CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/LSB44.2024.037.006   IUP :10.26650/B/LSB44.2024.037.006    Full Text (PDF)

Neuropyschological Assessment

Jbid Dursun UncuHaşim GezegenCharlotte Serrazİbrahim Hakan Gürvit

This chapter delves into the fundamental principles and applications of neuropsychological assessment, a tool pivotal to the quantitative analysis of cognitive function in both clinical and research settings. Neuropsychological assessments provide a method for transforming cognitive outcomes into numerical values, thereby enabling the objective measurement of cognitive deficits and monitoring their progression over time. The discussion covers a broad spectrum of neuropsychological tools, each underpinned by neuropsychological principles. These instruments have found wide utility in the broader neuroscience landscape. In addition, the chapter illuminates various research considerations that establish the role of neuropsychological assessments within the methodological framework of neuroscience. The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the domain, offering insights into the potential of neuropsychological tools to facilitate neuroscience research and advance clinical practice.



References

  • 1. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-98. google scholar
  • 2. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize Mini Mental Test’in Türk Toplumunda Hafif Demans Tanısında Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2002;13:273-81. google scholar
  • 3. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cogni-tive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(4):695-9. google scholar
  • 4. Selekler k, cangöz b, uluç s. Power of discrimination of montreal cognıtıve assessment (moca) scale in Turkısh patıents wıth mild cognitive impaırement and Alzheimer’s disease. Turk j gerıatr. 2009;13(3). google scholar
  • 5. Chiti G, Pantoni L. Use of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Patients With Stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3135-40. google scholar
  • 6. Guise E de, Alturki AY, LeBlanc J, Champoux MC, Couturier C, Lamoureux J, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment in persons with traumatic brain injury. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2014;21(2):128-35. google scholar
  • 7. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114(512):797-811. google scholar
  • 8. Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Peck A, Schechter R, Schimmel H. Validation of a short Orientation-Memor-y-Concentration Test of cognitive impairment. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(6):734-9. google scholar
  • 9. Akça Kalem Ş, Öktem Tanör Ö, Emre M. Kısa Blessed Oryantasyon-Bellek-Konsantrasyon Testi (BOMC) ve Standardize Mini Mental Test (SMMT) Betimsel İstatistik Değerlerinini Bir Normal Erişkin Türk Ör-nekleminde Saptanması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 2002;39(2-3-4). google scholar
  • 10. Bilgiç B., Gürvit, İ.H., Hanağası, H. Erken evre Alzheimer hastalığı ve demanssız kognitif bozukluk tanılı hastaların klinik ve laboratuar parametrelerinin karşılaştırılması. In Antalya: Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2002. google scholar
  • 11. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982;140:566-72. google scholar
  • 12. Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43:2412-4. google scholar
  • 13. Brott T, Adams HP, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20(7):864-70. google scholar
  • 14. Rankin J. Cerebral Vascular Accidents in Patients over the Age of 60: Scott Med. J.1957;2(5):200-152(5):200-15. google scholar
  • 15. Wilson JTL, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UGR, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-6. google scholar
  • 16. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(12):1044-54. google scholar
  • 17. Hall R, Stfobhairt A, Allerhand M, MacLullich AMJ, Tieges Z. The Observational Scale of Level of Arousal: A brief tool for assessing and monitoring level of arousal in patients with delirium outside the ICU. Inter-national Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020;35(9):1021-7. google scholar
  • 18. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974. 13;2(7872):81-4. google scholar
  • 19. Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Manual. Los Angeles, Western Psychological Services, 2000: Eighth Printing; 1982. google scholar
  • 20. Rosvold HE, Mirsky AF, Sarason I, Bransome Jr. ED, Beck LH. A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 1956;20(5):343-50. google scholar
  • 21. Yaycı L. d2 dikkat testinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013;3(1):43-79. google scholar
  • 22. Zimmermann F. Psychological Test Systems, PSYTest. 2012. google scholar
  • 23. van Zomeren AH, Brouwer WH. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. New York, NY, US: Oxford Uni-versity Press; 1994. x, 250 p. google scholar
  • 24. Posner MI, Raichle ME. Images of mind. New York, NY, US: Scientific American Library/Scientific Ame-rican Books; 1994. ix, 257 p. google scholar
  • 25. Dillon DG, Pizzagalli DA. Mechanisms of Memory Disruption in Depression. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41(3):137-49. google scholar
  • 26. James TA, Weiss-Cowie S, Hopton Z, Verhaeghen P, Dotson VM, Duarte A. Depression and Episodic Me-mory Across the Adult Lifespan: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychol Bull. 2021;147(11):1184-214. google scholar
  • 27. Davidovich S, Collishaw S, Thapar AK, Harold G, Thapar A, Rice F. Do better executive functions buffer the effect of current parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms? J Affect Disord. 2016; 15;199:54-64. google scholar
  • 28. Wu Z, Su G, Lu W, Liu L, Zhou Z, Xie B. Clinical symptoms and their relationship with cognitive impair-ment in elderly patients with depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022. 10;13:1009653. google scholar
  • 29. Beck AT. An Inventory for Measuring Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561. google scholar
  • 30. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health. 1986;5:165-73. google scholar
  • 31. Akça-Kalem, Ş., Hanağası, H., Cummings, J. L. ve Gürvit, H. Validation study of the Turkish translation of the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). In: 21st international conference of alzheimer’s disease international, 2005, 47p. google scholar
  • 32. Kandel E, Koester JD, Mack SH, Siegelbaum S. Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition. 6th edition. New York: McGraw Hill / Medical; 2021. 1696 p. google scholar
  • 33. Scoville WB, Milner B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1957;20(1):11-21. google scholar
  • 34. Corkin S. Lasting consequences of bilateral medial temporal lobectomy: Clinical course and experimental Findings in HM Seminars in Neurology. In 1984. p. 249-59. google scholar
  • 35. Corkin S, Amaral DG, Gonzalez RG, Johnson KA, Hyman BT. H. M.’s Medial temporal lobe lesion: fin-dings from magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 1997;17(10):3964-79. google scholar
  • 36. Öktem-Tanör ÖÖ. Öktem sözel bellek süreçleri testi. (Öktem-SBST) el kitabı. Türk Psikologlar Derneği; 2011. google scholar
  • 37. Wechsler D. WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX Psychological Corpora-tion. [Internet]. 1987. google scholar
  • 38. Wechsler D. WMS-III: Wechsler memory scale administration and scoring manual. 3rd ed. San Antonio, Tex.: Psychological Corp.; 1997. 212 p. google scholar
  • 39. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale | Fourth Edition. 2009. google scholar
  • 40. Rullier L, Matharan F, Barbeau EJ, Mokri H, Dartigues JF, Peres K, et Amieva H. The DMS 48: norms and diagnostic proprieties for Alzheimer’s disease in elderly population from the AMI cohort study. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2014;12(3):321-30. google scholar
  • 41. Schacter DL, Tulving E. What are the memory systems of 1994? In: Memory Systems 1994. Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press; 1994. p. 1-38. google scholar
  • 42. Bartlett F. Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1932. google scholar
  • 43. Brodziak A. Neurophysiology of the mental image. Med Sci Monit. 2001;7(3):534-8. google scholar
  • 44. Squire LR, Alvarez P. Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1995;5(2):169-77. google scholar
  • 45. Damasio AR. Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition. 1989;33(1):25-62. google scholar
  • 46. Damasio AR. The Brain Binds Entities and Events by Multiregional Activation from Convergence Zones. Neural Computation. 1989;1(1):123-32. google scholar
  • 47. Mollahasanoğlu A. Normal Deneklerde Bir Grup Görsel ve Sözel Bellek Testleri Performansına Yaş ve Eğitimin Etkisi. Istanbul Üniversitesi; 2002. google scholar
  • 48. Rey A. L’examen Clinique en Psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1964. google scholar
  • 49. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Thompkins BAO. CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test : Adult Version : Manual. Psychological Corporation; 1987. 91 p. google scholar
  • 50. Delis DC. CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test: Adult Version : Manual. 2nd ed. San Antonio, Tex.: Psychological Corporation; 2000. 287 p. google scholar
  • 51. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test, Third Edition (CVLT-3) | Psychology Resource Centre. 2017. google scholar
  • 52. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Thompkins, B. A. O. California Verbal Learning Test Children’s Version [Internet]. 1994. google scholar
  • 53. Feyzioğlu A. California Verbal Learning Test: The Normative Study of Turkey Adult Sample. Haydarpasa Numune Med J 2019; 60(4): 383-394. google scholar
  • 54. Grober E, Buschke H. Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Developmental Neuropsychology. 1987;3(1):13-36. google scholar
  • 55. Grober E, Merling A, Heimlich T, Lipton RB. Free and cued selective reminding and selective reminding in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 1997;19:643-54. google scholar
  • 56. Sarazin M, Berr C, De Rotrou J, Fabrigoule C, Pasquier F, Legrain S, et al. Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD: a longitudinal study. Neurology. 2007. 6;69(19):1859-67. google scholar
  • 57. Saka E, Mihci E, Topcuoglu MA, Balkan S. Enhanced cued recall has a high utility as a screening test in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in Turkish people. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;21(7):745-51. google scholar
  • 58. Tröster AI, Jacobs D, Butters N, Cullum M, Salmon DP. Differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from Huntin-gton’s disease with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Clin Geriatr Med. 1989;5(3):611-32. google scholar
  • 59. Hori T, Sanjo N, Tomita M, Mizusawa H. Visual Reproduction on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised as a Predi-ctor ofAlzheimer’s Disease in Japanese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments. DEM. 2013;35(3-4):165-76. google scholar
  • 60. Funabiki Y, Shiwa T. Weakness of visual working memory in autism. Autism Res. 2018;11(9):1245-52. google scholar
  • 61. Luukkainen-Markkula R, Tarkka IM, Pitkanen K, Sivenius J, Hamalainen H. Hemispatial neglect reflected on visual memory. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29(5):321-30. google scholar
  • 62. Barr WB, Chelune GJ, Hermann BP, Loring DW, Perrine K, Strauss E, et al. The use of figural repro-duction tests as measures of nonverbal memory in epilepsy surgery candidates. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(5):435-43. google scholar
  • 63. Vannucci M. Visual Memory Deficits in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Toward a Multifactorial Approach. Cli-nical EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society. 2007;38:18-24. google scholar
  • 64. Beh HC, Tan HJ, Hod R, Khoo CS, Mohamad K. Prevalence and Factors Influencing Visual Memory Dy-sfunction among Epilepsy Patients-A Single-Center Study. Neurol India. 2020;68(3):581-5. google scholar
  • 65. Rey A. L’examen Psychologique Dans les cas D’encephalopathie Traumatique. Archives de Psychologie. 1941;(28):215-85. google scholar
  • 66. Osterrieth, PA. Le test de copie d’une figure complexe. Archives de Psychology. 1944;(30):286-356. google scholar
  • 67. Zhang X, Lv L, Min G, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Li Y. Overview of the Complex Figure Test and Its Clinical App-lication in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Including Copying and Recall. Frontiers in Neurology 2021; 12. google scholar
  • 68. Rey A, Osterrieth PA. Translations of excerpts from Andre Rey”s Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy and P. A. Osterrieth”s The Complex Figure Copy Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist. 1993; 7:4-21. google scholar
  • 69. Aycicegi-Dinn A, Dinn W. Rey Complex Figure Test Profile of Turkish Adults. Noropsikiyatri Arsivi. 2012; 49:145-51. google scholar
  • 70. Tulving E. Episodic and semantic memory. In: Organization of memory. Oxford, England: Academic Press; 1972. p. xiii, 423-xiii, 423. google scholar
  • 71. Warrington EK, McCarthy R. Category specific access dysphasia. Brain. 1983;106 (4):859-78. google scholar
  • 72. Hillis AE, Caramazza A. Category-specific naming and comprehension impairment: a double dissociation. Brain. 1991;114 (5):2081-94. google scholar
  • 73. Howard D, Patterson K. The pyramids and palm trees test: a test of semantic access from words and pictures. London: Pearson Assessment; 1992. 16 p. google scholar
  • 74. Bozdemir M, Gurvit IH. Normative data for the Turkish version of the pyramids and palm trees test. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2022;29(6):1571-7. google scholar
  • 75. Beaunieux H, Hubert V, Witkowski T, Pitel AL, Rossi S, Danion JM, et al. Which processes are involved in cognitive procedural learning? Memory. 2006;14(5):521-39. google scholar
  • 76. Knightly AE. The process of learning as shown by the mirror-drawing experiment. 1934; google scholar
  • 77. Jacoby L, Toth J, Yonelinas A. Separating Conscious and Unconscious Influences of Memory: Measuring Recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1993;122:139-54. google scholar
  • 78. Passafiume D, Di Giacomo D, Carolei A. Word-stem completion task to investigate semantic network in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2006 May;13(5):460-4. google scholar
  • 79. Bentler PM, Bonett DG. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin. 1980;88:588-606. google scholar
  • 80. Soler MJ, Das^ C, Ruiz JC. Priming in word stem completion tasks: comparison with previous results in word fragment completion tasks. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1172. google scholar
  • 81. Gollin ES. Developmental studies of visual recognition of incomplete objects. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1960;11:289-98. google scholar
  • 82. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ, Teskey GC. An introduction to brain and behavior. Sixth edition. New York, New York: Macmillan International Higher Education Worth Publishers; 2019. 592 p. google scholar
  • 83. Chun MM, Jiang Y. Contextual cueing: implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial atten-tion. Cogn Psychol. 1998;36(1):28-71. google scholar
  • 84. van Asselen M, Kessels RPC, Frijns CJM, Kappelle LJ, Neggers SFW, Postma A. Object-location memory: a lesion-behavior mapping study in stroke patients. Brain Cogn. 2009;71(3):287-94. google scholar
  • 85. Chun MM, Jiang Y. Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2003;29:224-34. google scholar
  • 86. Jiang Y, Song JH, Rigas A. High-capacity spatial contextual memory. Psychon Bull Rev. 2005;12(3):5249. google scholar
  • 87. Howard JH, Howard DV, Dennis NA, Yankovich H, Vaidya CJ. Implicit spatial contextual learning in healthy aging. Neuropsychology. 2004;18(1):124-34. google scholar
  • 88. Negash S, Petersen LE, Geda YE, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Smith GE, et al. Effects of ApoE genotype and mild cognitive impairment on implicit learning. Neurobiology of Aging. 2007;28(6):885-93. google scholar
  • 89. Van Asselen M, Almeida I, Julio F, Januario C, Campos EB, Simöes M, et al. Implicit Contextual Learning in Prodromal and Early Stage Huntington’s Disease Patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(4):689-96. google scholar
  • 90. Ulasoglu-Yildiz C, Gurvit H. Implicit contextual learning in spinocerebellar ataxia. Neuropsychology. 2020;34(5):511-23. google scholar
  • 91. Tulving E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain. Annual Review of Psychology. 2002;53(1):1-25. google scholar
  • 92. Yonelinas AP. The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research. Journal of Memory and Language. 2002;46(3):441-517. google scholar
  • 93. Hickok G, Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(5):393-402. google scholar
  • 94. Goodglass H. Disorders of naming following brain injury. Am Sci. 1980;68(6):647-55. google scholar
  • 95. Strub RL, Black FW. The Mental Status Examination in Neurology. 4th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2000. google scholar
  • 96. Goodglass H, Kaplan E. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE). Philedephia, Boston: Lea & Febiger; 1972. google scholar
  • 97. Goodglass H, Kaplan E. The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Liea & Febiger; 1983. google scholar
  • 98. Goodglass H, Kaplan E, Barresi, B. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-Third Edition (BDAE-3). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkin; 2001. google scholar
  • 99. Rosselli M, Ardila A, Araujo K, Weekes VA, Caracciolo V, Padilla M, et al. Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish-English bilinguals. Appl Neuropsychol. 2000;7(1):17-24. google scholar
  • 100. Mazaux JM, Goodglass H, Kaplan E, Orgogozo JM. Echelle d’evaluation de l’aphasie (BDAE/HDAE) : adaptation française du Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. 15 rue Henri Rol Tanguy: ECPA Editions du Centre de Psychologie appliquee; 2005. google scholar
  • 101. Holland AL, Frattali C, Fromm D. CADL-2 communication activities of daily living: examiner’s manual. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex.: Pro-ed; 1999. 37 p. google scholar
  • 102. Benton AL. Neuropsychological Assessment. Annual Review of Psychology. 1994;45(1):1-23. google scholar
  • 103. Kertesz A. Western Aphasia Battery-Revised. 2006. google scholar
  • 104. Heilman MKM, Valenstein,MD E, Heilman MKM, Valenstein,MD E. Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. 720 p. google scholar
  • 105. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D, Lezak MD, Howieson DB, et al. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. 1200 p. google scholar
  • 106. Rothi LJGR Kenneth M, editor. Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action. London: Psychology Press; 2014. 321 p. google scholar
  • 107. Power E, Code C, Croot K, Sheard C, Rothi L. Florida Apraxia Battery-Extended and Revised Sydney (FABERS): Design, description, and a healthy control sample. Journal of clinical and experimental neurops-ychology. 2009;32:1-18. google scholar
  • 108. Kleist K. Gehirnpathologie. 1934. google scholar
  • 109. Mayer-Gross W. Some Observations on Apraxia. Proc R Soc Med. 1935;28(9):1203-12. google scholar
  • 110. Critchley M. The parietal lobes. Oxford, England: Williams and Wilkins; 1953. vii, 480 p. google scholar
  • 111. Kohs SC. The Block-Design Tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1920;3:357-76. google scholar
  • 112. Benton AL, Van Allen MW. Impairment in Facial Recognition in Patients with Cerebral Disease. Cortex. 1968;4(4):344-IN1. google scholar
  • 113. Keskinkılıç C. Benton Yüz Tanıma Testi’nin “Türkiye Toplumu Normal Yetişkin Denekler Üzerindeki Standardizasyonu”. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. 2008.14(3):179-190. google scholar
  • 114. Benton, A. L., Varney, N., & Hamsher, K. 1975;Judgement of Line Orientation. APA PsycTests. google scholar
  • 115. Calamia M, Markon K, Denburg NL, Tranel D. Developing a Short Form of Benton’s Judgment of Line Orientation Test: An Item Response Theory Approach. Clin Neuropsychol. 2011;25(4):670-84. google scholar
  • 116. Karakaş S, Karakaş E. Nöropsikolojik Testlerin Türk Örneklemi Üzerinde Değişik Yaş ve Eğitim Düzeylerine Göre Standardizasyonu. Kriz Dergisi. 2002;159-66. google scholar
  • 117. Groffman S. Visual Closure. 1970. In: the Conference of the Association of Children with Learning Disa-bilities, Philadelphia. google scholar
  • 118. Warrington EK, James M. Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP) 1991. google scholar
  • 119. McIntosh RD, Brown BMA, Young L. Meta-analysis of the visuospatial aftereffects of prism adaptation, with two novel experiments. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 2019;111:256-73. google scholar
  • 120. Ogden JA. Anterior-posterior interhemispheric differences in the loci of lesions producing visual hemineg-lect. Brain Cogn. 1985;4(1):59-75. google scholar
  • 121. Schenkenberg T, Bradford DC, Ajax ET. Line bisection and unilateral visual neglect in patients with neuro-logic impairment. Neurology. 1980; 30(5):509-17. google scholar
  • 122. Albert ML. A simple test of visual neglect. Neurology. 1973 ;23(6):658-64. google scholar
  • 123. Diller L, Weinberg J, Gordon W, Goodkin R, Gerstman LJ, Ben-Yishay Y. Studies in scanning behavior in hemiplegia. In: Studies in cognition and rehabilitation in hemiplegia. New York: new York University Medical Center, Institute od Rehabilitation Medicine; 1974. google scholar
  • 124. Shulman KI, Shedletsky R, Silver IL. The challenge of time: Clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1986;1(2):135-40. google scholar
  • 125. Ota H, Fujii T, Suzuki K, Fukatsu R, Yamadori A. Dissociation of body-centered and stimulus-centered representations in unilateral neglect. Neurology. 2001;57(11):2064-9. google scholar
  • 126. Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Executive functions and the frontal lobes: a conceptual view. Psychological Re-search Psychologische Forschung. 2000;63(3):289-98. google scholar
  • 127. Burgess PW, Stuss DT. Fifty Years of Prefrontal Cortex Research: Impact on Assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2017;23(9-10):755-67. google scholar
  • 128. Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2006;16(1):17-42. google scholar
  • 129. Allman JM, Hakeem A, Erwin JM, Nimchinsky E, Hof P. The Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;935(1):107-17. google scholar
  • 130. Clark L, Bechara A, Damasio H, Aitken MRF, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain. 2008 ;131(5):1311-22. google scholar
  • 131. Rolls ET, Grabenhorst F. The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: From affect to decision-making. Progress in Neurobiology. 2008;86(3):216-44. google scholar
  • 132. Corbo I, Casagrande M. Higher-Level Executive Functions in Healthy Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impair-ment: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022;11(5):1204. google scholar
  • 133. Miyake A, Friedman NP. The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012;21(1):8-14. google scholar
  • 134. Baddeley AD, Hitch G. Working Memory. In: Bower GH, editor. Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Academic Press; 1974. p. 47-89. google scholar
  • 135. Baddeley A. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn Sci. 2000;4(11):417-23. google scholar
  • 136. Corsi, P.M. Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. McGill Univeristiy. 1972. google scholar
  • 137. Kirchner WK. Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experi-mental Psychology. 1958;55:352-8. google scholar
  • 138. Gronwall DM. Paced auditory serial-addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills. 1977;44(2):367-73. google scholar
  • 139. Thurstone, L.L, Mellinger, J.J. The Stroop Test. Chapel Hill, N.C: The psychometric Laboratory, Univer, North Carolina, no:3; 1953. google scholar
  • 140. Emek-Savas DD, Yerlikaya D, Yener GG, Oktem Tanor O. Validity, Reliability and Normative Data of The Stroop Test Capa Version. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2019. google scholar
  • 141. Black DN, Stip E, Bedard M, Kabay M, Paquette I, Bigras MJ. Leukotomy revisited: late cognitive and behavioral effects in chronic institutionalized schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 2000;43(1):57-64. google scholar
  • 142. Devinsky O, D’esposito M. Neurology of cognitive and behavioral disorders. Vol. 68. Oxford University Press; 2003. google scholar
  • 143. Goldstein EB. Cognitive Psychology. 3rd edition. Wadsworth Publishing; 2010. google scholar
  • 144. Hodges JR. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Second Edition. 2007. google scholar
  • 145. Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage. Percept Mot Skills. 1958;8(3):271-6. google scholar
  • 146. Cangöz B, Demirci S, Uluç S. Trail Making Test: Predictive Validity Study on Turkish Patients with Alz-heimer Dementia. Turk J Geriatr. 2013;16(1). google scholar
  • 147. Turkes N, Can H, Kurt M, Elmastas Dikec B. Do Age, Sex and Education affect Trail Making Test Scores? A Standardization Study in 20-49 Age Group in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2014. google scholar
  • 148. Heaton R, Chelune C, Talley J, Kay G, Curtiss G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual - Revised and Expanded. In 1993. google scholar
  • 149. Kafadar,H. Prediction of fluid intelligence through performance intelligence, verbal intelligence, executive functions, working memory, selective attention and short term memory processes. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2004. google scholar
  • 150. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Oxford, England: Psychological Corp.; 1955. vi, 110 p. google scholar
  • 151. Wechsler D. WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised. Psychological Corporation; 1981. 156 p. google scholar
  • 152. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | Fourth Edition [Internet]. 2008. google scholar
  • 153. Raven J. Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly edu-cative and mainly reproductive. Yüksek lisans tezi. University of London; 1936. google scholar
  • 154. Raven J. The Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time. Cognitive Psy-chology. 2000;41(1):1-48. google scholar
  • 155. Domino G, Domino ML. Psychological Testing: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press; 2006. 653 p. google scholar
  • 156. Domino G, Domino ML. Psychological Testing: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press; 2006. google scholar
  • 157. Shallice T, Broadbent DE, Weiskrantz L. Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences. 1982;298(1089):199-209. google scholar
  • 158. Sohtorik İlkmen Y, Soncu Büyükişcan E. Verbal Fluency Tests: Normative Data Stratified by Age and Education in an Istanbul Sample. Türk Nöroloji Derneği. 2022. google scholar
  • 159. Marin RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;3(3):243-54. google scholar
  • 160. Furneri G, Platania S, Privitera A, Martelli F, Smeriglio R, Razza G, et al. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C): Psychometric Properties and Invariance of Italian Version in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9597. google scholar
  • 161. Gülseren, Ş, Atun, Ç, Erol, A., Aydemir, Ö, Çelebisoy, M., Kültür, S. Apati değerlendirme ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalişmasi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 2001;38(3):151-8. google scholar
  • 162. Kelley WM, Macrae CN, Wyland CL, Caglar S, Inati S, Heatherton TF. Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(5):785-94. google scholar
  • 163. Qin P, Northoff G. How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? Neuroimage. 2011;57(3):1221-33. google scholar
  • 164. Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994;38(1):23-32. google scholar
  • 165. Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. Pictures of Facial Affect. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. 1976. google scholar
  • 166. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I. The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(2):241-51. google scholar
  • 167. Yıldırım EA, Kaşar M, Güdük M, Ateş E, Küçükparlak I, Ozalmete EO. Investigation of the reliability of the “reading the mind in the eyes test” in a Turkish population. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2011;22(3):177-86. google scholar
  • 168. Juslin PN, Laukka P. Impact of intended emotion intensity on cue utilization and decoding accuracy in vocal expression of emotion. Emotion. 2001;1(4):381-412. google scholar
  • 169. Ertürk UA. Yetişkinlerde Emosyonel Prozodi Algısı ve üretimin değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2017. google scholar
  • 170. Mundy P, Delgado C, Goldstein J, Parlade M, Hogan A, Seibert J, et al. Early social communication scales (ESCS). 2003;305. google scholar
  • 171. Desgranges B, Laisney M, Bon L, Duval C, Mondou A, Bejanin A, et al. TOM-15: a false-belief task to assess cognitive theory of mind. Revue de Neuropsychologie. 2012;4:216-20. google scholar
  • 172. Davis MH. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. 1980; google scholar
  • 173. Reniers R, Corcoran R, Drake R, Shryane N, Völlm B. The QCAE: a Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affe-ctive Empathy. Journal of personality assessment. 2011;93:84-95. google scholar
  • 174. Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994;50(1):7-15. google scholar
  • 175. Gregory C, Lough S, Stone V, Erzinclioglu S, Martin L, Baron-Cohen S, et al. Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: theoretical and practical implications. Brain. 2002; 125(4):752-64. google scholar
  • 176. Şandor S, İşcen P. Faux-Pas Recognition Test: A Turkish adaptation study and a proposal of a standardized short version. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2023; 20(1):34-42. google scholar
  • 177. Ehrle N, Henry A, Pesa A, Bakchine S. Presentation d’une batterie d’evaluation des fonctions sociocogniti-ves chez des patients atteints d’affections neurologiques Application dans la demence frontale. Geriatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement. 2011;9(1):117-28. google scholar
  • 178. Baez S, Ibanez A. The effects of context processing on social cognition impairments in adults with Asper-ger’s syndrome. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2014; 8:270. google scholar
  • 179. Blair RJ, Cipolotti L. Impaired social response reversal. A case of “acquired sociopathy.” rain. 2000;123(6):1122-41. google scholar
  • 180. Saffran EM. Neuropsychological approaches to the study of language. 1982. google scholar
  • 181. Caramazza A. The logic of neuropsychological research and the problem of patient classification in aphasia. Brain Lang. 1984;21(1):9-20. google scholar
  • 182. Teuber HL. Physiological Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology. 1955;6(1):267-96. google scholar
  • 183. Damasio H, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Lesion Analysis in Neuropsychology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 1990. 238 p. google scholar
  • 184. Kimberg DY, Coslett HB, Schwartz MF. Power in voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Journal of Cog-nitive Neuroscience. 2007;19:1067-80. google scholar
  • 185. Crawford JR, Garthwaite PH, Wood LT. Inferential methods for comparing two single cases. Cogn Neurops-ychol 2010;27(5):377-400. google scholar
  • 186. Margeviciute R. The advantages and disadvantages of single case and group study design in neuropsycho-logy. Psichologija. 2012;46:135-42. google scholar
  • 187. Knapp SJ, VandeCreek LD, Fingerhut R. Practical Ethics for Psychologists: A Positive Approach, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2017. xiv, 360 p. google scholar
  • 188. Bersoff DN, De Matteo D, Foster EE. Assessment and testing. In: APA handbook of ethics in psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2012. p. 45-74. google scholar
  • 189 .APA. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (1992). google scholar
  • 190 .Knauss LK. Ethical considerations in assessment report writing. SPA Exchange. 2012;25(1):4,13,14. google scholar
  • 191 .Wright AJ. Wiley.com. 2020. Conducting Psychological Assessment: A Guide for Practitioners, 2nd Edition | Wiley. google scholar
  • 192 .Pope KS. Responsibilities in providing psychological test feedback to clients. Psychological Assessment. 1992;4:268-71. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.