Ekin

Assist. Prof.

Ensuring the continuity of civilized societies depends to a great extent on the healthy development of children who will become the adults of the future. For this reason, regulations that provide for the care and protection that each child needs are included in most legal systems. The upbringing, care, and safety of the child fall primarily on the biological family. However, if that family is unable to fulfill this duty, according to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to which Turkey is a party, special protection will be given to the child by the state if the child is permanently or temporarily deprived of its family or if it would be against the best interests of the child to stay in that family. Since the Convention imposes an obligation on the parties to provide alternative care for children who are determined to be in need of protection, the institution of the “foster family” was developed. This institution consists of the placement of the child in a foster family as a form of alternative care under the state’s protection of children who cannot be brought up in a family and has been widely accepted.In a dispute regarding a foster family that contains a foreign element, we are faced with the problem of qualification in terms of Turkish Private International Law Act. As a matter of fact, there is no conflict of laws rule regarding the foster family in TPILA. In such a case then, as a situation where the adoption that would allow the establishment of paternity without being based on blood ties is not accepted according to the law of the foreign country, but the foster family institution is recognized and regulated, by that county which law would be applied in accordance with the TPILA? Turkey is a party to the Convention of 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement, and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children (Convention). In accordance with Article 3(1)(e) of the Convention, the placement of the child in a foster family or a care institution or the provision of care by a kafala or similar institution is also among the issues falling within the scope of the Convention. According to Article 15(1) of the Convention, the Contracting States shall apply their own laws while exercising their powers regarding&nbsp;the protective measures in the Convention. In this case, if the child is placed in a foster family as a protection measure pursuant to the 1996 Convention, Turkish law will be applied in terms of the issues in the second part of the Convention. However, the law to be applied to matters related to the institution of the foster family, such as the name, surname, or inheritance issues of the child which remain outside the scope of the Convention, will need to be determined by TPILA. At this point, the question arises whether the applicable law will be determined according to the provisions of adoption or guardianship.In the world’s various legal systems, the institution of adoption is subject to widely different legal regulations. In some systems, adoption results in the establishment of a permanent linkage between the adopter and the adoptee. In contrast, according to some other legal systems, this method of establishing a formal familial lineage without blood ties has not been accepted. Further, the foster family institution, which includes the care, education, and protection of the child and imposes legal responsibilities on the persons who undertake these works, at times creates an adoption relationship under some legal systems. For this reason, it is argued in the doctrine that the foster family, which aims to ensure the care, upbringing, and safety of the child in family life, should be deemed an adoption in terms of private international law to the extent that it approaches conformity with the institution of adoption.When we consider the approach of the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) to the foster family, we see that the relationship between the foster family and the child fall within the notion of family life within the meaning of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.In our opinion, while evaluating whether the foster family closely approaches the adoption relationship, the criteria of the duration of the foster family relationship and the foster family’s desire to adopt the child later should also be taken into consideration. The fact that the minimum one-year care and custody period required in Turkish law for the adoption of the child has taken place in the form of placement with a foster family could even be considered as evidence that the relationship between the foster family and the child approaches that of adoption. Thus, although the foster family does not establish paternity between the child and the foster family, it should be qualified as adoption to the extent that it closely approaches the adoption relationship. If a qualification is made in this direction, a consensus can be reached within the jurisprudence that accepts the foster family relationship as family life in the ECtHR decisions. If the relationship between the foster family and the child is short-term and a family life relationship is not established between the foster family and the child, the qualification should be made in the direction of guardianship.&nbsp;

Milletlerarası Özel Hukukta Koruyucu Aile Kurumuna Uygulanacak  Hukukun Belirlenmesi

Selman

Büşra

Res. Assist.

International law is a collection of legal rules and principles governing relations between sovereign States and other entities. These norms and rules are required not only during peacetime, but also during wars and armed conflicts. The United Nations (UN) Charter can be accepted as the most prominent legal document in history that addresses the legal requirements to promote peaceful relations between nation States. The extensive prohibition of the use of force, as stated in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, compels member States to “refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” The prohibition of the use of force is a vital initiative to prevent war under international law, although it remains one of the most contentious issues in international law.Although the prohibition of use of force in international relations is comprehensively codified under general international law, there exists two generally accepted exceptions. The first is action taken under the auspices of the UN Security Council’s authorization to use of force under Chapter VII Article 42 of the UN Charter. It states that “Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.” The second exception is the right to use of force under Article 51 of the UN Charter in individual or collective self-defense. Article 51 accordingly states that “Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.” In this paper, the Salisbury incident is analyzed by virtue of the principle of prohibition of the use of force and the principle of self-defense, as legal terms under UN Charter.The facts of the Salisbury incident can be summarized as follows: On 4 March 2018, Sergei Skripal (a former Russian military intelligence officer) and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were found unconscious on a park bench in Salisbury in the United Kingdom. After investigation by the authorities, including scientists from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), it was confirmed that Skripal and his daughter had been exposed to Novichok nerve agent. Novichok nerve agent, according to scientists, is highly potent and exposure is fatal. This concoction was not legally prohibited, but the OPCW in 2019 had agreed that member States would categorize the group of nerve agents known as Novichoks as chemical weapons, adding them to the Chemical Weapons Convention’s list of controlled substances. This change was one of the major amendments to the convention since it had first been signed.The UK Government (Theresa May–former Prime Minister of the UK) claimed that it was highly likely that the Russian government was responsible for the double murder. The Russian government dismissed the allegations and declined to take responsibility for the killings. The Salisbury case therefore became an international crisis.This case has been analyzed in the context of various international legal principles, including prohibition of the use of force, self-defense, and armed attack. The prohibition of the use of force, for example, requires an examination of the compatibility of nerve agent use (in particular Novichok nerve agent) with international law. In the Salisbury incident, one important question is whether there is a threshold for the use of force in respect of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.The main issue, therefore, is whether the Salisbury incident could be interpreted as use of force in the legal sense. Some scholars reject such a threshold under public international law. That being said, they argue that the Salisbury incident would be considered as an illegitimate use of force once it was confirmed that a State was behind the incident. Other commentators, however, assert that there should be a weighty threshold for the use of force under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Accordingly, they assert that small-scale use of force should not be defined as force under Article 2(4) even though small-scale incidents might transgress human rights and sovereign rights of a State.Assuming the Russian government is responsible for the Salisbury incident, another crucial issue is whether the Salisbury incident is tantamount to an armed attack under Article 51 of the UN Charter, hence invoking the UK’s right to forcible self-defense.Although the Novichok nerve agent is potentially high risk, the incident does not amount to an armed attack since only a few people were affected and targeted by the poison. Therefore, it can be argued that the UK Government does not have a right to respond in self-defense.&nbsp;

Uluslararası Hukukta Salisbury Olayının İncelenmesi

Nuray

Prof.

Afghanistan is a country ravaged by wars, conflicts, and forced occupations throughout history. The invading nations and outfits that were initially established in Afghanistan with the intention of fighting against invading foreign states turned into militant powers that oppressed their own people over time, which led to instability in the country. Considering that individuals in charge of Afghanistan’s administration prioritize their interests over the common good of Afghans, and even collaborate with occupying states and foreigners in exploiting the country’s economic resources, has caused Afghanistan’s economy to deteriorate. Many Afghans that were plagued by political instability and economic problems have already left the country. The number of Afghans immigrating to other countries, especially Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, is quite high. The Taliban seized power between 1996 and 2001, in violation of the Afghan constitution. Only Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia recognized Taliban as a government at that time. However, the United States carried out a military campaign in Afghanistan due to its alleged support for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda members who allegedly perpetrated the twin tower attack. The Taliban had to withdraw from holding government-level authority. Although the United States and coalition members stayed in Afghanistan for almost two decades, the situation in the country worsened. The Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which is another name for Taliban, and the United States of America, was signed in Doha on February 29, 2020. After the bilateral agreement between the United States and the Taliban, on November 17, 2020, the United States announced that it would withdraw from Afghanistan. Hence, on April 14, 2021, United States President Joe Biden announced the country’s decision to&nbsp;withdraw from Afghanistan completely. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was conquered on August 15, 2021, after the Taliban seized and controlled Kabul without conflict. Thereafter, political and legal discussions have emerged on whether the Taliban can be recognized as a government.The process of recognizing a government differs from recognizing a state. However, just as in the recognition of states, there is no common standard that all states have to abide by when they recognize a government. Hence, in addition to the effective control principle, democratic values, respecting human rights, and more importantly, receiving the support of the public are required in order for an entity to be recognized as a government, the Taliban cannot pass the test of recognition as a government. However, for certain countries, the mere existence of effective control can be enough for the recognition of an entity as a government. For countries where the lack of population support, as well as democratic and human rights values, are irrelevant to the recognition of an entity as a government, there will be no problem in recognizing the Taliban as a government. The Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, established by the Taliban between 1996 and 2001, was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The United States Secretary of State Antony John Blinken announced that the Taliban would be recognized as a de facto government. The United States Secretary only considers the geostrategic benefits of the United States. However, it is unclear whether this statement means that the Taliban will be recognized as the legitimate government by the United States. A change of government carried out within constitutional parameters does not require recognition. However, an entity that seizes power through unconventional means, such as a military coup, ideological revolution, disputed elections, or violations of international law, needs to be recognized by other states; its legitimacy depends on other nations accepting it. The Taliban took over unconventionally. Therefore, it needs to be recognized as a government of Afghanistan. There is a widespread sense that the Taliban is incapable of governing Afghanistan, and there are serious doubts about whether the Taliban meets the necessary conditions to be recognized as a government under international law.It must be underlined that accepting the principle of effective control alone in the recognition of a new entity as a government, as in the case of the Taliban, will encourage terrorist organizations to exercise effective control over a particular area. Especially in recent years, dominating certain areas, instilling fear, and conducting brutal acts by terrorist organizations have become a regular practice in certain regions. Although it may be in some states’ geostrategic and economic interests that typically remain indifferent on whether the new entity is legitimate or not, to recognize it as a government, it is not in the interest of the people who are forced to live with these groups in their country. The international community should unite to end the instability that prevails like the never-ending symphony in Afghanistan and to ensure the peace and security of the Afghan nationals. Otherwise, migration from Afghanistan will not be prevented, and those who hope to extract natural resources in Afghanistan or who want to trade in other areas will get their share of this chaos. However, in doing so, it should pursue the interests of the Afghans, not its geostrategic interests like the United States. The Afghan nations are overwhelmed by endless internal conflicts, acts of terrorism, invasions, and economic problems. Poverty, hopelessness, insecurity, and anxiety about the future spread in the country. They are thirsty for human rights and democratic values. Therefore, states should put the interests of the Afghans above theirs when deciding whether or not to recognize the Taliban as a government. Other countries need to pressure the Taliban to end the persecution of women and girls, to guarantee the safety of civilians, to ensure freedom of religion and conscience, to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of all people, and to gain overall public support. The period of an interim government that is running Afghanistan until new polls should be short, and any new government must emerge through elections. The international community should maintain that the Taliban cannot be recognized as a government unless it adopts these values.&nbsp;

Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın  Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi

Sercan

Significant pollution and destruction have taken place in the oceans as a result of human activities. Human-induced pollution in this vast ecosystem, destruction and dimensions of climate change pose a great danger to ocean life and thus life on earth. It is inevitable that this effect will increase unless the necessary measures are taken. In this sense, many of the most important issues that this century has borrowed from the last century are related to the environment. Climate change, global warming, the threat of extinction of many species, the depletion of the ozone layer and environmental problems in the oceans can be listed as the main ones among these interrelated problems. The common particular of the topics listed in this heading level is that they are related to the existence of many living things on this planet, along with the human species. Unless these problems are solved in a holistic way, it is inevitable that ocean ecosystems will face much greater destructions together with the creatures living therein. In terms of preventing or reducing this danger, international law of sea can fulfill an important function regarding the protection of the marine environment.In this context, the main problem for the protection of the marine environment is the marine areas outside the national jurisdiction. A very large part of the earth is covered with oceans and these areas are home to an important part of the biodiversity of our world. In this context, in terms of solving problems, international organizations, especially the UN, have important duties to protect the high sea areas outside the national jurisdiction. In addition, states need to cooperate in this regard. In this context, there is the Global Ocean Convention initiative under the UN.The concept of protection of the marine environment has undergone a significant transformation in the last three decades. An approach that includes a broader conservation approach, takes into account the unique characteristics of each marine area, and aims to protect the entire marine ecosystem, is adopted. Although it is seen that the states are taking protective measures for these areas with the regulations for the protection of the environments of their own marine territory, these measures appear to be insufficient in offshore areas outside the states’ national jurisdictions. One of the biggest obstacles to the establishment of marine protected areas in the high seas and on the seabed is the lack of information on these areas.When it comes to solving these problems for marine life, marine protection areas are important in terms of fulfilling this function, although their scope and size differ. Marine protection areas are considered by scientists as suitable tools for the protection of sensitive ecosystems in the case of appropriate planning and effective management of the protected area, taking into account the characteristics of the marine area concerned. The primary goal of marine protected areas is to preserve the biodiversity of the oceans. At this point, if properly established and managed, marine protection areas are recognized by scientists as an effective tool for protecting sensitive ecosystems.In terms of the protection of the high seas, marine protected areas appear to have developed over the last three decades as a modern management tool, embracing a range of objectives. Marine protected areas primarily aim to protect sensitive ecosystems. It is aimed to reduce and eliminate these effects in marine protected areas and regions where fishing activities and pollution is intense. Recently, marine protection areas can fulfill an important function, as in the case of the Ross Sea, in the protection of marine ecosystems that have become particularly vulnerable as a result of the effects of climate change.&nbsp;In this context, marine protected areas in general are expected to perform functions such as conservation of representative examples of biodiversity and related ecosystems, protection of residential areas for the growth and reproduction of marine life, providing spaces for nature-based recreation and tourism and providing undisturbed control or reference areas for scientific research.Here, rather than the prevention principle dimension, it is more important to discuss the approach to conservation in the dimension of the precautionary principle, which is a broader and more advanced approach than the prevention principle. The precautionary principle is an improved form of the prevention principle in this context. The content of this policy consists of taking measures for possible environmental risks and damages without waiting for the causal link between the possible environmental effects of the economic activities to be established with precise scientific data.In terms of approaches to protection, rather than aiming only at the protection of members of a species and habitats thereof, all other factors including the relationships between other species and their habitats should be taken into account In a holistic way, in order to maintain the natural balance of which said species is a part of.&nbsp;In this context, it is possible to protect 1/3 of the oceans. Climate change, ocean acidification, plastic pollution and other pollutions are sources of destruction for ocean life. In order to prevent this, very comprehensive protection zones should be created and the legal infrastructure should be established while creating these zones. The creation of much more effective protection regimes on the high seas which are the world’s largest communal area, stands before humanity as an urgent problem, considering the current and future destruction going on.&nbsp;

Açık Denizlerin Korunması ve Deniz Koruma Alanları

Nesrin

The concept of artificial intelligence was officially proposed for the first time in 1955. Nowadays, it has become an integral part of our daily life; however, its use has caused some controversy. It has brought up several questions such as, “can artificial intelligence harm humanity?,” “can artificial intelligence rival humans?,” and “is artificial intelligence smarter than humans?.” In this context, contradictory opinions have emerged between people who think that artificial intelligence is beneficial for humanity and the ones who perceive it as a threat. Here answers to these questions can be provided by evaluating whether artificial intelligence is beneficial or harmful for humanity based on certain factors. Accordingly, the deficiencies experienced in terms of the following three issues result in a negative answer. First, the designer’s prejudices may reflect in the artificial intelligence during the design phase. In the design phase, it is important that the quality of the data used for training artificial intelligence is heterogeneous and does not create prejudices. Second, the decisions made regarding the system design may cause some negative effects. Third, some complex interactions can be difficult to detect, leading to negative effects.The use of artificial intelligence can have several positive or negative effects on many human rights. Indeed, the artificial intelligence is contributing to the development of human rights. In this regard, human rights-based artificial intelligence systems may have positive effects on human rights as well. However, it is possible that prejudiced artificial intelligence systems, in which human rights are not paramount, may negatively affect human rights. Moreover, artificial intelligence has the potential to be used as a tool to deny human rights. Thus, it is important to focus more on the development of human rights-based artificial intelligence systems.This study consists of two parts. In the first part, the concept of artificial intelligence is discussed. There are several definitions of artificial intelligence; however, no consensus exists on the same definition. Therefore, in this study, we have considered the most appropriate definition of artificial intelligence. Then, the types of artificial intelligence are discussed based on two different classifications. According to the bestknown classification, artificial intelligence is divided into three categories, artificial narrow intelligence, artificial general intelligence, and artificial superintelligence. Based on the other classification, artificial intelligence is divided into four categories,&nbsp;reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind, and self-awareness. In terms of the types of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to be very careful, particularly during the design phase. Then, artificial intelligence law is detailed in the context of human rights. Recently, more importance is being given to human rights in the field of artificial intelligence. This has led to the creation of several different national and international regulations. However, these regulations are insufficient and more regulations are required. Finally, the effects of artificial intelligence on human rights are discussed.In the second part, artificial intelligence applications regarding fundamental rights and freedoms are outlined. The use of artificial intelligence can have some positive as well as negative effects on human rights. Some individuals may face more negative effects of artificial intelligence than others may. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the various positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence on human rights to prevent their violation. In this context, the effects of artificial intelligence on the “right to life,” “right to a fair trial,” “right to respect private and family life,” “freedom of expression,” and “the principle of equality and prohibition of discrimination” are being evaluated. Of course, the effects of artificial intelligence can be evaluated not only with regards to the aforementioned rights but also when it comes to other rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights and other International Conventions. In this regard, this study aims to draw attention to such effects of artificial intelligence on human rights. This study can be helpful for those who design and use artificial intelligence.&nbsp;

Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

Batılı Devletlerin Geri İtme Politikaları Karşısında Hukuk ve Uygulamada Mülteci

Atike

Assoc. Prof.

Belkıs

The World Health Organization declared a global COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. It is commonly known that COVID-19 has affected human life worldwide. In this sense, it negatively affected public health, business life, and social and economic life. Due to the rapid worldwide spread of the pandemic, governments began to take various measures and impose restrictions on many aspects of life to attempt to contain the virus. The negative effects of the pandemic were not limited only to economic and social life. The pandemic also affected judicial mechanisms, including both commercial and investment arbitration.&nbsp;In April 2020, a group of leading international arbitral institutions issued a joint declaration to ensure the stability and foreseeability of international arbitration for both pending and future cases without any unnecessary delays. Upon the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic, arbitration institutions provided certain guidelines and made written statements on their websites related to the implementation of possible changes in arbitration systems and procedures in response to the threat potential of COVID-19. Moreover, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) promulgated an ICC Guidance Note on Possible Measures Aimed at Mitigating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Similarly, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) released messages on its website. At the same time, the Istanbul Arbitration Centre (ISTAC) published Online Hearing Procedures and Principles aimed at determining the procedures and principles to be applied in hearings conducted under its auspices. Based on these principles, the participants of the cases have the opportunity to hold hearings through teleconference or video conference methods.&nbsp;Before the pandemic, virtual hearings were used by Turkish courts, especially in criminal cases, only under specific conditions. During the pandemic, the use of virtual&nbsp;hearings has expanded, and both criminal courts and civil courts benefitted the revised standards to hear pending cases.&nbsp;Online or virtual hearings have both advantages and disadvantages. First of all, online hearings are, without any doubt, very cost and time effective. Cost efficiency and time effectiveness are the major reasons behind the choice of parties and/or arbitrators in favor of virtual hearings.&nbsp;However, there are also some disadvantages, especially in terms of confidentiality and cyber security issues, in conducting virtual hearings. For instance, the arbitrators can have difficulties evaluating the credibility of particular witnesses. Cross examination can also be difficult in front of the screen instead of a witness. Internet connections and interruptions can also cause certain problems.Parties might hesitate to participate in virtual hearings where the arbitral tribunal decides to have virtual hearings. Since the parties’ autonomy is the basic principle in arbitration, it may be safer only to organize a virtual hearing where all parties of the dispute agree on the virtual hearings On the other hand, in cases where a party objects to taking part in a virtual hearing, but the arbitral tribunal insists on having hearings virtually, there might be negative effects on the outcome of the proceedings. In this sense the parties might object to virtual hearings based on infringement of due process rights, especially the right to be heard and the principle of equality. As of this writing, no decision has been rendered by any national court against virtual hearings. However, in July 2020, the Austrian Supreme Court (OGH) approved the compatibility of due process rights and virtual hearings in the arbitration proceeding. This decision of the OGH is the first known confirmation of acceptance for virtual hearings by a national court in Europe.&nbsp;Under Turkish law, there are no court decisions evaluating virtual hearings in arbitration. The issue of virtual hearings has only been discussed in the legal doctrine. However, the concept of virtual hearings and their relation to the right to a fair trial has already been evaluated by both the European Court of Human Right and the Turkish Constitutional Court. Both courts found that holding virtual hearings was not a per se infringement of the right to a fair trial guaranteed in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and in Article 36 of Turkish Constitution. It would be rational to admit that the findings of the European Court of Human Rights and the Turkish Constitutional Court will take the lead in the further consideration of virtual arbitration.&nbsp;Having an arbitration proceeding considering the right to a fair trial or, in other words, the right to due process, and especially, the right to be heard and the principle of equality, are essential for the outcome of the award. Due to virtual hearings, if at least one of the parties objects to holding hearings in such manner, arbitral award might face to be set aside or to be annulled and/or not enforced. For instance, according to Article 15 1-g of the Turkish International Arbitration Law Numbered 4686, an arbitral award may be set aside based on the fact that the parties to the arbitral proceedings were not treated equally. Also, based on Article V 1-b of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, enforcement of an arbitral award can be refused due to infringement of the right to be heard of the parties. Having examined both provisions, it appears that an arbitral tribunal must consider each individual case in terms of the parties’ right to due process before deciding upon holding virtual hearings.&nbsp;Consequently, there remain advantages and disadvantages of virtual arbitration hearings. During and after the pandemic, arbitral tribunals should consider the needs and wishes of the parties and the necessities of the proceedings in a particular case when determining for or against holding a virtual hearing. Moreover, at any stage of the arbitration proceedings, the arbitral tribunal should act in a manner that does not cause the annulment of the arbitral award and prevents the award’s enforcement in any jurisdiction.&nbsp;

Tahkimde Çevrimiçi Duruşmalar ve Çevrimiçi Duruşmaların  Hukuki Dinlenilme Hakkı ve Tarafların Eşitliği İlkeleri Bağlamında  Değerlendirilmesi

Vildan

Divorce decisions made by judicial or administrative authorities of a foreign state may be recognized within the framework of Article 27/A of the Turkish Civil Registry Services Act (CRSA). Under this provision, the conditions required for the recognition of foreign divorce decisions are that “the application of the other party who is a Turkish citizen or his/her representative alone, in case one of the parties is dead or foreign, was given by the competent judicial or administrative authority in accordance with the laws of the state in which it was issued.” In addition to these requirements, Article 9(6) of the Regulation on the Registration of the Decisions Given by the Judicial or Administrative Authorities of Foreign Countries in the Civil Registry Services (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation) further requires that “there is no pending or dismissed lawsuit filed in Turkey regarding the decision.” Because the relevant provisions are not clear enough, there have been differences in the interpretation.It is noteworthy that there could be instances when a case falling within the purview of the Regulation is dismissed without prejudice on procedural issues or considered unfiled on the basis of a waiver of the case. In these instances, the effect is as if there is no filed or ongoing lawsuit. However, in this context, the procedural dismissal of the case constitutes a legal obstacle for the recognition of the foreign divorce decision pursuant to Article 9(6) of the Regulation. To our knowledge, this is not appropriate and creates an ambiguous situation. Regulations should be made in accordance with the hierarchy of norms. Thus, the lack of legal regulation on this subject should be corrected.Another issue that should be discussed is that cases filed for the recognition of a divorce or a foreign divorce decision in Turkey is also assessed within the scope of Article 9(6) of the Regulation. In this context, the divorce lawsuit filed in Turkey related to the decision rendered by the judicial or administrative authorities of the foreign country and still continuing or has been dismissed, should not prevent the recognition of the foreign divorce decision and registration in the civil registry in accordance with Article 27/A of the CRSA.It should be stated briefly that the presence of a divorce case filed in Turkey that is still ongoing or dismissed does not prevent the request for the recognition of the divorce decisions given by foreign courts within the scope of International Private and Procedural Law (IPPL) when applied to the authorized Turkish courts. It will be a contradiction that the application to be made within the scope of the CRSA regulation, which was made in order to enable the recognition of decisions more easily was due to the fact that there were still pending and dismissed divorce cases in Turkey.As explained in our study, if there was a divorce case filed in foreign courts, Turkish courts do not have international jurisdiction over the same case. However, even if there was an application for divorce to the administrative authorities of a foreign country, the divorce case could be filed in authorized Turkish courts. In case of divorce of the parties by the decision of a foreign administrative authority, the presence of an ongoing lawsuit in Turkish courts should not prevent the foreign decision and its legal consequences from taking effect. In this case, there is a possibility for conflicting decisions. To our knowledge, it is not true that the presence of a divorce case that was filed in Turkey and is still pending serves as an obstacle for the easy recognition of foreign administrative divorce decisions.Furthermore, even if there was a divorce case rejected by the Turkish courts, it is possible to file a divorce case again based on another reason, or it is possible to decide to divorce upon request if common life cannot be re-established within 3 years after the dismissal of the divorce case. It would not be appropriate if the presence of a dismissed divorce case in Turkish courts would constitute an obstacle for the application to be made within the framework of Article 27/A of the CRSA because the divorce case filed in foreign courts and the divorce case filed in Turkish courts could have different grounds. In addition, if common life could not be re-established within 3 years after the divorce case dismissed in Turkish courts, even for the same reason, divorce could be decided upon request. When common life cannot be re-established after 3 years since the dismissal of the divorce case filed in Turkish courts, the logic of not being able to request the registration of the foreign divorce decision in the civil register is not clear.The last point to be discussed is that it would be inaccurate to assess a dismissed recognition request within this scope. If the request for recognition was made to the authorized court before applying to the foreign authority’s decision within the scope of CRSA, and the request for recognition within the scope of IPPL was not accepted and was dismissed, the acceptance that the foreign administrative decision could not be registered in the civil registry under the CRSA undermines the uniformity in practice. In conclusion, the relevant article of the Regulation could be subject to criticism in many respects.&nbsp;

Yabancı Ülkelerin Adli veya İdari Makamlarınca Verilen Boşanma  Kararlarının Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu m.27/A Çerçevesinde Tanınması İçin Öngörülen “Kararla İlgili Türkiye’de Açılmış ve  Halen Devam Eden veya Reddedilmiş Dava Bulunmaması Şartı”nın  Değerlendirilmesi

Cüneyt

Kaan

The Constitution of the United States attributes high importance to the system of checks and balances and accordingly allocates powers and responsibilities through relevant organs of the government. This issue is especially addressed in matters related to the execution of foreign policy and military operations because of certain disputes that have emerged between presidents, who act as the executive branch of the administration, and the legislative authority represented by Congress. This bipartite study evaluates the topic of state power by considering related historical developments, judicial decisions, and doctrinal discussions.The first part of this paper examines the role discharged by international law regarding foreign policy tools through the power of recognition and the finalization of international agreements, respectively. Diplomatic recognition may briefly be defined as an explicit or tacit declaration of the state acknowledgment of a specific matter, such as the existence of the legal personality of another state, generally to establish diplomatic relations. A state may also avoid the recognition of a certain situation or even renounce its earlier decisions because such actions are voluntary. Thus, a state’s diplomatic recognition could significantly influence international law. The issue of diplomatic recognition is not mentioned in a specific clause in the US Constitution. However, several Supreme Court cases have stated that the power of recognition is deemed an implied authority. Taking this approach, the president is accorded plenary and exclusive power on such matters.The first section of this paper also investigates the ratification or termination of international agreements within the scope of the constitutional authority of the US President. International agreements are widely utilized by states and international organizations to clarify bilateral or multilateral intentions, rights, or responsibilities of their parties. Therefore, an international agreement is also a core aspect of a state’s foreign policy instruments. Only international agreements ratified through the&nbsp;advice and consent of the Senate may be labeled treaties in the United States. The US Constitution authorizes the president to ratify a treaty only upon receipt of approval from two-thirds of the Senate. Conversely, presidents are empowered with settling executive agreements that are also binding under international law. Certain criteria exist for international agreements to be considered treaties. They include but are not limited to the existence of commitments or risks that could affect the entire country, their possible effects on state laws, the need for a Congressional act to implement articles of the treaty, previous US policies, and general international practices. International agreements concerning human rights, extradition, judicial assistance, and arms control are common exemplars of treaties.However, the authority of a US President concerning the termination of an international agreement or withdrawal from such an arrangement is disputable, especially with respect to treaties. The US Constitution does not encompass any clause specifying a process for the termination of a treaty. The approach of deeming termination a presidential power relies mainly on a Supreme Court’s decision acknowledging the president as the sole organ in foreign policy as well as the president’s executive authority. This perspective is contended by the mandate that the Senate’s consent is required for the termination of a treaty or withdrawal from it as a consequence of the principle of formal parallelism. Several Senators brought this issue to the notice of the Supreme Court after President Carter’s unilateral decision to withdraw from a treaty. However, the Supreme Court dismissed the case, reasoning that it was a “non-justiciable political question.” Hence, the termination of a treaty is widely considered a foreign policy-related power of the President of the United States.The second segment of this paper attends to the president’s war powers. The US Constitution authorizes Congress with the power to declare war. Principally, this decision was meant to avoid unnecessary conflicts by stipulating the collaborative thought process of many representatives. Nevertheless, the President of the United States is also titled the Commander-in-Chief and the position accords certain rights and responsibilities vis-à-vis resorting to force. Thus, the overseas deployment of military forces has, in practice, resulted in certain disputes occurring between the president and Congress.In the early years, the title of Commander-in-Chief was thought to grant the office of the president limited tactical control powers. Nevertheless, presidents expanded their authority over time, citing their foreign policy powers, treaty obligations, or United Nations Security Council decisions. In response, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution aiming to restrict the presidential use of US military forces abroad only to instances of the declaration of war, specific statutory authorizations, or national emergencies generated by an attack on the United States. This resolution also obligated the president to notify Congress in case of the country’s involvement in hostilities. Another significant aspect of the resolution was the establishment of a 60-day limit for military operations abroad and the imposition of the mandate to terminate any deployment of military forces unless it was specifically authorized by Congress through a declaration of war, the enacting of specific authorization, the extension of the sixty-day period by law, or the physical impossibility of cessation because of an armed attack on the United States. Despite all such efforts, US Presidents have continued to deploy military forces abroad on numerous occasions without seeking prior Congressional approval.&nbsp;

Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri  Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri

Uluslararası Hukuk, Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi Kararları ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları  Mahkemesi İçtihatları Işığında Kapalı Maraş Uyuşmazlığı

Hatice

Under Turkish law, incorporation of the underlying reasoning in judgments is directly stipulated in the Constitution and is deemed indispensable. However, the summary proceedings available in certain legal systems make it possible for courts to decide a case without conducting a complete examination of the dispute on its merits, without providing for the court’s reasoning. Turkish courts may from time to time have to deal with requests for recognition or enforcement of judgments arising out of such proceedings. In the Turkish Code on Private International Law, there is no clear provision regarding whether the foreign judgment should contain reasoning. The approach the Turkish enforcement court should follow in such a case has constituted a serious issue for debate for a considerable amount of time. The fact that decisions rendered by local courts and different chambers of the Court of Cassation contradict each other further exacerbates the topic. In order to unify court decisions and eliminate the contradictory case law, the Court of Cassation General Assembly on the Unification of Judgments gathered and rendered a Decision on the Unification of Judgments (DUJ) in 2012. In this DUJ, the Court of Cassation decided that the mere lack of reasoning in judgments would not amount to a violation of Turkish public policy and that thus the action for recognition or enforcement of foreign judgments lacking reasoning should not be rejected solely on this ground. However, the DUJ also failed to end the discussions on this issue. In this regard, it can be easily concluded that this topic still constitutes an active point of debate for Turkish private international law.If scholarly views and court decisions addressing the DUJ are examined, the reader will notice that this debate essentially relates to creating a balance between two different and conflicting interests. In fact, the lack of reasoning in a foreign judgment, on one hand, does not comply with the right to a reasoned judgment. This right is explicitly mandated under the Constitution and is an important part of the right to defense. On the other hand, reasoning also falls within the scope of the law of civil procedure, as it is connected to the form of court decisions. In fact, decisions rendered in a given jurisdiction and their form are in principle subject to the civil procedure law of that jurisdiction.&nbsp;In many legal systems, special types of proceedings have been created for the purpose of conducting civil proceedings in a manner that is faster and less costly. These types of proceedings allow the courts to render judgments without necessarily providing their reasoning. Considering this, we do not share the view that foreign judgments lacking reasoning always violate Turkish public policy and that thus, these judgments should never be recognized or enforced. In our opinion, it is indeed possible that a judgment not providing reasoning may have been rendered without any violation of the defendant’s right to defense. In such instances, to categorically reject the enforcement or recognition of these decisions would not be a fair or equitable&nbsp;result. The Court of Justice of the European Union’s recent decision in Trade Agency Ltd v Seramico Investments Ltd also trends in this direction. We believe that there is no reason to reject the possibility of recognizing or enforcing these types of decisions if the claimant can demonstrate to the enforcement court the source of the dispute, that the lack of reasoning in the foreign judgment is a result of the provisions of the foreign civil procedure law and that the defendant’s right of defense was not violated. This approach will also be consistent with the general practice in French and Swiss laws.However, the decision reached in the DUJ should not be generalized. In other words, the decision should not be interpreted as making it possible to recognize or enforce all foreign judgments lacking reasoning. If the claimant fails to prove that, during the summary proceedings abroad, the defendant is given the opportunity to use his right to defense, particularly the notification of the statement of claim and being informed about the consequences of his default in the proceedings, or that the cause of action is not against the law or public morality; the application for recognition or enforcement should be rejected on the grounds of the violation of public policy. It should also be borne in mind that the European Court of Human Rights accepted in Pellegrini v. Italy that recognition or enforcement by a court of a foreign judgment where the foreign court violated human rights could itself constitute per se a violation of human rights.&nbsp;In the DUJ, the reason why the foreign judgment in question lacked reasoning was not considered. Instead, only the possibility of conformity of such a judgment with the civil procedure law of the country in which it was rendered was evaluated. Yet, it is also possible that a judge may have arbitrarily rendered a judgment without reasoning; thus, the lack of reasoning might still be a violation of its civil procedure law. If the foreign court pursued summary proceedings and rendered a decision without reasoning, even though the relevant conditions were not met, this foreign judgment will both violate Turkish public policy and constitute a judgment rendered in the absence or default of the defendant within the meaning of Article 54/1(ç) of Turkish Code on Private International Law. This will also be true when the relevant civil procedure law does not even offer the judge any possibility to render a decision lacking reasoning. For both these reasons, the enforcement of the foreign judgment would have to be rejected.&nbsp;

Türk Hukukunda Gerekçesiz Yabancı Mahkeme Kararlarının  Tanınması ve Tenfizi

Metincan

ICSID Tahkiminde İspat Yükü ve Sartlarının Yolsuzluk Suçlamaları Özelinde Uygulamaları

Mehmet

The International Law Commission decided to study the general principles of law in 2018, with Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez being appointed Special Rapporteur. So far, Special Rapporteur Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez has published two very detailed reports, and discussions have been held at the Commission on these reports. The study evaluates within its scope the work done in the Commission on the basis of the two reports prepared by the Special Rapporteur.The first report examined the legal nature of the general principles of law by dividing the statements in Article 38/1-c into elements such as “general principles of law,” “civilized nations,” and “recognized,” based on the Statute of the Court. The same report devoted a large portion to examining the origin of the general principles of law, wherein is stated that the principles can be found in two different sources. Accordingly, the general principles of law may be derived from domestic laws, or general principles may exist that have emerged in the field of international law. Regarding this second group of principles in particular, different opinions emerged in the Commission and the Sixth Committee rejecting the existence of such principles or stating these to not be within the scope of the principles stipulated in Article 38/1-c of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Regarding this issue, the view the current study defends is that some general principles of law may exist that have emerged in the field of international law and that these are also within the scope of the Statute.The second report submitted by the Special Rapporteur determined the methods and criteria to be taken as the basis in determining the general principles of law derived from these different origins. In terms of the principles derived from domestic law, the report recommends a two-stage analysis, with the first stage determining the existence of principles common to the world’s major legal systems, and the second stage transposing these principles to the international legal system. As for the second group, the general principles of law that have emerged in the field of international law must first and foremost meet the requirement of recognition by the general international community.The doctrinal discussions on the general principles of law have spread over different topics. International lawyers have put forward different views on different issues such as the existence, characteristics, autonomy, and scope of this source and the relationship it has to the other two sources of law. The regulation on the general principles of law in the Statute of the Court should be stated as being a very effective solution that brings together different legal views. Thanks to this arrangement, non liquet has been prevented and remaining within positivist borders has been ensured on the condition of being recognized by “civilized nations.” In addition, with the addition of ex aequo et bono to the Statute of the Court, the general principles of law are distinct from equity.Aside from the debates regarding doctrine, the Statutes of the Courts have been accepted as a competent text by the international community, and the 38th Article of the Statutes has often been cited as a source in international law. Although open applications to the general principles of law in the practices of the World Court have been limited, the practices of both Courts, States, and other courts both before the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and after the Statute have enabled an accumulation for this source of law. In the work of the Commission, the approaches found in the practices of States and international judicial bodies toward this source of international law were taken as basis instead of the discussions existing in the doctrine on the general principles of law; the doctrine was instead used as an auxiliary source. For this reason, although all the literature in this field seems to have been reviewed in the reports, discussions on the existence of a third source in the form of general principles of law were not included. The Commission is understood to want to base its work on the fundamental sources of international law and especially State practices. In my opinion, however, mentioning the doctrinal debates would be useful in terms of understanding the general principles of law, and the opinions of lawyers from the different schools in the Commission could have been enlightening.The general principles of law are generally considered an auxiliary source as a precaution against non liquet. The report also mentioned this issue and argued that the concept of non liquet should therefore be included in the work of the Commission. I also agree with the Special Rapporteur’s view on this point because, as I mentioned previously, the general principles of law were often considered as a measure against non liquet both in the Committee of Jurists where the Statute had been prepared as well as in the doctrine after the Statute. In this respect, including this legal institution in the study would be proper.In my opinion, the absence of the relationship among equity, equitable principles, and general principles of law can be counted as a shortcoming in terms of the reports prepared so far. This issue was also voiced in the Commission negotiations. One can argue that equity may be considered a much broader subject of study. As is known in the case of the North Sea Continental Shelf, however, the Court presented the equitable principles of delimitation as a proposal to the parties in its decision, and this issue caused confusion in the doctrine in terms of its relationship to equity. Taking into account the distinctions made regarding equity as infra legem, praeter legem, and contra legem may clarify, at least on the basis of principles, which of these are general principles of law and which are equity-based methods of solution that are only to be applied with the authorization of the parties to the case. In particular, I think the problem will clearly arise on the issue of equity praeter legem, due to the possibility of interpreting one of the other two groups in terms of general principles of law and the other in terms of ex aequo et bono. Therefore, such a study will also give an idea about the ex aequo et bono solution method.&nbsp;

Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonunun “Hukukun Genel İlkeleri”  Çalışması ve Güncel Gelişmelere Dair Bir Değerlendirme

Kazım

Sınıraşan Çevre Zararı Kapsamında İnsan Hakları Andlaşmalarının Ülke Dışında Uygulanması

İnci

Galip

Prof. Dr.

Emre

Despite originally emerging as an alternative to state courts, arbitration proceedings are increasingly becoming equivalent to state courts in dispute resolution due to the advantages they offer. The paramount expectation in arbitration proceedings is that the proceedings are conducted fairly, given that binding judgments are rendered on the merits of disputes. Ensuring a fair trial necessitates adherence to the right to a fair trial, although individual states may regulate the level of scrutiny of this right in arbitration proceedings differently. This study does not focus on the extent of violations of the right to a fair trial in arbitration proceedings but instead examines whether dissatisfied individuals, lacking adequate guarantees or remedies in their domestic legal systems for addressing such violations, may seek recourse to the European Court of Human Rights. The ongoing debate revolves around whether the right to a fair trial should be applicable in arbitration, as arbitration proceedings typically operate outside the purview of state courts. If applicable, the question arises whether parties can turn to the ECtHR in case of its violation.To apply to the ECtHR for violations of the right to a fair trial within arbitration proceedings, one must meet the admissibility criteria stipulated in Articles 33–35 of the ECHR. Among these conditions, only the ECtHR’s jurisdiction ratione personae and ratione loci necessitate distinct evaluation concerning arbitration. Regarding other conditions, assessments mirror those for state courts. As parties to arbitral proceedings are usually natural persons, legal entities, nongovernmental organizations, or groups of persons, the ECtHR’s jurisdiction in personam requirement is satisfied. At this point, what is peculiar is the determination of the state against which the application is made since arbitration proceedings are independent of the state judiciary. In this context, for an application to be directed against a contracting state, the event giving rise to the violation that is the subject of the application must have been committed&nbsp;by public authorities or officials of the Contracting States, and the event must have occurred within the jurisdiction of the contracting state.&nbsp;The determination of the country establishing the ECtHR’s personal jurisdiction in arbitration proceedings relies on which state’s courts apply the ECHR for review or assistance under the horizontal effect. Typically, this is the state agreed upon by parties as the seat of arbitration. Regarding territorial jurisdiction of arbitration proceedings, it is essential to ascertain the country where arbitration proceedings are considered within the jurisdiction. Arbitration proceedings are usually deemed within the jurisdiction of the country hosting the proceedings, as such countries facilitate the proceedings through their legal regulations, provide judicial assistance, and deliver judgments akin to state court rulings, which may be legally challenged through an action for annulment or other legal means.The second possibility for potential violations of the right to a fair trial pertains to the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards. Since these proceedings involve direct engagement by state courts and have ramifications in the enforcing country, violations may trigger the ECHR’s personal jurisdiction over the contracting state. In establishing jurisdiction in terms of venue in these cases, the focus is on judicial activities and their effects. This is because the ECtHR distinguishes the duty of the enforcement court from that of the court that performs supervision and assistance activities where arbitration is conducted. Consequently, the enforcing country usually holds jurisdiction. Accordingly, in enforcing or recognizing a foreign arbitral award in Turkish courts, Turkey may fall under the ECHR’s territorial jurisdiction due to violations of the right to a fair trial, both in assessing the award’s conformity and any violations occurring during enforcement proceedings.

Tahkim Yargılamasında Meydana Gelen Adil Yargılanma Hakkı İhlaline İstinaden AİHM’e Yapılabilecek Bireysel Başvurular

Assist. Prof. Dr.

One or more persons can commit a crime, and this notion is known as participation in criminal law. The provisions regarding participation should be regulated in a penal code for individuals who participate in the crime to be punished. In terms of participation, two basic systems have been adopted, namely, monist and dualist. In the first system, a person is treated as if he/she is the perpetrator. However, the second system is based on the distinction between the perpetrator and accessory, wherein direct, joint, and indirect perpetration within the scope of perpetration and instigation as well as aiding/abetting within the scope of complicity have been accepted as forms of participation in crime as in Turkish and German laws.The institution of participation is formed within the framework of the specific principles embodied in the statutes and case laws of international courts, such as the Rome Statute, which is a part of international criminal law and the statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), and it came into force on 01.07.2002. Moreover, it has regulated participation in genocide, aggression, crimes against humanity, and war crimes accepted within the jurisdiction of the ICC. International criminal law accepted the monist system until the adoption of the Rome Statute. However, after this statute came into force, a tendency emerged toward the dualist system.According to the Rome Statute, the person who commits a crime as an individual, jointly with others, or through another will be responsible; thus, direct, joint, and indirect perpetration have been adopted (Article 25(3)(a)). Although the Rome Statute does not regulate side-by-side perpetration, it can be evaluated within the scope of direct perpetration.The rule of accessory is accepted and is expressed as “committed or attempted crime” in the provision. Furthermore, instigating and aiding/abetting are accepted as forms of accessory. Meanwhile, ordering, which is a form of instigation, is regulated as an independent form of participation. For persons who participate in the crime as instigators or aiders to be punished, the main act must have reached at least the stage of attempt. The Rome Statute does not offer penalization for failed instigation due to the rule of accessory. However, direct and public incitement to the crime of genocide is regulated as an independent type of crime regardless of the aforementioned rule.International criminal law is a discipline that addresses the most severe of the aforementioned crimes of concern to the international community with a character separate from the criminal law of nations but inspired by national criminal law. Thus, regarding criminal responsibility, its principles have emerged through a historical process. Along with the requirements of international criminal law, the doctrine of the responsibility of superiors is accepted as another modality of responsibility (Article 28), while joint criminal enterprise (Article 25(3)(d)) is regulated as an institution similar to participation.To regulate Article 28, it is aimed to extend criminal responsibility to superiors for ensuring that persons under their command comply with the laws of war. The legal nature of superior criminal responsibility is controversial in the doctrine. The arguments indicate that it is an independent, sui generis, and mixed form of responsibility. In German law, however, the arguments focus on superior criminal responsibility as an independent factual negligence crime. Moreover, an opinion holds that the superior is responsible for helping the subordinate through negligence. According to the researchers, superior criminal responsibility should be evaluated in terms of the punishability of a negligence act committed by a subordinate despite its extending nature of personal criminal responsibility. In other words, the issue is only partially independent of participation.For the provision related to joint criminal enterprise, any contribution to committing or attempting to commit a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose can be considered a form of accessory. The doctrine has discussed the legal nature of the institution, and various opinions have been suggested. One opinion has claimed that the institution was considered a form of corporation form; however, as per another opinion, it is a form of accessorial liability. According to the second view, the provision is unnecessary and is an expanded form of aiding and abetting. However, in our opinion, a joint criminal enterprise carries the characteristics of perpetration and accessory. Therefore, individuals who participate in this organization as perpetrators and accessories should be held responsible. Thus, describing it as an institution similar to participation or a mixed institution is a more appropriate approach.Finally, the impact of the jurisprudence of international criminal courts on this issue should be considered. In this context, the joint criminal enterprise is an institution developed as an institution similar to participation with the case law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.This study’s primary objective is to examine participation in crime under criminal law from the perspective of Turkish and German criminal laws within the framework of the Rome Statute and the jurisprudence of the court instead of an in-depth revelation of the difference between the Rome Statute and the jurisprudence of the court and&nbsp;customary international law. Hence, using a comparative perspective, this study will identify differences between the national law and Rome Statute. Similarly, it will mention the regulations of various countries such as France, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The study will first examine participation in crime in general, which will be subsequently evaluated in terms of international criminal law. After demonstrating the general appearance of participation in international criminal law, the subject will be examined within the framework of the Rome Statute with the intention of making deductions.

Türk ve Alman Ceza Hukuku Perspektifinden Roma Statüsü’nün İştirake Dair Hükümlerinin İncelenmesi

Zeynep Derya

The Private International Law and Procedural Law Code numbered 5718 (PIL Code) stipulates the rules that govern the recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgements under Article 50 and so forth; whereas Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law numbered 2004 (EBL) stipulates the requirements and procedures for the issuance of provisional attachment orders under Article 257 and so forth.&nbsp;Under Turkish law, for a foreign court judgement to be enforceable in Türkiye, the Turkish courts must grant an enforcement decision. Unless the foreign court judgement is enforced pursuant to Article 50 (1) of the PIL Code, it shall not be executed by Turkish courts or execution offices. Considering the volume of lawsuits and appeal mechanisms available under the Turkish legal system, enforcement can become a lengthy process. In this process, the creditor’s collection of receivables may be jeopardised because of the debtor’s abusive behaviour. At this point, the institution of provisional attachment, which restricts the debtor’s right of disposition on their property, becomes a significant tool.&nbsp;According to the established practise of the Court of Cassation, it is possible to obtain a provisional attachment order during proceedings initiated for the enforcement of a foreign court judgement. Nonetheless, it is debateable whether the receivable subject to the foreign court judgement which is yet to be enforced in Türkiye, should be considered a due receivable or an undue receivable. This classification is important because the conditions for issuing a provisional attachment order will differ and be subject to different rules. Accordingly, while Article 257/1 of EBL sets forth the conditions for receivables that are due, the second paragraph of the same provision (Article 257/2 of EBL) lists the conditions to be sought for receivables that are not due. The main difference here is that the creditor who wishes to rely on Article 257/2 must prove the bad faith of the debtor.&nbsp;&nbsp;Even if a provisional attachment order is obtained, problems arise in terms of complementary procedures and their time limits for the execution of this provisional order. According to paragraph 3 of Article 264 of the EBL, the creditor must apply for an executory proceeding within one month after the judgement is rendered regarding the case in which the provisional attachment order was obtained. Otherwise, the&nbsp;provisional attachment order will be annulled. The major problem stemming from the said provision is that under Article 57/2 of the PIL Code, an appeal to the enforcement of the foreign court judgement decision suspends execution. As the appeal suspends the execution of the enforcement of foreign court judgement, it shall not be possible to initiate executory proceedings within one month based on this decision. In such a case, the effect of the provisional attachment order will be discussed in this paper. Whether the ‘appeal’ under this provision means an appeal to the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay) or an appeal to the Regional Courts of Justice (İstinaf Mahkemesi) is also a matter of debate and will be examined in this paper.Another issue to be further discussed in this paper concerns the security required to be deposited by the claimant. Under Article 259 of the EBL Code, a claimant requesting a provisional attachment order must provide a security payment. This security is requested to cover all damages incurred by the debtor if the claimant who seeks a provisional attachment order proves to act unfairly in the future. It is controversial whether foreigners who have already deposited a security when filing a lawsuit for the enforcement of a foreign court judgement according to Article 48 of the PIL Code should also deposit a security to obtain a provisional attachment order. The controversy arises from the fact that these two securities have the same objective of securing the debtor’s rights if the claimant will be wrong in his/her claims. However, these securities are different in terms of their scope. Security deposited according to Article 48 of the PIL Code protects against damages incurred in the event of an unfair claim in terms of the subject matter of the lawsuit. On the other hand, the security deposited under the EBL Code guarantees the damages to be incurred in the event of an unfair outcome in provisional attachment order proceedings. Therefore, if the judge deems it necessary, it is possible for him/her to request security for the issuance of a provisional attachment order, and it is within the discretion of the judge to determine the amount of the securities. The need for a second payment of securities is a highly debated issue.&nbsp;In this paper, initially, the conditions for issuance of provisional attachment orders will be examined. Next, the aforementioned issues will be examined with examples from the practise and the decisions of the Court of Cassation. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the solutions for the identified problems.&nbsp;

Yabancı Mahkeme Kararlarının Tenfizi Sırasında Alınan İhtiyati Haciz Kararının İcra Edilememesi Sorunu

Firdes

Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda Kültürel Varlıkların Korunmasına Dair Vaka İncelemesi: Rusya Ukrayna Savaşı

Zobayer

Lecturer

Mahmudul

Minhajul

Güney Asya Anayasacılığında Ödünç ve Nakil: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Doğan

Birleşik Krallık Hukuk Komisyonu’nun 1996 tarihli İngiliz Tahkim Kanunu’na Reform Önerilerinin Eleştirel Değerlendirilmesi

Didem

In a surrogacy procedure, a woman consents to carry a pregnancy for another woman, intended mother, who for some reason cannot conceive. Surrogacy may be traditional or gestational. When the surrogate mother’s egg is used to produce the embryo, the method is called traditional surrogacy. In contrast, gestational surrogacy is performed by transferring embryos created via in vitro fertilisation using the eggs of a donor or the intended mother. In traditional surrogacy, since the surrogate mother’s egg is used, she is not only the biological mother but also the genetic mother. In gestational surrogacy, when the reproductive cells of a couple who wants to have a child are used, the intended mother will also be the genetic mother. In the case of egg donation, the genetic mother refers to a woman other than both the surrogate and intended mother.&nbsp;Although surrogacy is legally prohibited in many countries, due to the increasing infertility rate all over the world, those who want to have a child make agreements with surrogate mothers in countries where this method is permitted, which deepens legal problems. At this point, the first problem to be faced at the time of childbirth is the issue of legal parentage. It is a generally accepted principle in countries where surrogacy is prohibited that the woman who gives birth is the mother. Whether individuals who come from these countries and want to have a child in a foreign country where surrogacy is legal can attain legal parental status will affect many legal issues, such as citizenship, family life, establishing personal relationships, custody, maintenance, and inheritance, which are of great importance to the child. Therefore, in the case of international surrogacy, the legal framework under which legal parentage will be established is of utmost importance.Because of different regulations and approaches among countries regarding surrogacy, problems arising from international surrogacy have been the subject of European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) judgments over time. In the ECtHR judgments, the issue is generally evaluated within the scope of the right to respect for private and family life guaranteed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Besides, it is seen in the judgments that when determining whether this article has been violated, the right to respect for private life takes precedence over the right to family life. In this regard, it is observed that the violation&nbsp;is ruled in terms of the child’s right to respect for his/her private life rather than the prospective parents’ right.&nbsp;&nbsp;As a rule, the ECtHR leaves a wide margin of appreciation to States both in the regulation of surrogacy and in the recognition of a child-parent relationship established in another country. However, since the child-parent relationship constitutes an essential aspect of the child’s identity, the ECtHR narrows its margin of appreciation when assessing, on a case-by-case basis, the violation of the child’s rights under Article 8 due to the lack of formal recognition of family ties. When it comes to children, protecting their best interests is always a priority, and since genetic ancestry forms an important part of a child’s identity, it is particularly important to protect the best interests of the child when one of the prospective parents is also a genetic parent.It has been observed that some national courts in Spain, Germany and France, under the influence of ECtHR judgments, have begun to find solutions to legal parentage issues arising from surrogacy on a case-by-case basis, considering the principle of the best interests of the child. However, it is unclear whether courts in other countries where this practise is prohibited will adopt this approach. Therefore, recognising the increase in international surrogacy practises and the complexity of private international law problems arising from these practises, The Hague Conference on Private International Law began to work on a private international law instrument.Turkey is also a country in which surrogacy is expressly prohibited by law. However, the legality of surrogacy in neighbouring countries, especially in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, as well as Greece, Ukraine, and Georgia, strengthens the possibility of problems arising in Turkey due to international surrogacy. The law applicable to the legal parentage of a child born through this method must be determined according to Article 16 of the Turkish International Private and Procedural Law (MÖHUK). However, since this provision reflects the approach in which the mother is always identifiable, it is highly ambiguous in terms of how well it can serve to protect the best interests of the child born through surrogacy. Because this article, which is regulated under the assumption that the egg belongs to the woman giving birth, and the sperm fertilising the egg belongs to the husband of the woman giving birth, does not have a structure that can ensure the establishment of parentage between the intended parents and the child. Therefore, considering that the Hague Conference’s work will take time to become finalised and applicable, and the prevention of the establishment of legal parentage between the child and the intended parents may result in violation of Article 8 of the ECHR, it would be appropriate to resolve the issue of legal parentage arising from international surrogacy with a paragraph to be added to Article 16 of MÖHUK.

Milletlerarası Taşıyıcı Annelik Sonucu Doğan Çocuğun Soybağına Uygulanacak Hukuk

Ahmet

Big Tech Marketlerdeki Öldürücü Devralmalarda Yetersiz Denetim: AB Birleşme & Devralma Tüzüğünün Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi

Necdet

Res. Assist. Dr.

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the United States carried out a “Rendition, Detention and Interrogation Programme”, which involved the capture, unlawful detention, and interrogation of persons suspected of involvement in the War on Terror. It is accepted by government officials and legal experts close to the administration that, İn the context of the “global war on terror”, the United States has resorted to many practices whose compliance with international law is highly controversial. At the heart of these practices has been the extraordinary rendition programme, which some trace back to the Clinton administration and others to the capture of the Lebanese hijacker Fawaz Younis in international waters during the Reagan administration. Regardless of when it began, scholars have agreed that it gained both momentum and diversity under George W. Bush administration. The Rendition, Detention, Interrogation Programme, of which extraordinary rendition is a significant part, was officially terminated by President Barack Obama in an executive order issued on January 22, 2009.&nbsp;The practice of extraordinary rendition has different manifestations and definitions. Because it is not possible to discuss each of these definitions in this study and because it is the first definition adopted by an international court, the definition adopted by the European Court of Human Rights in the United Kingdom Intelligence and Security Committee is taken as the basis. According to this definition and as used in this study, extraordinary rendition is “the unlawful transfer of persons from one jurisdiction or state to another, where there is a real risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, for the purpose of detention and interrogation outside the ordinary legal system”.Although the programme officially ended in 2009, it continues to be a subject of ongoing scrutiny under international human rights law. One reason for this is that the effects of the Programme are still felt nearly 15 years after its official termination. The Guantanamo Bay detention centre, which has “housed” 779 detainees since 2002, a significant number of whom were subjected to the Programme, has not yet been evacuated. Moreover, numerous developments in the international political arena regarding the programme remain. For example, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism repeatedly referred to the practice of extraordinary rendition in his 2023 report on Guantanamo Bay detainees. International human rights organisations continue to mobilize international public opinion on this issue. Most importantly, the programme’s journey before international&nbsp;judicial and quasi-judicial bodies is far from complete. As of January 16, 2024, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that six different rights had been violated (and some rights in more than one respect) in a case brought by one of the victims of the Programme. Also on September 12, 2023, a shadow report on Guantanamo detainees was submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee.&nbsp;It is clear that the extraordinary rendition Programme, by its very nature, leads to human rights violations on many fronts. Furthermore, by nature, this programme requires cooperation between States. It is interesting that more than 50 states, some of which have very good human rights records, were partners in that programme. This study focuses on the reasons for this cooperation and aims to provide a theoretical description of the actions that facilitate or complicate joint violations of international human rights law.The first part of this study examines the practice of extraordinary rendition in terms of its main stages and explains why it is contrary to international law, particularly human rights law. The programme, inter alia, violates the prohibition of torture, the right to liberty and security, the right to a fair trial, the right to a family life and the right to an effective remedy. The second part discusses why states might have participated in such a Programme. With this focus, the first section of the second part first maps cooperation and shows, on the basis of official data, which states have contributed to the Programme and what measures they have taken. This shows that states with excellent to very poor human rights records participated in the Programme. It then examines why different states have engaged in this cooperation. This section first presents the main factors that have been proposed to explain why states cooperate in general and then considers their possible manifestations in the practice of extraordinary rendition.None of the international relations theories of cooperation can fully explain the interstate cooperation in this programme. This paper argues that the fact that the extraordinary rendition programme entails gross violations of human rights provides a new dynamic to cooperation and that states participating in the extraordinary rendition programme have a greater tendency to trade off human rights for national security interests. Indeed, a comparison of states that participated in the rendition programme with those that did not shows that their votes on human rights issues in the UN General Assembly overlap significantly with those of the United States.

Olağan Dışı Teslim Örneğiyle Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku İhlallerinde Devletlerarası İş Birliği

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Ceren

Rumeysa

&nbsp;The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which contains concrete provisions for persons in need of international protection, defines refugee status and sets the basic standards for obtaining this status, is the first source to be used against gender-based persecution. Although the provision of the Convention limits the sources of fear of persecution to certain grounds and gender, which constitutes one of the largest groups in the face of such persecution, is not listed among the grounds that may give rise to the fear of persecution, it is widely accepted that gender has a determining effect on the form and causes of treatment constituting persecution, and in this context, it is foreseen that the correct interpretation of the article will not exclude the concept of gender. Therefore, the refugee status remains the main instrument offering international protection to individuals against gender-based persecution. However, the fact that the criteria stipulated in the Geneva Convention of 1951 have not been expanded on a normative basis and that human rights treaties guaranteeing the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals do not ultimately provide for a special protection status necessitates the existence of statuses called complementary protection/subsidiary protection, especially for individuals who fall outside the definition of refugee in the face of gender-based persecution. The so-called complementary protection/subsidiary protection statuses extend the protection granted to the individual by both stretching the concept of persecution/(reducing it to the level of serious harm) and not limiting it to certain grounds. However, it should be noted that the emergence of complementary/ subsidiary forms of protection as a result of the need to offer protection to persons who are not refugees leads to the conclusion that the refugee status acts as a threshold in the assessment of this protection. If, because of assessment, the person has not been able to obtain refugee status, it is accepted that only then should an assessment be made in terms of complementary/subsidiary protection. This acceptance is not only a consequence of the nature of the complementary/subsidiary protection status but also a requirement of the state party to the Geneva Convention of 1951 to fulfil its international obligations. This is because complementary/subsidiary protection statuses are largely based on national legal regulations. The existence of complementary/ subsidiary protection statuses on a national basis not only weakens the protection provided to the individual but also causes the boundaries of the envisaged protection to diverge, thus making state practises in this direction less uniform. This situation raises the need to regulate complementary/subsidiary protection statuses by an international convention. This is because an international convention granting protection status to an individual significantly affects/expands the scope of the rights and freedoms granted to these individuals and ultimately offers a stronger protection as it puts states under an international obligation in the light of the independent nature of human rights treaties from the principle of reciprocity. At this point, the Istanbul Convention comes to the 2 fore in terms of emphasising the protection offered against gender-based persecution.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Istanbul Convention implicitly extends the protection provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention and complements the protection provided by the 1951 Geneva Convention by facilitating access to international status despite gender-based persecution. The Istanbul Convention gives a normative character to the complementary protection against gender-based persecution on an international basis and serves to transform protection into an international obligation for states. As a party to the Geneva Convention of 1951, Turkey’s legislation on foreigners’ law is regulated in line with the provisions of the Convention. The refugee status under Article 61 of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458) is defined within the scope of the Geneva Convention of 1951. The international protection statuses regulated in Article 62 (conditional refugee status) and Article 63 (subsidiary protection status) are based entirely on Turkey’s domestic legislation and are not covered by the Convention. Under Article 63, before a person can be examined for subsidiary protection status, an examination under Articles 61 and 62 must have been conducted. However, in practise, applications are evaluated without following this order. This is a clear violation of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458) and the Geneva Convention of 1951. Asylum applications must first be examined in terms of (conditional) refugee status. As a result of the lack of detailed explanations of the concepts of “serious harm” and “persecution” in the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (No. 6458), the issue of who will be granted subsidiary protection status in practise and under what standards and principles becomes unclear. Further clarification of the content of these concepts in the law would contribute to the situation.&nbsp;The study also examines the cases of individuals fleeing the armed conflict in Ukraine, especially those who have experienced sexual violence. These individuals, particularly women, may qualify for asylum under the Geneva Convention on the grounds of membership in a particular social group. However, one of the critical challenges in the asylum process is the difficulty refugees face in articulating their experiences during interviews. This can result in their inability to demonstrate the fear of persecution necessary to obtain refugee status. The study emphasises that fear should be assessed objectively, recognising that even if an individual’s fear appears less intense than average, it does not negate the existence of persecution or a credible risk thereof. Decisions on whether gender-based violence falls within one of the five grounds under the Geneva Convention of 1951 are examined in relation to applications based on domestic violence, sexual assault, sexual orientation, certain surgical interventions on genitalia and forced marriage. It is concluded that in these applications based on sexual violence, whether the applicants have been persecuted on account of their membership of a particular social group should be addressed as a matter of priority. Cases where people seek asylum in Turkey not individually but through a mass migration movement are discussed separately in the study. In this regard, there are persons who should be granted temporary protection status in &nbsp;accordance with the Temporary Protection Regulation. Under Provisional Article 1 of the Temporary Protection Regulation, temporary protection status is granted to persons who came to Turkey “asof 28.04.2011 due to the events that occurred in the Syrian Arab Republic”. Therefore, persons covered by the Regulation cannot be included in the individual application process, even if they are victims of sexual violence. However, in our opinion, it is right to criticise the fact that the Regulation, rather than the law, stipulates this issue.

Cinsiyet Temelli Zulme Karşı Uluslararası Hukukta ve Türk  Hukukunda Sağlanan Koruma Statüleri

Ahıska Türklerinin Ülkelerine Geri Dönme Hakkı

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Esen

The subject of our study is an action brought to state courts regarding a dispute subject to arbitration and the determination of parties’ objections related to arbitration. The respondent may raise an arbitration objection in the case appearing before the state court and the claimant may plead that the arbitration agreement is invalid. On these claims, it is important to determine the scope of the review to be carried out by the court. Before going into the scope of the review, it’s important to address briefly the relevance of a foreign seat and its effects according to Turkish arbitration law. An important result of the determination of a foreign state as the seat of arbitration under Turkish law is that the dispute would fall outside of the scope of the Code on International Arbitration No. 4686. However, in cases where a foreign state is designated as the seat of arbitration, the International Arbitration Code art. 5 regulating the arbitration objection will be applied to the dispute. IAC art. 5 stipulates that if an action is brought before the court in a matter which is subject to an arbitration agreement, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the court. The acceptance or refusal of the objection and disputes concerning the validity of the arbitration agreement are subject to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code regarding the preliminary objections. If such objection is accepted, then the court shall dismiss the action on procedural grounds. Although it is accepted in the article that the court will dismiss the action in case of a valid arbitration agreement, detailed provisions regarding the standard of the review and the validity of the arbitration agreement are not included. Two main opposite views have been accepted in the doctrine regarding the scope of the review. According to the first group of authors the court should, determine the validity of the arbitration agreement after a full review and in case of a valid arbitration agreement, refer the dispute to arbitration. And according to the second view, the court should only look for an arbitration agreement, thus carry out a prima facie review and in case of the existence of an arbitration agreement, refer the dispute to arbitration. In this case, the arbitral tribunal shall have the competence to decide on its own jurisdiction according to the principle of Competence-Competence. It’s important to determine which standard of review should be adopted by Turkish courts when the seat of arbitration is in a foreign country. UNCITRAL Model Law art. 8, 1958 New York Convention art. II/3, Civil Procedure Law art. 422 all include the provision that unless the arbitration agreement is “null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed” the dispute should be referred to arbitration. It can be deduced from the wording of these articles that the court should carry out a full review and determine the validity of the arbitration agreement. In the doctrine and in the jurisprudence of Swiss courts, it is agreed that the court should decide whether the arbitration agreement is valid in cases where the seat of arbitration is in a foreign state. It is emphasized that otherwise the principle of natural judge would be violated. After determining the scope of the review, the law applicable to the validity of the arbitration agreement is examined in the second part of the study. According to the article 4 of the International Arbitration Code, “The validity of the arbitration agreement is subject to the law agreed by the parties, failing such agreement to Turkish Law.” This article provides for the law applicable to the arbitration agreement, however it cannot be applied where the seat of arbitration is in a foreign country. As there is no other rule or provision regulating the applicable law when the seat is in a foreign country, there is a legal gap in Turkish law regarding this matter. Several views and methods have been put forward in the doctrine on how to fill the gap regarding the law applicable to the arbitration agreement. According to the first view, Article 4 of the International Arbitration Code should be applied by analogy and Turkish law should be applied to the arbitration agreement. The second view also applies Article 4 by analogy however the authors consider that the underlying principle of this article is the “seat of arbitration” and state that the law applicable should be the law of the seat. It is also argued that the applicable law can be determined by application by analogy of the article V/1/a of the New York Convention. And finally, the law applicable to the arbitration agreement can be determined according to the conflict of law rules on the law applicable to the contracts, thus article 24 of the Code on Private International Law and International Procedure Law. In our opinion, it is possible to fill this gap with the application of the provisions of the Code on Private International Law and International Procedure Law, which contains general rules regarding the disputes including a foreign element. In cases where there is no provision in the lex specialis, namely the Code on International Arbitration, it is possible to refer to the aforementioned Code. Article 62/f of the Code on PIL which regulates the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards can be applied by analogy. According to this article, the law applicable to the validity of the arbitration agreement is subject to the law designated by the parties, or in the absence thereof, to the law of the place where the arbitral award is rendered. Thus, in the absence of any choice of law by the parties, the law of the seat of arbitration should apply

Yabancı Bir Devletin Tahkim Yeri Olarak Kararlaştırıldığı Hallerde Tahkim Anlaşmasının Geçerliliğine İlişkin Türk Mahkemelerinin Yapacağı İnceleme ve Uygulanacak Hukuk

Today’s commercial and economic life has a character that transcends the borders of countries. Knowledge and expertise gain importance in this economic structure. Therefore, in many fields such as consultancy, banking, the medical sector, education, law, architecture, which require expertise, the contract of mandate has a wide application area. As a matter of fact, the contract of mandate manifests itself in many cases together with the representative authority or, more precisely, requires the representative authority raising the question of which regulations will be subject to the contract status and which law to be applied to the representative authority. Due to the similarity between the contract of mandate and the representative authority, the resolution of the qualification dispute is very important in the determination of the applicable law to the contract of mandate. Since, according to the qualification methods (lex causae method or lex fori method), gray areas can be evaluated within the scope of the representative authority or contract of mandate. In the determination of the subject, it is necessary to evaluate the areas touching the representative authority as a whole and to be subject to the same law. At the beginning of these areas, sub-power of attorney, substitution of mandate and the cases required special representative authority come together. These institutions should be considered within the concept of representative authority and subject to the law of the state in which the agent has his place of business according to Article 30, paragraph 2 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law (Act No. 5718) that regulates the representative authority. This is because these institutions dispose the conditions under which acts of the agent bind the principal in relation to third parties. Therefore, possible legal conflicts that may arise as a result of subjecting gray areas to different legal systems will be prevented. On the other hand, the case that several persons conclude a contract of mandate as agents according to the substantive law and those of agents do not act together as a representative, cause an agency without authority. In the same way, when the substitution of mandate is available, the lack of authority to delegate the power of representation to another person as a representative or the authorization that is not given in cases where special representation is required lead to the agency without authority. Since the conditions required to be accountable the principal to third parties for the acts of agents are deficient in these cases, this deficiency falls into the application area of the Article 30, paragraph 2 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law. The law to be applied to the indirect representation is always connected with the basic legal relationship with the substantive law and should be considered as its integral part. Therefore, the indirect representation should be subject to the law applied to the basic legal relationship. Outside of the grey areas, the applicable law to the contract of mandate shows parallelism with the general “contract status”, in other words “the law applicable to contractual obligations”. In the absence of a choice of law, the applicable law to the mandate will be governed by the most connected and closest law to the contract of mandate in accordance with the objective connecting factor that should be specified according to the characteristic obligation of mandate. In the contract of mandate, it is accepted that the characteristic obligation is the service obligation of the agent. This objective connecting factor is the habitual resident of the agent or if the contract of mandate was concluded in the exercise of a professional or commercial activity, where the agent has his place of business. Having regard to the complexity of today’s economic relations, the possibility of a more closely related law will be strengthened. Considering the state of all affairs, if there is a law more tightly related to the contract of mandate, that particular law shall govern the relationship between the parties in accordance with Article 24, paragraph 4 of the International Private and Civil Procedure Law. The exceptional application of the exception clause will be more important than the expected situation of this disposition in the present case. It should be noted that doctors, engineers, architects, lawyers, counselors, notaries, dentists, veterinarians and banks who have the capacity to act as agent in the contract of mandate will often perform their obligation of service on their own place of business. Accordingly, in the absence of a choice of law in these professional activities, the law which the objective connecting factor determines, will often be considered as the more closely related law with the contract of mandate.

Vekâlet Sözleşmesine Uygulanacak Hukuk

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Şafak

Surrogate motherhood has become one of the most interesting and complicated issues of family law in domestic laws as well as in private international law. The wellaccepted certainty of the ‘mater semper certa est’ principle of Roman law has started to lose potency with the development of new reproduction techniques. The different national legal provisions and applications have become the reason for the rise of international surrogacy tourism. It has been observed that the once rigid approach of European countries in this matter has become softer following the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Mennesson and Labassee. The subject in Turkish law is partly regulated and the practice of surrogate motherhood is prohibited. In our study, we attempted to approach the subject from different perspectives in terms of comparative law and recent ECHR decisions. In this way, we wish to make a contribution to the discussion and potential legal framing and harmonization in Turkish law. Surrogate motherhood has recently turned into a global operation because couples who face legal prohibition of surrogacy in their own countries head towards those countries which allow the process. Nonetheless, this process does not function smoothly especially because of the associated legal and ethical problems. Moreover, the legal problems of transnational surrogate motherhood, issues such as the legal validity of the conditions of the surrogacy agreement, the parties to the agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties in case of breach of contract, the legal and ethical nature of the contract, and the parentage issues are the main topics for discussion. Cases regarding surrogate motherhood initially started to engage public attention in the 1980s. The legal cases ‘Baby Cotton’ (Britain) and ‘Baby M’ (USA) have had serious repercussions across the world and have brought forth the legal and ethical issues regarding the process. The current and famous international cases such as ‘Baby Donna’ (Belgium), ‘Baby Manji’ and ‘Balaz Twins’ (India), ‘Baby Gammy’ (Australia-Thailand) have followed these cases. National legislators are now faced with this new and interesting element in family law, confirming that the practice of surrogate motherhood is steadily increasing. In comparative law, countries may be divided into three categories according to their legal policies on surrogate motherhood: 1. Those countries known as ‘import countries’ in the doctrine because that they do not currently allow surrogate motherhood in their domestic law. Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Italy, Spain and Turkey are in this first category. 2. Those countries where no legal regulations regarding surrogate motherhood exist or where the process is allowed in domestic law under strict conditions and supervision provided that the willing couples are entitled to nationality or permanent residence e.g. Belgium, Holland, New Zealand, Brazil. 3. The third group is referred to as export countries, including certain states in the United States (e.g. California), Russia, Ukraine, Israel, India and Greece. These countries accept both transnational and domestic surrogacy. Those countries belonging to categories I. and II. have long refused parental authority for willing couples of babies who were already born in countries which allow surrogate motherhood based on the grounds of ‘contradiction to public policy’, ‘fraud against law’ or incompleteness of other requirements. Nonetheless, it is possible to say that the rigid approach of European countries in this area has softened since the EHCR decisions in Mennesson and Labassee case. In Turkey, there was no specific legal regulation (in terms of ‘code’) for a long time regarding having a child by assisted reproductive technologies and surrogate motherhood – although the legal aspect of the subject was partly regulated by a by-law. Evaluating the legislation of the foreign countries that have prohibited the surrogacy, it was truthfully criticized in the doctrine that such a legal prohibition of surrogate motherhood should have been set forward rather by the will of legislator, but not the administration. Finally, there have been amendments to Law 2238 on the Harvesting, Storage, Grafting, and Transplantation of Organs and Tissues, by Law 7151 on the Amendment of Certain Laws and Decree Laws enacted in Official Gazette 30616 dated 05.12.2018. Accordingly, surrogate motherhood is legally prohibited by power of these amendments. (Non-commercial) Surrogate motherhood should also be accepted as a legal possibility de lege ferenda and should be the subject of an extensive and detailed legal arrangement and supervision as it is the case in Israel, in case there is no other medical choice left. It is possible that surrogacy can come to be a useful alternative solution, provided that the arrangements aiming at the protection of the child and the parties to the application are carried out under strict supervision. As evidenced by the increasing number of cases of surrogate motherhood, disregarding what the science of medicine provides and, moreover, legal prohibition of its practice is not a long-term solution. Since the surrogate motherhood agreement is a private law contract, it will be more appropriate to allow the implementation of this application in the event that no one can be forced to become a party to the contract. Furthermore, the application is considered as a last resort when the usefulness of the application is taken into consideration and the other means are officially depleted. Hence, we believe that the legal arrangements should be made to facilitate the establishment of paternity with the willing father and mother. In the face of medical developments in reproductive methods, the silence or prohibition of the law will violate the rights of individual/families to have children and their rights to reproduction. We would like to express that surrogacy has been prohibited not just because of the ethical aspects of the subject matter, but also the legislator may probably have thought of avoiding the problems to be occurred in the practice.

Aile Hukukunda Zor Bir Dönemeç: Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Bakış Açısıyla Taşıyıcı Anneliğe İlişkin Güncel Gelişmeler

Burcu

The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) in its Code of Professional and Ethical Conduct for Members, defines ethical rules as “a set of moral principles according to which one should conduct one’s affairs”. It is common for parties in international commercial arbitration cases to be represented by one or more party representatives registered with multiple bars or not registered with a bar at all or even by a layperson, when permitted. Moreover, often, the seat of arbitration can be where neither party’s representative is licensed. This brings up the question of which ethical rules shall be applicable to the parties’ representatives, who shall be the competent authority in case of breach, whether the arbitral tribunals have legitimate power to sanction the parties’ representatives and so on. Long before the current discussions on the necessity to adopt a Code of Ethics for parties’ representatives, Professor Michael Reisman affirmed in 1971 that parties’ representatives should be subject to regulation at an international level. The International Bar Association (IBA) published the IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in its IBA Guidelines on 23rd May 2013 specifically regulating the conduct of party representatives in international arbitration proceedings. According to the Guidelines, it shall apply where and to the extent that the Parties have so agreed, or if the arbitral tribunal, after consultation with the Parties, wishes to rely upon them after having determined that it has the authority to rule on matters of Party representation to ensure the integrity and fairness of the arbitral proceedings. Furthermore, the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) Rules came into force on 1st October 2014 with an Annex entitled General Guidelines for the Parties’ Legal Representatives (LCIA Rules). Contrary to the IBA Guidelines, the LCIA Rules apply to all arbitration conducted under the auspices of the LCIA commenced on or after 1st October 2014. Finally, the Singapore Institute of Arbitrators (SIArb) published Guidelines on Party-Representative Ethics (SIArb Guidelines) on 26th April 2018 and the American Arbitration Association (AAA) together with the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) published Standards of Conduct for Parties and Representatives (AAA Standards). Uncertainty regarding the ethical rules applicable to party representatives as well as the differences in the application and appreciation of the above-mentioned regulations lead to two concerns: the use of guerrilla tactics by party representatives in an attempt to derail arbitral proceedings and the absence of a level playing field for parties and their counsel in international arbitration. Existing guidelines and rules deal with common areas of concern, including the party representative’s duty to ensure the integrity and fairness of the arbitral proceedings, duty of candour or honesty owed to the arbitral tribunal, the promotion of the good and equal conduct, limitation of the communication with witnesses, the other party and arbitrators. However, it is clear that existing regulations do not provide a solution for all the existing ethical problems, such as contingent fees, third party funders, lawyer-client privilege, and confidentiality of settlement negotiations. Some scholars called for the creation of a Global Code of Ethics, a uniform set of rules applicable to all party representatives at an international level. However, other scholars expressed concerns that the super production of rules and guidelines may bring more harm than the benefit it is supposed to bring and is a threat to one of the biggest advantages of international arbitration which is the procedural flexibility. One of the biggest problems regarding the application of ethical rules to party representatives in international arbitration is the absence of a competent authority who is able to enforce the said rules in case of a breach. The IBA Guidelines as well as the LCIA Rules give arbitral tribunals the power and duty to sanction breaching party representatives. It is understandable knowing that the arbitral tribunals are vested with wide powers and in the best position to supervise and prevent unethical behaviour. An alternative would be to give the power to sanction party representatives to arbitral institutions - as did the AAA in its Standards of Conduct - by recording party representatives that do not conduct themselves in an appropriate manner in the Institute’s black lists. Finally, the Swiss Arbitration Association (ASA) suggested the creation of a Global Arbitration Ethics Council, a transnational body charged with the enforcement of ethical principles. In November 2015, an informal working group was chaired by the ASA in which several known arbitration associations and institutions participated. After reviewing empirical data collected from bar councils all over Europe and the US, the group held a second meeting and reached the conclusion that the “time has not yet come” to form an international body charged with the enforcement of ethical standards. This article suggests that, before calling for radical changes such as the implementation of a Global Code of Ethics or the creation of a transnational body charged with the enforcement of ethical principles, it should be deeply analysed whether arbitral tribunals are able to deal with ethical issues under current regulations.

Uluslararası Ticari Tahkimde Taraf Vekillerine Uygulanan Etik Kurallar ve Uygulamada Karşılaşılan Sorunlar

Berk Hasan

Doğu Tahkiminin İslami Finans Uyuşmazlıklarını İngiliz Mahkemelerinin Elinden Alma Yolundaki Süreci

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İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Münasebetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi tarafından 1981 yılından bu yana düzenli olarak çıkarılmakta olan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), ulusal ve uluslararası akademik çevreleri hedeflemektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’a gönderilen makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki sayı hâlinde yayınlanan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)'da yayımlanması istenen bilimsel çalışmaların Haziran sayısı için en geç 31 Mart tarihine kadar, Aralık sayısı için ise en geç 30 Eylül tarihine kadar gönderilmesi gerekmektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da, milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarının farklı boyutlarını, adalet ve hukuk temellerinde ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası özgün çalışmalar ile bu alanlarda yayınlanmış olan kitaplara dair incelemeler ve ilgili yargı kararlarına dair değerlendirmelere yer verilmektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), esas olarak (a) milletlerarası hukuk (b) milletlerarası özel hukuka özgülenmiş bir dergidir. Daha detaylı bilgi için amaç ve kapsam sayfamıza bakınız

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İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Münasebetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi tarafından 1981 yılından bu yana düzenli olarak çıkarılmakta olan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), ulusal ve uluslararası akademik çevreleri hedeflemektedir. Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’a gönderilen makaleler çift-kör hakemlik sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Haziran ve Aralık aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki sayı hâlinde yayınlanan Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)'da yayımlanması istenen bilimsel çalışmaların Haziran sayısı için en geç 31 Mart tarihine kadar, Aralık sayısı için ise en geç 30 Eylül tarihine kadar gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da, milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarının farklı boyutlarını adalet ve hukuk temellerinde ele alan disipliner veya disiplinlerarası özgün çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır. Böylelikle dergimiz milletlerarası hukuk, milletlerarası münasebetler ve milletlerarası özel hukuk konularına giren meseleleri yakından takip ederek ve ilgili çalışmaları yayınlayarak bu konularda faaliyet gösteren kişilere yardımcı olmayı hedeflemektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da milletlerarası hukuk ve milletlerarası özel hukuk alanlarında yazılmış özgün makalelerin yanı sıra, bu alanlarda yayınlanmış olan kitaplara dair incelemeler ve ilgili yargı kararlarına dair değerlendirmelere de yer verilmektedir.Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL)’da; esas olarak (a) milletlerarası hukukta ve (b) milletlerarası özel hukukta aşağıdaki konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:(a)    Milletlerarası Hukuk:1. Milletlerarası Hukuk (Tarihçesi, felsefesi, teorileri, kaynakları, kişileri, milli hukukla ilişkileri vs.)2. Milletlerarası Hukuk Kişiliği ve Tanıma (Devletler, Hükümetler)3. Ülkesel Egemenlik ve Devletin Yetkisi4. Milletlerarası Hukukta İşlemler: Tek taraflı işlemler ve Andlaşmalar Hukuku5. Milletlerarası Barış ve Güvenlik Hukuku ve Kuvvet Kullanma Yasağı6. Milletlerarası İnsan Hakları Hukuku7. Milletlerarası Çevre Hukuku8. İnsancıl Hukuk (Silahlı çatışmalar hukuku) 9. Milletlerarası Teşkilatlar Hukuku10. Milletlerarası Deniz Hukuku11. Milletlerarası Ekonomi Hukuku12. Devletin Hukukî Sorumluluğu13. Milletlerarası Ceza Hukuku14. Milletlerarası Mülteci Hukuku15. Milletlerarası Uyuşmazlıkların Barışçıl Yollarla Çözümü (Diplomatik, Yargısal)16. Milletlerarası Hava ve Uzay Hukuku17. Milletlerarası Sınıraşan Sular ve Akifer Hukuku(b)    Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk:1. Milletlerarası Özel Hukukun Genel Prensipleri2. Milletlerarası Usul Hukuku 3. Milletlerarası Adli Yardım4. Kanunlar İhtilafı Kuralları5. Milletlerarası Yatırım Hukuku6. Yabancılar Hukuku (Yabancıların Sosyal Hakları, Mülkiyet Hakkı, Eğitim Hakkı vb.)7. Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku 8. Yerel Mahkemelerin Milletlerarası Yetkisi9. Yabancı Mahkeme ile Yabancı Tahkim Mahkemesi Kararlarının Tanınması ve Tenfizi10. Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukuku11. Milletlerarası Özel veya Usul Hukukuna İlişkin Sözleşmeler Hukuku12. Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümleri13. Milletlerarası Ticari Tahkim14. Göç Hukukukonularına dair çalışmalara yer verilmektedir. Bu her iki branşın göç ve mülteci hukuku, yatırım hukuku gibi yer yer iç içe geçen konuları da interdisipliner bakış açısıyla hukuki incelemelere konu olmaktadır.

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR DizinDOAJERIH PLUSEBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceSOBİADGale Cengage

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.Geri ÇekmeDergi geri çekme durumunda <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE Retraction Guidelines</a>’ı izler. Editör, aşağıdaki durumlarda bir makaleyi geri çekme hakkına sahiptir: <ul><li>Büyük bir hata (örn. yanlış hesaplama veya deneysel hata), uydurma öğeler  (örn. veri) veya tahrifat (örn. görüntü manipülasyonu) gibi bulguların güvenilmez olduğu sonucunu çıkarmaya dair açık kanıtlar varsa; </li><li>İçerikte intihal varsa; </li><li>Uygun atıf yapılmadan başka bir yerde yayınlanmışsa;</li><li>Kullanım izni olmayan materyal veya veri içeriyorsa;</li><li>Telif hakkı ihlali veya başka bir ciddi yasal sorun varsa;</li><li>Etik olmayan araştırma içeriyorsa; </li><li>Hakem değerlendirme sürecinin bozulduğuna veya manipüle edildiğine dair kanıt varsa;</li><li>Yazar(lar), editörün görüşüne göre, çalışmanın yorumlanmasını veya editörlerin ve hakemlerin tavsiyelerini önemli derecede etkileyebilecek, kritik bir çıkar çatışmasını açıklamamış ise.</li></ul>Geri çekme durumunda aşağıdaki adımlar izlenir:<ul><li>Makale başlığını da içeren geri çekme bildirimi derginin bir sonraki sayısında yayınlanır. Geri çekme bildirimi  içindekiler tablosunda sayfa nosu verilerek listelenir. </li><li>Elektronik versiyonda geri çekme bildirimi ile orijinal makale arasında link sağlanır. </li><li>Online makaleden önce geri çekme bildirimini içeren sayfa gelir; okuyucu daha sonra makalenin kendisine geçebilir.</li><li>Orijinal makale, her sayfadaki .pdf üzerinde “geri çekildiğini” belirten bir filigran dışında değişmeden kalır.</li></ul>Yasal Nedenlerle Makalenin KaldırılmasıAşağıdaki durumlarda, üst veriler (başlık ve yazarlar) hariç olmak üzere, makale metni kaldırılır ve makalenin yasal nedenlerle kaldırıldığını bildiren bir sayfa makalenin yerini alır. <ul><li>Makalenin karalayıcı içerik ihtiva ettiği veya başkalarının yasal haklarını ihlal ettiği tespit edilir ve geri çekmenin yeterli bir çözüm olmadığı düşünülürse;</li><li>Makale bir mahkeme kararına konu olmuşsa veya olacağına dair makul bir neden varsa;</li><li>Kamu sağlığı açısından önemli bir risk söz konusu ise;  </li></ul>

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Public and Private International Law Bulletin  yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir. Dergi, şüpheli başvurular, suistimal ve şikayetler ile karşı karşıya kaldığında COPE'nin ilişkili akış şemalarına ve yönergelerine uygun hareket edecektir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.- Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.- Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.- Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.- Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.- Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.- Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.- Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.- Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.- İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal desekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

DilDerginin yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir.PPILYazım ve Atıf Kuralları1. Genel Hususlara) Kısaltmalarda nokta kullanılmamalıdır.b) Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa, her bir eser noktalı virgül ile ayrılmalıdır.c) Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmamalıdır.d) İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmemelidir.e) Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmemelidir.2. Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250’şer kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.3. Anahtar Kelimeler / Keywordsa) Öz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.b) Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.4. Extended Summaryİngilizce olmayan makaleler için (Örn: Türkçe, Almanca, Fransızca vb. dillerdeki makaleler) makalede yazar tarafından ileri sürülen görüşleri ve varılan sonuçları kapsayacak mahiyette 800-1000 kelime genişletilmiş özet 5. Mevzuata Yapılacak Atıfa) Türk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıdaki örnekte gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:Örnek  2Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153b) Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflar, OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır.6. KitaplarKitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Örnek [Tek yazarlı kitaplar]:3 B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th edn, Beta 2017) 165.Örnek [Çok yazarlı kitaplar]5Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86ff.8 Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Vedat 2018) 322.7. Editörlü KitaplarEditörlü kitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek  9 Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin   İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel and Faruk Kerem Giray  (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve     Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5. 8. MakalelerMakalelere yapılan atıflarda makaleye ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek 11 Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’    (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.14 Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.9. Elektronik KaynaklarElektronik kaynaklara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek 17 Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)     EJLT &lt; <a href="http://ejlt.org/article/view/17" target="_blank">http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 </a>&gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.10. Web Siteleri ve BloglarWeb sitelerine ve bloglara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Web Sitesinin Adı, Eserin Yayın Tarihi) &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek 21 Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) &lt;www.nakedlaw.    com/2009/05/index.html&gt; Erişim Tarihi 19 November 200911. Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  5 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 5) 112.27 ibid 114-115.12. Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:Örnek  28 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.31 Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.13. Yargı Kararlarına veya Davalara Atıfa) Türk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.b) Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde, ABAD kararlarına ise OSCOLA’nın 2.6.2 bölümünde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.c) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek  Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.14. KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilmelidir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilmelidir:Örnek  Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.  Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf</a> Milletlerarası hukuk atıfları için ayrıca bkz. OSCOLA 2006 Citing International Law Sources Section: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_2006_citing_international_law.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_2006_citing_international_law.pdf  </a>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale Gönderme KılavuzuMakaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:Editöre mektup<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin türü</li> <li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li> <li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4. Edisyon'a’göre belirtildiği</li> <li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li> <li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/32E749BEC40E452A9A5B6F1A1876A7B6" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li>Makale dilinde ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Türkçe ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary) </li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Makale Gönderme <ul type="disc"> <li>Makalenin gönderileceği Dergipark sayfası adresi:  <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ppil</a></li> <li>Makale ana metninin dosyasını (Main Document)  yüklerken, çift taraflı kör hakem süreci gereği, bu dosyanın yazar kimliğini deşifre eden hiçbir unsur barındırmadığından emin olun. Makale ana metni dosyası (Main Document) başlık sayfasını (Title Page) içermemeli; yazar adı geçen ya da yazar adlarını ifşa edebilecek bölümler içermemeli (Örneğin: Teşekkür, her sayfada tekrar eden ve yazar adlarını içerebilen başlık).</li> <li>Ayrıca, ek olarak yüklediğiniz Supplemental File for Review türü dosyalarda da yazar kimliğinin ifşa edilmediğinden emin olun. ​</li> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li>Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li> <li>Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li>Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li>Makal&#65279;e Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>Türkçe ve İngilizce başlık</li> <li>Özetler 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve İngilizce</li> <li>Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary) </li> <li>Finansal Destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Çıkar Çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li>Kaynaklar</li> <li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>

1. Genel Hususlara) Kısaltmalarda nokta kullanılmamalıdır.b) Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa, her bir eser noktalı virgül ile ayrılmalıdır.c) Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmamalıdır.d) İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmemelidir.e) Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmemelidir.2. Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 200-250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.3. Anahtar Kelimeler / Keywordsa) Öz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 3 en çok 5 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.b) Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 3 en çok 5 keywords kullanılmalıdır.4. Extended SummaryTürkçe makalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği 800-1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.5. Mevzuata Yapılacak Atıfa) Türk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıdaki örnekte gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:Örnek     2Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153b) Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflar, OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır.6. KitaplarKitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Örnek [Tek yazarlı kitaplar]:3 B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Örnek [Çok yazarlı kitaplar]5Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.8 Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.7. Editörlü KitaplarEditörlü kitaplara yapılan atıflarda kitaba ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek     9 Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerinİncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel and Faruk Kerem Giray  (eds), Milletlerarası Aile veÇocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.8. MakalelerMakalelere yapılan atıflarda makaleye ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan SayfaÖrnek    11 Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’(2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.14 Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.9. Elektronik KaynaklarElektronik kaynaklara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek     17 Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)EJLT &lt; <a href="http://ejlt.org/article/view/17" target="_blank">http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 </a>&gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.10. Web Siteleri ve BloglarWeb sitelerine ve bloglara yapılan atıflarda esere ilişkin bilgiler şöyle sıralanmalıdır:Yazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Web Sitesinin Adı, Eserin Yayın Tarihi) &lt;Linki&gt; Erişim Tarihi.Örnek     21 Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) &lt;www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html&gt; Erişim Tarihi 19 November 200911. Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     5 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 5) 112.27 ibid 114-115.12. Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:Örnek     28 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.31 Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.13. Yargı Kararlarına veya Davalara Atıfa) Türk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.b) Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde, ABAD kararlarına ise OSCOLA’nın 2.6.2 bölümünde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.c) Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Örnek     Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.<ul type="disc"> <li>Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <li>Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.</li> </ul>14. KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilmelidir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilmelidir:Örnek     Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf</a>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektupü    Makalenin türüü    Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisiü    Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)ü    İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)ü    İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığıü    Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiğiü    Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3C33B667CF1542BB8CF854C9093BEBC3" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a>ü    Makalenin türüü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleriü    Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosuü    Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri●    Makale ana metniü    Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığıü    Özetler: 200-250 kelime Türkçe ve 200-250 kelime İngilizceü    Anahtar Kelimeler: 3-5 adet Türkçe ve 3-5 adet İngilizceü    Makale Türkçe ise, 800-1000 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract)ü    Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)ü    Kaynaklarü    Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/03356BB9AEEB4472894184CB71CAAA37" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/52EA9F4E1C3D4D83822489CEBC4C03F7" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	İnci Ataman Figanmeşe, Galip Engin Şimşek
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

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