References

• Aktan, Y., Dede, A., Çiftçi, P. S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News 36, 1-3. google scholar
• Aktan Y., Tufekci V., Tufekci H., Aykulu G. (2005). Distribution patterns, biomass estimates and diversity of phytoplankton in Izmit Bay (Turkey). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciences, 64, 372-384. google scholar
• Artüz, M.L., Okay, I., Mater, B., Artüz, O. B., Gürseler, G., Okay, N. (2007). Bilimsel Açıdan Marmara Denizi. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Yayınları. 2007, 119. google scholar
• Artüz, M. İ., Baykut, F. (1986). Marmara Denizinin hidrografisi ve su kirlenmesi açısından etüdü. İstanbul Üniversitesi çevre Sorunları Uygulama ve Araştırma merkezi Yayınları, No: 3. google scholar
• Baker, J. W., Grover, J. P., Brooks, B. W. et al. (2007) Growth and toxicity of Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta) as a fUnction of salinity, light and temperature. Journal of Phycology, 43, 219-227. google scholar
• Bertin, M. J., Zimba, P. V., Beauchesne, K. R., Huncik, K. M. & Moeller, P. D. (2012). Identification of toxic fatty acid amides isolated from the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum Carter. Harmful Algae 20, 111-116. google scholar
• Beşiktepe, S. T., Sur, H. I., Ozsoy, E., Abdul Latif, M. A, Oguz, T. and Unluata, U. (1995). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 34, 285-334. google scholar
• Brand, L.E. (1984). The salinity tolerance of forty-six marine phytoplankton isolates. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 18, 543-556. google scholar
• BSPC Editorial Board (2014). Black Sea phytoplankton checklist. Available from http://phyto.bss.plankton.kiev. ua/wiki/Category:Species pp. Accessed 15 May 2024. google scholar
• BSPC Editorial Board (2014). Black Sea phytoplankton checklist. Available from http://phyto.bss.plankton.kiev. ua/wiki/Category:Species pp. Accessed 15 May 2024. google scholar
• BSPC Editorial Board (2014). Black Sea phytoplankton checklist. Available from http://phyto.bss.plankton.kiev. ua/wiki/Category:Species pp. Accessed 15 May 2024. google scholar
• Burak, S. (2008). Evaluation of Pollution Abatement Policies in the Marmara Sea with Water Quality Monitoring. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20, 4117-4128. google scholar
• Carvalho, W.F., Graneli, E. (2010). Contribution of phagotrophy versus autotrophy to Prymnesium parvum growth under nitrogen and phosphorus sufficiency and deficiency. Harmful Algae, 9, 105-115. google scholar
• Comin, F.A., Ferrer, X. (1978). Mass development of the phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter (Haptophyceae) in a coastal lagoon in the Ebro Delta. Oecologia Aquatica, 3, 207-210 http://hdl.handle. net/10261/75631 google scholar
• Dafni, Z., Ulitzur, S., and Shilo, M. (1972). Influence of light and phosphate on toxin production and growth of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of General Microbiology, 70, 199-207. google scholar
• Dickson D. M. J., Kirst G. O. (1987). Osmotic Adjustment in Marine Eukaryotic Algae: The Role of Inorganic Ions, Quaternary Ammonium, Tertiary Sulphonium and Carbohydrate Solutes. II. Prasinophytes and Haptophytes. New Phytologist, 106 (4), 657-666. google scholar
• Dietrich, W. and Hesse, J. K. (1990). Local fish kill in a pond at the German North Sea coast associated with a mass development of Prymnesium sp. Meeresforschung (Hamburg) 33, 104-106. google scholar
• Durmus, T., Balkıs-Ozdelice, N., Tas, S., Bayram Partal, F., Balci, M., Dalyan, C., Sari, M. (2022). New Records for Microalgae Species of the Turkish Seas Under the Effect of Intense Mucilage in the Sea of Marmara. European Journal of Biology, 81, 144-162. google scholar
• Edvardsen, B., Eikrem, W., Throndsen, J., Sâez, A. G., Probert I., Medlin, L. K. (2011). Ribosomal DNA phylogenies and a morphological revision provide the basis for a revised taxonomy of the Prymnesiales (Haptophyta). European Journal ofPhycology, 46/3, 202-228. google scholar
• Eker-Develi, E., Tekdal, D., Demet, A. E., Yıldız, H. B., Kideys A. E. (2023). Morphology, Molecular Genetics and Potential Importance for Mucilage Events of the New Coccolithophorid Ochrosphaera neapolitana in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030468 google scholar
• Eker-Develi, E., Kideys, A.E. (2022). First record of the diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(2), 231-235. google scholar
• Ergul, H.A., Aksan, S., İpşiroğlu-Koral, M., Baysal, A. (2014). Assessment of consecutive plankton blooms on March and April 2014 in İzmit Bay (The Marmara Sea). Hydromedit., 1, 127-131. google scholar
• Ergül, H., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmuş, T., Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekçi, F., Oltan, C. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring 2021. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 232-57. google scholar
• Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783791. google scholar
• Fistarol, G. O., Legrand, C., Graneli, E. (2003). Allelopathic effect of Prymnesium parvum on a natural plankton community. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 255, 115-125. google scholar
• Gastineau, R., Hansen, G., Davidovich, N.A., Davidovich, O., Bardeau, J.F., Kacmarska, I., Ehrman, J.M., Leignel, V., Hardivillier, Y., Jacguette, B., Poulin, M., Morançais, M., Fleurence, J, Mouget, J.L. (2016). A new blue-pigmented hasleoid diatom, Haslea provincialis, from the Mediterranean Sea. European Journal ofPhycology, 51(2), 156-170. google scholar
• Gayral, P., Fresnel, J. (1983). Platychrysis pienaarii sp. nov. et P. simplex sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae): description et ultrastructure. Phycologia, 22, 29-45. google scholar
• Gordon, N., Colorni, A. (2008). Prymnesium parvum, an ichthyotoxic alga in an ornamental fish farm in Southern Israel. Israeli Journal ofAquaculture—Bamidgeh, 60 (1), 5-8.Graneli, E., Edvardsen, B., Roelke, D. L., Hagström, J. A. (2012). The ecophysiology and bloom dynamics of Prymnesium spp. Harmful Algae, 14, 260-270. google scholar
• Graneli, E., Edvardsen, B., Roelke, D.L., Hagström, J.A. (2012). The ecophysiology and bloom dynamics of Prymnesium spp. Harmful Algae, 14, 260-270. google scholar
• Guiry M.D. in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 30 November 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 17 March 2023. google scholar
• Guo, M., Harrison, P. J. and Taylor, F. J. R. (1996). Fish kills related to Prymnesium parvum N. Carter (Haptophyta) in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8, 111-117. google scholar
• Ilicak, M., Federico, I., Barletta, I., Mutlu, S., Karan, H., Ciliberti, S.A., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Pinardi, N. (2021). Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model. Journal ofMarine Science and Engineering, 9, 769. google scholar
• Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) (2004). The Adventure of Water in Istanbul. ISKI Publications, NR:39 ISBN 975-6582-33-2. google scholar
• Johansson, N., Graneli, E. (1999). Influence of different nutrient conditions on cell density, chemical composition and toxicity of Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta) in semi-continuous cultures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 239(2), 243-258. google scholar
• Kaartvedt, S., Johnsen, T.M., Aksnes, D.L., Lie, U. and Svendsen, H. (1991). Occurrence of the toxic Phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum and associatedfish mortality in a Norwegian Fjord System. Canadian Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48, 2316-2323. google scholar
• Karadurmuş, U., Sari, M. (2022). Marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and its effects on the marine ecosystem: mass deaths. Turkish Journal ofZoology, 46(1), 6. google scholar
• Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal ofMolecular Evolution, 16, 111-120. google scholar
• Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, 1870-1874. google scholar
• Larsen, A., Eikrem, W., Paasche, E. (1993). Growth and toxicity in Prymnesium patelliferum (Prymnesiophycea) isolated from Norwegian waters. Canadian Journal ofBotany, 71, 1357-1362. google scholar
• Larsen, A., Bryant, S. (1998). Growth rate and toxicity of Prymnesium parvum and Prymnesium patelliferum (Haptophyta) in response to changes in salinity, light and temperature. Sarsia, 83(5), 409-418. google scholar
• Lindholm, T., Öhman, P., Kurki-Helasmo, K., Kincaid, B. and Meriluoto, J. (1999). Toxic algae and fish mortality in a brackish-water lake in Âland, SW Finland. Hydrobiologia, 397, 109-120. google scholar
• Liu Z., Jones A. C., Campbell V., Hambright K. D., Heidelberg K. B. and Caron D. A. (2015) Gene expression in the mixotrophic prymnesiophyte, Prymnesium parvum, responds to prey availability. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 319. google scholar
• Luo, N., Huang, H., Jiang H. (2022). Establishment of methods for rapid detection of Prymnesium parvum by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. Frontiers in Marine Sciences. 9, 1032847. google scholar
• Manning, S. R., La Claire, II J. W. (2010). Prymnesins: Toxic Metabolites of the Golden Alga, Prymnesium parvum Carter (Haptophyta). Marine Drugs, 8, 678-704. google scholar
• Manton, I., Parke, M. (1962). Preliminary observations on scales and their mode of origin in Chrysochromulina polylepis sp. nov. Journal ofMarine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 42, 565-578. google scholar
• Mattioli, M., Simoni, F. (1999). Toxicity of Prymnesium in the shallow lake of Massaciuccoli (Migliarino-San Rossore-Massaciuccoli Regional Park-Pisa-Tuscany). Harmful Algae News, 19, 7. google scholar
• McLaughlin, J. J. A. (1958). Euryhaline chrysomonads: Nutrition and toxigenesis in Prymnesium parvum, with notes on Isochrysis galbana and Monochrysis lutheri. Journal of protozoology, 5, 75-81. google scholar
• Meyer, A., Todt, C., Mikkelsen, N. T., Lieb, B. (2010). Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 70. google scholar
• Morkoyunlu Yucel, A., Altundag H. (2020). Determination of water quality parameters in İzmit Bay (Marmara Sea) and concentrations of heavy metals by ICP-OES. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 19(12), 2157-2163. google scholar
• Moustaka-Gouni, M., Cook, C.M., Gkelis, S., Michaloudi, E., Pantlelidakis, K., Pyrovetsi, M., Lanaras, T. (2004). The coincidence of a Prymnesium parvum bloom and the mass kill of birds and fish in Lake Koronia. Harmful Algae News, 26, 1-2. google scholar
• Mutailifu, K. (2019). Water and Wastewater Management in the Mega City Istanbul A General Analysis from a Supply-Demand Reuse Perspective. MSc Thesis, Sweden, 56 p. google scholar
• Orhon, D., Uslu, O., Meriç, S., Salihoğlu, I., Filibeli, A. (1994). Waste-water management for Istanbul: basis for treatment and disposal. Environmental Pollution, 84, 167-178. google scholar
• Padilla, G. M. (1970). Growth and toxigenesis of the chrysomonad Prymnesium parvum as a function of salinity. Journal of Protozoology, 17, 456-462. google scholar
• Parke, M., Manton, I., Clarke, B. (1958). Studies on marine flagellates IV. Morphology and microanatomy of a new species of Chrysochromulina. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 37, 209-228. google scholar
• Parnas, I., Reich, K., Bergmann, F. (1962). Photoinactivation of ichthyotoxin from axenic cultures Prymnesium parvum Carter. Applied Microbiology, 10(3), 237-239. google scholar
• Paster, Z. (1968). Purification and properties of prymnesin, the toxin formed by Prymnesium parvum (Chrysomonadinae). Ph. D. Thesis, Hebrew University: Jerusalem, Israel. google scholar
• Paster, Z. K. (1973). Pharmacology and mode of action of prymnesin. pp. 241-263 In: D. F. Martin and G. M. Padilla (eds). Cell biology: A Series of Monographs, Marine Pharmacognosy. Action of Marine Biotoxins at the Cellular Level. Academic Press, NY. google scholar
• Prescott, G. W. (1968). The algae: A review. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 436 pp. google scholar
• Rashel, R. H., Patino, R. (2017). Influence of genetic background, salinity, and inoculum size on growth of the ichthyotoxic golden alga (Prymnesium parvum). Harmful Algae, 66, 97-104. google scholar
• Reich, K., Parnas, I. (1962). Effect of illumination on ichthyotoxin in an axenic culture of Prymnesium parvum Carter. The Journal of Protozoology, 9(1), 38-40. google scholar
• Roelke, D. L., Barkoh, A., Brooks, B. W., Grover, J. P., Hambright, K. D., La Claire, J. W. et al. (2016). A chronicle of a killer alga in the west: ecology, assessment, and management of Prymnesium parvum blooms. Hydrobiologia, 764, 29-50. google scholar
• Roelke, D. L., Grover, J. P., Brooks, B. W., Glass, J., Buzan, D., Southard, G. M., Fries, L., Gable, G. M., Schwierzke-Wade, L., Byrd, M., Nelson, J. (2011). A decade of fish-killing Prymnesium parvum blooms in Texas: roles of inflow and salinity. Journal of Plankton Research, 33(2), 243-253. google scholar
• Roelke, D. (2016). Prymnesium parvum (golden algae). CABI Compendium, https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/ doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.121720#REF-DDB-174001 https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.121720 google scholar
• Sabour, B., Loudiki, M., Oudra, B., Oubraim, S., Fawzi, B., Fadlaoui, S., Chlaida, M., Vasconcelos, V. (2000). Blooms of Prymnesium parvum N. Carter (Chrysophyta, Haptophyceae) associated with fish mortalities in a hypereutrophic brackish lake in Morocco. Harmful Algae News, 21, 8-9. google scholar
• Seoane, S., Riobo, P., and Franco, J. (2016). Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom, 97(3), 491-496. google scholar
• Shilo, M., Aschner, M. (1953). Factors governing the toxicity of cultures containing phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter. Journal of General Microbiology, 8, 333-343 google scholar
• Shilo, M., Sarig S. (1989). Fish Culture in Warm Water Systems: Problems and Trends. Franklin Book Co., Inc., Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA. google scholar
• Simonsen, S., Moestrup, O. (1997). Toxicity tests in eight species of Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta). Canadian Journal of Botany, 75(1), 129-136. google scholar
• Spiegelstein, M., Reich, K., Bergmann, F. (1969). The toxic principles of Ochromonas and related chrysomonadina. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 17, 778. google scholar
• Sym, S.D., Pienaar, R.N., Edvardsen, B. and Egge, E.S. (2011). Fine structure and systematics of Prymnesium radiatum sp. nov (Prymnesiophyceae) from False Bay and Franskraal, South Africa. European Journal of Phycology, 46, 229-248. google scholar
• Tas, S., Okus, E. (2004). Phytoplanktonarbeiten im Golf İzmit, Türkei. Mikrokosmos, 93, 21-24. Urban and Fischer Verlag, Jena-Deutschland. google scholar
• Taş, S., Ergül, H.A., Balkıs, N. (2016). Harmful algal blooms (HABS) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara In: Özsoy, E., Çağatay, M.N., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, N., Öztürk, B. (Eds.) The Sea of Marmara; Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation and Governance. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), Publication No: 42, Istanbul, TURKEY. google scholar
• Taş, S. (2019). Microalgal blooms in a eutrophic estuary (Golden Horn, Sea of Marmara) following a remediation effort. Botanica Marina, 62(6), 537-547. google scholar
• Tillmann, U. (2003). Kill and eat your predator: a winning strategy of the planktonic flagellate Prymnesium parvum. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 32, 73-84 https://doi.org/10.3354/ame032073 google scholar
• Topçu, N. E., Öztürk B. (2021). The impact of the massive mucilage outbreak in the Sea of Marmara on gorgonians of Prince Islands: A qualitative assessment. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27 (2), 270-278. google scholar
• Uflaz, E., Akyüz, E., Bolat, F., Bolat, P., Arslan, Ö. (2021). Investigation of the effects of mucilage on maritime operation. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27 (2), 140-153. google scholar
• Ulitzur, S. and Shilo, M. (1964). A sensitive assay system for determination of the ichthyotoxicity of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of General Microbiology, 36(2), 161-169. google scholar
• Valkanov, A. (1964). Untersuchungen fiber Prymnesium parvum Carter und seine toxische Einwirkung auf die Wasserorganismen. Kieler Meeresforsch., 20, 65-81. google scholar
• Vasas, G., M-Hamvas, M., Borics, G., Gonda, S., Mathe, C., Jambrik, K., Nagyc Laszlo, Z. (2012). Occurrence of toxic Prymnesium parvum blooms with high protease activity is related to fish mortality in Hungarian ponds. Harmful Algae, 17, 102-110. google scholar
• Vaulot, D., Bilcke, G., Chaerle, P., Falciatore, A., Gourvil, P., Lomas, M. W., Probert, I., Vyverman, W. (2023). Culturing Diatoms. In: Goessling, J., Lavaud, J., Serödio, J. (Eds.), Wiley-Scrivener Publishing, 41 pp. google scholar
• Watson, S. (2001). Literature review of the microalga Prymnesium parvum and its associated toxicity. PWD RP T3200-1158 (8/01), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Technical Report,. Austin, 39 pp. google scholar
• Yalçın, B., Yılmaz, U., Artüz, M. (2017). Nutrition Profile of the Sea of Marmara Between Years 2010 and 2013. JOTCSA, 4(1), 197-226. google scholar
• Y ang, X. Q., Wen, X., Zhou, C. X., Zhu, X. J., Meng, R., Luo, Q.J, et al. (2018). Comparative study of brine shrimp bioassay-based toxic activities of three harmful microalgal species that frequently blooming in aquaculture ponds. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36 (5), 1697-1706. google scholar
• Yariv J., Hestrin, S. (1961). Toxicity of the Extracellular Phase of Prymnesium parwum Cultures. Journal of General Microbiology, 24, 165-175. google scholar
• Y ıldız, T., Gönülal, O. (2021). Sea snot and its impacts on the fisheries in the Sea of Marmara and its adjacent waters. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 167-183. google scholar
• Y in, J., Sun, X., Zhao, R. et al. (2021). Application of uniform design to evaluate the different conditions on the growth of algae Prymnesium parvum. Scientific Reports 11, 12672. google scholar
• Y oshida, M., Noel, M.-H., Nakayama, T., Naganuma, T. & Inouye, I. (2006). A haptophyte bearing siliceous scales: ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Hyalolithus neolepis gen. et. sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta). Protist, 157, 213-234. google scholar
• Yümün, Z. Ü., Kam, E. (2021). Marmara Denizi’nde Müsilaj Sorunu ve Çözüm Yöntemleri. In: Öztürk, İ., Şeker, M. (Eds.), Marmara’da Deniz Ekolojisi; Deniz Salyası Oluşumu, Etkileşimleri ve Çözüm Önerileri. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA), Ankara, Turkey, p. 163-181. google scholar
• Zingone, A., Throndsen, J., Forlani, G. (1995). The fine structure of Pyramimonas oltmannsii (Prasinophyceae). Phycologia, 34, 241-9. google scholar
• Zingone, A., Chretiennot-Dinet, M.-J., Lange, M., Medlin, L. (1999). Morphological and genetic characterization of Phaeocystis cordata and P. jahnii (Prymnesiophyceae), two new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Phycology, 35, 1322-1337. google scholar