CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/SS46.2021.008.05   IUP :10.26650/B/SS46.2021.008.05    Full Text (PDF)

The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea

Ahsen Yüksek

Significant knowledge about the importance and particularities of the Mediterranean marine biodiversity is provided in this section. According to the Regional Action Center/Special Protection Areas, although the Mediterranean only covers 0.7% of the world’s ocean and sea area, it is among the major reservoirs of marine and coastal biodiversity, with 28% endemic species, 7.5% of the world’s marine fauna, and 18% of its marine flora. This little semi-closed sea is rich in islands and underwater special habitats and is also a major area of wintering and reproduction migration for some economic and protected species. This unique Mediterranean biota took shape as a result of a combination of paleological, morphological, chemical, and biotic characteristics. The Mediterranean Sea has maintained vital activities for area-specific species and has become one of the areas in which endemism is most prevalent. Therefore, it is defined as a natural laboratory due to its aforementioned specialties. Besides it also has enclosed marine area characteristics for countries that seek new natural resources. Increasing anthropogenic pressures unfortunately affect this unique area, and 20% of the species are under threat of extinction today. This response is much more explicit in the East Mediterranean Sea. Limited studies have indicated that there is an evident difference between the East and West Mediterranean in terms of biodiversity and species composition, and this difference is more evident in the deep-sea ecosystem. Deep-sea communities in the East Mediterranean constituted area-specific subspecies populations, which varied from original taxonomic groups in the oceans.


DOI :10.26650/B/SS46.2021.008.05   IUP :10.26650/B/SS46.2021.008.05    Full Text (PDF)

Akdeniz Denizel Alan Biyolojik Çeşitliliği

Ahsen Yüksek

Bu bölümde Avrupa’yı Asya ve Afrika’ya bağlayan yarı kapalı bir deniz olan Akdeniz’in denizel alan biyolojik çeşitliliğinin önemi ve özellikleri konusu ele alınmıştır. “Özel Koruma Alanları Bölgesel Faaliyet Merkezi” (RAC / SPA)’ne göre, Akdeniz, dünyanın okyanus ve deniz alanının yalnızca %0,7’sini kaplasa da, dünya deniz faunasının %7,5’ini ve deniz florasının %18’ini ve barındırmaktadır. Barındırdığı türlerin %28’nin endemik tür olması nedeniyle deniz ve kıyı biyolojik çeşitliliğinin en önemli rezervuar alanlarından biridir. Bu küçük yarı kapalı deniz, adalar ve su altı özel habitatları açısından zengindir. Aynı zamanda pek çok önemli türün kışlama ve üreme göçü alanıdır. Benzersiz Akdeniz biyotası tarihsel, morfolojik, kimyasal ve biyotik süreçlerin kombinasyonu sonucunda oluşmuştur. Tüm bu süreçler boyunca bölgeye özel birçok tür de yaşamsal faaliyetlerini sürdürmüş ve endemizm önemli ölçüde yaygınlaşmıştır. Akdeniz, bu özelliğinden dolayı çoğu araştırmacılar için doğal bir laboratuvar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Biyolojik öneminin yanı sıra, Akdeniz, yeni doğal kaynaklar arayan ülkeler için de önemli bir kapalı deniz ekosistemi özelliğine sahiptir. Ne yazık ki artan nüfusa paralel olarak insan baskılarından dolayı bu eşsiz bölge de etkilenmiş olup, Akdeniz türlerinin yaklaşık %20’si yok olma tehdidi altında kalmıştır. Doğu Akdeniz’de bu yıpranma daha belirgin düzeydedir. Yapılan sınırlı sayıdaki bilimsel araştırmalar göstermiştir ki, Akdeniz’in batısı ve doğusu arasında tür çeşitliliği ve kompozisyonu bakımından belirgin farklar vardır. Bu farklılık özellikle derin deniz ekosistemlerinde kendini daha belirgin bir şekilde göstermektedir. Doğu Akdeniz derin ekosistemindeki canlı toplulukları kökenleri olan okyanuslardaki taksonomik gruplardan farklılaşarak bölgeye özel alt tür popülasyonları oluşturmuştur.



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