Araştırma Makalesi


DOI :10.26650/iutd.1140788   IUP :10.26650/iutd.1140788    Tam Metin (PDF)

Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek

Cemil Kutlutürk

Hindistan’ın Dekken bölgesinde kurulmuş olan Haydarabad Nizamlığı (1724- 1948), yirminci yüzyılın ortalarına kadar bağımsızlığını sürdürmüş bir İslam Devleti’dir. Dini, tarihi ve kültürel bağlar, Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’yle sıcak ilişkiler kurmasını sağlamıştır. Gerek devleti yönetenler gerekse bölgedeki Müslümanlar, çetin bir süreçten geçen Osmanlı’ya ve Türk halkına destek olmuşlardır. Osmanlı askerleri için bağış toplanması, Hicaz Demiryolu Projesi için yardım kampanyaları düzenlenmesi, son halife Abdülmecid Efendi’ye maddi destek sağlanması, Lozan Antlaşması’nın hemen ardından 2 Ağustos 1923 tarihinde bir ferman yayımlanarak Türkiye’nin mili mücadele sonucu elde ettiği zafer nedeniyle Haydarabad genelinde bir günlük resmi tatil ilan edilmesi, bu durumu yansıtmaktadır. Türkçe literatürde Hint-Osmanlı ilişkilerine dair kıymetli çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla meseleyi Haydarabad Nizamlığı bağlamında müstakil olarak ele alan bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu makalede saha araştırması sonucu elde edilen belge ve dokümanlardan da yararlanılarak Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın ve bölgede yaşayan Müslüman halkın Osmanlı Devleti’ne verdiği maddi ve manevi destek inceleme konusu yapılmaktadır.

DOI :10.26650/iutd.1140788   IUP :10.26650/iutd.1140788    Tam Metin (PDF)

The Nizams of Hyderabad in India and the Support They Provided the Ottoman Empire

Cemil Kutlutürk

The Nizams of Hyderabad (1724-1948) were established in the Deccan region of India as an Islamic State that had maintained its independence until the middle of the 20th century. Religious, historical, and cultural ties enabled the Nizams of Hyderabad to establish warm relations with the Ottoman Empire. For instance, aid campaigns were organized in order to fulfill the basic needs of Ottoman soldiers, financial support was provided for the completion of the Hejaz Railway Project, and support was given to the last caliph Abdulmejid II, who was having financial difficulties while abroad. Moreover, an edict was issued on August 2, 1923 right after the Treaty of Lausanne, and a one-day public holiday was declared in Hyderabad due to the victory of Turkey as a result of its war of independence. Although valuable studies are found on Indo-Ottoman relations in the Turkish literature, as far as can be determined, no study is found to have dealt with this issue in the context of the Nizams of Hyderabad and the Hyderabad region. Therefore, this study examines the material and non-physical support given by the Nizams of Hyderabad and the Muslim people of the Hyderabad region to the Ottoman Empire by making use of the documents obtained as a result of the field research.


GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET


Remarkable historical events such as the conquest of Istanbul and the transfer of the caliphate to the Ottomans enabled the political and diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Indian dynasties to increase. One of the prominent political actors in this process was undoubtedly the Nizams of Hyderabad. They maintained their existence as an independent Islamic state in the region until 1948, when India gained its independence from the British. Due to this feature, a more systematic and long-term contact had been established between the Nizams of Hyderabad and the Ottoman Empire.

Mutual interactions occurred between the two regions in the fields of politics, culture, art, and education. For example, Fazluddin Khan Bahadur was the prime minister of the sixth Nizam and in 1898 asked the Ottoman administration to send samples of manuscripts and printed books found in Istanbul libraries. Some books on tafsir, hadith and history were copied by competent people for this purpose.

The intense contact between the two regions was experienced during the Ottomans’ struggles against foreign forces. The people of Hyderabad prayed for the victory of the Turkish army and made calls for help. Common religious and cultural values and the respect shown to the institution of the caliphate had an undeniable impact on the emergence of such an attitude. The funds collected through the efforts of many influential figures, including leaders such as Salar Junk and Muhammed Badi, who served at the highest level of the Hyderabad Nizam, were sent to the Ottoman Empire to be delivered to the wounded Turkish soldiers and the orphaned children of the soldiers.

Regular telegrams were received from the war zone regarding Ottoman soldiers’ conditions through the special organizations established in Hyderabad, thereby informing the public. Through such efforts carried out under the leadership of the Nizams of Hyderabad, an awareness is understood to have been created in the eyes of the people of the region toward the Ottomans. This is why the Nizam of Hyderabad provided financial support to Al-Akhtar, a newspaper published by the Ottoman Empire, so that it could continue its publishing life.

The Hejaz Railway project was one of the significant events that strengthened the relations between Hyderabad and the Ottoman Empire. Some of the Indian Muslim intellectuals came together and established a society called Anjuman Khuddam-i-Kaaba [Society of the Servants of Kaaba] to support the project. The fact that a person such as Molla Abdulqayyum with important administrative duties in education and transportation in the Hyderabad State had assumed the position of honorary secretariat of the Hejaz Railway project in South India concretely reflects this support. Meanwhile, the capital of Istanbul showed sensitivity toward this noble behavior and decided to give the Hamidiya Hejaz Railway Medal to the people from Hyderabad who’d sent aid.

The Ottoman Empire’s involvement in the Balkan Wars and then World War I was closely followed in the Hyderabad region. Muslim leaders living in Hyderabad and the surrounding regions forwarded messages of support to the Ottoman Empire. One article written in Arabic in 1913 is a concrete piece of data reflecting this situation. This article stated that Muslims should give their full support to the Ottomans and also mentioned that the Ottoman Empire should make a military expedition to take back the pieces of land that had been lost, especially the Balkans. Warnings were also given to some of the Muslim people who were trying to leave the Ottoman Empire with their feelings of nationalism. The article emphasized that Turks should be vigilant against the insidious ambitions of foreign powers.

The Hyderabad Red Crescent Society performed an important function in the process of conveying information on the health status of the Ottoman Empire to the people of the Hyderabad region. The society also undertook the task of conveying the financial aid collected from Indian volunteers to the Ottoman Empire. The people of Hyderabad demanded that this aid should be spent to fulfill the basic needs of the relatives of martyrs and veterans, orphaned children, and the Turkish soldiers fighting at the front. The society transferred the donations to the London branch of the National Bank of India to be delivered to the Grand Viziership. The documents found in the Ottoman Achieves testify that whether these donations had reached the relevant authority and whether it had been spent right away were closely followed.

The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the occupation of Istanbul by the Allied Forces on March 16, 1920 were met with sadness in the Hyderabad region as well as in the rest of India. Some of the meetings held by the pioneers of the Indian Khilafat Movement were organized in Hyderabad. However, the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, is understood from the historical records to have cautiously approached the activities of such organizations, which had a religious-political appearance, and to have evaluated these kinds of activities from multiple perspectives.

Mir Osman Ali Khan closely followed Turkey’s successful and selfless struggle against the occupying states. He issued an edict in 1923 regarding financial aid to the needy people in Turkey. He appointed the editor of Sahifa, Muhammed Akbar Ali, to organize drives for this support. The available documents show Mir Osman Ali Khan to have issued an edict on August 2, 1923 right after the Treaty of Lausanne, an edict that established a one-day official holiday in Hyderabad due to the victory of Turkey as a result of the war of independence. Moreover, in order to celebrate this victory of the Turks, he gave orders to distribute various awards to his people and to illuminate the prominent mosques of the city with oil lamps. Another concrete indication of the close interest the Nizam of Hyderabad had with the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish people is the financial support it provided to the last Caliph Abdulmejid II who’d been forced to go abroad after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.

Mir Osman Ali Khan expressed his decision with these words: “Sultan Abdulmejid’s financial situation is not very good these days, and since he currently resides in Europe, his expenses there are quite high. I consider it a religious duty to help him as much as I can, in accordance with the religious principle of one Muslim is the sibling to another Muslim.” In response to Mir Osman Ali Khan’s positive attitude, Abdulmejid II wrote a letter saying, “Your noble decision has reached me through Nawaz Junk Bahadur. I express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to you for supporting Muslims.” All these data demonstrate that the Nizam had deep sympathy for the Turkish people and the diplomatic and cultural relations between the two regions with their strong historical background that has continued up to recent times. 


PDF Görünüm

Referanslar

  • Arşiv Kaynakları google scholar
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA) google scholar
  • Bâbıâli Evrak Odası Evrakı (BEO), 3803/285186; 983/73697; 4127/309523. google scholar
  • Dahiliye Nezareti Mektubî Kalemi (DH.MKT), 632/65. google scholar
  • Hariciye Nezareti google scholar
  • Tercüme Odası Evrakı (HR.TO), 543/15; 543/84-85; 544/15. google scholar
  • Londra Sefareti Belgeleri (HR.SFR.3), 246/60; 694/3. google scholar
  • Siyasî Kısmı Belgeleri (HR.SYS), 2080/7. google scholar
  • Tahrirat (HR.TH), 216/17; 266/19; 270/6. google scholar
  • İrade Taltifat (İ.TAL), 275/77. google scholar
  • Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Arzuhal Jurnal (Y.PRK.AZJ), 51/72. google scholar
  • Andhra Pradesh State Archives & Research Institute (APSA) google scholar
  • 17/107; 81/411; 81/464. google scholar
  • Araştırma ve İnceleme Eserleri google scholar
  • Aleem, Shamim, Developments in Administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII, Osmania University Press, Hyderabad 1984. google scholar
  • Ali, Shamshad, Indian Muslims and the Ottoman Empire 1876 -1924, Aligarh Muslim University, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Aligarh 1990. google scholar
  • Aziz, Kemal, Hint Hilafet Hareketi (1915-1933), çev. İ. Kapaklıkaya, Mahya Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2014. google scholar
  • Boitmann, Brian P., The Nizam’s Last Stand: Hyderabad’s Place in India’s Partition, University of Texas, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Austin 2010. google scholar
  • Çandrayudu, N., Haydarat me Svatantrata Andolan, Telengana t.y. google scholar
  • Felek, Burhan, Hint Masalları, Kenan Matbaası, İstanbul 1943. google scholar
  • Husain, Mazhar, The Nizams Government Hyderabad District Gazetteers Karimnagar, Goverment Central Press, Hyderabad 1940. google scholar
  • Islam, Riazul, Calener of Documents on Indo-Persian Relations, II, Karachi 1982. google scholar
  • Khan, M. Husain, Mohammad Quli Qutp Shah, Sahatya Academi, New Delhi 1996. google scholar
  • Khan, L., “Administration of Justice in the Deccan under Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah”, IJAR, V/8 (2015), 75-77. google scholar
  • Konukçu, Enver, “Haydarabad”, DİA, XVII, 30-31. google scholar
  • Macar, Oya Dağlar, “Transportation of the Wounded during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, XIX, ‘Savaş ve Bilim’ Özel Sayısı (2018), 60-86. google scholar
  • Lewis, Bernard, “The Mughals and the Ottomans”, Pakistan Quarterly, VIII/2 (1958), 5-8. google scholar
  • O’Sullivan, Michael, “Pan-Islamic Bonds and Interest: Ottoman Bonds, Red Crescent Remittances and the Limits of Indian Muslim Capital, 1877-1924”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, LV/2 (2018), 183-220. google scholar
  • Özcan, Azmi, Pan-İslamizm: Osmanlı Devleti Hindistan Müslümanları ve İngiltere (1877-1924), İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 1997. google scholar
  • ________, Pan- Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924), Brill, Leiden 1997. google scholar
  • Pande, Rekha, “Royal Bonds - Turkish Women at Home in the Palaces of Hyderabad”, India-Turkey History Culture, Politics, ed. J. P. Rapo, Indialog Foundation Publication, New Delhi 2015, s. 36-48. google scholar
  • Report and Record of the Operations of the Stafford House Committee for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Turkish Soldiers: Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78, Spottiwoode & Co, London 1879. google scholar
  • Pistorhatam, Anja, “Osmanlı Devletinde Farsça Süreli Yayınlar (1876-1910)”, çev. Nuran Tezcan, Kebikeç, XVI (2003), 71-75. google scholar
  • Pernau-Reifeld, Margrit, “Reaping the Whirlwind: Nizam and the Khilafat Movement”, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXIV/38 (1999), 2745-2751. google scholar
  • Robinson, Francis, Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces’ Muslims 18601923, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1974. google scholar
  • Roddy, S. - J. Strange - B. Taithe, The Charity Market and Humanitarianism in Britain, 1870-1912,f Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. google scholar
  • Siddiqi, Iqtidar H., “Hindistan Müslüman Sultanlıkları ile Osmanlılar Arasında Kültürel İlişkiler”, çev. A. Özcan, XV. ve XVI. Asırları Türk Asrı Yapan Değerler, Ensar Neşriyat, İstanbul 1997. google scholar
  • Warikoo, K., Religion and Security in South and Central Asia, Routledge 2010. google scholar
  • William, M. Monier, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, I-II, Indica Books, Varanasi 2008. google scholar
  • Zahoor, Muhammad A. - F. Ahmad Dar - K. M. Sajid, “Pan-Islamism, Anjuman-i-Khuddam-i-Kaaba and Muslim Identity Construction in Colonial North India”, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, XXVIII/1 (2020), 173-187. google scholar
  • İnternet Kaynakları google scholar
  • https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/hint-muslumanlarinin-bir-asir-onceki-yadigarlari-ihya-edilmeyi-bekliyor/1673579 (14/02/2022). google scholar

Atıflar

Biçimlendirilmiş bir atıfı kopyalayıp yapıştırın veya seçtiğiniz biçimde dışa aktarmak için seçeneklerden birini kullanın


DIŞA AKTAR



APA

Kutlutürk, C. (2022). Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek. Tarih Dergisi, 0(78), 73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


AMA

Kutlutürk C. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek. Tarih Dergisi. 2022;0(78):73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


ABNT

Kutlutürk, C. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek. Tarih Dergisi, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 78, p. 73-99, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kutlutürk, Cemil,. 2022. “Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek.” Tarih Dergisi 0, no. 78: 73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kutlutürk, Cemil,. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek.” Tarih Dergisi 0, no. 78 (Jun. 2023): 73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


Harvard: Australian Style

Kutlutürk, C 2022, 'Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek', Tarih Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 78, pp. 73-99, viewed 5 Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kutlutürk, C. (2022) ‘Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek’, Tarih Dergisi, 0(78), pp. 73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788 (5 Jun. 2023).


MLA

Kutlutürk, Cemil,. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek.” Tarih Dergisi, vol. 0, no. 78, 2022, pp. 73-99. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788


Vancouver

Kutlutürk C. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek. Tarih Dergisi [Internet]. 5 Jun. 2023 [cited 5 Jun. 2023];0(78):73-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788 doi: 10.26650/iutd.1140788


ISNAD

Kutlutürk, Cemil. Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek”. Tarih Dergisi 0/78 (Jun. 2023): 73-99. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788



ZAMAN ÇİZELGESİ


Gönderim05.07.2022
Kabul24.09.2022
Çevrimiçi Yayınlanma21.11.2022

LİSANS


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


PAYLAŞ




İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, uluslararası yayıncılık standartları ve etiğine uygun olarak, yüksek kalitede bilimsel dergi ve kitapların yayınlanmasıyla giderek artan bilimsel bilginin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları açık erişimli, ticari olmayan, bilimsel yayıncılığı takip etmektedir.