Funda

Assist. Prof.

With the Digitalisation Directive (EU) 2019/1151, many regulations have been made regarding company law to increase digital applications. The main purpose of the directive is to facilitate the formation and registration of companies within the borders of the EU by enabling the use of digital tools and methods in the field of company law. In particular, the aim is to reduce the cost of incorporating start-ups and small- and medium-sized businesses as well as their time and administrative burdens. The EU member state of Germany recently passed Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Digitalisierungsrichtlinie [Law Implementing the Digitalization Directive, or DiRUG] in order to transpose the directive’s provisions into national law and entered into force on August 1, 2022.The directive requires member states to ensure that the online formation of limited liability companies with cash capital may be carried out completely online without the need for applicants to appear in person before any authority. The decisions regarding whether online formation is possible for other kinds of companies and whether online formation can occur for limited liability companies with capital-in-kind are left to the member states. Meanwhile, member states are required to provide templates for the online formation of limited liability companies and make them available to citizens (or legal persons) of EU member states in order to facilitate the cross-border formation of corporations within the EU. The Directive has specifically pointed out certain issues that need to be regulated by member states in order to avoid some possible abuses and security breaches. However, the power to lay down detailed rules for the online formation of corporations has been absolutely left to the member states. German law provides the online formation only for limited liability companies with cash capital, while other types of companies and limited liability companies to be formed with non-cash capital are excluded from the scope of online formation. However, from August 1st, 2023, GmbHs that are to be founded with in-kind capital can also be founded online. New regulations in German law as created by DiRUG make it possible to handle the formation procedures completely online via video communication systems without applicants having to appear in person at a notary public. However, in cases where the notar [notary] is unable to perform their duties via the video communication system (e.g., if one of the parties cannot be identified or doubts exist about their legal capacity), the notary may refuse to carry out the transactions via the video communication system and require the physical participation of the person or persons concerned.In addition to the possibility of online formation, the directive also contains regulations regarding the online filing of documents and information to the commercial register. In this context, member states are obliged to ensure that the relevant documents are able to be submitted completely online, thus enabling the registration process to be carried out online without the applicant having to appear in person before the person or institution responsible for carrying out the online submission procedure. In order to comply with this directive, DiRUG regulates German law to require notary to also be able to electronically certify the qualified electronic signatures to be executed via the video communication system. This means the law recognizes the possibility to electronically transmit documents created via the video communication system directly to the register. However, German legislation has made an exception to this, regulating that the notary may refuse online certification and require the physical participation of the person or persons concerned so that the notary can properly conduct the business, such as may occur in the case of online company formation.Another innovation of the directive is the removal of the obligation to publish company documents and information with regard to disclosure. Instead, the register entries regarding the documents and information concerned are envisaged as being made directly accessible electronically/online. This regulation of the directive abolishes the dual disclosure system in German law, which had taken place via two separate internet portals in the form of online access to registration documents and separate disclosure of documents and information. Under the new system, only the entries in the register will be made accessible online, with the first retrieval of the entry in the commercial register via the electronic information and communication system being deemed a disclosure. The new system provides accessibility to the information entered onto the companies registers of member states, so that no difference will occur between the announced status and the recorded information. For this reason, the rule about the protection of confidence has been adapted to the new system, with the expression “confidence in the announced situation is preserved” being changed to “confidence in the registered situation is preserved.”

2019/1151 sayılı AB Dijitalleşme Yönergesi ve Alman Hukuku (DİRUG) Uyarınca Online Şirket Kuruluşu, Sicile Online İbraz ve Sicil Kayıtlarının Online İlanı

Gözde

Res. Assist.

Bilge

Assoc. Prof.

This article is conducted regarding decisions of the Turkish Constitutional Court protecting the justifications of trial courts through Law No. 6284 on Protecting Family and Preventing Violence Against Women. The article focuses on individual applications to the Constitutional Court about the sentences within the scope of Articles 4 and 5 regarding Law No. 6284.&nbsp;Article 4 of the Turkish Constitution mainly involves protective cautionary decisions, and Article 5 addresses the preventive cautionary decisions judges are to make. Regarding cases involving Law No. 6284 in the courts of first instance, judges have declared potentially guilty persons to be the perpetrator of violence at sentencing by considering the victim’s declaration of violence as actual fact in cases where no concrete evidence is found. This situation is the issue this article addresses, as not applying the presumption of innocence to sentences may be cause for an unfair accusation of the potentially guilty person, and this appears as a violation of that person’s individual rights.Based on the assumption of the article, this study examines the relationship between sentencing guidelines in Article 4 and in Article 5 with regard to Law No. 6284 as well as the objections presented to the Constitutional Court for evaluating the sentences received from the courts of first instance. First, the article selects the applications resulting from Law No. 6284 to the Constitutional Court, of which 22 applications were found. The article then identified the ones directly related Articles 4 and 5. Nine of these were found to be in violation of individual rights, two to not be in violation, and nine to have been declared expressly bereft of any merit.The evaluations of the Constitutional Court were seen to mostly be based on considering personal inviolability, the individual’s material and moral circumstances, and the freedom to claim rights based on the right to a fair trial and the right of a reasonable decision. Hence, the categorization of the applications in this study’s analysis fall under three main frameworks: (1) a consideration of personal inviolability of the individual’s material and moral circumstances (Art.17), (2) freedom to claim rights based on the right to a fair trial and the right to a reasonable decision (Art. 36), and (3) presumption of innocence (Art. 38/4). The study summarizes the sentences from the courts of first instance under these three headings and then analyzes and discusses the decisions of the Constitutional Court.Therefore, the argument of the article involves the indirect result of a potential aggrievement of women who declare having been subjected to violence, due to which the Constitutional Court then makes a decision regarding the violation of the individual rights of the person declared as the perpetrator of violence as a result of issues implementing Law No. 6284. Hence, this study aims to analyze the Constitutional Court’s violation decisions by considering the individual’s personal inviolability and material and moral circumstances of the individual (Art. 17), freedom to claim rights based on the right to a fair trial and the right to a reasonable decision, and the individual’s presumption of innocence (Art. 36; Art. 38/4).As a result, the decisions of the Constitutional Court basically reveal that the language of the judge in the court of first instance needs to be corrected through gender sensitivity training. The remarks from the Constitutional Court declare that the usage of judges created an extra disadvantaged position for the victims of violence due to the claim of unfair accusations. The judges of the Constitutional Court very importantly needed to remain unbiased as the decision regarding the applications were based on the presumption of innocence.Thus, this article’s analysis presents assumptions and suggestions for better implementing Law No. 6284 through the enquiry of violation decisions by the Constitutional Court. One effective method may involve a basic handbook for training judges, or face-to-face vocational training seminars. Those would be very efficient ways to solve the problem of rights violations from the start.&nbsp;

Bireysel Başvurularda Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin  Önlenmesi Kararlarının İncelenmesi

Burcu

With the widespread use of digital platforms over a short time, the legal status of those working on digital platforms has become an important issue in recent years. The fact that these new labor relations differ from traditional dependent labor relations and are non-uniform has led to the emergence of different views on the legal status of digital platform workers.Due to the experienced economic crisis, the effects of which are still ongoing, as well as various other socio-cultural reasons, platform work has become widespread in Spain in a short time compared to most European countries. Spain has created an important employment opportunity for its working age population, especially in terms of on-location platform work, and ranks as the European country with the highest ratio of digital platform workers out of the entire working age population in recent years. Some of the most common digital platforms in the country are delivery platforms. With the effect of their prevalence, the legal status of delivery platform workers has quickly become an important issue in Spanish Law. Disputes regarding the legal status of delivery couriers began being brought to the judiciary, with different rulings rapidly being made on the subject in various autonomous regions of the country. Resolving these various rulings regarding the legal status of couriers, working on delivery platforms have become necessary as per the decision to combine jurisprudence.The Spanish Supreme Court decided with its ruling to consolidate its case-law on 9/25/2020 that delivery platform couriers have the status of employees in accordance with the Spanish Labour Law. The Supreme Court stated digital delivery platforms to not only be an intermediary but to also be a company that has the required organization and digital tools to carry out its activities. The court decided that the essential features of the employment contract form an employment relationship between the courier and the platform and that couriers are employees who provide labor only as part of this organization and operate alongside the delivery platform in accordance with the dependency relationship.Following this ruling, a draft law was prepared with the meeting of social partners, and a disputable presumption was added to Workers Law No. 2/2015 by Spanish Royal Decree No. 9/2021 in parallel with the Supreme Court’s ruling. In addition, employers and platforms that use algorithms to regulate working conditions are obliged to inform workers’ committees about the algorithms that are used. With this change in law, Spain became the first European country to accept delivery platform couriers as employees in accordance with a legal regulation.With the accepted disputable presumption, the activity of persons who provide paid services consisting of the delivery or distribution of any consumer product or merchandise by employers who exercise the business powers of organization, management, and control, whether directly, indirectly or implicitly and by means of algorithmic management of the service or working conditions through a digital platform, is presumed to be included within the scope of Workers Law No. 2/2015. With this regulation, the general presumption of employment as accepted in Article 8.1. of the Workers Law No. 2/2015 was also applied to delivery platform couriers.According to this new regulation, delivery platform couriers working in Spain will henceforth be considered employees and be subject to Workers Law No. 2/2015, and the provisions of Workers Law No. 2/2015 will be applied to the employment relationship between couriers and digital platforms. Thus, couriers will be considered employees as of the date they start working on a digital platform and have the opportunity to claim their rights retroactively in terms of their labor.Another adopted regulation provided worker committees in workplaces with the right to be informed by the company of the parameters, rules and instructions upon which algorithms or artificial intelligence systems are based that affect decision-making and that may impact working conditions as well as access to and maintenance of employment, including profiling, as these committees have the authority to represent workers collectively.In line with these principles, this study first examines general information about the legal status of workers in Spain and platform workers, then evaluates the ruling of the Spanish Supreme Court to unify Case Law 9/25/2020. Lastly, the study examines the articles that were added to Workers Law No. 2/2015 by Spanish Royal Decree No. 9/2021, their criticisms, and the possible consequences of these regulations in practice.&nbsp;

Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet  Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Tolga

One of the basic rules to follow when collecting foreign currency receivables through enforcement proceedings or bankruptcy is to convert the foreign currency receivables into Turkish lira. According to Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law Article 58 regulating the request to issue enforcement proceedings, the amount to be received in said request must be specified in Turkish currency. The exchange rate needs to be specified for the date on which the money receivable has been requested. In bankruptcy proceedings, the foreign currency creditor may collect their receivables in Turkish lira in accordance with the exchange rate on the date of the bankruptcy decision. Foreign currency receivables are also a special issue in terms of creditor composition agreements. When a debtor applies for a creditor composition agreement in Turkey, such as in the case of bankruptcy proceedings, the foreign currency receivable must be converted into the Turkish currency, and any payment offer must be in Turkish lira for foreign currency receivables subject to creditor composition agreements. Although the foreign currency creditor can claim the rate on the maturity or actual payment date, when the foreign currency creditor carries out enforcement proceedings, converting foreign currency receivables into Turkish lira is not possible for creditor composition agreements, as knowing what the exchange rate will be on the maturity or actual payment date is impossible. The status of foreign currency receivables should be evaluated separately for composition with creditors applications, despite, and approval stages. A debtor’s foreign currency assets must be converted on the balance sheet, one of the documents that must be attached to the composition with creditors application, into Turkish lira at the effective buying rate of the Central Bank according to the exchange rate on the date the balance sheet is drawn up. Another document requiring submission to the court regarding a composition with creditors application is the cash flow statement. In the cash flow statement, foreign currency transactions should be expressed in the Turkish currency at the exchange rate on the date the cash flow is realized. In order to determine whether any possibility of success exists regarding the composition with creditors proposal and to give the debtor a definite deadline, the real status of the debtor’s assets and liabilities should be determined by the commissioner, and a report should be submitted to the court. The commissioner must determine the value of the foreign currency debts based on current records in the debtor’s commercial books. The foreign currency creditor must convert their receivables into Turkish lira on the date of the deadline in the final composition with creditors agreement and notify to the commissioner. However, different opinions have been put forward regarding which date to use for determining the exchange rate according to which the foreign currency receivables will be converted into Turkish lira. In terms of the view of the principle of equality with which this study is in agreement, foreign currency should be converted into Turkish lira according to the exchange rate on the date the composition with creditors agreement is approved. This is because the creditors are paid according to what the composition with creditors projects if the agreement is approved. When the exchange is made as late as possible, the foreign currency creditor can acquire their receivables in accordance with the most recent exchange rate. Once a composition with creditors agreement is approved, the foreign currency creditor cannot claim compensation by claiming they have suffered damage, even if the value of the foreign currency increases within the terms stipulated for the payment of the debt. The obligation to convert the foreign currency receivable into Turkish lira regarding composition with creditors agreements is only valid for the debtor who applied for the composition with creditors agreement. However, once a third party becomes a guarantor for the debtor, liability of surety is maintained as a foreign currency debt. If the creditor wishes to pursue enforcement proceedings against the guarantor, the provisions of the general law regarding the conversion of the foreign currency receivables into the Turkish currency shall apply. Foreign currency receivables should also be evaluated in terms of the use of the right of clearing regarding composition with creditors agreements. Although which date the exchange will take place on is debatable, this study agrees with the view that it should be converted into the foreign country’s currency according to the exchange rate on the date the right of exchange is exercised within the terms of the composition with creditors agreement. Due to the composition with creditors agreement by cessio bonorum resulting in the finalization of the composition with creditors approval decision and the effects of the composition with creditors deadline being maintained until this decision is finalized, the foreign currency creditor should determine the amount in accordance with the exchange rate on the date of the composition with creditors approval decision was finalized. Because bankruptcy decisions take place with regard to the composition of creditors agreement after the bankruptcy, the foreign currency receivables should be converted into the Turkish currency by taking into consideration the exchange rate on the date of bankruptcy is declared.

Konkordatoda Yabancı Para Alacakları

Doruk

The voluntary refusal of inheritance is a legal process enabling one to remove the title of heir by not accepting the inheritance. However, sometimes in practice the heir is encountered to refuse the inheritance maliciously in order to deny goods to creditors. In such a case, the law has given creditors of the heir the right to file a lawsuit to nullify the refusal of inheritance.In order to file an action for annulment of denial of inheritance as regulated in Article 617 of the Turkish Civil Code, the following three conditions must be met:●	The assets of the heir refusing the inheritance should not be enough to meet the debt. The heir needs to have not had a certificate of insolvency for not paying the debt nor a bankruptcy decision in the heir’s name. The plaintiff creditor must be able to provide sufficient evidence to the judge by revealing that the heir who has refused inheritance has done this in order not to pay the heir’s debt, that the heir has unjustly rejected payment requests from the creditor prior to refusal, and that the heir has undergone enforcement proceedings.&nbsp;●	The heir must refuse the inheritance in order to harm the creditors. The presence of the intention of harm must be determined objectively in a concrete case.●	The creditors who have filed the action for nullity must not have had sufficient security for covering their receivables. The assurance can be given by the defendant or a third party before or after the nullity action filing has been introduced.&nbsp;The nullity action must be introduced to the Civil Court of First Instance located in the settlement of the legator within the peremptory time limit of six months from the refusal of inheritance. The case is opened by the bankruptcy administration in cases of heir bankruptcy, and by the willing creditors otherwise.Whom the action for nullity of refusal should be introduced against is disputable. One opinion says the case for the nullity of refusal should be introduced against the heir who has refused inheritance. Another opinion states the action should be brought against those benefiting from the refusal being requested for cancellation. According to the view adopted by the Court of Cassation, the refusal case should be introduced against the heir who has refused the inheritance and against all the people benefiting from the refusal of inheritance.At the end of the case, the first result of the court’s decision of annulment is the official liquidation. In case the testator has more than one heir and only the refusal of one of these heirs has been cancelled, whether the entire estate or only the inheritance share of the heir whose rejection has been canceled will be subject to official liquidation becomes open to dispute. In one opinion, the official liquidation can be realized in terms of the whole estate. According to another opinion with which the Court of Cassation has also agreed, only the inheritance share of the heir whose rejection has been canceled should be subject to official liquidation; otherwise, the heirs having accepted the inheritance would be damaged due to the official liquidation.&nbsp;Any money still remaining after the payment of the receivables related to these creditors has been paid gets distributed among the inheritors who would have received it had the refusal of inheritance remained valid. After completion of the official liquidation, the phase begins in which the heir whose rejection has been cancelled makes the payment toward the receivables due to the heir creditors. According to the order specified in the law, the receivables of the creditors who have filed an action for the annulment of the refusal should be paid first and foremost. In case the money at hand is insufficient for covering the entire receivables of these creditors, the creditors are to rest satisfied in the proportion of their receivables. If any money is still left after the payment of the receivables related with these creditors, the receivables of the other creditors of the heir whose refusal has been revoked who have not filed a nullity action are then paid. Thus, priority has been provided to the creditors who filed for the nullity of refusal over the heir’s other creditors. If the refusal is nullified as a result of a lawsuit filed by the bankruptcy administration and an amount falls to the share of the heir whose refusal has been nullified as a result of the official liquidation, this value is added to the bankruptcy table and becomes divided among the creditors registered to the bankruptcy office in proportion to their receivables due.If any value still remains after the payment of the heir’s debts to the creditors, this amount is distributed to the heirs who would have benefitted from it had the refusal of inheritance remained valid. The heir whose refusal of inheritance has been determined by the court to have been malicious is thus nullified and punished.

Mirası Reddeden Mirasçının Alacaklılarının TMK m 617 Kapsamında Korunması

Musa

Early performance describes the performance before due date that has been agreed upon by the parties in a contract. According to Article 96 in the Turkish Code of Obligations, a debtor can, as a rule, submit early performance on the debt before the due date. The debtor may render early performance by renouncing the beneficial aspects of the situation.The following exceptions to the possibility of early performance are stated in Article 96 of the Turkish Code of Obligations: (1) If the parties agree to terms prohibiting early performance in the contract, the debtor cannot render early performance. (2) Based on the nature of the contract, one may infer that early performance cannot be rendered. (3) In accordance with Article 96 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, circumstances may also prevent early performance.In accordance with Article 96 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, no discount is applied as a rule in case of early performance. Although the debtor renounces the benefits of the maturity, the debtor cannot force the creditor to renounce any part of the claim. This rule should also apply to debts accruing interest because the creditor in this case expects to benefit from interest income and the time of performance. However, Article 96 of the Turkish Code of Obligations regulates that discounts can be made in accordance with law, contract, or custom.In case of early performance, the parties may agree to pay early repayment compensation in order to compensate for the creditor’s loss of income due to the early repayment. The amount of early repayment compensation can be agreed upon in the contract. Meanwhile, the creditor may have the authority based on the contract to determine the amount of early repayment compensation. In this case, the creditor must act in good faith and adhere to the prohibition of rights abuse when determining the amount of early repayment compensation.Provisions are found regarding early performance in installment sales (Article 20), consumer credit (Article 27), and housing finance (Article 37) from Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection. According to these articles, a consumer can give early performance for a debt. Provisions about early performance are also present in the regulations of a contract (e.g., Regulation on Installment Sales Contracts, Consumer Credit Contracts Regulation, and Housing Finance Contracts Regulation).Law No. 6502 on Consumer Protection states regarding early repayment provisions that, if the debtor pays his debt early, the debtor will be entitled to request an early repayment reduction. These provisions concerning early repayment reduction are intended to protect the consumer and are mandatory. How to calculate the reduction is explained in each contract’s regulations. If no provision is present in other regulations regarding this calculation, the relevant provisions in the Consumer Credit Contracts Regulation will be applied. If an early repayment is made on the installment date, the amount due for the installment is first subtracted from the total amount of the early repayment. If the repayment is made during the interim period, the amount of interest and additional expenses accrued since the due date of the previous installment is subtracted from the total amount of the early repayment. After subtracting these, the remaining amount is the early repayment of the capital. If the total amount of the capital is paid early, the early repayment reduction is the sum of the interest and additional costs that have not yet accrued. In case of partial early repayment, the interest and additional costs that will accrue for the part that have been paid early fall within the scope of the early repayment reduction.Article 37 of the Law on Consumer Protection concerning regulations on the early repayment provisions for housing finance states that the parties are given the opportunity to agree for the debtor to pay early repayment compensation in case of early repayment. In order to claim the early repayment compensation, the housing finance contract must be valid, and a fixed interest rate must have been determined in the contract. In addition, in this contract, the ability to demand early repayment compensation in case the debtor submits early performance should be clearly stated and agreed upon in this contract. The calculation of the early repayment compensation is regulated in Article 11 of the Housing Finance Contracts Regulation. When calculating the early repayment compensation, the early repayment amount corresponding to the capital is found first, then the early repayment compensation is calculated at no more than 1% of the early paid amount of the capital for cases where the remaining maturity does not exceed 36 months. Apart from this case, compensation is calculated at no more than 2% of the early paid amount of the capital for cases where the remaining maturity exceeds 36 months.

Tüketici Sözleşmelerinde Erken İfa

Emre

Duress is regulated as a reason for the relative nullity of marriage in Art. 151 of the Turkish Civil Code (TCC). Duress involves a spouse being forced to enter into an unwanted marriage by threat from the other spouse or a third person. Duress is a defect in the formation stage of will.&nbsp;Duress can also be defined as the deliberate and unlawful provision of a person’s consent to marriage by informing another person that the one whose consent is sought will be subjected to very imminent and severe danger regarding harm to life, health, honor, or dignity of that person or a relative of that person.The conditions necessary for duress to results in the relative nullity of marriage are regulated in Art. 151 of the TCC as follows.&nbsp;Firstly, one of the spouses must be under duress. Duress may come from the other spouse or from a third party. In cases where duress occurs from a third party, the other spouse doesn’t need to be aware of the duress.&nbsp;Secondly, the person who is threatening must have the intent to threaten.&nbsp;Thirdly, the duress must have been made in regard to the other spouse’s life, health, honor, or dignity or that of a person closely related to this other spouse.&nbsp;Fourthly, the duress must present an imminent and grave danger to the threatened. When determining whether the duress is serious or not, the subjective state of the spouse who was forced to marry is taken into consideration.&nbsp;Fifthly, a causal link must be present between the duress and the marriage. Having an ordinary causal link is sufficient here.&nbsp;Lastly, the duress itself must be unlawful.If the above conditions are met, the marriage under duress becomes disabled through relative nullity. However, a marriage made under duress being disabled through relative nullity does not automatically invalidate it. A lawsuit for relative nullity must be filed by the threatened party in order to ensure the annulment of the marriage.The legislation in TCC Art. 152 limits the time for filing a relative nullity lawsuit based on duress, according to which the threatened spouse’s right to file an annulment case ends after six months, starting from the date the effect of the duress disappears, but in any event within five years of the marriage.The court decision to annul the marriage due to the duress results in the marriage ending proactively (ex nunc), and the marriage bears all the results of a valid marriage up to the time of the judge’s decision (TCC Art. 156).These spouses may remarry after the existing marriage is annulled by the court. However, the marriage barrier based on in-law kinship still applies to the spouses.As per the decision to annul the marriage, the other spouse who was in good faith while marrying the threatened spouse retains the personal status he/she has obtained through this marriage.As a result of the annulment of the marriage, the threatened spouse may demand pecuniary and/or non-pecuniary damages from the threatening spouse or from the spouse who knew or may have known about the third-party duress.The threatened spouse may demand alimony from the other spouse, regardless of whether or not he/she is the one threatening.In cases where the marriage is annulled due to duress, the wife, regardless of whether she is the person threatening or being threatened, can ask the court to allow her to retain her husband’s surname.The threatened spouse’s right to sue for the annulment of the marriage does not pass to the heirs. However, the heirs can continue a lawsuit filed by the threatened party. As a result of the lawsuit, the surviving spouse who was not found to be in good faith at the time of marriage cannot be named a legal heir and loses the rights granted to him/her by the testamentary dispositions. The surviving spouse is not the one acting in good faith when that spouse was the threatening person or when that spouse knew or may have known about the duress from a third party.Children born out of a marriage receiving an annulment decision from the court due to duress are considered to have been born within the marriage.After the marriage is annulled due to duress, both the threatened spouse and the other spouse (whether a threatening person or not) have the right to establish a personal relationship with their own children and even take custody of them if conditions are suitable.&nbsp;&nbsp;The fact that the marriage between the spouses has ended with the annulment decision does not remove their obligation to meet their children’s guardianship costs. In this respect, whether the spouses are the threatening person or the threatened person makes no difference.Ultimately, individuals’ freedom of will to marry cannot be said to be sufficiently protected by Art. 151 of the TCC, contrary to the purpose of the legislation. In this context, including a provision in the TCC that takes into account all the types of duress affecting the individuals’ will to marry would be appropriate.&nbsp;

Türk Medeni Hukukunda Evliliğin Nisbi Butlanı Sebeplerinden Korkutma

Muhammed

Mehmet

Prof.

COVID-19 had emerged in the Wuhan region of the People’s Republic of China as of December 1, 2019 and went on that month to affect the entire world, especially developed countries. COVID-19 has been labeled a pandemic by the World Health Organization, causing new normal measures to be taken in all areas. Although COVID-19 has primarily affected the health sector due it being a pandemic, the necessary measures and other pandemic policies taken as a result have had impacts in almost all areas, especially on the economy. Research on its devastating effects on the economy have shown the pandemic to have crippled the economy at a rate exceeding that of the 2008 global crisis and approaching that of the Great Depression. Meanwhile, when considering the World Bank’s global economic forecast, GDP has been revised downwards, with national governments facing difficult times regarding poverty reduction and job creation.The social crises experienced during the pandemic have also deeply affected public procurements, which are an important dynamic of economic development. In general, public procurements are an important tool for governments’ management of sustainable public services as well as for the market economy. Governments and global institutions had been caught unprepared for the pandemic, during which they have need urgent medical supplies; the market was dragged into a bottleneck as a result of the increase in demand, causing the normal period of public tenders to lose their functionality. This situation would cause countries to compete with each other in the market and created an effect that can be described as “Cowboy Market”. All these effects have required new regulations to be made and various measures to be taken regarding the pandemic, and this was also an extraordinary period with regard to public procurement legislation. To say that these regulations are not only sensitive to providing short-term medical purchases but also purchases in almost all other areas would not be wrong, due to the concern of ensuring the continuity of public procurement, which is the driving force of sustainable development in the United Nation’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.The measures taken regarding public procurement during the pandemic have been seen to generally be made through various unnamed regulatory acts that make the provisions in countries’ national public procurement legislation more explanatory and/or flexible. Because social distance rules have also been very important in terms of staying healthy during the pandemic, all countries have encouraged the use of electronic methods in public tenders. The main purpose of these measures is to complete the tender process very quickly and simply within the pandemic measures. In addition to financial protective measures to ensure the sustainability of public procurements during the pandemic, different legal measures are seen to have come to the fore in two stages to eliminate experiencing problems: one for the public tender process, and another for the tender contracts.&nbsp;When looking at the legal measures regarding the public tender process, measures are seen regarding continuing the execution of public tenders through the use of electronic solutions or to hold procurements by adhering to social distance rules if this cannot be carried out. In addition, the legal norms regarding the formats and procedures related to procurement are also seen to have been stretched and equipped with measures that are able to achieve rapid results. When looking at the measures that have been taken regarding public procurement procedures during the pandemic, the contracting authorities in developing countries such as Turkey are seen to have been equipped with more subordinate authority, while the administrations in countries with developed democracies such as the European Union are seen to have been equipped with wide discretionary powers on the condition that they adhere to the principles of transparency and accountability. When looking at the measures taken regarding the obligations arising from public procurement contracts, the condition arises with regard to force majeure provisions that prevent the contractor from fulfilling its obligations. Depending on the severity of the force majeure, various measures can be taken such as the extending or terminating the delivery period of the contract, applying price changes, or transferring contracts with the aim of protecting public interest and taking measures to relieve contractors from being victimized. Due to bureaucracy being very low in developed democracies in general, one can see a fast and effective system that works within the pandemic conditions regarding tender contracts, while countries such as Turkey see the density of bureaucracy reduce efficiency, despite having similar legislative provisions. In addition to all these regulations, certain regulations were observed to have been made in some countries that prioritized the participation of SMEs in tenders, with some potential contractors in the USA who are also suppliers of some public procurements have been obliged to participate in procurement. Some countries, especially in the European Union, have determined central purchasing policies regarding medical purchases. Colombia requires the word COVID-19 be used in procurement contracts in order to facilitate traceability with regard to procurement, while other countries such as South Africa&nbsp;and Ukraine have an undersecretary predetermine items, suppliers, and prices and use a list to keep prices under control to prevent abuse of public procurement procedures, with purchases being made based on this list.&nbsp;

Kamu Alımlarında COVİD 19 Tedbirleri: Sürdürülebilir Alımlar için  Düzenlemeler

Gamze

The concept of governance has reflections in the field of law and even specifically in the field of tax law. In its individual application review, Turkish Constitutional Court clearly states that the tax administration should act in accordance with the principle of good governance. In line with the European Court of Human Rights’ case law, the Constitutional Court evaluates this principle in the context of “proportionality” principle. In this regard, it is important to reveal the meaning, scope, and legal basis of the principle of governance in terms of tax law.In this study, first of all, the concept of governance and the principle of good governance are discussed in general. Subsequently, it is questioned whether the principle of good governance is applicable in terms of tax law. In this context, it is concluded that acting in accordance with the principle of good governance in the taxation process is appropriate for the purposes of the rule of law and accordingly, democracy in the taxation process. On the other hand, it should be considered that this principle has no clear legal basis, its content is still somewhat vague. In addition, it is sometimes impossible, difficult or nonfunctional for the tax administration to interact with the taxpayer in accordance with good governance. In this regard, it is believed that it is not possible to apply this principle strictly and in all cases in tax law. However as a principle, the tax administration’s responsibility to provide information in case of a measure that affects or has the potential to affect the taxpayers’ rights and to provide the opportunity to express their opinions and objections against this measure will be in line with both the principle of good governance and the right of the taxpayer to be heard. In terms of the “active and participatory administration” dimension of the good governance principle, the administration’s passive attitude and failure to act in a timely and consistent manner would be contrary to the principle of good governance.&nbsp;In addition, the study also focuses on the steps taken and/or should be taken with regards to tax audits in the direction of Reis Automotive judgment of the Constitutional Court. In the aforementioned judgment, it was ruled that the tax administration should take the necessary measures to prevent different treatments among those subject to tax audit that are limited in terms of subject, scope and purpose. One of the steps&nbsp;taken is the “Tax Inspection Board Advisory Commission Regulation” published in the Official Gazette, dated 7 April 2021 and numbered 31447. The purpose of the regulation is to establish an Advisory Commission to provide an opinion to the Presidency and to determine the working procedures and principles of this Commission in order to ensure unity concerning the tax audit duties and to resolve the unclear aspects that arise regarding the implementation of the provisions of the related legislation. Whether the Tax Inspection Board Advisory Commission will serve these purposes remains to be seen.However, the latest amendments made with Act No. 73381 concerning tax audits are in the opposite direction of what is expected. Because the obligation to prepare a document that indicates the beginning of the audit (vergi inceleme tutanağı) and to be signed by both the administration and the taxpayer in the current system is abolished by the aforementioned amendments. Instead, it is deemed sufficient to notify the taxpayer of a letter stating that the audit has started (Article 18 of the Act no. 7338). Again, within the scope of the same act, the obligation to carry out the tax audit at the workplace of the taxpayer is abolished, and on the contrary, the rule that the audit should be carried out at the tax office was introduced (Article 17).

Vergi Hukuku Bakımından İyi Yönetişim İlkesi

Cüneyt

Hamza

The long-standing tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the South Caucasus have been a frozen conflict for many years due to the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute and evolved into an armed conflict in the last months of 2020. This conflict is known as the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and lasted for 44 days. The war erupted after Armenia launched heavy artillery attacks on Azerbaijan, with Azerbaijan immediately responding to these unlawful acts on the grounds of its right to self-defense. This conflict resulted in heavy casualties for both sides and ended with the Armistice Agreement signed on November 9, 2020.The purpose of this article is to thoroughly address the historical development of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and to examine the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War as well as the Armistice Agreement of November 9, 2020 from the perspective of international law. Thus, the first section discusses the conflict with an emphasis on the significant events throughout its history, examining the previous ceasefire processes in this context. In the early stages of the conflict after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, certain states in the region made various attempts to resolve the problem. However, these diplomatic initiatives were unsuccessful for certain reasons. Therefore, the Organization of Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) began showing interest in the conflict. The OSCE Minsk Group was established in order to resolve the conflict and offered three proposals to the parties at the end of the 1990s. However, the parties were unable to reach an agreement regarding any of the proposals. As a result of this failure, the OSCE Minsk Group proposed the Madrid Principles in 2007, which involved returning the occupied territories to Azerbaijan and providing an interim status for the Nagorno-Karabakh region. However, neither of the parties were able to endorse the Madrid Principles.The second section of the article discusses Armenia’s violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. During the war, Armenia deliberately fired heavy artillery and rockets at many densely populated Azerbaijani cities. While these attacks resulted in the death and injury of many civilians who were supposed to be protected under international humanitarian law, they also severely damaged hundreds of homes, historical buildings, and other civilian centers. As is known, all States shall abide fully to their obligations under the Geneva Conventions of 1949, additional protocols, and other instruments of international humanitarian law related to respect for human rights in armed conflicts. However, from the very beginning of the war, Armenia intentionally violated these rules. Therefore, Armenia’s international responsibilities and the relevant Armenian decision-makers’ criminal responsibilities due to these violations must be held to account.The third chapter examines the provisions of the Armistice Agreement of November 9, 2020, which ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. It first analyzes in detail the legal aspects of this agreement, concluding it to be an international agreement as per the criteria stipulated in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and binding to both its parties. This situation is important for the future of the Agreement. Moreover, this article examines the rights and obligations that the Agreement brings to all involved parties. This section also considers the start time and area to which the ceasefire regime is applied in accordance with the Agreement and additionally discusses the most recent status of the Lachin Corridor and the Zangezur Corridor. The article debates other provisions in the agreement such as prisoners of war exchange and return of refugees to the Nagorno-Karabakh region from the perspective of international law and evaluates the status of Agdam, Kelbacer, and Lachin.The scope, duration, and other elements of the Russian peacekeeping mission in particular have been elucidated with certain references to the general concept of a peacekeeping force in international law. Last but not least, Turkey’s position in the conflict is also analyzed in accordance with the terms of the agreement. In fact, no provisions are present in the Agreement that directly concern Turkey. Upon examining the preparatory works (travaux preparations) of the Agreement, however, the parties are seen to want Turkey to be a part of the Joint Observation Center established in Article 5 of the Agreement.The article’s conclusion underlines the lack of any provision in the Agreement determining the final status of the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Hence, the dispute is still an actual conflict that must be subjected to a resolution. Therefore, it is important to have the relevant actors, including Turkey, put effort into facilitating a final peace agreement regarding the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh region in order to prevent the reoccurrence of any other military conflict and establish a long-term peaceful settlement.

Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu ve İkinci Dağlık Karabağ Savaşı’nı Sona Erdiren Ateşkes Andlaşması

Ömer

Prof. Dr.

Veliye

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Restricting the general assembly’s power to dismiss members from the board of directors may have considerable functions, especially for the company itself. However, these regulations also have effects that may damage the absolute and inalienable nature of such power, block the decision-making process in a company, and limit the ability to terminate the trust-based legal relationship between the company and a board member, thus resulting in negative consequences. Under Turkish Law, the validity of provisions in the articles of association limiting the dismissal of board members is unclear. This paper seeks to answer to the questions of (i) whether the removal of board members can be tied to a certain period or the presence of justified reasons or certain conditions, and (ii) whether special quorums can be sought regarding a general assembly meeting and this type of decision. While the answer to the first question is generally negative in existing doctrine, the answer to the second question is positive.The paper first conducts a comparative study using a functional perspective. Hence, the research provides the responses and alternative solutions found in various legal systems to the questions at hand. In comparative law, the authority of the general assembly to dismiss members from the board of directors directly or indirectly (e.g., through a supervisory board as in German law) is understood to not be able to be limited as a rule. In this context, the authority of the general assembly to dismiss members from the supervisory board cannot be limited in German Law. However, the ability to aggravate quorums or to anticipate certain conditions regarding the decision-making procedure is accepted. In US law, the State of Delaware has the mandatory rule that, with two exceptions, board members can be removed from office without cause. In French law, the general assembly’s power to dismiss members from the board of directors is absolute: the use of this authority cannot be conditional, and the existence of any reason cannot be sought. Even though not as strict as French law, the United Kingdom regulates shareholders’ authority to dismiss members from a board of directors as a mandate. However, the procedural rules that are to be followed in terms of the general assembly’s decision to dismiss board members and the contractual rights granted to the members constitute the limits of their freedom in this matter.The purpose as well as the wording of Article 408/2(b) of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No. 6102) and TCC 364 do not allow provisions to articles of association that limit the general assembly’s authority to dismiss members from a board of directors. Therefore, such regulations are concluded to constitute a legal deviation and are not explicitly allowed within the meaning of TCC 340. Provisions to the articles of association that limit the general assembly’s authority to dismiss board members, such as for just cause, additional conditions, time, or sanctions, would&nbsp;infringe upon shareholders’ right to supervise [TCC 447/1(b)], deter the basic structure of the company [TCC 447/1(c)], and violate TCC 364. Thus, these types of provisions should be accepted as null and void. A heavier quorum should not be included in the articles of association with regard to dismissing members from the board of directors. The articles of association that require a quorum higher than what is legally stipulated for dismissing board members should be deemed invalid. This conclusion is not generally applicable to all general assembly resolutions; due to its importance, however, it does apply to decisions about dismissing members from the board of directors.&nbsp;

Genel Kurulun Yönetim Kurulu Üyelerini Azil Yetkisinin Sınırlandırılması

Sevda

Behind every injustice and malpractice reflected in language and actions, there is an erroneous prejudice and a traditionalized cultural structure that make them sustainable. Likewise, egalitarian and fair practices. Discrimination starts with language, and the culture and social network shaped by language permeate the attitudes and behaviors of society. Unquestionably, legal texts are the most important texts that must be purified from sexist and discriminatory language. Art. 2/f of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) requires States Parties to the Convention to eliminate all words, concepts, expressions, and forms of expression that constitute discrimination against women in all types of legal regulations and legal practices, to replace them with concepts formulated in a more egalitarian and inclusive legal language, or to abolish such regulations altogether.When the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) is analyzed in terms of sexist expressions that foster discrimination against women and cause inequality of opportunity, a sexist conceptual preference that implicitly refers to human beings but explicitly emphasizes being a man, such as businessmen, seamen, and men employed, stands out. The emphasis on being a “man” as opposed to a human being or a person renders the language of the law, and thus the practice of law, sexist because it focuses on men and marginalizes women. However, in Turkish commercial practice,&nbsp;women also manage companies, become merchants, work on ships, and engage in transportation. In lieu of masculine expressions such as businessman and seaman, expressions that are more egalitarian, inclusive, and inclusive should be preferred. In fact, considering the technological transformation and the development of trade, it may be prudent to consider that the framework concepts should not even refer to being human.The language must observe equality; however, it is a grave error to think that a perfect legal language will immediately eliminate inequalities in practice. In addition to recognizing and protecting rights in an egalitarian language, equal opportunities for the exercise and functioning of these rights must be secured. In order for this to occur, a social transformation and a mentality shift must be fostered. The implementation of egalitarian language is a necessary and prioritized step in initiating this transformation. However, it must be followed up, and equality must be protected and strengthened through social policies and support, not only in the text of the law but also in the application of the law.Sustainability, progress and development are only possible in societies where all individual traits are embraced with respect and understanding, and where differences can be carried without shame or pride, not as flaws but as wealth. A more just, egalitarian, and humane order must be agreed upon for not only women but also every element of society and the environment to be liberated and to receive their share of the culture of respect they deserve. Each member of society is responsible for contributing to the development of this egalitarian, mutually-respectful environment. Preferring egalitarian and fair concepts in language when speaking, focusing on the continuation of the activity without discriminating between men and women, and acting in a business-focused, not gender-focused, manner are important steps that can have a significant impact. The inclusion of women “as women” in the workforce, without masculinizing them, keeping them under pressure, or expecting them to behave like men, is crucial for the development of trade and society. The power of words for mindset transformation should not be ignored. Words should not be used to capitalize on women’s labor and productivity, but to emphasize the importance of equal representation and contribution of women and men, and to ensure respect for women’s differences. As activist Helen Todd emphasizes, “Bread for all, and Roses, too!”

Kadına Karşı Her Türlü Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi Sözleşmesi (CEDAW) m 2/f Işığında 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu’ndaki Cinsiyetçi İfadelerin Değiştirilmesi Gerekliliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Kemal

According to the Turkish Civil Code (TCC), a shared regime regarding acquired property is valid between spouses. However, spouses may also choose a different marital property regime regulated by law or make changes to the provisions of these regimes. The death of a spouse is one reason for terminating any type of marital property regime. In this case, the marital property regime that had been valid between spouses must be liquidated. Under Turkish Law, the surviving spouse can receive both the shared claim arising from the liquidation of the property regime as well as the inheritance right regarding the estate, which includes the remaining portion of the residual value in accordance with the characteristics of a tangible case. This is because the idea that the division of a property should be made only according to the provisions of the inheritance law in the event of the dissolution of a marriage by death is not accepted under Turkish Law. Therefore, both the choice of a different marital property regime and an amendment of the provisions of the existing marital property regime may affect the estate and thus the shares reserved for the heirs.The basic principle accepted by Turkish legislation is that marital property agreements concluded between spouses take precedence over the interests of heirs with reserved shares. Although this is the basic principle, two exceptional cases in Section II from Article 237 of the TCC and Section III of Article 276 of the TCC stipulate that marital property agreements must not adversely affect the reserved shares of specific heirs. Both provisions have been doctrinally criticized on the grounds that they disrupt the equality among heirs with reserved shares.Due to Swiss legislation having abolished parents’ reserved shares, the criticism that no discrimination must occur among heirs with reserved shares became unfounded under Section III of Article 241 of the Swiss Civil Code (SCC) and related to Section III in Article 276 of the TCC. Within the scope of the revision, a new paragraph was added to Article 241 of the SCC, and this paragraph regulates that agreements on a different method of division do not apply in the case of the death of a spouse when divorce proceedings are pending that would result in the surviving spouse losing their right to claim the statutory entitlement.On the other hand, the amendment to Article 216 of the SCC is incapable of finalizing any discussions doctrinally. The Draft Law stipulates an increase in the surviving spouse’s share claim arising from a marital property agreement should be added to the hypothetical estate while calculating the reserved shares. Accordingly, the reserved shares of both the common and non-common children are to also be calculated over the same estate. However, legislation makes a distinction again in terms of the possibility of filing an action in abatement for children who are unable to obtain their reserved shares. This amendment could be stated to be fairer compared to the previous situation but to also still be inadequate compared to de lege ferenda. However, during the enactment of the provision, an amendment was made at the last moment that accepted a contribution of more than half of the residual value to not be added to the estate when calculating the reserved shares for the surviving spouse, common children, and their descendants. According to this final version of the provision, which is currently in force, the reserved shares are to be calculated over two different estates.Moreover, legislation regarding Article 532 of the SCC counts an increase in the shares claim among inter vivos legal transactions and subjects it to abatement in the first place among the other inter vivos legal transactions. This situation is consistent with other legal regulations. On the other hand, recognizing the right to file an action in abatement against this acquisition for only certain persons would not be proper. While granting the right to file an action in abatement to non-common children against the same legal transaction, to deny this opportunity to one spouse’s children would be inequitable. In order to protect the non-common children against their parents and the other spouse, increasing the percentage of their reserved share by making a somewhat positive discrimination would be more appropriate.

Mal Rejimi Sözleşmelerine Karşı Saklı Payın Korunması ve İsviçre Medenî Kanunu’nda Yapılan İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

A renunciation of inheritance agreement is a contract between the deceased and the deceased’s presumptive heir that deals with the partial or complete renunciation of the presumptive heir’s inheritance rights.In the event that a party waives their inheritance right by making a waiver agreement while also receiving some advantage in return for the waiver, the onerous inheritance waiver agreement comes into effect. An inheritance renunciation contract has positive aspects such as ensuring the liquidation of the presumptive heir’s inheritance rights while the heir is still alive. However, the inability of the estate to meet its debts at the time the inheritance proceedings begin may cause losses to creditors, for when the onerous waiver agreement has not yet been concluded, the agreed-upon benefit will remain in the estate instead of being used to pay the debts of the estate. However, concluding an onerous waiver agreement both eliminates the responsibility of the one waiving their inheritance from the debts of the estate and ensures that this individual still gains benefit from an estate that is unable to cover its debts.Thus, Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code aims to eliminate this situation, which exists to the detriment of estate creditors. According to the provision, if the debts of the estate cannot be met by the estate at the time the inheritance proceedings begin and the debts are not paid by the heirs, the individual who has waived the inheritance right and that individual’s heirs become responsible to the creditors of the estate for the amount they had received within five years prior to the death of the deceased in exchange for the renunciation, as well as for the amount of wealth they receive at the time the inheritance proceedings begin.Accordingly, the conditions for applying Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code and its results can be summarized as follows:<ul><li>At the time the inheritance proceedings begin, the estate must be unable to meet its debts. This situation often arises due to the liabilities of the estate being greater than its assets. However, the condition should be accepted as being fulfilled&nbsp;when debts are not met from the estate for any reason (if the estate is performing weakly), regardless of estate’s assets being greater than its liabilities.</li><li>The debts that are unable to be met from the estate must also not be paid by the heirs.</li><li>A gain must have been left to the person who had onerously waived the inheritance in accordance with the waiver agreement and within five years prior to the death of the deceased. This acquisition can have occurred by means of transferring movable, immovable, or receivables; by giving some sum of money; and/or by paying the debts of the one waiving their inheritance rights.&nbsp;</li><li>In the event these conditions are realized and the one who waived their inheritance is no longer alive, their heirs will become liable to the creditors of the estate.</li><li>These persons have limited liability to the creditors of the estate: 1) The creditors of the estate have the right to demand from these persons the part of their receivables that are unable to be met from the estate and from the heirs. 2) The responsibility of the one who waived their inheritance rights as well as of that person’s heirs to the creditors of the estate is limited to the wealth that is gained at the time the inheritance proceeding begin, as well as the wealth that person had received from the deceased for renouncing inheritance rights within the five years prior the death of the deceased. Thus, the protections provided to creditors by Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code are seen to not be absolute. This is because even if some amount was found to have been received within the five years prior to the start of the inheritance proceedings, if a gain in wealth no longer occurred based on what was received from this contract regarding the assets at the time the inheritance proceedings began, then neither the one who signed the onerous waiver nor their heirs will be liable for the debts of the estate.</li><li>Unjust enrichment provisions are applied when determining the context of liability. However, the issue here is not a case of unjust enrichment. Within the context of renouncing a valid contract, any received benefits must be returned as per Article 530 of the Turkish Civil Code. A claim can be made against the one who renounced their inheritance rights and that individual’s heirs based on the benefits or revenues they have received and limited to the amount remaining in their hands at the time the inheritance proceedings begin.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Mirastan İvazlı Feragat Edenin ve Mirasçılarının Tereke Alacaklılarına Karşı Sorumluluğu

Şehmus

It is the task of the ICC Prosecutor to conduct an initial examination of the available information to determine whether a given situation meets the threshold to warrant a formal ICC investigation. This preliminary examination process may be initiated by a) State Party referral; b) United Nations Security Council referral; or c) the ICC Prosecutor acting proprio motu (without a referral from a State Party or the Security Council). The focus of this study is the Prosecutor’s authority to open a preliminary examination into a situation and to seek the initiation of an investigation based on information on crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the ICC.This study will first suggest that prosecutorial powers, including the authority to investigate crimes without a referral from a State Party or the Security Council, are not placed in the hands of the ICC Prosecutor without judicial checks. Article 15 of the Rome Statute provides some procedural safeguards such as the requirement to seek authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber. The judicial scrutiny of the chambers of the Court ensures that the decisions of the ICC Prosecutor are subject to the high threshold criteria set out in the Rome Statute. Safeguards set out in the Rome Statute make it nearly impossible for unfounded or politically motivated accusations to reach the trial stage.&nbsp;The study will then draw attention to the political restraints placed on the ICC Prosecutor by the States whose cooperation is crucial in terms of gathering evidence, arrest of suspects, and accessing witnesses and defendants. As the effective functioning of the Court relies heavily on cooperation with the members of the international community, any reluctance on the part of the States to cooperate with the Office of the Prosecutor limits the ability of the Prosecutor to bring charges against the perpetrators. Consequently, the study will submit that the legal and political restraints placed on the Prosecutor should ally States’ fears about frivolous or political complaints. In this regard, the challenges the new ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan is facing (or is likely to face) will be studied accordingly.This study will claim that the ICC Prosecutor’s ability to initiate investigations proprio motu is in fact a requisite to ensure that the Court is truly effective and free&nbsp;from political interference. The prosecution of the most serious crimes committed in six situations, into which a formal ICC investigation was initiated by the ICC Prosecutor without any referral from a State Party or the Security Council, was possible thanks to the Prosecutor’s authority to act proprio motu. Furthermore, the Prosecutor’s authority to investigate crimes on her own initiative has been instrumental in encouraging national prosecutions. The procedure of examination of national proceedings by a Prosecutor who has the power to investigate complaints proprio motu often serves as an incentive for national authorities to investigate crimes more carefully and competently.&nbsp;Finally, this study will argue that the ICC Prosecutor’s authority to decide whether or not there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation, in fact, serves as an early filtering mechanism against politically motivated referrals and against referrals that fail to meet the high threshold of the Rome Statute. The role given to the Prosecutor under the Rome Statute thus prevents any politically motivated State Party or Security Council referrals from turning into formal investigations.

Uluslararası Ceza Divanı Savcısının Re’sen Kullandığı Yetkilere Dair İtirazların Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi

Trial-avoidance procedures have functioned significantly in varying scopes and degrees in diverse criminal justice systems in common law and civil law countries, particularly over the last three decades. Among such practices, plea-bargaining and its functional equivalents have expanded across the globe. Plea-bargaining shakes the foundations of traditional criminal trials more than any other form of accelerated adjudication. Conventionally, criminal trials aim to establish the material truth through comprehensive inquiries into facts. Yet, recourse to plea-bargaining or institutes that share its fundamental principle of du ut des continues to expand. The substance of such bargains generally entails an exchange of confession or admission of the procedure for a more lenient punishment.The particularities of such procedures are apparently based on the principle of consensus or consent between the parties and differ significantly among jurisdictions. However, a common element unites all variants: the defendant waives the right to a traditional trial and receives a more lenient sentence in return. Such a seemingly appealing exchange would reduce case backlogs and help the judiciary if the inherent inequality of the negotiating parties is disregarded. Dispensing with truth also generally implies a lenient punishment for the guilty but a harsh adjudication for innocent individuals or offenders who could have availed of the opportunity at their trials to tender valid justifications or excuses for their criminal acts. Unsurprisingly, therefore, generations of lawyers have voiced their disagreement with the ascent of plea-bargaining comparatively or in the context of a particular jurisdiction.The present study examines the roots and current state of the German version of plea-bargaining (Verständigung). This practice allows defense counsel to negotiate with a judge so that the defendant can confess to an offense cited in the indictment in exchange for a more lenient sentence than would be meted if the defendant were to contest the charge in a traditional contested trial. The prosecutor holds the right to veto such an agreement. Specifically, the defendant undertakes to confess the cited charges in court, and the court assures in return that it will not exceed an agreed-upon sentence. In the German model, the judge initiates the plea-bargaining procedures, not the prosecutor. Germany is unique in Europe in the implementation of this model of judicial plea-bargaining. The present study begins with a brief overview of the core principles of the 1877 German Criminal Procedural Code. The basic structure of the Code has remained intact despite numerous subsequent amendments. The Code is founded on the principle of immediacy and the notion of the search for truth at a public trial. Indeed, according to para 244 sec. 2 of the Code, the court is charged with ascertaining that all evidence required to discover the truth about a case is produced at trial. The court calls and interrogates witnesses and experts and introduces documentary and real evidence. The German criminal justice system&nbsp;was once dubbed a framework without plea-bargaining because of its dedication to truth in adjudication. Yet, the German version of plea-bargaining developed from the grassroots since the mid-1970s. It was initially shaped by the judiciary as a clandestine practice unknown to legal scholarship. This practice was first illuminated at the beginning of the 1980s. Since then, it indubitably remains the most contested issue of German criminal procedure jurisprudence because the institute of bargaining shakes the fundamental tenets of the German criminal procedural model.&nbsp;Nevertheless, the negotiation of criminal judgments between the court and the parties was acknowledged under specific rules in the jurisprudence of the Federal Court of Germany. Subsequently, the German legislature authorized such negotiations by passing an amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code in 2009. The new provisions of the Code systemized the existing jurisprudence to a great extent and were upheld by the German Constitutional Court in 2013. The Court’s decision attempted to regulate and delimit the practice of bargaining through a set of criteria pertaining principally to rules concerning the transparency and documentation of proceedings. Remarkably, a recent empirical study revealed a decline in the practice of plea-bargaining as enshrined in the Code since the 2013 judgment of the Constitutional Court. Thus, the present study probes into the reasons for ongoing informal negotiations conducted outside the ambit of the codified procedures of pleabargaining stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code.&nbsp;Overall, the current article sequentially discusses the roots of German pleabargaining, the scope of the current legislation, doctrinal debates surrounding the institute, the 2013 judgment of the Constitutional Court, the most recent empirical studies regarding formal and informal bargaining practices, and future probabilities.

Alman Ceza Muhakemesi Hukukunda İddia Pazarlığı Kurumu

Muzaffer

Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) is an important though oft-neglected figure in 19thcentury American political philosophy. He was an individualist anarchist, political essayist, and entrepreneur known for setting up a private post office in competition with the American government’s public postal services and for writing abolitionist essays. He was also a lawyer and natural law theorist. He developed forceful arguments on behalf of an individualistic conception of natural law philosophy and private property rights in opposition to authoritarian governments, interventionism, legislative and taxative activities, and all forms of paternalism, whether moral, legal, or political.Spooner’s ideas on law are found dispersed among his various writings. One of the best known of these works is The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1860). Spooner began his argument on the unconstitutionality of slavery with a question: “What is Law?” He answered this by defining law as the “natural, permanent, unalterable principle, which governs any particular thing or class of things” (p.4) “The natural, universal, impartial and inflexible principle, which, under all circumstances, necessarily fixes, determines, defines and governs the civil rights of men” (p. 5) was “simply the rule, principle, obligation or requirement of natural justice” (p. 5). According to Spooner, any so-called legal rules and regulations that are contrary to natural justice have no validity. Spooner reiterated these naturalist views in the following works, one conspicuous one that will be dwelt on here being his pamphlet titled “Natural Law or the Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing That All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime” (1882). As can be seen in the title, he also generated some radical ideas in this pamphlet against all legislative activities in the context of the formation of a legal system.Another pamphlet he published titled “Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty” (1875), Spooner drew the line around a behavioral area insusceptible to legislative intervention. In this pamphlet, he objected to criminal legislation that interfered with the inviolable core area of individual liberty, especially those that criminalized vices, moral corruption, or the self-harm actions of an individual such&nbsp;as drunkenness, addiction to gambling, smoking, and idleness. Spooner stated therein (p. 2), “Vices are simply the errors which a man makes in his search after his own happiness. Unlike crimes, they imply no malice toward others, and no interference with their persons or property.” In other words, while crimes are related with infringement on others’ natural rights (e.g., life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness), vices are the errors a man makes in the search for one’s natural right to pursue one’s own happiness. In this way, this viewpoint offers insight into a libertarian conceptualization of the separation of law and morality and of an acceptable form of criminalization regarding some human actions. This also had similarly become apparent in Anglo-Saxon legal philosophy through the Mill-Stephen and Hart-Devlin debates.Some contemporary libertarians and anarcho-capitalists regard Spooner as one of their most influential philosophical predecessors because of his substantial arguments in support of private property rights and natural liberty. However, placing him at the central point of libertarian thought is not easy because of some his skeptical views on contemporary capitalist practices. However, he was a follower of Locke’s natural right philosophy and individual property rights as a natural right, he was also a hard opponent to all forms of involuntary servitude, not just to slavery and other coercive public obligations but also to the wage labor dependencies regarding oligarchic capitalist exploiters. Consistent with these thoughts and doubts, he became an exponent of a private property regime that supports intellectual labor and free entrepreneurship. For an understanding of his conception of property rights in this manner, this article will look at his book titled “The Law of Intellectual Property” (1855).In short, the purpose of this work was to bring Spooner’s concept of law into view through some of his book chapters and pamphlets and by dwelling on Spooner’s previously mentioned theory of natural law. In order to analyze his thoughts regarding law as a holistic term, this article will then examine his views regarding certain fundamental legal concepts involving legality and illegality, such as rights, crimes, misdemeanors, the Constitution, and property rights, which he defined here and there among his various works. Consequently, the article will then try to reveal Spooner’s theory of law, which prioritized the individual as a unique moral being in opposition to all collective bodies such as the state and other authoritative societal institutions. In this way, an anarcho-individualist conception of natural law will be shown to emerge through Spooner’s thoughts and critical works.

Anarko-Bireyci Bir Doğal Hukuk Yorumu: Lysander Spooner ve Hukuk Teorisi

Halil

Both administrative and judicial system courts in principle may only decide on matters requested from them. According to this principle, known as the principle of the binding effect of a petition and as a general principle of law, administrative jurisdictions can only make a judgment regarding the matter whose annulment the petition requests. However, administrative courts in practice make exceptions to this rule for zoning plans in particular. Accordingly, if the plan in a lawsuit filed against a zoning plan changes while the lawsuit is still ongoing and the new plan contains the same illegalities that are the subject of the first lawsuit, then the court that hears the case will also assess the legality of the new plan in its proceedings. The Council of State decides whether the zoning plan that is the subject of the lawsuit will change while the lawsuit is ongoing. An expert examination of the new plan should also be made, and whether the reason a lawsuit was filed in the first case occurs in the same way in the new plan should be investigated. The lack of any examination in this direction should be considered a reason for annulment.Administrative jurisdictions examine whether the sole purpose of establishing a new zoning plan is to eliminate the subject in the current case or whether the first and second plans have the same content. After this examination, if the court detects the illegality from the first plan to still exist in the second plan in the same way, then the court will make an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition and also declare the illegality of the second plan.In this case, the second plan can be said to not have been annulled; rather, the court has confined itself to evaluating the legality of the second plan, with the principle of the binding effect of petitions not preventing an evaluation of the legality of other acts related to the administrative act in dispute. This situation also does not constitute an exception to the principle of the binding effect of petitions. However, the administrative jurisdictions’ evaluation of the regulatory and individual acts that form the basis of the act under dispute and their inclusion in the ongoing proceedings of a zoning plan that emerged after the plan in dispute and that is not based on it are quite different from each other. In other words, the inclusion of the second plan in the case is not because it involves the subject that is the basis of the dispute. Therefore, while the evaluation of the acts that form the basis of the act under dispute is not an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition, the purpose of this&nbsp;judicial practice that has been specifically developed for zoning plans is to determine whether the second plan is actually a new plan or a continuation of the first plan. In this way, it forms an exception to the principle of the binding effect of a petition.A contrario interpretation of this practice for when the content of the second plan is different from that of the first plan (i.e., the issues affecting the plaintiff’s interest in the first plan are resolved in the second plan) involves the purpose of change being accepted and thus leaving the case with no valid subject. In this case, the courts should give a decision of “no need to provide judgment” regarding the first plan. In addition, the second action should be accepted as no continuation of the first plan should other illegalities apart from those alleged in the petition occur, or should an illegality that violates some interest of the plaintiff other than that the first lawsuit.&nbsp;Despite administrative courts including the second plan in the proceedings, if they are going to give an annulment decision, they are to confine themselves to declaring an annulment of the act that is the subject of the lawsuit regarding the operative provisions of judgment. Of course, although the annulment of the second plan is not clearly stated in the judgment, it is clearly understood from the trial and the reasoning of the decision that the second action is also unlawful. This is because the courts have included the second plan into their evaluations based on the second plan essentially being a continuation of the first plan, the contents of the plan being the same in terms of the subject matter of the case, and its inability to accept the abolishment of the first plan. In case of unlawfulness, the courts will also decide to annul this second plan.However, in such a case, difficulties are quite likely to occur regarding how the defendant administrations are to implement the annulment decision. This is because the defendant administrations will claim the annulled plan to have already been repealed, a new zoning plan to have already been found, and no annulment judgment to exist regarding this second zoning plan. For this reason, having the courts declare explicitly the illegality of the second plan by mentioning it in the operative provisions of the judgment is important for the applicability of the court decision.

İptal Davasına Konu İmar Planının Dava Devam Ederken Değiştirilmesinin İptal Davasına Etkisi

Hatice

This study aims to examine the disinheritance for criminal reasons comprehensively in accordance with the opinions of doctrine and judicial decisions.According to article 510 of the Turkish Civil Code, for an heir with a reserved share to be disinherited, s/he must either commit a grave crime against the heir or one of his/her relatives, or significantly fail to fulfill his/her obligations arising from family law against the heir or his/her family members.Since neither the article nor its preamble adequately explains what should be understood from these two conditions, it is necessary to refer to judicial decisions and doctrine on issues such as who should be understood as the relative or family member of the heir, which crimes should be considered grave crimes, and what should be understood as the significant nonfulfillment of obligations arising from family law.However, there is no consensus on these issues. Considering the legislator’s attitude about extending the legator’s freedom to disposition, superiority should always be given to the interpretation that facilitates disinheritances in these issues.We can summarize our conclusions based on this principle as follows.In cases where both the reserved shared heir and the legator or his/her relatives are equally defective, the validity of the disinheritance should be accepted by giving precedence to the legator’s will.Even if the victim does not know that the heir with a reserved share is a relative or family member of the benefactor, it should be accepted that the heir with a reserved share can be excluded from the inheritance.The disinheritance should be possible based on the possibility that a reason that has not yet been occurred will occur in the future.For the disinheritance to have a result, the reason must be stated in the disposition mortis causa. Otherwise, the dispositions are fulfilled except for the reserved share&nbsp;of the heir. According to Article 6 of the Turkish Civil Code, if a person has been disinherited objects to the disinheritance decision, the proof of the existence of the reason stated in the disposition falls to the heirs who benefit from the disinheritance.&nbsp;In cases where the existence of the reason cannot be proven, the disposition mortis causa is carried out with the exception of the heir’s reserved share. Likewise, if the reason given in the disposition is insufficient, the same outcome should occur. However, in cases where the inheritor makes a mistake about the reason for disinheritance, the heir with the reserved share can obtain the entire inheritance by proving the error.If the legator, who does not make a new disposition mortis causa, forgives the person s/he disinherited from the inheritance, the heir may obtain his/her reserved share in an action for reduction by proving that the legator has forgiven him/her.Even if the legator forgives the heir, but removes the heir from the inheritance through a disposition mortal causa, the heir’s reserved share is not affected by the disinheritance.If the legator makes a will or designates the disinherited heir as an heir, it must be determined whether these dispositions constitute a remission of the disinheritance.It would not be incorrect to assert that disinheritance for criminal or similar reasons produces different results within and outside inheritance law.&nbsp;

Cezai Mirasçılıktan Çıkarma Sebepleri

What must be a child legal statute in contemporary law? Should this limited legal personality apprehended as an “object” that naturally needs protection be considered a legal “subject” within the capacity to realize fully its legal existence? Answers given to this question in contemporary French law reveal that the minors’ legal personality is placed somewhere between these two edges: protection as an object of law and acceptance as a total legal subject. Historically, French law treated the child as a “familial object” from the middle ages to the 19th century. Following the industrial revolution, the emergence of a proletarian class and the rights of juveniles in society and civil law continue to expand, thanks to the profound conceptual and social changes in French Family Law. In addition, the rapid development of international law in the 20th century accelerated this movement and granted teenagers additional rights under public law. Children are protected by several international legal warranties, including those provided by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the European Social Charter, the Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention), the European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights, and most importantly, the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In addition, France’s membership in the European Union has given rise to directly invocable legal rights, such as the rights to free movement, to be heard, and to family reunification. Thanks to an effective judicial review in administrative, civil, and constitutional law as well as to a strong judicial dialogue between European and French jurisdictions established since the beginning, the objectivation of children’s legal statute has reached an important degree in its implementation today. However, this notable evolution remains limited, and the legal statute of minors in French law is still mostly characterized by the lack of directly invocable personal rights today. The child is largely apprehended by legal order as a matter of protection rather than a complete legal person fully capable of deploying his or her own rights. Submitted to parental authority, tutors, or other types of guardianship; children’s rights do not totally belong to them, their use is conditional, and their effects are restrained mostly by age limits. Even if this specific treatment of children’s legal personality is not discriminating and morally legitim, the permanent evolution of society, impressive progress of technologies, and undeniable acceleration of young people’s maturity (e.g., in the ecological field) necessitates a modification of contemporary legal thinking regarding children’s rights. Moreover, particularly in France, several deficiencies of domestic law exist, such as the lack of political rights for children; restrictions on their access to the labor market; limitations on their contractual rights, judicial and processual rights; their direct proceedings before a tribunal; and their right to be heard and to consent. Furthermore, the official statistics show the defects in the protection against sexual abuse. In addition, the national law has deficiencies in filiation rules&nbsp;discriminating against children of different types of parents and in the field of family violence, as illustrated by the European Court of Human Rights and the Social Rights Committee’s condemnations of France. Lastly, foreign children residing in France may be deprived of their social rights due to administrative irregularities in the status of their parents under French law, or they may be detained in inhumane conditions. The French immigration laws do not provide sufficient protection for unaccompanied minors. In conclusion, even if the child’s legal statute is still changing and children rights’ content and effectiveness are progressively growing in French domestic law thanks to internal evolution and international guarantees, the French legislator still has a long way to go to improve both the protection of these rights and the modification of handling child legal personality by national law. Children must be increasingly considered as a legal subject of law equal to an adult in terms of their fundamental rights.

Fransa’da Çocuk Hakları

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One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

İşverenin Engelli İşçi Çalıştırma Yükümlülüğü

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Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

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Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5750CB1484324495A8C74D69447BFD44" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/31F96BBD2789401F92877085635FE53C" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Ömer Ekmekçi, Ali Paslı
Kapak (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

CİLT 80, SAYI 3, 2022

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