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DOI :10.26650/PB/AA10AA14.2023.001.047   IUP :10.26650/PB/AA10AA14.2023.001.047    Full Text (PDF)

The Question of Confessional Ambiguity in Late Medieval Sufism: The Case of the Wafa’i Order

Ayfer Karakaya Stump

A key characteristic of Sufi and dervish piety in medieval Anatolia was its supra-sectarian ‘Alid orientation and strong esoteric tendencies. Some researchers have described this phenomenon as confessional ambiguity. In this paper, I argue that this mode of piety, more than representing a confessional ambiguity, must be understood as a distinct religious and sectarian attitude that emerged and spread at a particular moment in history. One of the representatives and even founding figures of this distinct mode of piety was the eponym of the Iraqi-born Wafa’i Sufi tradition, Abu’l-Wafa’ al-Baghdadi (1026-1107). Abu’l-Wafaʾ’s complex religious profile thwarts the conventional view of sectarian identities, as understood in terms of a spectrum that runs from being the most Sunni and orthodox to being the most Shiʿi and heterodox, and appears to have taken shape amidst various contrary social, religious, and political dynamics. His Sunni identity —albeit in a minimalist sense of espousing the legitimacy of the first three caliphs— is combined with an unmistakable pro-ʿAlid disposition. Additionally, what renders Abu’l-Wafaʾ’s example particularly intriguing is its combination of a Sunni denomination with an antinomian disposition. A better understanding of the Wafa‘iyya, its distinct sectarian outlook, and its place in Anatolian religious history will not only help explain the phenomenon of confessional ambiguity but also demonstrate why ongoing debates about certain historical figures are problematic and ahistorical regarding whether they were Alevi or Sunni.


DOI :10.26650/PB/AA10AA14.2023.001.047   IUP :10.26650/PB/AA10AA14.2023.001.047    Full Text (PDF)

Geç Ortaçağ Tasavvufunda “Mezhebî Muğlaklık” Meselesi ve Vefailik Örneği

Ayfer Karakaya Stump

Geç Ortaçağ Anadolusu’nda sufi ve derviş dindarlığının en belirgin özelliklerinden biri içinde barındırdığı mezhepler üstü “Alici” damar ve güçlü bâtıni eğilimdir. Bu olgu bazı araştırmacılarca “mezhebi muğlaklık” (İngilizce “confessional ambiguity”) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu tebliğin savı, söz konusu dindarlık şeklinin bir mezhebî muğlaklık olmaktan ziyade, belli bir tarihsel dönemde ortaya çıkmış ve yaygınlaşmış, kendine özgü bir dinsel veya mezhepsel tavır olarak anlaşılması gerektiğidir. Bu özgün mezhepsel tavrın en erken temsilcilerinden ve hatta kurucu figürlerinden biri, Irak menşeli Vefai Sufi geleneğinin isim babası, 11. yüzyılın önemli mutasavvıflarından Ebü’l-Vefa el-Bağdadi’dir (d.1026- ö.1107). Ebü’l-Vefa’nın karmaşık toplumsal, dinsel ve siyasal dinamiklerin etkisi altında şekillenmiş olan dinî profili, Sünni ve “ortodoks” olandan Şii ve “heterodoks” olana uzanan bir spektrum şeklinde algılanan mezheplere dair geleneksel tasavvuru ciddi şekilde sarsar. Ebü’l-Vefa’nın dinî profili, güçlü Alici yönelimle harmanlanmış bir Sünniliği —ilk üç halifenin meşru olduğu kabulüyle sınırlı asgari bir çerçevede olsa da— bünyesinde barındırır. Ancak onu bilhassa ilginç kılan, Sünni kimliğini antinomyan bir mizaç ile birleştirmesidir. Vefailiğin ve onun taşıyıcısı olduğu özgün mezhepsel tavrın doğru anlaşılıp Anadolu tarihinde hak ettiği yere oturtulması mezhebi muğlaklık olgusunun açıklanmasına katkı yapacağı gibi, belli tarihsel figürler etrafında ülkemizde süregiden “Alevi miydi? Sünni miydi?” tartışmalarının neden sorunlu ve tarih dışı olduğunu da gözler önüne serecektir.



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