Emine

Assist. Prof.

From the ancient thinker Heraclitus to Benjamin as one of the thinkers of the last century, youth and old age have either been excluded or included when dealing with the objectivity and historicity of the subject. Youth and old age can be said to be accepted as direct indicators of the temporality of the subject that has been drawn in the intelligible sphere within the process, and therefore they accompany the history of philosophy by being excluded or taken to heart. This is because Being young and being old signify being in the rupturing power of time, which not only brings everything but at the same time takes everything away (Heidegger &amp; Fink, 2006, p. 188). For this reason, many philosophical theories are seen to exclude youth and old age when addressing the subject’s objectivity and to include these when addressing the subject’s historicity. According to Heraclitus (88th Fragment, n.d.), who claimed that everything is subject to the flow (panta rei), the law regarding life transforming into death is the one and the same law of youth turning into old age. According to Plato, an aged person is one who has achieved a measured and wise spirit by remaining away from temporary whims such as passion and desire (2010, p. 328e). With regard to Aristotle (1997, p. 123), however, youth and old age are studied together through experience, and the reason why a youth who knows geometry and mathematics cannot be rational is that they lack the experience of old age. Therefore, youth and old age have been ontic and ontological subjects in terms of the subject design that would be constructed regarding formation and decomposition throughout the history of philosophy, because for the design of the modern subject, mortality is as resistant to thought as it is to the idea of immortality (Adorno, 2016, p. 337).During antiquity when philosophy was accepted as wisdom, due to man being subject to time like all other beings, man did not constitute a subject in the intelligible field. Alongside man’s subjection to time not constituting a problem for the thinkers of antiquity, the passage of time and aging were even seen as conditions for wisdom as intended by philosophy. According to common belief in the thoughts of antiquity, the relationship between man’s way of knowing and wisdom progresses naturally due to the purpose and function of a thing being intertwined. For this reason, the thinkers of antiquity from their point of view did not consider epistemology and ethics, which question the possibility of knowing and the source of knowledge, separate from one another. Man naturally has the ability to know and is both a social and ethical being with no categorical distinction existing between the two. On the other hand, philosophy is an activity that on one hand researches the principles of coexistence and that which is designed to keep something alive while on the other hand attempting to distinguish the various characteristics and abilities of humans from other beings. However, the methods and sources of knowledge that change and transform with the process also transform the disciplines that create this struggle, such as how humans have transformed the ways of understanding and explaining nature, the universe, the world, and themselves.&nbsp;While the holistic perspective of philosophy had shaped scientific methods during antiquity when philosophy was determinant, the objectivity of the sciences has shaped the methods of philosophy in the age when the science of the nature of mathematics is determinant. One of the processes through which this transformation can be traced is the transformation of man into the subject as established in the intelligible sphere and thus guaranteeing its objectivity. This has become possible by suspending the structure of man that is subject to time and the individual experience one gains over time. In the modern period where man is conceived as the subject and human existence is affiliated with the ability to think, temporality has begun being recognized as the most significant obstacle to objective knowledge. This is because in modern thought where the purpose of philosophy is the possibility of objective knowledge instead of wisdom, the reference point of objectivity is the subject that has been established in the intelligible sphere as conscious existence. Due to being established in the intelligible sphere, the modern subject is no longer a human subject to time or able to age (to be experienced): It is objective and immortal. Modern philosophical theories that aim to design man as an objective being in the intelligible sphere attempt to eliminate the elements that are subject to time by analyzing them and to ascertain the aspects that remain unchanged and that enable objectivity. This approach, which had started with Descartes and reached its zenith with Kant, began being criticized again in the modern period because eliminating historicity from the analysis of experience, experience being the basis of subject analyses, is seen to be impossible, and the possibilities of the objective design that gave room to historicity and that could establish its legitimacy are being challenged.Walter Benjamin was the thinker who noted the interest of this debate that modern philosophy had conducted as a problem of method in the form of objectivity and historicity through how the concept of experience itself had been constructed and through which concepts it was expressed. According to Benjamin, the basic question of modern thought is whether experience will be handled as the sum of lived experiences and attributed to man, or if experience will be attributed to the subject by designing it in the intelligible sphere. Benjamin drew attention to the fact that the concepts used for experience by Kant and Hegel, the defining names in the debate on objectivity and historicity, were not accidental, pointing out that Kant preferred Erfahrung [journey], whereas Hegel preferred Erlebnis [to live]. Stating Erfahrung to imply youth, which implies the dynamism and permanence contained within, and Erlebnis to imply experiential knowledge and old age, which can only be achieved by living, Benjamin presented a critical perspective that encapsulated the problem of modern objectivity and historicity.&nbsp;This study attempts to show how youth and old age had been included as indicators of human historicity and also been accepted as what molds knowledge in antiquity, when experience was addressed as the sum of all that has yet been experienced. However, the study indicates that the subject in the modern era, where experience has been designed as an objective and universal plane in the intelligible sphere, has been designed not as an aging, experiencing creature but as an immortal being and also indicates why and how temporality has been excluded on account of objective knowledge. The importance of youth and old age for the current study and for a philosophical reading is the meaning their having been excluded through a modern approach carries due to them not being accidental elements that just indicate the physical and mental changes of individuals as singular beings but also being indicators of the temporality of the subject as established in the objective sphere. For this reason, aside from defending the criticisms of Walter Benjamin and Kojin Karatani regarding how the subject cannot be a project that is able to be designed and completed in the intelligible sphere, the study also supports the argument regarding how the still-current philosophy Cicero had put forth regarding old age and the interests of philosophy should preserve the holistic view of human beings instead of the view that eliminates the historical structure and does not allow objectivity. The study attempts to make this defense by rethinking modern theories using the idea of experience, which philosophy in antiquity had revealed as the love of wisdom and in which the human being had been considered as a whole. For this purpose, the study will point out theories that involve youth, which signifies the structure of the subject that is subject to formation and decomposition (i.e., time), and that in particular involve old age, which signifies that which has been experienced and temporality; the study will also reexamine from this perspective the texts of Plato and Aristotle, which are accepted as the founding texts of philosophy, and point out how the need for a holistic view of human beings (similar to the other humanities) is still relevant in terms of philosophy by referring to Cicero’s theories on old age and experience.&nbsp;

Öznenin Nesnelliği ve Tarihselliği Problemi Açısından Gençliği  ve Yaşlılığı Yeniden Düşünmek

İlknur

Öğretim Görevlisi

Mehmet

Prof.

The percentage of the elderly population has increased dramatically in Turkey (Turkish Statistical Institute [TurkStat], 2022a), as in the rest of the world (World Bank [WB], 2022). The most important differentiation in the aging process are the differences in life expectancy with regard to gender. When associating this case with marital status as frequently encountered in Turkish society (TurkStat, 2022b), this situation means that women have years that need to cope with on their own after the death of men. For this reason, the concept of widowhood emerges as a significant conceptualization for elderly women in particular. In fact, the percentage of males aged 65+ who are widowed in Turkey is 11.4%, while this rate rises to 47.4% for elderly women (TurkStat, 2022a).The place where life is maintained comes to mean the cultural values, norms, rules, and a life balance for the individual. The experience of aging is also linked to the locale, habitat, and the economic, social, and political relations that occur in a way that is tied to the locale (Şentürk, 2015). Rural to urban migrations have increased through the influence of the modern world (Arun &amp; Çakıroğlu, 2011), and the percentage of the elderly in rural areas where living standards have not improved has increased (Arslan et al., 2018). Being in a rural area provides elderly individuals with advantages (Shenk &amp; Christansen, 1997) and disadvantages (Coles, 2001).As another topic emphasized in the study, social relation is the bond established through mutual interactions that creates meaning between those interacting (Canatan, 2016). The bonds that are maintained through relations between people of all ages are called social networks (Litwin, 2001). Social networks have positive contributions through many aspects such as individuals’ well-being (Barett &amp; Lynch, 1999), quality of life, health status (Antonucci, 1986), life satisfaction (Anderson, 1983), and preservation of independence (Barett &amp; Lynch, 1999; Kneale, 2012). A circular and hierarchical diagram is used when showing social networks and support relationships. The individual is at the center of the system formed from three concentric circles. Others find themselves placed in the circles according to the relationships they have with the individual. The closest circle is limited to the few people who are the hardest to do without (Kahn &amp; Antonucci, 1980). The individuals in the middle circle, while not very close to the person of focus, are still important to them (Antonucci, 1986). Even if those in the outermost circle are not the first to come to mind, they are people who are valuable to the individual. The relationships with those people are likely to be roledependent and short-term (Nadoh et al., 2004). This mapping provides significant convenience in understanding social support relationships and the other social support models used in the literature. The research benefits from the convoy, task specificity, and hierarchical encounter models in order to understand the support networks of elderly widows who’ve been repositioned in society by having their old roles changed.&nbsp;Being old (Turner, 2017), being a woman (Sevak et al., 2003), being a widow (Osorio-Parraguez, 2013), and living in a rural area (Butler, 2002) have generally been associated in the literature with disadvantages such as neediness, dependency, poverty, vulnerability, and limited access to opportunities. Therefore, understanding the social worlds of elderly widows in rural areas is important. This research aims to analyze the perspective these individuals have toward their social networks, what they expect from the networks, and the effects social networks have on their lives. By examining social relations and understanding social expectations, coping, and social support, a cultural view is revealed regarding the interactions elderly widows in rural areas have with their surroundings. The research uses the qualitative research method as well as the phenomenological research design in order to understand the expressions of the individuals participating in the research. The research was carried out between June 4-29, 2019 in the Çandır and Sarımehmetler villages of Sütçüler District in Isparta province with 30 widowed women between the ages of 59 to 90 who were reached using the maximum diversity sampling technique to achieve the desired diversity. A semi-structured form was used in order for the participants being in-depth interviewed to be able to comfortably express themselves. The duration of the interviews varied between 15-45 minutes, and the finding were interpreted using descriptive analysis.The main themes in the research are the relationships with family and neighbors, who are the people closest to the individuals in the contexts of kinship and distance. The sub-themes formed within the main theme of family relations focus on the participants’ relationships with their children, grandchildren, and siblings. The family can be said to largely shape the individuals’ social positions. Some participants mentioned having good relations with their elderly parents. Their relationships with their parents who are not in need of care continue at the social, economic, and psychological levels. The participants are seen to have actively established relationships with their adult children socially, psychologically, economically, and physically. The two parties can be argued to be sources of support for one another as well as ones who make decisions about each other’s lives. The children can additionally be said to be the first to take responsibility for their elderly parents. Their relations with their grandchildren are seen to be interpreted as generally good. Many of the participants were observed to answer this question smiling. The participants can be said to want be a part of their grandchildren’s lives, although they have few conversations and phone calls with the grandchildren than with their own children. Relationships formed through blood ties such as children and grandchildren are not easy to replace. Still, it’s also not impossible. Severed ties can be substituted, especially with other children or grandchildren. Sibling relations tend to decline with age. Individuals who transfer their energy and resources to their children or grandchildren generally have psychosocial relations with their siblings. Siblings are an alternative source of support in times of crisis and stress. Inheritance and dividing up property are the main problems in sibling relations.The social environment involves neighbors who, while not family members, still have more or less of an influence on the individual’s life. Long-term neighborly relations in rural areas can be argued to mean a shared history with these people. Neighborly relations can be said to be affected by various life events and daily relationships. Cases where these relations are not good can be stated to cause unhappiness in terms of the individuals. These relations can be claimed to continue at the psychosocial support level, as in relationships with siblings. Despite having hierarchical ties, however, a strict stratification can be claimed to not be possible when dealing with family and neighbors. As a result, the elderly widowed female participants who live in rural areas can be said to want to continue being a part of their social networks by doing their part.Individuals can be said to take good relationships as a reference while forming relationship hierarchies. Again, the relationships that people who are further from the individual in the relationship circle have with the individual can be claimed to be impacted by the attitudes of those who are closer to the individual. Different arrangements of the relationship circles are also observed to have been made. Despite the relationship circle being functional, it cannot provide detailed information. Unique relationship circles should be created for individuals instead of just writing a three-part descriptions for everyone. Individuals should establish their relationship hierarchy on their own. Therefore, the presence of expanding multiple circles needs to be mentioned again by emphasizing on more time that the circles are centered around the individual.Parent-child relationships are prominent in matters that require more energy and sacrifice, such as with care and economics. However, grandchildren, siblings, and neighbors are sources of support for tasks that can be paid right away. Therefore, the one being called for help varies in accordance with the topic, as stated in the task specificity model (Cantor, 1979). The person being called may also vary according to the situation, environment, or time in addition to the task. Therefore, the concept of the situation-specific relation model can be used in place of the task specificity model for a broader conceptualization.&nbsp;

Sosyal İlişkilerin Taraflarından Biri: Kırsaldaki Yaşlı Dul Kadın

Berfin

Assoc. Prof.

The subject of aging is one of the most studied subjects in a number of scientific fields such as medicine, sociology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and political science, and the reason is that the world population is rapidly aging. Aging is a subject that is studied at macro and micro levels and can be addressed individually and socially, with the social positioning of the physically and physiologically aging body being of interest to many social scientists, especially sociologists. Age represents two basic processes in the lives of elderly people. First of all, age reflects the physiological aging process. Certain chronic health problems occur with advancing age, and many activities decline with age due to increased frailty. Secondly, aging is associated with various social, cultural, and economic changes. Changes in social roles with advancing age are mainly due to social, cultural, and economic changes rather than just physiological. The habitus also transforms in the aging body, which is faced with social, economic, cultural, and physical losses. For this reason, how the aging body is perceived by the elderly individual and society also shapes the individual’s sense of self. This study discusses the approaches of biomedicine and the sociality of aging, two areas that have adopt opposing approaches to the aging body, and what these two approaches’ positions are regarding the aging body. The study will firstly address the biomedical approach in light of Michel Foucault’s criticisms of it, then it will examine the body as an agent and identity as well as its sociality through Bourdieu’s basic concepts of habitus, types of capital, and field. The study centers on the following argument: The aging body, which in a sense needs biomedicine to maintain life and diagnose and treat diseases, is trapped between biomedicine and the sociality of the body.Biomedicine studies the body in terms of two states: healthy or ill. In parallel with this, the aging body according to biomedicine is seen as a machine in need of correction. Things exist that medical professionals need to do for the aging body, just like how a machine that does not work properly needs to be repaired. Professionals have adopted a medical view that allows them to be objective when examining and treating patients (Giddens, 2012). However, this medical view also has its drawbacks. First of all, biomedicine considers aging as a pathological problem and ignores the basic social and behavioral processes of aging. Therefore, biomedicine does not fully consider the individual’s culture, socio-economic status, social position, gender, or values. Michel Foucault criticized biomedicine’s approach to the body and the aging body. According to Foucault (1977), the body is not natural but is produced and reproduced through medical knowledge. The discourse of medical power plays a dominant role in managing social relations and medical power, which allows individuals to be categorized as ill or healthy. Medical power is produced and reproduced by medical knowledge during every diagnosis and treatment. On the other hand, medical professionals as the subjects of biomedicine manage power relations using established discourses in their own language. Foucault’s criticisms of biomedicine also focus on this point. Foucault questioned how the power inherent in scientific discourse shapes how one sees the world and how people relate to others and themselves. He criticized the way bio-power (or bio-politics) directs societies with the help of technology. He also problematized the power of having a say in matters such as birth, death, reproduction, fertility, and life span, as well as in the regulatory and controlling power of society.According to Bourdieu’s (1986, 1997, 2005) point of view, the habitus of the individual and one’s types of capital become resources in the social struggles carried out in different social areas. One of these struggles is aging. Individuals can overcome the disadvantages of old age that result from society’s negative view toward old age by using their habitus and cultural, economic, social, and symbolic capital. However, the opposite is also possible. While aging, an individual may experience a decrease in these types of capital. A decrease in economic capital due to increased poverty, as well as a decrease in social capital due to loneliness and exclusion are both possible. In addition to these and in connection with the four types of capital, habitus also determines the place of the individual in society within the aging process. Habitus also changes through the new experiences gained with old age and the increase in cultural capital, and biomedicine needs to consider all these changes in its approach to the aging body.&nbsp;

Biyotıp ve Yaşlılığın Toplumsallığı Arasında Sıkışan  Yaşlanan Beden: Foucault ve Bourdieu Perspektifinden Bir  Değerlendirme

Saliha

“Guest worker” migration from Turkey to Germany had its 60th anniversary on October 30, 2021. It began in 1961, and in the recruitment of workers based on the Rotation Principle, the residence period in Germany was determined to be one or two years. Neither migrant workers nor the German society imagined that the migrants would choose to remain in Germany.This study was carried out on first generation immigrants of Turkish origin who traveled to Germany from Turkey, eventually reaching old-age there. With the secondary analysis method, the existing literature was investigated and the research on the first generation in various fields were analyzed. With the data obtained, the living situation of the first generation has been discussed from perspectives, such as demography, health, economy, need for help, and elderly care. With the findings obtained, this study aimed to produce a situation analysis and situation assessment of the first generation of Turkish migrant workers in Germany.The annual patrol of the Labor Agreement between Turkey and Germany was celebrated on November 30, 2021, with the President of Germany, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, organizing an invitation at the Bellevue Palace on September 10, 2021, on the occasion of the “60th Anniversary of the Labor Agreement with Turkey.” Citizens of Turkish origin from many professional groups participated in this event. President Steinmeier began his speech by reading German translations of the following lines of the song “Gurbet” Song composed by Özdemir Erdoğan in 1972 about those who went abroad:“What should I do when I am abroad? Tell me if it’s possible to live far away from the yard.”In addition to the fact that the labor agreement reached 60 years as of 2021, the preparation process of this study also coincides with another very special process in Germany. The ruling German government has accelerated its efforts to enact a new citizenship and dual citizenship law, which is planned to be passed by the parliament in the first months of 2023. This law is part of the coalition agreement made by the coalition government. In the event that this law is passed, many immigrant groups in Germany, who have been regarded as “guest workers” until now and considered as “foreigners” who do not have the necessary conditions for obtaining citizenship, will have the right to obtain German citizenship.According to this new law, the possibility of dual citizenship for them will not be subject to any major conditions. For example, while knowing written and spoken German well was a very important condition for obtaining citizenship before, with this law, it is sufficient for the first generation to express themselves in an understandable&nbsp;language. It was stated that migrant workers over the age of 67 already fulfill the requirements to obtain citizenship.Before moving to the labor migration agreement between Germany and Turkey and when the migration from Turkey to Germany began, it is necessary to briefly mention the Marshall plan that led to migration to Germany and the developments it brought for the country.In short, after the end of the Second World War, economic problems began to emerge in Germany. After a harsh winter, food, energy supply, and transportation collapsed in the country. With the help of the United States and Great Britain, greater disasters were prevented from occurring in Germany. The Marshall Plan is the name of the development plan that was made under the leadership of US Secretary of State George C. Marshall to compensate Europe for the economic collapse that occurred after the Second World War and to develop the economy of European countries.&nbsp;With the financial aid sent from the USA in 1948, Europe, and especially Germany, entered a period of rapid development. The largest part of these aids was sent to West Germany which had rapid growth as a result of these aids.This rapid growth has been called the “Wirtschaftswunder” or “Economic Miracle”. Since there was not enough labor force in the country for the production realized at that time, employment agreements were made with various countries.The “Guest Worker” migration, which began with the employment contract between Italy and Germany in 1955, was followed by contracts made with Spain and Greece in 1960. As stated above, a contract was signed with Turkey on October 30, 1961 (Aydın, 2019). Further agreements were made with countries such as Morocco in 1963, Portugal in 1964, Tunisia in 1965, and the former Yugoslavia in 1968 (Düzgün, 1996: 34).Following the Labor Migration Agreement signed in 1961, a one-year contract was signed with 400 workers from Turkey to work in a mine, with 55 of these workers arriving in Germany on November 27, 1961. The plans of the first generation who immigrated to Germany from Turkey were to work as hard as possible in Germany during the planned two years, to save as much as possible, and to make an investment in Turkey with these savings. For some, this investment was to buy a house or own a tractor, while for others, it was to buy a shop and carry on their previous work without paying rent.The employers’ and workers’ unions in Germany soon concluded that employment based on the rotation principle should be abolished and the incoming workers should remain in the country. As a result, the principle of rotation was abandoned and a new agreement was signed with Turkey on September 30, 1964, with the two-year residence restriction subsequently being lifted. Despite the abolition of the rotation principle,migration, which the first generation imagined to complete with a definite return after a few years of work, was postponed due to economic, social, and political issues experienced in both countries. For these reasons, the first generation, who delayed their return, brought their wives and children to Germany through the Family Reunification Act of 1974, after hiring was canceled in 1973. The number of immigrants of Turkish origin in Germany has continued to increase through family reunification. With the arrival of the families, the idea of returning was not abandoned. The thought shifted to returning to their homes with their children and spouses after gaining financial savings that would facilitate their families’ lives in Turkey.Although the first generation were generally male workers, women were given priority in recruitment after 1968. Women recruited from Turkey after 1968 were primarily employed in the electrical industry, helping in the production of precision mechanics. Women’s hands were seen as more suitable for working in this field due to their smaller size and more delicate nature. As such, priority to recruit women was given for the new wave of workers from Turkey.Migration from Turkey began with the guest worker migration in 1961 and continued with the migration of family members in the 1970s. This was followed by political refugee migration in the 1980s, and further by the migration movements triggered by the fight against terrorism in the 1990s. It has been observed that two more forms of migration have been added to this since the 1990s: student migration and highly skilled labor migration (Aydın, 2019). Qualified labor migration still continues, with the law planned to be enacted in 2023 potentially making it easier to come from Turkey to Germany in the coming years.Today, Germany is one of the countries with the largest immigrant population in Europe. About 60 years ago, only one percent of Germany’s population consisted of foreign nationals. The group of Turkish “guest workers” who arrived in 1961 comprised one percent of the total population of all foreigners.With a population of 22.3 million foreigners as of 2021, immigrants constituted 27% of the total population (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2022). Today, 2.85 million immigrant citizens with a background from Turkey live in Germany. Citizens of Turkish origin living in Germany constitute 24.4% of citizens with a migrant background. Accordingly, 3.5% of the total population in Germany consists of citizens of Turkish origin (Schührer, 2018, s. 14), making up the largest demographics of foreigners in Germany (Destatis, 2017).Living status of senior citizens with Turkish origin in GermanyThe biggest difficulty in describing the living situation of senior citizens in these 60 years is the limited data which exists. The current literature analysis provides limited information on the living conditions during the migration years. Until the 2000s, there are no long-term studies in this area that can be considered as a precedent. For this reason, the opportunity to analyze the complex factors that determine the living situation of immigrants in old age remains limited. Although research has begun on the living conditions of the elderly with immigrant backgrounds after the 2000s, it is not sufficient to make a satisfactory due diligence on the living conditions of the elderly with an immigrant background.With the available data, immigrants of retirement age in Germany are struggling to survive in the economic, health, and social areas at this stage of their lives. It is seen that the elderly immigrants of Turkish origin are faced with many health problems in their later years due to the living conditions specific to immigration. Again, the difficulty of working conditions negatively affected the health of immigrants physically and psychosomatically, and as a result, early retirement became inevitable. Early retirement also means receiving less pension. Although the need for help and care in old age is high among the elderly with an immigrant background, only one out of ten people can receive professional help and care in old age. The needs of the older migrant elders are balanced by intergenerational cooperation. However, due to the changing living conditions in the lives of the second and third generations, it is seen that the need for the care and assistance of the elderly people with an immigrant background cannot be met with intergenerational solidarity in the future. For this reason, it is necessary to open the way of professional/institutional assistance and care in old age to elderly people of Turkish origin.Elderly people of an immigrant background, who were considered to be “guest workers” for Germany until a short time ago, are now considered an indispensable part of the country. The new citizenship bill, which is currently being prepared and is considered to be passed by the parliament in the first months of 2023, enables immigrants over the age of 67 to new and dual citizenship, considered as a “thank you” for their efforts for Germany. In the years when the 60th anniversary of the migration is left behind, it is accepted that the first generation has contributed to the development of Germany and is a part of the German society. The question of “when will they return” has long been set aside.&nbsp;Still, the living conditions of these citizens of immigrant origin, who have contributed to Germany’s development, need to be improved by providing them with the same living opportunities as the citizens of German origin, by offering other rights and opportunities, just as the country is planning on granting the right of dual citizenship. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine the needs of the immigrant elderly and to ensure that the relevant institutions provide the service that can meet the demands of this group who has proven to be important to modern German history.&nbsp;

Gurbet Die-Fremde  Almanya’ya Göçün 60’ıncı Yılında Türkiye’den Almanya’ya  Giden İlk Kuşak

Feruze

Çilem

The World Health Organization (WHO) established a policy framework in 2002 in order to promote healthy and active aging for adapting to the changes brought about by demographic aging and urbanization worldwide. WHO launched the age-friendly cities project in 2005 as a continuation of the active aging policy. Age-friendly cities are those that provide access to every conduit of the aging society and transform their existing structures and services in order to meet their needs. The Hague Municipality became the first city in the Netherlands to become a member of WHO’s age-friendly cities network. The Hague Municipality aims to be a city where senior citizens continue their lives happily, actively, and with dignity and put the Actieprogramma Haags Ouderenbeleid [Action Plan for the Hague’s Senior Citizen Policy] into practice for this purpose. The aim of the action plan is to preserve senior citizens’ independence, strengthen their personal identity, and increase their self-confidence. Projects are also being developed within the framework of the action plan for individuals with dementia. The current study evaluates the Haags Ontmoeten [The Hague Meeting] as an exemplary project. The Hague Meeting project was developed for senior citizens and their informal caregivers by Stichting Xtra in 2017 with funding from the Hague Municipality. Many different institutions that senior citizens frequent visit, participated in the project. Senior citizens are able to participate in a variety of activities in their own neighborhoods by meeting at the project partner institutions. Professionals and volunteers provide senior citizens and their caregivers with information, assistance, and support at various time using different methods. This project makes all the services senior citizens and their caregivers need easily accessible. Program coordinators have an important role in developing a social infrastructure focused on senior citizens. The project’s primary target audience are vulnerable senior citizens (i.e., the frail elderly). Frailty in senior citizens involves a process where deficiencies regarding physical, psychological, and social functions accumulate, and this increases the likelihood of adverse health consequences such as functional limitations. 19,800 vulnerable senior citizens were covered by the first phase (2017-2019) of the project in the area served by the Hague Municipality. The number of registered volunteer caregivers in the Hague for the elderly is 8,064. The exact number of voluntary caregivers with a migrant background is unclear. The main reason for this situation is that they do not describe themselves as caregivers. According to 2017 data, 1,558 senior citizens and 246 caregivers received services within the scope of the project. This number was targeted to double by the end of 2019. Another condition for the use of the funds allocated for the project is the development of a quality standard for the services provided within the scope of the project. All institutions involved in the project had to achieve these standards of quality within the specified time.According to 2017 data, 1,558 elderly individuals and 246 caregivers people received services within the scope of the Hague Meeting project. According to the fund’s terms of use, this number was targeted to double by the end of 2019. In 2019, 2,903 senior citizens and 604 informal caregivers received services, and the goal was reached. No official data exists regarding how many of the people receiving services within the scope of the project have a migrant background. Observations regarding the applications are that older people with a migrant background do participate in these activities, but some groups such as Turks and Moroccans are underrepresented. Although these groups need these services, Turks and Moroccans do not sufficiently benefit from the provided services. When addressing the caregiver dimension of the issue, caregivers with non-Western immigrant backgrounds are also seen to not make enough use of the provided services. This is mainly because they do not see themselves as caregivers and are not familiar with the term mantelzorg [informal care].During the project’s implementation, internal employees came together at the meetings that were held every three months. Different meetings were held for each region, and the employees shared the developments that were important for the project. Despite reducing the number of project coordinators having been previously requested, the number of project coordinators has not yet changed. Three program coordinators continued to serve in 2021, and the number of venues included in the Hague Meeting project also increased to 50 in 2021. More venues for people with a migrant background have been added to the project, so more people with a migrant background are being served. The share of the people who play a key role in spreading this service is important.The Hague Meeting policy was evaluated in 2019, and positive results were seen to have been obtained; however, qualitative improvements were required on some issues. Among these issues are adapting spaces and developing stricter standards of quality so that social citizens with loss of control can benefit from them more frequently. Due to the target being reached, the Hague Meeting has been included among the basic structural services of the Hague Municipality since 2020.The project generally obtained positive results, but the same results could not be obtained for Turkish or Moroccan senior citizens. This study recommends that the project coordinators invest in key people so that the Hague Meeting project reaches the immigrant senior citizens.&nbsp;

Yaş Dostu Kentler: Lahey Kentinden İyi Uygulama Örneği

Hatice

People associate old age with a decline in productivity, abilities, and independence in all aspects of life. In today’s capitalist societies, the accumulation, education, and experience of the elderly are ignored, and the elderly are discussed in terms of their role as consumers and their economic burden. These false beliefs negatively affect the integration of the elderly with society and benefit from social welfare services. As a result of all these issues that elderly individuals may face, ageism emerges and they might be exposed to discrimination in their social and social lives. When the literature on discrimination against elderly people was examined; it was seen that studies are being conducted in various countries to determine attitudes toward the elderly among various professions and student groups. When the literature on students studying in different fields is examined; it has been seen that studies are showing that students have negative attitudes toward older individuals and studies show that they have positive attitudes.The attitudes of gerontologists, who are among the primary professionals involved in the provision, planning, and organization of services for the elderly in our country, are among the factors influencing the quality of service to be provided to the elderly. They work with the elderly in a bio-psycho-social aspect and are expected to have the fewest stereotypes and prejudices toward the elderly, as are all professionals in the field of elderly welfare. However, as it affects the forms of relationships established with the elderly, which brings age discrimination with it, stereotypes such as avoiding spending time with the elderly, not wanting to communicate, and not spending effort to get to know and understand the elderly are often internalized without realizing it. As a result, it is both a human and professional responsibility to conduct the necessary studies to identify discriminatory attitudes and behavior, as well as stereotypes that may cause discrimination, in order to develop basic strategies and approaches to combat discrimination, in collaboration with gerontologists who must practice their profession without any discrimination. It has been observed that there are few studies in the relevant literature that directly address the age discrimination levels of the students of the gerontology department. The fact that students in the Department of Gerontology have more positive attitudes than other students supports the idea that education focused on science and care of the elderly can change negative stereotypes and prejudices. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that differentiate the age discrimination levels of the students of the Gerontology Department of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Health Sciences.The age discrimination levels of the students of the research gerontology department; is a quantitative design study using a descriptive type of relational survey model, which aims to predict socio-demographic characteristics and characteristics related to elderly individuals. The main research question of the study is What are the factors that differentiate the age discrimination levels of the students of the department of gerontology? in this context. The study sample consisted of 208 undergraduate students studying at the Gerontology Department of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Health Sciences, who voluntarily accepted to participate in the research. Personal Information Form and Fraboni Ageism Scale were administered to the students who agreed to participate in the study.The total mean score of the individuals participating in the study on the Fraboni Ageism Scale was found to be 60.95±9.78, with the lowest score on the scale being 41, and the highest score being 96. The mean stereotypes subscale score of the scale was 32.25±5.87, the lowest score was 16, and the highest score was 49; the mean score of the avoidance subscale was 17.96±4.70, the lowest score was 10, and the highest score was 32; The mean discrimination subscale score was 10.74±2.91 points, with 6 being the lowest score, and the highest score was 19 points. In this regard, it was found that the attitudes of gerontology department students toward age discrimination were generally positive. These results are also similar to the results of the research in the literature showing that the attitudes of the students of the gerontology department, faculty of nursing, faculty of medicine, and elderly care program towards the elderly are positive.When the mean scores of the students from the Fraboni Ageism Scale were evaluated based on their descriptive characteristics, the gender of the students, the place they lived the most, their family type, the status of the students who have previously lived in the same house with their elders, the duration of living together; it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of age discrimination according to where their grandparents currently live and whether they want to live with their parents in the future. It was found that as the education level of the students of the Department of Gerontology increased, their average scores on the Fraboni Ageism Scale decreased significantly and their positive attitudes increased. According to the literature, the higher the grade level of students studying in various departments, the more positive the students’ attitudes toward older individuals. It is expected that as the education and training level of the individuals increase, they will develop more positive attitudes towards the elderly and old age, as well as a different perspective toward the rights and lives of the elderly.The content of the education of the students of the Department of Gerontology focuses entirely on the field of aging; it is seen that they have a multidisciplinary field that includes social work, sociology, psychology, biology, health, social care, and social policies. The fact that the attitudes of the students of the Department of Gerontology have a more positive attitude supports the view that education focused on the science and care of the elderly can change negative stereotypes and prejudices. In the literature, studies were showing that the attitude toward ageism is less in society or among individuals who receive old age education and have awareness of old age. According to the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis research on the prevention of ageism; it was determined that the students developed positive attitudes toward elderly individuals as a result of the training provided to them and their interaction with the elderly individuals. These initiatives have been shown to reduce the negative consequences of ageism significantly. It is believed that the students of the Department of Gerontology have positive attitudes toward ageism because these students complete their applied courses in different areas such as nursing homes, care centers, and elderly living centers, which necessitate constant contact and communication with the elderly person and that this experience has a positive effect on the knowledge and attitudes they have gained.&nbsp;

Gerontoloji Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Yaşa Dayalı Ayrımcılığa  (Ageism) İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi

Furkan

Farklı Bağlamlarda Yaşlanma ve Yaşlılık Olgusu

Ayşe

Farklı Ülkelerdeki Yaşlanma Araştırmalarına Yakından Bakmak

Sultan

İhtiyarlığın Övülmesi Üzerine

Murat

Elif

The rapid growth and aging of the world’s population pose considerable challenges. While in primitive times, only a fraction of the population reached old age, in modern times, the majority attaining old age raises multifaceted concerns. Consequently, interest in aging studies has increased globally, causing new disciplines such as gerontology and the development of new social theories. Among these, activity theory stands out, dominating much of the Turkish literature. However, this approach overlooks the crucial aspects of aging. Consequently, critical examinations of the political economy of aging are increasingly capturing the attention of scholars. Carroll Estes emerges as a leading figure among these critical theorists. With a distinguished academic career, Estes has delved into Social Security and Medicare policy, healthcare reform, long-term care, and the economic and health security of older women. Recognized as a pioneering scholar in the fields of “political economy of aging” and “critical gerontology” Estes and his theories remain largely absent in Turkish aging literature. Thus, this article aims to bridge this gap by introducing Estes’ theories to Turkish academia. Estes has made notable contributions to the aging literature, with his theoretical models and concepts representing seminal works in the field. This article presents Estes’ model and concepts comprehensively for the first time in Turkish aging literature. For example, Estes’ concept of the “aging enterprise” has been translated into Turkish as “elderly care initiatives” and incorporated into Turkish discourse. Thus, Estes’ model emerges as a valuable resource awaiting exploration, particularly within disciplines such as social policies and services.Understanding the fundamental concepts proposed by Estes is essential for fully understanding his ideas and contributions. However, delving into these concepts necessitates not only understanding the phenomena they address but also discerning the motives driving their formulation. Hence, our article briefly incorporates the main points emphasized by the political economy theory that forms Estes’s theoretical framework. Political economy theory treats aging through the lens of interwoven connections between the macro-level, social dynamics, intermediate-level organizational and institutional, and micro-level individual experiences (Estes, 1979).At the heart of Estes’ model lies the public/citizen. Power dynamics among the state, postindustrial capitalism, and gender systems, entailing bidirectional relationships, unfold within the framework of “interlocking systems of oppression” (Collins, 1990, p. 225) stemming from gender, social class, and racial and ethnic statuses across life (Dressel et al., 1997, p. 583; Estes, 2001, p. 2). Moreover, Estes perceives ideology as the main framing element enveloping other concepts in defining aging and shaping policy responses to aging within society (Estes, 2001, p. 2). Employing this model of political economy theory, Estes constructs a theoretical framework of social policy and aging. However, he incorporates additional analytical levels, namely the “medical&nbsp;industrial complex” and “elderly care initiatives” into the framework. These elements emerge as products of and intersect with the relationships among postindustrial capitalism, the state, and gender systems while focusing on the citizen/public. Consequently, the model expands to include a fifth level (Estes, 2001, p. 3).Est’s’ model of social policy and aging offers a multilayered analytical framework that addresses the intricate, conflicting, and competitive relationships among postindustrial capitalism, the state, and the gender/sex system, which in turn shape and sustain the medical-industrial complex and elderly care initiatives. Viewed through a conflict theory perspective, the model acknowledges and attempts to illustrate the ongoing struggle among its actors, underscoring the important role politics plays in determining the extent to which one actor can assert dominance and control over others (Estes, 2001, pp. 3–4).According to Estes, ideologies wield substantial power in shaping, modifying, and implementing social policies. Particularly, the twin ideologies of neoliberalism and neoconservatism have proven highly effective in efforts to drastically transform Social Security and Medicare programs (Estes, 2001, p. 102). Neoconservative ideology, influential in social policy formulation, exerts notable influence on the sociocultural sphere, giving rise to motivational crises such as exacerbating gender conflicts and imposing emotional pressures regarding familial responsibilities (Estes, 2001, p. 102). In this context, neoliberal ideology limits economic policies to inherently pro-market actions, while neoconservative ideology limits the nature and scope of actions within the traditional family structure (Therborn, 1980, pp. 97–100).In Estes’ model, the subsequent link after the overarching ideology involves class, race/ethnicity, gender, and age. These elements are viewed as interlocking systems of oppression arising from conflicts and stratification within the social structure (Collins, 1990; Estes, 2001, p. 13). Social class, race/ethnicity, and gender are directly correlated with the resources accessible to individuals in old age, both due to their status as interlocking systems of oppression at the macro level and their intersectionality at the micro level (Estes, 2001, p. 13).Within Estes’ theoretical framework, the examination of the state revolves around its capacity to (a) allocate and distribute scarce resources, (b) mediate between various societal segments and classes, and (c) address conditions potentially threatening social order. Analyzing public policies governing resource allocation and distribution for older citizens by the state is crucial. This transcends mere considerations of resource availability for social spending. Estes underscores the tangible and perceived ramifications of allocating an increasing share of resources to the elderly on business, economic growth, industry, and industrial relations (Estes, 2001, p. 7).&nbsp;In Este’’ theoretical constructs, postindustrial capitalism, and its linked globalization hold important positions within the political economy of aging. Estes finds a strong relationship between aging and postindustrial capitalism/globalization. He examines how these phenomena, along with informationalism, shape the lives of older individuals, establishing a relationship between macro- and micro-structures (Estes, 2001, p. 4).The inclusion of the sex/gender system marks a new addition to the political economy discourse. While previous studies have explored gender’s role at individual and policy levels, its incorporation as a key institutional force in explaining social policy on aging is new (Estes, 2001, p. 8). Estes offers two primary reasons for integrating gender into the theoretical model: First, the increasing proportion of women within the elderly population. Second, women’s greater dependency on the state compared with men, persists across the lifespan regardless of age (Estes, 2001, p. 121). Estes posits that gender differences in the aging experience stem from the entrenched role of gender within social and political structures.The concept of citizen/public, central to Estes’ theoretical framework, draws upon critical literature asserting the absence of a universally and equitably shared experience of citizenship (Estes, 2001, p. 10). According to Estes, the fundamental issue surrounding citizenship lies in the dichotomy between capitalism and democracy within capitalist democracies, engendering tension and contradiction (Estes, 2001, p. 10). Citizenship, Estes argues, embodies both economic and political dimensions, as the life opportunities offered by states to their citizens are largely based on labor force participation and property ownership.Understanding aging and social policy requires attention to two overlapping and mutually reinforcing structural arrangements: the medical-industrial complex and elder care initiatives. The medical-industrial complex comprises a highly stratified and expansive healthcare sector dominated by multibillion-dollar corporations (Estes et al., 2001, pp. 165–166). Coined by Estes in 1979 (p. 2), the term “aging enterprise” resides within the confines of the medical-industrial complex, yet extends beyond healthcare to encompass governmental and institutional actions across all facets related to aging. Conversely, aging initiatives generally focus on the relationship between social policy and the circumstances and requirements of older individuals (Estes et al., 2001, p. 167). Estes posits that at the heart of both the medical-industrial complex and the aging initiative lies the commodification of health, wherein healthcare and the needs of the elderly, along with other societal needs, are transformed into commodities for specific economic markets (Estes, 1979). Consequently, both capitalist capital and governments perceive healthcare and elderly services as economic products rather than social goods.&nbsp;The crisis of the welfare state precipitated by postindustrial capitalism, globalization, and technological advancement has resulted in old age being perceived as a financial burden on public expenditure. While solutions such as “extending the retirement age” and promoting “active aging” have been proposed for the aging population, they have proven insufficient in comprehensively addressing the issue. This inadequacy has spurred an increased interest in critical theory, with old age emerging as a focal point within political economic theory. Estes’ model, encapsulated within this discourse, offers a considerably more comprehensive and detailed framework than other theories of old age. Notably, Estes’ emphasis on gender, which is often neglected in conventional aging theories, constitutes an innovative and valuable contribution. Given the current dearth of Turkish literature on aging, we believe that Estes’ theory holds the potential to considerably enrich aging studies in Turkey. Through this article, we aim to highlight the overlooked aspects of Estes’ model, bringing them to the attention of relevant researchers and scholars.&nbsp;

Yaşlılığa Politik Ekonomik Yaklaşım: Carroll Estes Modeli

Merve

Adem

Uzman

The proportion of the elderly population is increasing worldwide. In Turkey, the proportion of older people increased from 9.5% in 2020 to approximately 10.2% in 2023. The progressive population aging has profound implications for health systems. Understanding the health care preferences of the elderly is important to ensure effective health care. It is also important to understand the use of primary health care services among the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preferences of elderly people for primary health care services and their reasons for preferring emergency services.Many studies have highlighted the needs and preferences of older people while seeking health services. WHO has stated that health services should be appropriate to the special needs of the elderly population. Health services are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Primary health care services also play an important role in terms of health promotion and prevention. In 1978, the Alma-Ata Declaration stated that the majority of health problems can be solved through primary health care.Although the implementation methods vary from country to country, family health centers form the basis of primary health care services in most countries (Karaaslan, 2018). The risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, increases with age, necessitating regular medical intervention and follow-up. Studies have shown that older people often struggle with their complex healthcare needs (WHO, 2015). Therefore, primary healthcare organizations are important for older adults. In this study, we used the Andersen Behavioral Model to evaluate the factors influencing the use of primary health care services by older adults. This model provides a framework for understanding the complex interactions that influence the use of health care services by older adults.There is an extensive and diverse body of literature on healthcare utilization among older adults. The literature includes a variety of factors that influence access to and use of primary health care services. Many studies have examined the role of individual characteristics such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and health status in shaping healthcare utilization. In addition, social factors have also been examined as determinants of healthcare utilization (Andersen &amp; Newman, 1973; Korten et al., 1998; Man et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2008; Wolinsky et al., 2016). Andersen’s model is valuable for understanding the healthcare preferences of older adults.The model explains an individual’s decision to use health services based on the following three main factors:&nbsp;<ul><li>Preparatory factors: These are the individual and environmental characteristics that affect the likelihood of using health services. For older adults, factors such as age, socioeconomic status, health beliefs, and functional status are included in this category.</li><li>Enabling factors: Resources that facilitate or impede access to health care services. These include insurance coverage, transportation, availability of services, and family/social support.</li><li>Need factors: Perceived or actual health problems that influence a person’s motivation to seek health care. The severity of symptoms, presence of chronic conditions, and acute health problems are considered in this category.</li></ul>Older people may prefer to use emergency services, hospitals, or family health centers providing primary health care services. One of the factors influencing this preference is the continuity and personalized care provided by primary health care services. Older patients value an ongoing relationship with their primary care provider, which ensures that they receive care in familiar and consistent settings. In addition, older people prefer primary care services because of their comprehensive and personalized services. These services proactively address the health concerns of older patients and help prevent situations that may require a visit to emergency services. In summary, primary care offers several advantages to the older population, including continuity of care, personalized services, comprehensive and preventive care, short wait times, flexible scheduling, and ease of access. MethodsThis study focused on the behavior of people aged ≥65 years in visiting primary healthcare facilities and the reasons for preferring these facilities. A purposive sample of 5 women and 5 men (“easily accessible” sampling technique) aged ≥65 years living in Kırklareli province and registered at family health centers in different neighborhoods was enrolled. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. The interview form included five sections, i.e., general information about the participants, symptoms, access to primary care, disease-related counseling processes, and recommendations. ResultsTrustParticipants expressed their trust or mistrust in the family health center and family physician. In particular, the issue of trust in the doctor’s decisions regarding treatment procedures and medications was highlighted. The results suggested that a long-term relationship with the care provider helps inculcate a sense of trust. Some participants stated that they trust specialists more.ServiceThe quality of healthcare delivery is a critical factor impacting patient satisfaction. Participants were generally satisfied with the services provided by the family health center and the family physician. In particular, the sincere attitude and helpfulness of the health workers toward the patients helped ensure a positive experience during their treatment process. This helped patients feel comfortable and receive the best service for their health problems.CounselingCounseling, which is an important component of healthcare, includes the process of informing, guiding, and answering patients’ questions regarding their health problems. Participants spoke positively about the counseling services offered at family health centers and by family physicians. They stated that these services were effective and that patients were appropriately informed about their health problems.Feeling of familiarityPatients’ feeling of familiarity with the family health center or general practitioner and perceived safety is an important factor in the provision of health services. Participants had become familiar with and trusted health professionals due to their regular visits to the same family health center and family physician over the years. This sense of familiarity allowed patients to feel comfortable sharing their health problems and to feel more at ease with their care.ConvenienceConvenience, simplicity, and practicality in accessing and using health services make up the convenience theme. Participants emphasized the ease of accessing and receiving services from a family health center or primary care physician. In particular, the simplicity and speed of the appointment process were found to facilitate patients’ access to health services. This sense of convenience is an important factor in the accessibility and usability of health services. Conclusion and DiscussionSeveral factors were found to influence the behavior of older people in seeking and using health services, including age, accessibility and availability of health facilities, mental health status, ability to seek and use health services, socioeconomic status, technological advances in health, and financial constraints.For example, older people who lack social support and are geographically closer to health facilities tend to benefit more from primary health care services. However,&nbsp;the lack of availability or inadequate coverage of health insurance were identified as barriers impeding older people’s access to primary health care services.Individual factors such as limited mobility or transportation, cognitive impairment, and lack of awareness of available health services also play an important role. However, health system-related barriers also influence the choice of services by older people. Examples of these barriers include long waiting times for appointments, poor coordination between healthcare providers, and limited availability of specialized geriatric services.Socioeconomic factors such as the severity of the health problem, accessibility of primary healthcare services, income, insurance coverage, and ease of transportation were found to influence the healthcare choices of older people. The reasons for preferring emergency services included the perceived severity of the health problem, lack of access to primary health care services, income, insurance coverage, and ease of transportation.In conclusion, several factors affect the healthcare preferences of older people. Strategies for planning and delivering healthcare services should take these factors into account to increase older people’s access to health services and improve health outcomes.

Yaşlı Bireylerin Aile Sağlığı Merkezi Ziyaretlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Cities are places of sociality that have been subject to change and transformation throughout history. As economic and social epicenters, cities directly affect and are affected by the flow of life. Robert Ezra Park, one of the thinkers of the Chicago School, describes the influence of cities on the residents: “Over time, each region and neighborhood of a city takes on some of the character and traits of its inhabitants. Each separate part of the city is inevitably adorned with sensitivities specific to the population it contains” (Park, 2015, p. 42). Through urban development and transformation studies, the social sciences in general, and the discipline of sociology in particular, have sought to examine how people and societies are affected by this transformation. In this context, the restructuring of European cities after the Second World War and the subsequent renewal of the worn urban fabric led to the development of the concept of urban regeneration in the literature. The urban transformation has led to the “commodification” of the urban space through its reproduction, and “space has lost its use value and has become an exchange value” (Şentürk, 2019, p. 379). Gentrification developed based on urban transformation and social change studies, which we define as two phenomena that influence each other. This concept was developed by Ruth Glass in 1963 to explain the societal response to the transformation in the city. In this study, we examine several studies on the results of the gentrification process. Peter Marcuse’s studies in New York City outline four factors: direct resident displacement, direct chain displacement, exclusionary displacement, and displacement pressure to accurately determine the extent of displacement. He states that the determination of these four factors can be calculated through demographic data, mobility data, and housing unit data (Marcuse, 2015, p. 213). Another study lists the characteristics of new residents coming to gentrifying neighborhoods as young, white-collar professionals, possessing middle- or upper-income brackets, and single individuals or two-person nuclear families (Legates &amp; Hartman, 2015, pp. 240–245). Among the contemporary forms of gentrification, studentification (Smith, 2005) and youthification (Moos, 2016, p. 1055), which bring about age-based segregation, have explanatory power as a result of diverse geographical experiences.Notably, Markus Moos’ 2016 article “From gentrification to youthification? The increasing importance of young age in delineating high-density living” conceptualizes a different form of gentrification. In developing this concept, Moos and colleagues noted that studies investigating inner-city residential neighborhoods have mostly focused on social class, ethnicity, race, and gender-based characteristics while disregarding age-based segregation in the discourse (Moos et al., 2019).Within these conceptual and theoretical frameworks, the primary objective of this article is to show how older people’s views on urban transformation differ at the neighborhood level and according to neighborhood characteristics. This study draws&nbsp;datasets derived from two separate studies that were conducted previously, making it a secondary analysis; such studies typically involve utilizing one or more data sources to answer a different research question that is defined independently from the research problem of the main research. Secondary analysis studies offer several advantages concerning resource conservation and allow various tests to be conducted on a large dataset with high collection costs. However, the researcher conducting the secondary analysis study should be familiar with the data set and should be able to anticipate the potential of the data set to answer the research question of the secondary analysis study (Kiecolt &amp; Nathan, 1985, pp. 11–13). In “Urban Transformation and Metropolitan Aging: The Case of Istanbul,” a secondary analysis study, data was drawn from 1,384 participants from 44 neighborhoods, each with more than 20 participants. In addition, the “Change After Urban Transformation Scale” was developed based on the Urban Transformation Attitude Scale utilized in the original research project. The fact that the factor loadings of this new 11-item structure are greater than .500 for each item and that Cronbach’s alpha value is greater than .70 underscores the reliability and consistency of the scale (Cortina, 1993, p. 103).The variables used in the analyses conducted within the framework of this study, which was designed to compare the perceptions of the elderly toward urban transformation across neighborhoods in Istanbul, are as follows:A) Neighborhood characteristics compiled from the My Neighborhood Istanbul project report and TURKSTAT: Youth population ratio, elderly population ratio, SocioEconomic Development Index (SEGE) status, SEGE score, household size, population density, average years of education, and neighborhood access index scoresB) Participants’ opinions from the “Urban Transformation and Aging in the Metropolis: The Case of Istanbul” data set: Sociocultural change subdimension, rejuvenation subdimension, displacement subdimensionThe results of the research reveal that the elderly in different neighborhoods of Istanbul possess differing perceptions regarding sociocultural change, displacement, and rejuvenation. Some neighborhoods displayed more potential in terms of displacement and rejuvenation. In this context, it is evident that displacement, rejuvenation, and sociocultural change, which may occur in the aftermath of urban transformation, begin to form in the minds of the elderly before experiencing urban transformation.The correlation analysis conducted to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and perceptions of sociocultural change shows a significant relationship between household size and perceptions of sociocultural change (p &lt; .05). In addition, a relationship between the average educational level of the neighborhood and&nbsp;perceptions of sociocultural change is determined (p &lt; .01). The direction of the relationship is negative, with a moderate relationship. Evidently, as the average educational level of the residents of the neighborhood increases, their expectations of sociocultural change decrease. It can be assumed that the elderly living in highly educated neighborhoods will be able to adapt more easily to the forthcoming cultural change. However, this process of adaptation does not eliminate the possibility of the elderly experiencing feelings of isolation or alienation from the city.Looking at the perception of rejuvenation after urban transformation in relation to the demographic characteristics of the neighborhoods, we find that the elderly population rate of the neighborhoods and the perception of rejuvenation are negatively correlated at a moderate level of p &lt; .05. This correlation pattern suggests that as the elderly population rates of the neighborhoods increase, the perception of rejuvenation of the elderly decreases. On the contrary, no discernable relationship was found with the young population rates of the neighborhoods (p &gt; .05).A study of the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the perception of displacement shows a significant and moderate relationship (p &lt; .001) between the average duration of education and displacement scores across the 44 neighborhoods that constitute the sample. This relationship indicates that the perceived displacement of the elderly is lower in neighborhoods where the average years of education increase. Another variable with a significant relationship is the average household size of the neighborhoods (p &lt; .01).In neighborhoods that are particularly characterized by a low proportion of the elderly population, low socioeconomic status, and zoning problems, created by migration and under the pressure of transformation, it is observed that elderly people have a higher tendency to relocate and believe that younger demographic will have more visibility. Examples of these neighborhoods include Gülensu in Maltepe District, Kazım Karabekir and İnkılap in Ümraniye District, and Yeni Sahra, Fikirtepe, and Dumlupınar in Kadıköy District. Conversely, among the 44 neighborhoods included in the analysis, Suadiye, Caddebostan, Sahrayıcedit, and Fenerbahçe, located on Bağdat Street in Kadıköy District and Dikilitaş in Beşiktaş District, show the lowest values of displacement and rejuvenation.The ongoing demographic change toward an increasing elderly population indicates that the relationship between the elderly and the city will be more on the agenda in the future. In this context, preparations should be made in advance to make housing, the residential environment, and cities age-friendly, accessible, and usable for everyone. Urban transformation practices offer an opportunity for facilitating such preparatory ventures.

Yaşlıların Kentsel Dönüşüm Sonrasına Yönelik Değişim Algıları: İstanbul Mahalleleri Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma

Hamdüsena

Res. Assist.

The world’s population is aging at an unprecedented rate, and adapting urban environments to the needs of older adults is critical. Age-friendly cities actively promote the well-being and quality of life of older citizens through policies, services, and structures that support and enable their aging in place. This brief explores the concept of age-friendly cities and the importance of creating inclusive and supportive urban environments for older adults.&nbsp;Age-friendly cities encompass a wide range of issues that contribute to the wellbeing of older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2007) has outlined eight key elements that meet the needs of an aging population. These elements include physical environment factors such as land use, urban design, and transportation systems, and social inclusion factors such as respect, participation, and civic engagement. Communication, information, community support, and health services also play an important role in age-friendly cities.&nbsp;Transportation is an important aspect of age-friendly cities. Public transport should be easily accessible, affordable, and frequent, with priority seating for older adults. It should also provide comfortable boarding and alighting experiences, with polite and friendly drivers. Safety from crime and adequate waiting space at stops are essential, as well as clear information about routes and schedules. Other transportation options such as taxi services and city shuttles should also be available (Kerbler, 2015).Age-friendly housing should be affordable and allow older people to stay in their homes as long as possible. Necessary renovations or regular maintenance should be provided to support aging in place. Housing should be safe and close to important amenities such as hospitals and parks. Housing should also be designed to be climatefriendly and include age-appropriate features (Kerbler, 2015).Collaborative partnerships play a critical role in the successful implementation of age-friendly city initiatives. Engaging a range of stakeholders, including older people, community organizations, and local governments, is essential to creating inclusive and supportive urban environments. Collaborative partnerships ensure that the needs and perspectives of older adults are considered throughout the planning and implementation process (Garon et al., 2013).Creating age-friendly cities is not without its challenges. Negative attitudes, economic and political barriers, and the limitations associated with the term “agefriendly” can hinder the progress of age-friendly initiatives. However, significant opportunities are also found for improvement. Age-friendly cities can benefit from the skills, experience and commitment of older people and contribute to the economic vitality of cities. By addressing challenges and capitalizing on strengths, cities can&nbsp;create age-friendly environments that improve the quality of life for all residents (Buffel et al., 2014).Several case studies have provided insights into the development and implementation of age-friendly initiatives in different cities. For example, Manchester has successfully developed policies to support an aging population by taking into account the specific needs of older residents, including those from ethnic minorities and deprived urban areas. The city has embraced the concept of “neighborhoods for life” and actively promotes an age-friendly approach through public events and official documents. On the other hand, Brussels has been facing challenges in involving older people in decision-making processes related to housing and neighborhood planning. However, both cities have the potential to strengthen their age-friendly initiatives by addressing these challenges and capitalizing on their respective strengths (Buffel et al., 2014).Evaluating the effectiveness of age-friendly initiatives is critical for measuring their impact and identifying areas for improvement. Robust and transparent indicators should be developed to assess the success of age-friendly policies and interventions. These indicators should be sensitive to different criteria such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Regular monitoring of these indicators allows for the identification of trends and for progress toward more inclusive and age-friendly environments. The assessment process should also take into account the specific challenges governments and local authorities face in managing an aging population in resource-constrained environments (Steels, 2015).Age-friendly cities are essential for supporting the well-being and active participation of older adults in urban environments. Creating age-friendly cities requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the physical and social environment, transportation, housing, and community support services. Collaborative partnerships between stakeholders play a crucial role in the successful implementation of agefriendly initiatives. Challenges such as agist attitudes and economic barriers need to be addressed, while opportunities such as older people’s contributions to the economic vitality of cities should be capitalized on. Evaluating the effectiveness of age-friendly initiatives is critical for measuring their impact and identifying areas for improvement. By embracing the concept of age-friendly cities and by actively involving older people in decision-making processes, cities can create inclusive and supportive environments that improve the lives of all residents and leave a sustainable legacy for future generations.

Yaş Dostu Kentler

Büşra

In our contemporary world, characterized by a rapidly aging population, the need for social and cultural adaptation alongside the preparation of health and social systems for aging and old age has become increasingly evident. With society witnessing a growing number of older individuals, new social issues are emerging, necessitating attention and proactive solutions. Among this landscape, the societal perceptions of the older adults, old age, and aging have gained significance, highlighting the crucial role of the media as a powerful tool of representation. The media, as a medium shaping collective understanding, attitudes, and behaviors, holds considerable sway in framing discussions on aging. It is imperative to underscore the representation of the older adults in media narratives, given its profound impact on societal perceptions.Given that media representations not only reflect but also shape social attitudes and behaviors, the rising prominence of aging underscores the urgency of examining how aging is portrayed in the media. Compounding this urgency is the prevailing trend of predominantly negative portrayals of old age and aging in media content. Across various media formats, such as films, TV series, news broadcasting, and advertisements, a pervasive narrative emerges, in which the older adults and aging are associated with loneliness, helplessness, neglect, obsolescence, weakness, and fatigue. These depictions collectively paint aging as an undesirable stage of life, old age as a period devoid of vitality, and the older adults as burdensome or inconveniences, thereby perpetuating ageism.Based on the recognition that media portrayals of the older adults are often incomplete and mostly negative, this study embarks on a quest for a positive depiction of aging. Within this framework, the focus is directly on scrutinizing the portrayal of old age in films honored by the inaugural short film competition organized by the 65+ Elderly Rights Association. The Association, guided by its mission to advocate for “a healthy and dignified old age for all, fostering intergenerational solidarity, and shaping social policies through research, pioneering initiatives, and constructive dialogs” (Yaşlı Hakları Derneği, n. d.), sets the stage for this exploration.The primary objective of this study is to challenge the prevailing negative representations of aging in the media by exploring alternative narratives that may emerge. Employing a blend of visual sociology and qualitative research methodologies, this study adopts a multifaceted approach. Specifically, it conducts content analysis on the short films showcased in the aforementioned competition held in 2015 by the 65+ Elderly Rights Association. The firms under scrutiny include “Altın Kızlar,” “Misafir,” “Lübbeyin Yaşlıları,” “Deneyim,” “Bir Anı,” and “Üreten Yaş Almaz.” In addition, this study delves into the perceptions and intentions of the directors behind these films through in-depth interviews. These interviews serve as a means for gathering insights into how aging and the older adults are depicted within the realm of cinema. By doing so, the study endeavors to probe the extent, to which they possess the potential to transcend prevalent negative stereotypes.A comprehensive dataset comprising five interviews, six films, and researchers’ field notes forms the backbone of this investigation. Methodologically, the analysis unfolds systematically. First, each researcher examines all submissions to the competition. Subsequently, the awarded films were viewed multiple times, with particular attention paid to scenes that illuminate the portrayal of older adults’ characters. Screenshots capturing these significant moments are scrutinized and dissected for deeper insights. The research then transitions to conducting in-depth interviews with the directors of award-winning films. Employing a semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researchers, the interviews are structured around emergent themes gleaned from the film analyses.Among the firms scrutinized, two were documentaries, one was a fiction narrative, and three were public service announcements. Notably, “The Golden Girls,” recipient of the first prize in the short film category, is a documentary offering an intimate glimpse into the lives of two cohabiting sisters. Through a blend of personal narratives recounted by the sisters themselves and interspersed imagery capturing their present reality, the film gracefully weaves past and present. Securing the second prize, “The Guest” presents a fictional narrative centered around a woman seeking refuge from war, and finding solace in her nephew’s household. Within this narrative, she navigates her new environment, learning Turkish from the household’s child and engaging in domestic activities such as knitting and cooking. Noteworthy is the portrayal of the older adults’ characters as migrants, which adds layers of complexity to their depiction.“Lübbeyin Yaşlıları,” clinching third place, stands as a documentary chronicling the lives of older adults’ inhabitants clinging to their roots in the abandoned village of Lübbey. Here, the film offers a poignant portrayal of resilience in desolation, shedding light on the steadfastness of those who choose to remain in a place forgotten by time. Within the realm of public service announcements, the thematic messages “Aging is experience,” “The spirit never gets old,” and “The productive never gets old” are conveyed. These messages serve to uplift and challenge prevailing stereotypes surrounding aging, advocating for a more inclusive and affirming perspective. Upon analysis, the representations of the older adults within the visual content can be categorized as follows: (1) Self-sufficient Older Adults Representation; (2) Learning, Teaching, and Harmonious Older Adults Representation; (3) Time-resisting, Active Older Adults Representation; (4) Experienced, Sporty, Healthy Older Adults Representation; (5) Older Adults Representation at Peace with Youth, Ageless in Spirit; and (6) Productive Older Adults Representation.&nbsp;In summary, the six ranked films under scrutiny demonstrate representations that generally align with the profile of the older adults as defined by the competition committee. These ranked films depict an active portrayal of old age that is both “healthy and appreciated by everyone,” showcasing resilience in overcoming obstacles and struggles. Furthermore, it can be asserted that the stipulation outlined by the competition, requiring films to contain accurate information and convey positive messages (Yaşlı Hakları Derneği, 2015), was duly met by the directors. Contrasting the representations of old age in the ranked films with those that were not cut reveals a starting contradiction: while the former exude themes of vitality and resilience, the latter are often adorned with motifs of affection, helplessness, and poverty. This stark contrast underscores the positive portrayal of old age in the ranked films. Examining the narratives within these films, it becomes evident that the depiction of old age is not utopian but rather realistic, authentic, and affirmative. This genuine portrayal, rooted in social reality, offers a refreshing alternative to the prevalent negative portrayals of the older adults pervasive in the media. Thus, the short films discussed in this study contrast the representation of self-sufficient older adults against that of the orphaned, helpless, and dependent (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020; Yoğurtçu, 2019) portrayed in mainstream media; the portrayal of tech-savvy seniors against those depicted as lagging technological advancements (Coşkun &amp; Kaymak, 2022), resistant to innovation (Demir, 2017); the depiction of socially engaged older adults against those portrayed as isolated, marginalized (Kuruoğlu &amp; Salman, 2017), grumpy (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), and prejudiced (Hummert, 1990); the portrayal of active and productive older adults against those depicted as retired (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), poor, barely getting by, having lost the potential to contribute to society (Yoğurtçu, 2019), deemed unproductive (Demir, 2017); the depiction of wise and experienced older adults against those portrayed as senile (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020; Demir, 2017), slow thinking (Hummert, 1990); and the portrayal of healthy, athletic older adults against those depicted as sick, dying (Kuruoğlu &amp; Salman, 2017), bedridden, disabled, tired (Apak &amp; Aka, 2020), vulnerable (Yoğurtçu, 2019); against the portrayal of anxious, and despairing (Hummert, 1990), depressed (Kılınç &amp; Uztağ, 2016), thus offering an alternative narrative of older adults at peace with their age.These alternatives hold significant therapeutic potential for aging societies and warrant encouragement accordingly. Given the influence of media portrayals on individuals’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, a positive representation of older individuals can foster community bonds and enhance individual well-being. However, a major barrier to this is the market-driven nature of the media sector. This study underscores that representations of older people in media are often shaped by the preferences of content producers, depicted by market forces rather than genuine perceptions.&nbsp;When examining studies on the portrayal of older individuals in literature, it becomes evident that “negative” representations often dominate the media landscape. Conversely, films awarded in competitions tend to offer more positive depictions of aging. Notably, most of these films are specifically produced for competitions that celebrate old age, influencing their content and reception. However, the media industry operates under market-driven principles, prioritizing products that are “commercially viable.” This dynamic often shapes directorial preferences to align with market expectations. Previous research indicates a focus within the media industry on appealing to the “youth market” (Carrigan &amp; Szmigin, 1999), despite demographic trends indicating an aging population. The findings of this study corroborate this trend. Despite the industry’s marketing-driven approach, addressing the need for more humane and positive portrayals of older individuals in our aging society remains challenging. This issue warrants further research and consideration.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Medyada Yaşlı Temsili: Yaşlılık Temalı Kısa Film Yarışmasından Örnekler

İsmail

Michel De

Yaş Üzerine / Her Şeyin Bir Zamanı Vardır

İrem

Yaşlı Dostu Dijital Ekosistem Oluşturmak

Pınar

Sosyal ve Yetişkin Gelişimsel Psikolojisi Perspektifinden Yaşlılık Dönemi

Nurhan

Müzik ve Yaşlanan Beyin: Beyin Öyküleri

Kuşaklar Arası Dünya: Y Kuşağının Yaşlılık Perspektif

Ezgican

Zamanın Ötesinde Sakinlik: Yaşlanmanın Güzelliği

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Senectus, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Araştırma Merkezi tarafından Darülaceze Vakfının desteğiyle Mart ve Eylül ayları olmak üzere yılda iki sayı olarak yayımlanan uluslararası hakemli dergidir.
Derginin amacı çok disiplinli bir perspektifle yaşlanma süreciyle ve yaşlılık dönemiyle ilgili konularda teorik ve uygulamalı akademik çalışmalar yayımlamaktır. Dergi, bu çerçevede yaşlılık/yaşlanma konusundaki çalışmalarda süreklilikleri ve değişimleri takip etmeyi, bunları belirleyen demografik, iktisadi, tarihsel, hukuki, psikolojik, antropolojik ve sosyolojik unsurları inceleyen çalışmaları öncelikli olarak yayımlamaktadır. Dergi, yaşlanma/yaşlılık konusundaki akademik bilginin üretimine katkı sağlayan farklı disiplinlerden araştırmacıların yanı sıra politika yapıcılara ve alandaki uygulayıcıların tümüne bir diyalog zemini sağlamayı misyon edinmiştir. Yayımlanacak çalışmaların derginin kapsamı ve hedefleri doğrultusunda disipliner ve/veya disiplinler arası kapsamda, metodolojik yetkinliğinin yanı sıra yaşlanma/yaşlılık konusundaki tartışmalara yeni ve özgün katkılar sağlayacak nitelikte olmasına önem verilmektedir. Böylelikle Türkiye’de yaşlanma/yaşlılık alanında çalışma yapan kişilerin ve/veya kurumların yararlanacağı bir birikimin oluşmasına ve yaşlanan nüfusların yaşamını iyileştirmeye yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunulması hedeflenmektedir.
Yaşlanma/yaşlılık ile ilişkili alanlarda ve konularda uluslararası alanda yaşanan gelişmeleri yerel perspektifle değerlendirecek ya da mukayese edecek, uluslararası değişimleri ve bakış açılarını Türkiye’deki literatüre sunacak, Türkiye’deki aktüel değişimleri ve tarihsel birikimi uluslararası kamuoyu ile paylaşacak çalışmalara yer verilecektir. Dergide; bu çerçevede makale, örnek olay incelemesi, araştırma notu, kitap değerlendirmesi türlerinde yüksek nitelikte uygulanabilir öneriler sunan çalışmalar yayımlanacaktır.

DOAJ

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Senectus

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Scientific Secretariat

Editorial Relations Manager

Statistics Editor

Book Review Editor

Methodology Editor

Publicity Manager

Editorial Assistant

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Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

AMAÇSenectus, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Araştırma Merkezi tarafından Darülaceze Vakfının desteğiyle Mart ve Eylül ayları olmak üzere yılda iki sayı olarak yayımlanan uluslararası hakemli dergidir.Derginin amacı çok disiplinli bir perspektifle yaşlanma süreciyle ve yaşlılık dönemiyle ilgili konularda teorik ve uygulamalı akademik çalışmalar yayımlamaktır. Dergi, bu çerçevede yaşlılık/yaşlanma konusundaki çalışmalarda süreklilikleri ve değişimleri takip etmeyi, bunları belirleyen demografik, iktisadi, tarihsel, hukuki, psikolojik, antropolojik ve sosyolojik unsurları inceleyen çalışmaları öncelikli olarak yayımlamaktadır. Dergi, yaşlanma/yaşlılık konusundaki akademik bilginin üretimine katkı sağlayan farklı disiplinlerden araştırmacıların yanı sıra politika yapıcılara ve alandaki uygulayıcıların tümüne bir diyalog zemini sağlamayı misyon edinmiştir. Yayımlanacak çalışmaların derginin kapsamı ve hedefleri doğrultusunda disipliner ve/veya disiplinler arası kapsamda, metodolojik yetkinliğinin yanı sıra yaşlanma/yaşlılık konusundaki tartışmalara yeni ve özgün katkılar sağlayacak nitelikte olmasına önem verilmektedir. Böylelikle Türkiye’de yaşlanma/yaşlılık alanında çalışma yapan kişilerin ve/veya kurumların yararlanacağı bir birikimin oluşmasına ve yaşlanan nüfusların yaşamını iyileştirmeye yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunulması hedeflenmektedir. KAPSAMYaşlanma/yaşlılık ile ilişkili alanlarda ve konularda uluslararası alanda yaşanan gelişmeleri yerel perspektifle değerlendirecek ya da mukayese edecek, uluslararası değişimleri ve bakış açılarını Türkiye’deki literatüre sunacak, Türkiye’deki aktüel değişimleri ve tarihsel birikimi uluslararası kamuoyu ile paylaşacak çalışmalara yer verilecektir. Dergide, bu çerçevede, özellikle aşağıdaki konular kapsamında makale, örnek olay incelemesi, araştırma notu, kitap değerlendirmesi türlerinde yüksek nitelikte uygulanabilir öneriler sunan çalışmalar yayımlanacaktır.<ul type="disc"> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlılığın/yaşlanmanın toplumsal, siyasi, ekonomik, hukuki, teknolojik gelişmelerle ilişkisi</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">bireysel ve demografik yaşlanmanın paydaşlara etkileri (yerel ve merkezî yönetimden sivil toplum kuruluşlarına, üniversitelere ve uygulayıcılara)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlılara yönelik bakım, politika ve sosyal politika uygulama önerileri yanında mevcut uygulamaların analizleri</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlanma ile birlikte ortaya çıkan fiziksel ve zihinsel değişimler, davranışsal ve toplumsal dönüşümler, yaşa bağlı sağlıkta meydana gelen değişimler (takip, tedavi ve önleme)</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlanan nüfus etrafındaki toplumsal tartışmalar</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlılığın/yaşlıların tarihsel ve güncel değerlendirmeleri</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlanan nüfusun iktisadi davranışları ve bu grubu hedef alan ekonomi</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlıların istihdam, emeklilik, gelir ve tüketim koşulları</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşam seyri yaklaşımı</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">kuşaklararası ilişkiler ve transferler </li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yaşlanma deneyimi ve aile ilişkileri</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">yalnızlık ve sosyal dışlanma</li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">sosyal hak ve eşitsizlikler (yaşama hakkı, temel hizmetlere erişim hakkı ve politik temsiliyet hakkı gibi) </li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">ulusal ve uluslararası veri kaynaklarına dayalı karşılaştırtmalı analizler </li> <li style="color: #212529;text-align: justify;">Türkiye için iyi uygulama örnekleri</li> </ul>

Amaç ve Kapsam

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir.Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihalÖn kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur.Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi ve Darülaceze Vakfı tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir.Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

Senectus, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan etmelidir. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Her bir makale en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştırma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Senectus araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.<ul><li>Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.</li><li>Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.</li><li>Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.</li><li>İnsan denekler ile yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.</li><li>Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.</li><li>İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.</li></ul>

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5D25DA3EB314413CBB7EBE9F93ACAD5E" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır. Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirirler. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder.Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemler, araştırma, yazarlar ve/veya araştırmaya fon sağlayanlarla çıkar çatışması içinde olmamalıdır. Hakemler değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar.Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7DA03B1B16B44801923018BE00AE6155" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;text-decoration: underline;">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a> Genel Biçim ÖzellikleriYazı Tipi: Bütün metinde 10 punto Times New Roman yazı karakteri kullanılır.Sayfa Yapısı: A4 boyutlarındaki kâğıda;<ul><li>Üst, alt, sağ ve sol boşluk 2,5 cm (0.98 inç)</li><li>İki yana dayalı</li><li>Satır sonu tirelemesiz</li></ul>Çalışmalar tek sütun olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Paragraf başlarında 0,5 cm girinti konmalıdır.Paragraf Yapısı: Paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; <ul><li>Önce ve sonra alanı 6 pt (0,6 line) </li><li>Satır aralığı 1,5 olmalıdır.</li></ul>Sayfa Sınırı: Yukarıdaki şablona göre hazırlanmış bir çalışma 25 sayfayı (10000 kelimeyi) aşmamalıdır.Başvurunun BölümleriBaşlık: Makale başlığı bold ve sayfaya ortalı olmalıdır.Yazar İsimleri: Yazar isimlerini başvuru dosyasına kesinlikle eklemeyiniz. Yazar isimleri yer alan başvurular işleme alınmaz ve iade edilir. Öz: 150-200 kelime arasında olmalıdır. Özde atıf kullanılmamalıdır.Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 kelime arasında olmalıdır.Ana Metin: Nicel ve nitel çalışmalar Giriş, Yöntem, Bulgular, Tartışma bölümlerini içermelidir.Yöntem kısmında, eğer özgün bir model kullanılmışsa, model alt bölümü ile mutlaka Örneklem/Çalışma Grubu, Veri Toplama Araçları ve İşlem alt bölümleri bulunmalıdır.Derleme türü çalışmalar ise problemi ortaya koymalı, ilgili literatürü yetkin bir biçimde analiz etmeli, literatürdeki eksiklikler, boşluklar ve çelişkilerin üzerinde durmalı ve çözüm için atılması gereken adımlardan bahsetmelidir.Diğer çalışmalarda ise konunun türüne göre değişiklik yapılabilir fakat bunun okuyucuyu sıkacak ya da metinden faydalanmasını güçleştirecek detayda alt bölümler şeklinde olmamasına özen gösterilmelidir.Kaynakça: Hem metin içinde hem de kaynakçada Amerikan Psikologlar Birliği tarafından yayınlanan Publication Manual of American Psychological Association (APA) (6. baskı) adlı kitapta belirtilen yazım kuralları uygulanmalıdır.<div>Tablolar, Şekiller ve EklerTablo ve Şekiller: Tablo, şekil, resim, grafik vb. unsurlar metin içerisinde yer almalıdır. Çalışmanın sonunda ayrıca verilmemelidir (Tablo, şekil, resim, grafik vb. unsurlar başvuru dosyanızda metin içerisinde ilgili yerlerde değil de ayrıca ana metnin arka bölümünde verilirse başvurunuz işleme alınmaz ve iade edilir).Tablo ve şekillerde genel şablonun dışında paragraf sekmesinde girintiler bölümünde; <ul><li>Önce ve sonra alanı 0,</li><li>Satır aralığı Tek olmalıdır.</li></ul>Tablo ve şekiller sola dayalı olmalı ve metin kaydırma özelliği kapalı olmalıdır.Ekler: Her bir ek, kaynakçadan sonra ayrı sayfalarda verilmelidir.Başlık SistemiTemel Başlıklar: Çalışmanın başlığı ve temel başlıklar (Yöntem, Bulgular, Tartışma) ortalı ve bold yazılır (Giriş bölümüne Giriş başlığı konulmaz).İkinci Düzey Başlık: Sola dayalı ve bold yazılır. Kendinden önceki paragraftan bir satır boşluk ile ayrılır.Üçüncü Düzey Başlık: Sola dayalı, 0,5 cm içerden ve bold yazılır. Sadece ilk kelime büyük harfle başlar; geri kalanlar küçük harfle devam eder. Sonuna nokta konur ve paragraf başlığın hizasından devam eder. Kendinden önceki paragraftan satır boşluğu ile ayrılmaz.Dördüncü Düzey Başlık: Sola dayalı, 0,5 cm içerden, bold ve italik yazılır. Sadece ilk kelime büyük harfle başlar; geri kalanlar küçük harfle devam eder. Sonuna nokta konur ve paragraf başlığın hizasından devam eder. Kendinden önceki paragraftan satır boşluğu ile ayrılmaz.Beşinci Düzey Başlık: Sola dayalı, 0,5 cm içerden ve italik yazılır. Sadece ilk kelime büyük harfle başlar; geri kalanlar küçük harfle devam eder. Sonuna nokta konur ve paragraf başlığın hizasından devam eder. Kendinden önceki paragraftan satır boşluğu ile ayrılmaz (Beş düzeyden daha fazla başlık oluşturulması önerilmemektedir).Tablo ve Şekil Başlıkları: Tablo ve Şekil ifadeleri (Tablo 1, Şekil 1 gibi) düz biçimde kullanılır. Tablo ve şekil başlıklarını oluşturan kelimelerin ilk harfleri büyük ve başlık italik olarak yazılır.Diğer HususlarVurgu: Metin içerisinde bold biçimi kullanmayınız. Vurgular “ ” işareti veya italik ile yapılmalıdır.Madde Sıralamaları: Metin içerisindeki sıralamada, maddelendirmede alt alta 1, 2, 3 gibi sıralamalar yerine yan yana (i), (ii) vs. şeklinde sıralamaları tercih ediniz.Doğrudan Alıntılar: Doğrudan alıntılar normal metne göre soldan girintili ve 9 punto ile yazılır. Ayrıca italik biçiminde gösterilmez. Ayrı paragraf yapılan doğrudan alıntılar “ ” içerisinde gösterilmez.</div>

Yazım Kuralları

Makaleyi göndermeden önce Yazarlara Bilgi’yi lütfen okuyun ve aşağıdakilerin eksik olmadığından emin olun:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EC0DA02822F84409922C6EBDD28084C7" target="_blank">Yazım kuralları ile ilgili örnekler ve örnek makale şablonu için tıklayınız.</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/EB11C83906024C2882C950D3F4E64837" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/888E17DE5C294A7D8E2AB566DC12FA16" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a>Daha önce basılmış material (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/222E3C7DE05049C883F068C0EF15183B" target="_blank">Makale kapak sayfası</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makalenin kategorisi</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonar şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li> </ul> </ul>Makalenin ana metni<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Özetler 150-200 kelime Türkçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Abstract) 1000-1500 kelime</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Kaynaklar</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>Ayrı Ayrı Yüklemeniz gereken dosyalar<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Yazar Formu</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Resim, Tablo vb başka kaynaktan alındıysa izin belgesi</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale Kapak Sayfası</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale Ana Metni Dosyası  (Bu dosya aşağıdaki unsurları içermelidir)</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Özetler 150-200 kelime Tükçe ve 150-200 kelime İngilizce</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-8 arası Türkçe ve 5-8 arası İngilizce</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 1000-1500 kelime</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Makale ana metin bölümleri</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Kaynaklar</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li> </ul> </ul>

Aşağıdakilerin sağlandığından emin olunuz.<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: justify;">Kapak sayfasının dergi kurallarına göre hazırlandığı,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Çalışmanın başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Çalışmanın İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Çalışmanın derginin belirlediği tam metin yazım kurallarına dikkat edilerek yazılmış olduğu,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Çalışmanın 150-200 kelimelik öz ve 5-8 anahtar kelime içerdiği,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Çalışma Türkçe ise, İngilizce genişletilmiş Özet (Extended Abstract) 1000-1500 kelime</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Referansların APA 6 sistemine uygun olarak düzenlendiği,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formunun doldurulduğu ve makale ile birlikte gönderime hazır olduğu,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Yazar Katkı Formunun doldurulduğu ve makale ile birlikte gönderime hazır olduğu,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Daha önce basılmış materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesinin alındığı,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Etik Kurul Raporu (gerekli ise) alındığı, etik kurul raporu tarih ve sayısının çalışmada yöntem metninde verildiği ve dergiye makaleyle birlikte gönderildiği,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği,</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Tüm yazarlar, makalenin en son versiyonunu okumuş ve onaylamış olduğu.</li> </ul>

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8F961567124943829405F0DD4235F409" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4ECDF58FF8AD4A7A8C2C3A5E0CDEDCC4" target="_blank">Yazar Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/528173F41805492E9155130B16E82BC9" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Murat Şentürk
Kapak (PDF)
Tam Metin (PDF)
Ön Sayfalar (PDF)

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