention what changes occurred between the DraftSettlement Regulation that had been opened to public opinion prior to the Settlement Regulation and the final version of the Settlement Regulation. This study finds that some important legal assumptions can be made from this assessment. For example, the article holds the opinion that the parties to the proceedings can be argued to be able to seek legal remedies in terms of the elements removed from the content of the settlement submission. Section 2 will additionally examine all the settlement decisions the Turkish Competition Board have given.Section 3 will examine settlement procedure in the European Union, with the first heading under Section 3 discussing the purpose of introducing settlement procedure in the European Union and comparing this to the purpose in Turkish law. The second heading under Section 3 will analyze settlement practices in the European Union. In this context, the article will first assess whether settlement procedure is widely used in the European Union in light of statistical data. This same heading will also examine the cooperation procedure used for violations other than cartels in the European Union. The third heading under Section 3 will explain settlement procedure in the European Union through all its phases. While doing so, the articlewill mention the differences the European Union’s settlement procedure have with Türkiye’s Settlement Regulation. One of the most important differences is seen to be that the European Union allows legal remedies to be sought against a given settlement decision. Therefore, this article will also examine examples where settlement decisions had been appealed in the European Union. Section 4 discusses the relationship between the settling and non-settling parties. In this context, it will examine whether a settlement violates the principle of equaltreatment for the non-settling parties by referring to precedents in the European Union. Section 5 finishes by evaluating the consequences of the settlement mechanism from the perspective of private law.

Rekabet Hukukunda Uzlaşma Kurumu

Furkan

Turkish law has two types of co-authorship structures (i.e., authorship of a compound work and joint authorship) that are regulated in Articles 9 and 10 of the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works (LIAW, 1951) No. 5846. Unlike works subject to joint authorship, a compound work can be divided into parts without deteriorating the work. Ordinary partnership provisions in the Turkish Code of Obligation (TCO, 2012) No. 6098 are applied analogously to both authorships of compound works and joint authorships in the matters not regulated under LIAW. 	Based on Paragraph 2 of Article 9 in LIAW, as long as the authorship of a compound work continues, authors may apply to the court against the one who objects to a transaction related to the compound work. If the objecting author cannot prove just cause, the court decision replaces the consent of the objector. From this perspective, termination of authorship of a compound work means that the authors can no longer be compelled to utilize their own contribution in the compound work. On the other hand, copyrights arising from authorship of a created and still existent compound work should be noted to continue, because the compound work is based on both the agreement of the authors and the de facto act, or Realakt in German. Therefore, in case of an infringement against an existent compound work, authors may still demand prevention or halting of the infringement, as well as claim compensation. With regard to making transactions related to a compound work, however, authors can no longer claim or force each other based on Article 9 in LIAW. 	As previously mentioned regarding termination, ordinary partnership provisions in the TCO are applied analogously. In this regard, if authors decide upon a fixed period of time or certain limitation (e.g., a one-time edition of a book) regarding a compound work, the compound authorship terminates upon completion. Prior to this, the compound authorship may be terminated by applying to the court on the basis of just cause. If the authors have not decided upon any limitation regarding the term of a compound work, one of the authors may give a notice of termination or apply to the court demanding immediate termination with just cause. According to Article 640 of the TCO, the termination of a compound authorship goes into effects after six months have passed since the notice of termination. 	In order to remove a section belonging to one of the authors of a compound work, all authors of the compound work must agree to this. Nevertheless, in some cases, the court may order the removal of a section belonging to one of authors upon the application of the other authors based on Article 9 of LIAW. For instance, when one of the authors objects to updating a book according to the new TCO or is unable to update the book, the other authors may apply to the court. If the objector cannot prove just cause, the court should order the section belonging to the objector to be removed, because the court cannot order the author to update that author’s section in the book. And also, one author may demand his part be removed by court order by relying on just cause. 	If one of the authors of a compound work dies, the financial rights respective to this section pass on to the deceased’s heirs. Heirs cannot be removed from the union. Furthermore, one of the authors may analogously waive the financial rights regarding that author’s section in accordance with Article 60 of LIAW, provided that this harms neither the compound work nor the other authors. Upon waiving this right, that author’s permission will no longer be required for utilizing financial rights related to that compound work. 	Joint authorship arises ipso jure with the creation of the work and ends with the expiration of the preservation period or the destruction of the work. Consequently, terminating a joint authorship is not possible by notice of termination or by court decision with just cause, as the provisions in the TCO regarding the termination of ordinary partnerships are not suited to the structure of a joint authorship. 	Paragraph 3 of Article 639 in the TCO, which is regarding termination of an ordinary partnership in the event of a partner’s share being liquidated through compulsory execution unless otherwise agreed, cannot be applied to joint authorship, as joint authorship cannot be liquidated due to the lack of any liquidation shares. The results concerning the death of one of the authors in a joint authorship are also specifically regulated in Article 64 of the LIAW. Additionally, one of the authors may waive financial rights in favor of the other author or authors. In this case, the rights of the others will be expanded.

Birlikte Eser Sahipliklerinde Sona Erme ve Birlikten Ayrılma

Halil

Basic knowledge about nomina transscripticia, among the literal contracts in the contractus system of Roman law, has been gathered from Gaius’ Institutiones and other literary works. Based on these texts, this article analyzes the main features and components of nomina transscripticia as a literal contract within its historical background as well as its process of emergence and disappearance. This literal contract was unable to achieve widespread usage because it had begun being used in the period when the verbal formalist structure of early law had started to cease due to the emergence of consensual contracts. Literal contracts have advantages over verbal contracts in some aspects, such as being able to be established at a distance, not being in need to be stated with words according to certain patterns and being able to be used to validate contracts for those with hearing and speech impediments. However, literal contracts have become useless compared to consensual contracts that can be formed through consensus only. Entries for the formation of nomina transscripticia were inscribed in a ledger called codex accepti et expensi. Whether the double-entry accounting technique was applied while keeping this ledger is a matter of controversy. In this regard, however, the prevailing view is that the ledger was filled out using two complementary entries, with the second one demonstrating that the previous debt had been eliminated. Nomina transscripticia is an institution of ius civile, and a contractus protected by actio that burdens one party with a monetary debt. Gaius mentioned two types of nomina transscripticia in his book Institutiones: nomina transscripticia are in personam and nomina transscripticia a persona in personam. When executing the nomina transscripticia a re in personam, a debt that had arisen from a consensual contract would be transformed into an obligation arising from a literal contract, thus resulting in a contract that has iudicia stricti iuris. Besides, when executing nomina transscripticia a persona in personam, the debtor changes, a new debtor goes into the debt and creditor has iudicia stricti iuris against new debtor. Within the contextof both types of this contract, the previous debt is hypothetically eliminated as if the payment had been made, but no actual payment has occurred. Monetary debt, arising from a legal ground such as a sale is deemed to be lent to the same person as

Roma Hukukunda Yazılı Bir Akit Olarak Nomina Transscripticia

Özge Ceren

Article 28 of the Law on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services, and Electronic Money Institutions (Law No. 6493, 2013) penalizes engagement in such activities as being an unauthorized system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution, as well as leaving the impression of being a system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution without proper authorization. The legal value that is preserved by punishing these crimes is the stability and security of the financial system. Anyone who commits the act described in the law can be judged a perpetrator of these crimes, with the victim being every member of society. The crime regulated in Paragraph 1 of Article 28 involves the act of engaging in activities such as being a system operator, payment institution or electronic money institution without obtaining the required permissions in accordance with Law No. 6493. The crime regulated in Paragraph 2 of Article 28 involves the act of using words and/or phrases that leave the impression that they are engaged in activity as a system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution in relation to trade names, any type of documentation, announcement, and/or advertisement, or public statement without having obtained the required permissions in accordance with Law No. 6493. The crimes regulated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 28 can only be committed with direct intent, because particular emphasis about illegality is placed on the legal definition with the expression “without obtaining the necessary permissions in accordance with Law No. 6493,” with crimes committed by negligence not being regulated by Law No. 6493. Additionally, the permission clause mentioned in the definition of the crimes involve the principle of typicality. For this reason, the intention of the perpetrator must also involve the issue of permission, which also pertains to the principle of typicality. Therefore, any misuse regarding the obligation to obtain permission should be considered an elemental error. Therefore, such a situation should be stated as eliminating the intent of the perpetrator. In addition, a perpetrator cannot be punished should they have not taken the necessary attention and care and thus made an elemental error. This is due to Law No. 6493 not regulating crimes that are committed by negligence.The offense of engaging in activities such as being a system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution without proper authorization as regulated in Paragraph 1 of Article 28 of Law No. 6493 is an uninterrupted crime. For this reason, the provisions regarding an attempt at this crime may be applied up until the completion of the crime. Meanwhile, attempting to leave the impression of being an unauthorized system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution can be considered an offense if the act can be divided into parts. An implied primary-auxiliary norm relationship exists between the two crimes regulated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 28 of Law No. 6493. Therefore, perpetrators who have committed the two crimes regulated in these paragraphs should only be punished for the crime in Paragraph 1. Otherwise, if the act constitutes one of the crimes regulated in the Turkish Penal Code as well as one of the crimes regulated in Law No. 6493, the provisions of Law No. 6493 as the special case law must be applied when the same legal value has been violated. Therefore, this situation also applies to Article 28 of Law No. 6493. In addition, the crimes regulated in Article 28 of Law No. 6493 are optional crimes. As a result, committing only one of the optional acts of these crimes will be sufficient for the completion of that crime. The offense of engaging in activities such as being a system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution without the required authorization as regulated in Paragraph 1 of Article 28 in Law No. 6493 calls for imprisonment from one year to three years and a judicial fine of up to 5,000 days, while the offence of leaving the impression of being a system operator, payment institution, or electronic money institution without the required authorization as regulated in Paragraph 2 of Article 28 in Law No. 6493 calls for imprisonment from one year to three years and a judicial fine of up to 5,000 days. If either of these two crimes are committed within a workplace, the decision may be made to close this workplace for two to six months or, in the case of recurrence, to be shut down permanently.

İzinsiz Sistem İşleticisi, Ödeme Kuruluşu veya Elektronik Para Kuruluşu Gibi Faaliyette Bulunma Suçu

Mustafa

The rule stating that a person may only be elected as the President of the Republic for a maximum of two terms as regulated in Paragraph 2 of Article 101 of the Constitution as amended by Law No. 6771 in 2017 has raised the question of whether or not presidential elections held during the term of the parliamentary system of government should be taken into account while implementing this rule. This question was analyzed by Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şentop in his article titled “The Rule of ‘Being Elected as President of the Republic for Two Terms at Most’ in the Executive Presidential System” which was published on March 2022 (Şentop, 2022). In that article, it has been put forth that the parliamentary period should not be taken into account while implementing Paragraph 2 of Article 101 of the Constitution during the presidential system of government, departing from the meaning given to that paragraph according to the legal interpretation methods and also from the principles concerning the application ratione temporis to of statutes. On the other hand, a paper titled “On the Constitutional Rule of Being Elected as the President of the Republic for two terms at most”, which was published by Kemal Başak on September 2022 (Başak, 2022), criticized the assessments made in the previous article, arguing that presidential elections held during the term of the parliamentary system of government should be taken into account while implementing the same rule.The purpose of this article is to examine Başak’s (2022) paper, without making a fresh assessment of Article 101 of the Constitution and to seek an answer to the question of whether or not the objections put forward in Başak’s paper legally invalidate the findings of the previous article (Şentop, 2022) regarding the meaning, the scope and the manner of the application ratione temporis of Article 101 of the Constitution. In this regard, the reason for examining Başak’s paper here as a separate academic article on the same legal matter is the fact that Başak’s (2022) paper&nbsp;provides an extensive summary of the opinions of academicians as well as politicians who expressed the view that, regardless of the change in the governmental system, all presidential elections should be taken into consideration while applying Article 101 of the Constitution, which has been the focal point of the public debate on the matter.&nbsp;The views put forward in Başak’s (2022) paper are based on the presupposition that the constitutional rule regarding a person’s ability to be elected as the President of the Republic for a maximum of two terms was not amended by Law No. 6771 in 2017. The current paper thus, firstly examines this presupposition and seeks to answer the question of whether two separate Constitutional Articles were entered into force at separate times regarding the matter, as previously argued in Şentop’s (2022) article or whether only one Constitutional Article has been in force, as argued by Başak (2022). It is expected that the answer to this question, by determining whether the provision contained in Law no. 6771 of 2017 has a separate legal existence from the provision established by Article 4 of Law no. 5678 amending the Constitution in 2007, will provide a better understanding of the legal characteristic of the rule stating that a person may only be elected as the President of the Republic for a maximum of two terms. Thereafter, this article examines the legal validity of Başak’s (2022) objections with regard to Şentop’s (2022) assessments concerning the application ratione temporis of statutes, as well as the application of the literal and historical interpretation methods for determining the meaning of Paragraph 2 of Article 101 of the Constitution.”&nbsp;

Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sisteminde İki Defadan Fazla  Cumhurbaşkanı Seçilememe Kuralı – 2

Cüneyt

The Republic of Cyprus was actually established in 1960 as a state resulting from certain international treaties. The Republic of Cyprus was established based on the equal partnership of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. Another feature of the Republic of Cyprus was that it had limited powers. Additionally, the Republic of Cyprus was organized as a form of functional federalism. The treaties that established the Republic of Cyprus and the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus were very important as they gave Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots the right to separate representation and quotas in the state administration. Unfortunately, this state only survived for three years. After 1963, the ethnic conflicts between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots began and continued until 1974, when Türkiye intervened in the island based on its right to function as a guarantor. After this intervention, the Turkish Cypriots first unilaterally declared the Turkish Cypriot Federated State. The efforts to bring the Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots together on the island and the negotiations between the two communities were ongoing, but no conclusion was reached at the end of these negotiations. On November 15, 1983, the parliament of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus made the unanimous decision to declare their independence and establish the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. After 1974, the Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus began governing only the southern part of Cyprus. Greek Cypriot authorities took the properties of the Turkish Cypriots that had been left behind under the control of foundations under the Guardianship Law. These properties continued to belong to Turkish Cypriots but were controlled by foundations. The new Greek Cypriot users of the related properties who’d migrated from the north were not given the ownership of these properties. Just because the property policy of the Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus is more appreciated by the international community does not mean their policy is perfect. Violations of the property rights of Turkish Cypriots are seen to have occurred regarding certain fundamental points, the first of these being the non-immediate payment of expropriated properties. Another violation involves the properties leased under the Guardianship Law not requiring the consent of the Turkish Cypriotowners for lease agreements. The rental income obtained from these properties also does not get paid to the Turkish Cypriot owners. Similar to the expropriation costs, the statement has been made that the rental costs will be paid upon reaching a comprehensive settlement regarding the island. Meanwhile, the fact that the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus authorities has given ownership rights to those who left their properties in south Cyprus as well as to the immigrants who came to the island is one point where the international community has criticized Turkish Cypriots. After Turkish Armed Forces’ second military intervention for maintaining peace and security on the island, Varosha was declared a military zone and left closed to resettlement. Afterward, Varosha started to be known as a ghost city. Varosha is actually within the borders of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but its legal status is perceived to be unclear just because it has remained closed to settlement. Before the region was opened to visitors in 2020, only those with special permission, UN officials, and members of the Turkish Armed Forces were allowed to enter the region. The population of Varosha was stated to have been 34,700 people before 1974, of which 29,700 were Greek Cypriots and the remaining population was predominantly Armenian, Maronite, British, and other ethnic groups. Currently, the sovereignty in Varosha belongs to the Turkish Republic of NorthernCyprus authorities, and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Türkiye are located in this region. The inhabitants of Varosha before being closed to settlement in 1974 are known to have been predominantly Greek Cypriots. Part of Varosha was opened to civilian visits 46 years later with consensus from Republic of Türkiye President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus President Ersin Tatar. Following this, President Erdoğan announced during his visit to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on July 19-20, 2021 that Varosha would be reopened to settlement, after which President Tatar stated that 3.5% of Varosha would be returned to its owners through the Immovable Property Commission and that the 3.5% of this area would lose its status as a military zone. This partial initiative regarding Varosha actually means that the Greek Cypriots who’d been residents of Varosha before 1974 can benefit from exchanges, compensations, or restitutions if they apply to the Immovable Property Commission. The international community expects that the initiatives regarding Varosha must involve the return of former residents, and clearly the Turkish Cypriots have no other goal than this. Having the Turkish Cypriots announce to the international communitymore strongly that the aims of this partial reopening do not exceed this goal would be appropriate. Varosha poses some other problems as well, especially in terms of the various property right claims of Cyprus Foundations Administration as the records dating from July 20, 1974 regarding Varosha indicate Greek Cypriots as property owners. The Cyprus Foundations Administration should prioritize its claims with evidence, both internationally and nationally.

Kapalı Maraş Sorunu: 2021 Kısmi Açılım Girişimi, Birleşmiş Milletler’in Yaklaşımı ve Mülkiyet Sorunu Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Çağla

French administrative law has had an impact on the organization of Turkish administrative law and its structure. Nonetheless, significant differences have arisen between the two legal systems due to regulations on the organization, duties, powers, and functioning of local authorities. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between local authorities and central government in French law and the evolution of decentralization with regards to the French centralization policy in terms of administrative law by taking into consideration the amendments adopted into the French constitution by Law No. 2022-217 (in force since February 2022). The study is limited to the principles guaranteed by the French Constitution of 1958 and the enacted laws. The study has omitted legislation on overseas and special-status territorial communities, including Corsica, from its scope as they include exceptional rules that do not reflect the main features of the relationship between local authorities and the central government. 	The study first focuses on the term collectivité territoriale [territorial communities], with territorial referring to the centralization policy, while the term administration is not used in any way. The change to concept of local community as a term into a territorial community with the French Constitutional Amendments of 2003 is seen to have been not a coincidence but a clear indication of the dominance of France’s tradition of centralization. 	The second part of the study analyzes the evolution of the decentralization policy in the shadow of centralization, particularly in light of Law No. 2022-217 enacted in February 2022. The decentralization policy hadn’t taken place in the French Constitution of 1958 until an amendment in 2003. Until then, the principle of territorial communities’ free administration assured the administrative autonomy by local authorities instead of the central government. 3 	Another principle supporting the administrative autonomy of local authorities in French law is the clause of general competence that takes its roots from the Municipal Code of 1884. Article 72/2 of the Constitution mentions that territorial communities may make decisions regarding all matters arising under powers that can best be exercised at their level. This disposition has been adopted to comply with the principle of subsidiarity in the next step of constitutionalizing decentralization that occurred in 2003. Within the context of the regulations adopted to empower local authorities in 1982, the general clause regarding the scope of application of competences was expanded to include district, departmental, and regional authorities. In the following years, only district authorities remained within this scope. The differentiation principle, being the greatest innovation of Law No. 2022-217, appears to have avoided the negative effects of excluding departmental and regional authorities from being able to take advantage of the general clause of competence. This law was prepared on the basis of the conclusions from the Great National Debate of 2019 following the intense social events known as the Yellow Vest Protests. 	The third part of this study focuses on the organization and functioning of local authorities regarding the relationship between local authorities and the central government. The decentralization policy has clearly gained power since 1982, especially by being constitutionalized in 2003. Nonetheless, local authorities have yet to prevail against the central government. Indeed, the elected communé [community] mayors still have a hierarchical relationship with the central government in certain areas. Because no minimum population condition exists for their establishment, nearly 35,000 commune authorities are found in France. Hence, they are in a situation where some of them cannot even give local public services due to a lack of resources. These services are instead provided by public establishments for cooperation between local authorities. Even though some regulations have been adopted to expand the competencies of departmental and regional authorities, their exclusion from the scope of the clause of general competency has continued to produce negative effects alongside the limited financial resources. Although Law No. 2022-217 had been adopted as a result of the debates arising from previous social events, scholars mention that has not brought as many changes as expected for strengthening decentralization. 	The fourth part of the study concerns the administrative control powers the central government has over local authorities. These powers are explained on the grounds of protecting general public interest in the face of local public interest or as the continuity of public services. Nevertheless, governors’ administrative supervisory competency over local authorities’ actions has been replaced by an institution of prefectural application for judicial review, which enables the governor to apply to the competent First Instance Court regarding any illegalities arising from the concerned administrative actions or contracts. Supervision as a term has been removed from the 4 	Constitution with the amendments of 2003, with the term of administrative control having taken its place. However, the regulations regarding the central government’s administrative supervision over local authorities still exist, as well as those concerning the power of substitution. Consequently, the central government still has significant powers over local authorities. The study has been unable to conclude the local authorities or the policy of decentralization in France to have built up a strong position over centralization, even after decentralization had been constitutionalized in 2003.

Merkezi İdareyle İlişkileri Bakımından Fransız Hukukunda Mahalli İdareler

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

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Ayşe

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

İşverenin Engelli İşçi Çalıştırma Yükümlülüğü

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Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

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TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin)EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceDOAJERIH PLUSSOBİAD

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5750CB1484324495A8C74D69447BFD44" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/31F96BBD2789401F92877085635FE53C" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Ömer Ekmekçi, Ali Paslı
Kapak (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

CİLT 79, SAYI 4, 2021

“Bağlantılı Gemi”nin İhtiyati Haczi Yolunda Perdenin Kaldırılması Teorisi

Hâkimin Karar Verirken Bilimsel Görüşlerden Yararlanması (TMK m. 1/III)