CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/AA9PS34.2024.006.019   IUP :10.26650/B/AA9PS34.2024.006.019    Full Text (PDF)

Preservation and Restoration of the Wooden Artifacts with Decorated Carving and Kundekari Techniques

Işıl Özsait Kocabaş

Architectural elements such as ceilings, beams, columns, column capitals, muqarnas, door wings, window and cabinet doors, and pulpits of structures such as mosques, tombs, palaces, pavilions, and mansions dating back to the Anatolian Seljuk and Ottoman periods are examples of precious wooden art. These artifacts are protected in museums or other places of use in buildings to prevent damage or loss due to theft or deterioration. Wooden works with kundekari and carved decorations are composite in structure. Factors such as organic and inorganic ornamentation and inlay materials, binders, upper surface layers paint and varnish, their positions in the structures they belong to, their usage and environmental conditions affect the protection plan. However, the prevention of existing deterioration in these works and extension of the life of the work with the least possible intervention while preserving its originality is critical. This paper discusses the conservation and restoration approach to the carved decorated wooden artifacts prepared with the kundekari technique within the framework of the wooden elements belonging to the architecture. Turkish wood art and conventional wood decoration techniques are presented from a general perspective to emphasize the importance of the subject and explain its cultural value. The causes of their deterioration are briefly mentioned. Finally, the difference between conservation practices in historical artifacts and modern wood impregnation techniques and the degree of intervention in wood artifacts are discussed.



References

  • Ahunbay, Z. (2019). Kültür Mirasını Koruma İlke ve Teknikleri. Istanbul, Türkiye: Yem yayınları. google scholar
  • Akok, M. (1946). Kastamonu’nun Kasaba köyünde Candaroğlu Mahmut Bey Camii. Belleten, X(38), 293-301. https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/805/tur google scholar
  • Appiah-Kubi, O. P., Liu, X., & Wu, Z. (2021). Conservation of wood and restoration of artifacts against wo-od-destroying organisms. International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 6(4), 171-175. google scholar
  • Aksu, S., Kelleci, O., Aydemir, D., & İstek, A. (2022). Application of acrylic-based varnishes reinforced with nano fillers for conservation of weathered and worn surfaces of the historical and cultural wooden buildings. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 54, 1-11. google scholar
  • Aliatis, I., Bersani, D., Lottici, P. P., & Marino, I. G. (2012). Raman analysis on 18th century painted wooden statues. ArcheoSciences, 36. google scholar
  • Andreueeetti, D., Bini, M., Ignesti, A., Gambetta, A., & Olni, R. (1994). Microwave destruction of woodworms. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 29, 153-160. google scholar
  • Apa-Kurtişoğlu, G. (2015). Anadolu Selçuklu Dönemi Ahşap Minberleri (1st ed.). Konya, Türkiye: Selçuklu Belediyesi. google scholar
  • Auffret, S., & Nikolaus, S. B. (2019). Cleaning of Wooden Gilded Surfaces: An experts meeting organized by the Getty Conservation Institute, March 12-14, 2018. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Aslanapa, O. (1989). Türk sanatı (2nd ed.). Istanbul, Türkiye: Remzi Kitapevi. google scholar
  • Avunduk, A. M. (1996). Mimar Sinan’ın Istanbul’daki camilerinde ağaç sanatı (Doctoral dissertation, Univer-sity of Istanbul University, Istanbul) Retrieved from http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/28976.pdf google scholar
  • Bakırer, Ö. (1971). Ürgüp’ün Damsa Köyü’ndeki Taşkın Paşa Camii’nin ahşap mihrabı. Belleten, 35(139), 367-382. google scholar
  • Bayat, A. H. (1991). Birgi Ulu Camii minberi (712/1322). Vakıflar Dergisi, XXII, 133-150. google scholar
  • Bayat, A. H. (1992). Beylik dönemi ahşap sanatı şaheserlerinden Birgi Ulu Camii pencere kapakları. In I. Ateş, S. Bayram, & M. Narince (Eds.), IX. Vakıf Haftası, Türk Vakıf Medeniyetlerinde Hz. Mevlana ve Mevleviha-nelerin Yeri ve Vakıf Eserlerde Yer Alan Türk-İslam Sanatları Seminerleri (pp. 237-252). Ankara, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bini, M., Andreuccetti, D., Ignesti, A., Olmi, R., Priori, S., & Vanni, R. (1997). A portable microwave system for woodworm disinfestation of artistic painted boards, Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 32(3), 180-187. google scholar
  • Borgognoni, F., Vadrucci, M., Bazzano, G., Ferrari, P., Massa, S., Moretti, R., Calvitti, M., Ronsivalle, C., Moriani, A., & Picardi, l. (2017). X-ray sterilization of insects and microorganisms for cultural heritage Applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B 406, 309-313. google scholar
  • Bozer, R. (1989). Sinan eserlerinde ahşap işçiliği”, VI. Vakıf Haftası, Türk Vakıf Medeniyeti Çerçevesinde Mimar google scholar
  • Sinan ve Dönemi Sempozyumu (pp. 327-346). Istanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bozer, R. (2002), Ortaçağ Anadolu Türk ahşap sanatında kundakari tekniği. In H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek & S. Koca (Eds.), Türkler, 7 (pp. 911-917). Ankara, Türkiye: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, A. Y. (1992). Odun Anatomisi. Istanbul, Türkiye: İÜ Orman Fak. Yayını. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, A. Y., & Erdin, N. (2011). Ağaç Teknolojisi. Istanbul, Türkiye: İÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, A. Y., Göker, Y., & Erdin, N. (1993). Emprenye Tekniği. Istanbul, Türkiye: İÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, N. (2009). Sedefkarlık. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36. Retrieved from https://islamansiklopedisi.org. tr/sedefkarlik google scholar
  • Broda, M. (2020). Natural compounds for wood protection against fungi-a review. Molecules 25(15), 3538. google scholar
  • Broda, M., Kryg, P., & Ormondroyd, G. A. (2021). Gap-fillers for wooden artefacts exposed outdoors-a review. Forests, 12(5), 606. google scholar
  • Bulut, M. (2020). Compositions and golden triangles in the Ottoman wooden door, and window leaves. Journal of Art History, 29, 45-61. google scholar
  • Cataldi, A., Deflorian, F., & Pegoretti, A. (2015). Microcrystalline cellulose filled composites for wooden artwork consolidation: application and physic-mechanical characterization. Material and Design, 83, 611-619. google scholar
  • Ceylan, O., & Keleş-Ocakcan, T. (2013). Fatih Camii 2007-2012 restorasyon uygulamaları. In M. Ceylan (Ed.), VakıfRestorasyon Yıllığı, 7, (pp. 43-64). Istanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar
  • Chelazzi, D., Fratini, E., Giorgi, R., Mastrangelo, R., Rossi, M., & Baglioni, P. (2018). Gels for the cleaning of works of art. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 1296, 291-314. google scholar
  • Cinteza, L. O., Niculescu, G. (2009). Diagnosing efficiency of cleaning old wooden objects using new o/w mic-roemulsions with environmental friendly components. In L. Uzielli (Ed.), Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the International Conference Held by Cost Action IE060 in Florence (Italy) (pp. 115-120). Firenze: Firenze University Press. google scholar
  • Crisci G., M., La Russa, M. F., Malagodi, M., & Ruffolo, S. A. (2010). Consolidating properties of Regalrez 1126 and Paraloid B72 applied to wood, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11(3), 304-308. google scholar
  • Cruz, H., & Machado, J. S. (2003). Epoxy resins used for the repair of timber structures: the problem of short-and long-term performance evaluation. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 66, 203-209. google scholar
  • Demiriz, Y. (1977). XIV. yüzyılda ağaç işleri. In O. Aslanapa (Ed.), Yüzyıllar Boyunca Türk Sanatı (14. Yüzyıl) (pp.61-71). Ankara, Türkiye: MEB Yayınları. google scholar
  • Demiriz, Y. (1979). Osmanlı Mimarisinde Süsleme I Erken Devir (1300-1453), Istanbul, Türkiye: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Despot, R., Hasan, M., Rapp, A. O., Brischke, C., Humar, M., Welzbacher, C. R., & Razem, D. (2012). Chan-ges in selected properties of wood caused by gamma radiation. In F. Adrovic (Ed.), Gamma Radiation (pp. 281-304). Croatia: InTech. google scholar
  • Doğruer, F. S. (2022). Architectural history and conservation considerations of the wooden minbar in the kunde-kari technique in the Taşkın Pasha Mosque, Online Journal ofArt and Design, 10(2), 76-87. google scholar
  • Ersen, A., Olgun, N., Akbulut, S. S., & Şenyurt-Yıldırım, B. (2011). Süleymaniye Camii 2007-2010 yılları restorasyonu ve restorasyon kararları, In M. Ceylan (Ed.), Vakıf Restorasyon Yıllığı, 3, (pp. 6-27). Istanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar
  • Ersoy, A. (1993). XV. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Ağaç İşçiliği. Istanbul, Türkiye: Marmara Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • El Hadidi, N. M. N., Abdel-Monem, H., Fawzy, M. M., & Hashem, G. G. (2020). Retreatment and conservation of a wooden panel previously treated with bees wax. Advanced Research in Conservation Science, 1(2), 48-65. google scholar
  • Fulcher, K. (2017). An investigation of the use of cellulose-based materials to gap-fill wooden objects. Studies in Conservation, 62(4), 210-222. google scholar
  • Georgiou, S., Zafiropulos, V., Anglos, D., Balas, C., Tornari, V., & Fotakis, C. (1998). Excimer laser restoration of painted artworks: procedures, mechanisms and effects, Applied Surface Science, 127-129, 738-745. google scholar
  • Gezer, E. D., & Aydoğan-Selçuk, B.(2020). Determination of damage and defects in historical wooden structu-res using nondestructive test devices, Sigma Journal ofEngineering & Natural Sciences 11(2), 127-134. google scholar
  • Goodell, B., Qian Y., & Jellison J. (2008). Fungal Decay of Wood: Soft Rot-Brown Rot-White Rot. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 982, 9-31. google scholar
  • Gulotta, D., Fermo, P., Toniolo, L., & Goidanich, S. (2015). Anoxic treatment for the disinfestation of wood cultural heritage: assessment of the effects and harmfulness on different species, Wood Science and Tech-nology, 49, 925-944. google scholar
  • Gültekin, A. E. (2012). Süleymaniye Camii’ne ait ahşap askı topun konservasyon ve restorasyonu. In M. Ceylan (Ed.), VakıfRestorasyon Yıllığı, 4, (pp. 132-144). Istanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar
  • Gündüz-Küskü, S. (2021). Bir sanatçı, iki minber: Manisa Ulu Cami (1376) ve Bursa Ulu Cami (1399) minberleri üzerinden düşünceler. Turkish Studies, 16(7), 155-176. google scholar
  • Günel, M. (2010). Restorasyon çalışmalarında mikro kumlama uygulamaları. In İ. Nardereli (Ed.) Kargir Yapılarda Koruma ve Onarım Semineri II (pp. 132-136). Istanbul, Türkiye: İBB KUDEB. google scholar
  • Hamed, S. A. M., Ali, M. F., & El Hadidi, N. M. N. (2013). Assessment of commonly used cleaning methods on the anatomical structure of archaeological wood. International Journal of Conservation Science 4(2), 153-160. google scholar
  • Hamed, S. A. M., & Hassan, M. L. (2019). A new mixture of hydroxypropyl cellulose and nanocellulose for wood consolidation, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 35, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.07.001 google scholar
  • Hansen, J. D., Johnson J.A., & Winter, D.A. (2011). History and use of heat in pest control: a review, Internati-onal Journal of Pest Management, 57(4), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2011.590241 google scholar
  • Hartman-Samet, W. (1998). The philosophy of aesthetic reintegration: paintings and painted furniture. In V. Dorge & F. C. Howlett (Eds.), Painted Wood: History and Conservation: Proceedings of a symposium or-ganized by the Wooden Artifacts Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and the Foundation of the AIC (pp. 412-423). Singapore: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Hulbert, A. C. (1998). Conservation of the Fourteenth-Century Ceiling at Saint Helen’s Church, Abingdon. In V. Dorge & F. C. Howlett (Eds.), Painted Wood: History and Conservation: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Wooden Artifacts Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and the Foundation of the AIC (pp. 287-300). Singapore: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Hunt, D. (2012). Properties of wood in the conservation of historical wooden artifacts, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 13(3), S10-S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.03.014 google scholar
  • Iancu, L., Grigorescu, R. M., Ion, R-M., David, M. E., & Slamnoiu-Teodorescu, S. (2022). The effect of UV irradiation on the stability of coated fir wood samples. Materials and Mechanics, 18(19), 8-14. https://doi. org/10.2478/bsmm-2022-0012 google scholar
  • Johnson, C., Head, K., & Green, L. (1995). The conservation of a polychrome Egyptian coffin. Studies in Con-servation 40(2), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/1506506 google scholar
  • Kantarcıoğlu, A. S. (1992). Ahşapüstü kalemişi bezemelerin koruma yöntemleri. Türkiyemiz, 23(68), 42-47. google scholar
  • Kerametli, C. (1961). Osmanlı devri ağaç işleri tahta oyma sedef bağ ve fildişi kakmalar. Türk Etnografya Dergisi, IV, 5-13. google scholar
  • Kocabaş, U., & Özsait-Kocabaş, I. (2023). Comparative analysis of lifting from on-site and conservation of the Yenikapı Shipwrecks. Heritage 2023, 6, 1871-1890. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020100 google scholar
  • Koç, S. (2017). Japonyada bir koruma modeli olarak restorasyon. Mimarist, 17(58-60), 66. google scholar
  • Kryg, P., Mazela, B., & Broda, M. (2020). Dimensional stability and moisture properties of gap-fillers based on wood powder and glass microballoons. Studies in Conservation, 65(3), 142-151, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00393630.2019.1630567 google scholar
  • Lee, C., Di Turo, F., Vigani, B., Weththimuni, M. L., Rossi, S., Beltram, F., Pingue, P., Licchelli, M., Malagodi, M., Fiocco, G., & Volpi, F. (2023). Biopolymer gels as a cleaning system for differently featured wooden surfaces. Polymers, 15(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010036 google scholar
  • Lluch, A. M., Lopez-Manzares, V. F., Mileto, C., & Diodato, M. (2013). Microwaves as a remedial treatment of wood. Advanced Materials Research, 778, 620-627. https://doi/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.778.620 google scholar
  • Lubryczynska, M., Czernichowska, J., Uchman-Laskowska, I., Chmielewski, K., Mazur, M., Markowska, A., Koss, A., Marczak, J., & Strzelec, M. (2009). Wooden art works-laser cleaning case studies. In L. Uzielli (Ed.), Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the International Conference Held by Cost Action IE060 in Florence (Italy) (pp. 181-187). Firenze: Firenze University Press. google scholar
  • Machowicz-Musial, W. (2020). Fibreglass reinforced composites. Possibilities of use for restoring joints in historical wooden sculpture. CeROArt 12. https://doi.org/10.4000/ceroart.8217 google scholar
  • Makoviny, I., Reinprecht, L., Terebesyova, M., Smira, P., Souckova, A., & Pavlik L. (2012). Control of House Longhorn Beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus) Larvae by Microwave Heating. WoodResearch, 57(2), 179-188. google scholar
  • Martin, J. A., & Lopez, R. (2023). Biological deterioration and natural durability of wood in Europe. Forests, 14(2), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020283 google scholar
  • Mülayim, S. (1982). Anadolu Türk Mimarisinde Geometrik Süslemeler-Selçuklu Çağı (1st ed.). Ankara, Türkiye: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Nica, L., Vasilache, V., Drob, A., Pruteanu, S., & Sandu, I. (2022). Preservation and restoration of an old wooden icon with complex carved ornaments, in a conservation state of precollapse. Applied Sciences, 12(10), 5073. google scholar
  • Nicholson, M., & von Rotberg, W. (1996). Controlled environment heat treatment as a safe and efficient method of pest control. In: K. B. Wildey (Ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment (pp. 263-265). Edinburgh: Heriot-Watt-University. google scholar
  • Ögel, S. (1965). Anadolu ağaç oymacılığında mail kesim. Sanal Tarihi Yıllığı, 1, 110-117. google scholar
  • Öney, G. (1970). Anadolu’da Selçuklu ve Beylikler devri ahşap teknikleri. Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı, 3, 135-149. google scholar
  • Öney, G. (1992). Anadolu Selçuklu mimari süslemesi ve el sanatları (3rd ed.). Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  • Özsait-Kocabaş, I., Sarrigiannidou, C., & Güler, T. (2022). Young Touch to the Traditional Wood Arts (1st ed.). Thessaloniki: Mygdonia Publications. google scholar
  • Patrascu, M., Radoiu, M., & Pruna, M. (2018). Microwave treatment for pest control: Coleoptera insects in wooden objects, Studies in Conservation, 63(3), 155-162. google scholar
  • Payer, C., Corbeil, M-C., Harvey, C., & Moffatt, E. A. (1998). The interior decor of the Ursuline Chapel in Quebec City: research and conservation. In V. Dorge & F. C. Howlett (Eds.), Painted Wood: History and Conservation: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Wooden Artifacts Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and the Foundation of the AIC (pp. 301-317). Singapore: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Peters, K. (1984). The Chatham Island dendroglyphs - conservation and survival. ICOM Committee for Con-servation, 7th Triennial Meeting (pp. 84.3.10-84.3.12) (AATA 21-2343) Copenhagen: ICOM & J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Pinniger, D. (1996). Insect control with the thermo lignum treatment. Conservation News 59, 27-29. google scholar
  • Pinniger, D., & Winsor, P. (2004). Integrated Pest Management: A Guide for Museums, Libraries and Archives. London: Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. google scholar
  • Plenderleith H. J. (1956). The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art: Treatment, Repair, and Restoration. London, Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Podmaniczky, M. S. (1998). Structural fills for large wood objects: contrasting and complementary approaches. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 37(1), 111-116. google scholar
  • Ponta, C.C., Havermans, J. B. G. A., & Boutaine, J. L. (2017). Disinfection of cultural artefacts using irradiation. Uses of Ionizing Radiation for Tangible Cultural Heritage Conservation (pp. 93-103). Vienna: Internatıonal Atomıc Energy Agency. google scholar
  • Ray, S. L., & Reilly, J. A. (1998). The treatment of painted wooden folk art. In V. Dorge & F. C. Howlett (Eds.), Painted Wood: History and Conservation: Proceedings of a Symposium Organized by the Wooden Artifacts Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and the Foundation of the AIC (pp. 373-382). Singapore: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Rivers, S., & Umney, N. (2003). Conservation of Furniture (1st ed.). Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. google scholar
  • Sakuno, T., & Schniewind, A. P. (1990). Adhesive qualities of consolidants for deteriorated wood. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 29(1), 33-44. google scholar
  • Sanday, J. (1981). Traditional crafts and modern conservation methods in Nepal. Appropriate Technologies in the Conservation of Cultural Property (pp.9-46). Paris: Unesco. https://unesdoc.unesco.Org/ark:/48223/ pf0000047147 google scholar
  • Sav, M., & Kuşüzümü, K. H. (2014). Mihrimah Sultan Camii’ndeki son restorasyon çalışmalarının değerlendirmesi. In M. Ceylan (Ed.), Vakıf Restorasyon Yıllığı, 9, (pp. 52-63). İstanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar
  • Schniewind, A. P. (1990). Consolidation of dry archaeological wood by impregnation with thermoplastic resins. In R. M. Rowell & R. J. Barbour (Eds.), Advances in Chemistry Series, 225 (pp. 361-371).Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. google scholar
  • Seçkin, N. P. (2023). Principles for condition evaluation and preservation of wooden material in traditional buildings. Bab Journal of FSMVU Faculty of Architecture and Design, 4(1), 94-104. google scholar
  • Sekino, M. (1972). The preservation and restoration of wooden monuments in Japan. Preserving and Restoring Monuments and Historic Buildings (pp. 207-230). Paris: Unesco. google scholar
  • Selwitz, C., Maekawa, S. (1998). Research in conservation: Inert Gases in the Control of Museum Insect Pests. United States of America: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Shnawa, H. A. (2021). Curing and thermal properties of tannin-based epoxy and its blends with commercial epoxy resin. Polymer Bulletin, 78, 1925-1940. google scholar
  • Söğütlü, C., & Sönmez, A. (2008). Determination of dimensional changes on the kundakari constructed wooden panels. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi Univesity, 23(2), 349-356, google scholar
  • Söğütlü, C., Döngel, N., Togay, A., & Döngel, İ. (2014). Istanbul’da bulunan Mimar Sinan eseri cami ahşap kapı ve pencere iç kepenklerinin malzeme, boyut, süsleme ve yapım tekniği açısından incelenmesi. Journal of Polytechnic, 17(2), 49-57. google scholar
  • Spirydowicz, K. (1996). The conservation of ancient Phrygian furniture from Gordion, Turkey. Studies in Con-servation, 41(1), 166-171. google scholar
  • Strang, T. J. K. (1997). Controlling insect pests with low temperature. Canadian Heritage, Canadian Conser-vation Institute Notes 3/3. google scholar
  • Taşkın, H., & Yıldırım, N. (2011). The damages of Anobium punctatum (De Geer, 1774) in Küçüksu pavilion-Is-tanbul and fumigation applications. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 61(2), 85-93. google scholar
  • Timar, M.C., Gurau, L., Porojan, M., & Beldean, E. (2013). Microscopic identification of wood species-an important step in furniture conservation. European Journal of Science and Theology, 9(4), 243-252. google scholar
  • Timar, M. C., & Beldean, E. C. (2022). Modification of shellac with clove (eugenia caryophyllata) and thyme (satureja hortensis) essential oils: compatibility issues and effect on the UV light resistance of wood coated surfaces. Coatings, 12(10), 1591. google scholar
  • Tomaszek, T. (2022). Authenticity and Wooden Architecture Preservation in Asia, A Chinese Perspective (1st ed.). London: CRC Press. google scholar
  • Toper-Kaygın, A., & Sade, E. (2004). Türkiye’de bulunan Anobidae familyasına bağlı türler ve bunlardan bazı önemli türlerin tanıtımı. ZKÜ Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(6), 142-152. google scholar
  • Tuduce-Traistaru, A. A., Timar, M. C., & Campean, M. (2011). Studies upon penetration of Paraloid B72 into poplar wood by cold immersion treatments. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series II: Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering, 4(53.1), 81-88. google scholar
  • Tuduce-Traistaru, A-A. T., Sandu, I. C. A., Timar, M. C., Dumitrescu, G. L., & Sandu I. (2013). SEM_EDX, water absorption, and wetting capability studies on evaluation of the influence of nano-zinc oxide as additive to Paraloid B72 solutions used for wooden artifacts consolidation. Microscopy Research and Technique,76, 208-218. google scholar
  • Tran, Q. K., Boutaine, J. L. (2017).Trends in consolidation of porous materials. Uses of Ionizing Radiation for Tangible Cultural Heritage Conservation (pp. 105-111). Vienna: Internatıonal Atomıc Energy Agency. google scholar
  • Tran, Q. K., & Cortella, L. (2017). The state of the art in radiation processing for cultural heritage in France. Uses of lonizing Radiation for Tangible Cultural Heritage Conservation (pp. 221-228). Vienna: International Atomıc Energy Agency. google scholar
  • Tscherne, F., Wilke, N., Schachenhofer, B., Roux, K., & Tavlaridis, G. (2016), Internatıonal Journal of Conser-vation Science, 7(1), 295-300. google scholar
  • Türkoğlu, S. (1967). Edirne Müzesi’ndeki edirnekârî ağaç işlemeleri. Türk Etnografya Dergisi, X, 67-74. google scholar
  • Unger, A., Schniewind, A.P, & Unger, W. (2001). Conservation of Wood Artifacts A Handbook. Berlin: Springer Press. google scholar
  • Ünal, S., Ozcan, E., & Kaygın, A. T. (2009). Wood-destroying Coleopteran species in the historical buildings in Kastamonu. Turkey, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(10), 2349-2355. http://www.academicjournals. org/AJB. google scholar
  • Valentin, N. (1993). Comparative analysis of insect control by nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide in museum, archive and herbarium collections. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 32(4), 263-278. google scholar
  • Valentin, N., Lidstrom, M., & Preusser, F. (1990). Microbial control by low oxygen and low relative humidity environment. Studies in Conservation, 35(4), 222-230. google scholar
  • Walsh-Korbs, Z. (2022). Sustainability in HeritageWood Conservation: Challenges and Directions for Future Research. Forests, 13(1). google scholar
  • Walsh-Korb, Z., & Averous, L. (2019). Recent developments in the conservation of materials properties of historical wood. Progress in Materials Science, 102, 167-221. google scholar
  • Weththimuni, M. L., & Licchelli, M. (2023). Heritage conservation and restoration: surface characterization, cleaning and treatments. Coatings, 13, 457. google scholar
  • Weththimuni, M. L., Milanese, C., Licchelli, M., & Malagodi, M. (2021). Improving the protective properties of shellac-based varnishes by functionalized nanoparticles. Coatings, 11, 419. google scholar
  • Williams, D. C. (1998). A survey of adhesives for wood conservation. In K. Dardes and A. Rothe (Eds.), The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings: Proceedings of a Symposium at the J. Paul Getty Museum (pp. 79-86). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. google scholar
  • Williams, M. A., Ferrell, M. M., & Baker, J. (1998). Technology and conservation of decorative surface systems of horse-drawn vehicles. In V. Dorge & F. C. Howlett (Eds.), Painted Wood: History and Conservation: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Wooden Artifacts Group of the American Institute for Con-servation of Historic and Artistic Works and the Foundation of the AIC (pp. 345-362). Singapore: J. Paul Getty Trust. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, N., Taşkın, H., & Karaman, R. (2012). Istanbul-Beylerbeyi Sarayı’nda Coleoptera türlerine karşı sülfüril florit kullanılarak yapılan fumigasyon uygulaması. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 62(1), 47-52. google scholar
  • Yücel, A., & Kantarcıoğlu, S. (1997). Müzelerdeki Eserlerin Bozulmasında Mikropların Rolü (1st ed.). Ankara, Türkiye: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Yücel, E. (1977). Osmanlı ağaç işçiliği. Kültür ve Sanat, 5, 58-71. google scholar
  • Ziyrek, A. (2011). The tombs and the cemetery of the Süleymaniye complex, In M. Ceylan (Ed.), Vakıf Restorasyon Yıllığı, 3, (pp. 123-132). Istanbul, Türkiye: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.